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Chapter 2 20142015 Ancient Egypt

AncientEgypt · Egypt’s(Advantages(• Flooding(-(annual(• Provided(reliable(system(of(transportaon(• The(desertsurrounding(the(Nile(acted(as(natural(barriers(

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Page 1: AncientEgypt · Egypt’s(Advantages(• Flooding(-(annual(• Provided(reliable(system(of(transportaon(• The(desertsurrounding(the(Nile(acted(as(natural(barriers(

Chapter  2  2014-­‐2015  

Ancient  Egypt  

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Egypt  is  in  Africa  

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•  Nile  River  –  Longest  River  in  the  world  

•  EgypAan  civilizaAon  called  “The  giD  of  the  Nile”  

•  Old  Kingdom  (2575  BC  –  2130  BC)  

• Middle  Kingdom  (1938  BC  –  1630  BC)  

•  New  Kingdom  (1539  BC  –  1075  BC)  

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Egypt’s  Advantages  

•  Flooding  -­‐  annual  •  Provided  reliable  system  of  transportaAon  

•  The  desert  surrounding  the  Nile  acted  as  natural  barriers    – Shut  out  invaders  – Spared  the  constant  warfare  that  plagued  the  FerAle  Crescent  

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The  Old  Kingdom  • Menes:  united  Upper  Egypt  and  Lower  Egypt  – Established  world’s  first  unified  state  

•  Pharaohs  were  Kings  and  Gods  •  Eternal  life  

• Built  Pyramids  filled  with  ameniAes  for  the  aDerlife  

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Believed  in  an  aDerlife  •  Anubis  – God  and  guide  of  the    – underworld  – Weigh  the  heart  of  the  dead  

•  To  win  eternal  life,  heart  had  •   to  be  light  

– No  sin  

•  Royal  and  elite  were  mummified  – Embalming  and  drying  the  corpse  to  prevent  decay  

•  Built  tombs:  Filled  with  items  for  the  aDerlife  

•  Book  of  the  Dead:  hymns,  payers  and  magic  spells  to  guide  the  soul  in  the  aDerlife  

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Ancient  Egypt  

•  Built  Royal  Tombs:  The  Pyramids  • More  than  100  pyramids  built  –     80  sAll  stand  today  

•  Djoser:             Commissions  an  architect  to    Build  a  Tomb  Complex  for  him.          •   Rules  for  19  years        2667  BC            (Old  Kingdom)  – Popular,  first  of  Egypt's  pharos  to  be  deified  as  a  god  – Tomb  Complex  –  built  from  stone  (instead  of  mud  brick)  – Architect  was  Imhotep    

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Djoser  Temple  Complex  Djoser  Dies:  2648  BC  

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Pyramids  

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MummificaAon  

•  Take  out  all  organs,  Assue,          with  a  hook  

       -­‐  Sew  back  up!  

-­‐  hcp://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/home.html  

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EgypAan  Culture  

•  PolytheisAc  •  Ra:  Sun  God  

•  Osiris:  God  of            the  dead  

•  Isis:  Ideal  mother              goddess  

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Life  in  EgypAan  Society  •  Class  System  

– Not  locked  in  –  Highest  posiAons  for  those  who  could  read  and  write  

–  Priests  and  nobles  at  the  top  •  Wealthy  merchants  

–  ArAsans    »  Peasant  farmers  (the  majority)  

•  Slaves  

•  WriAng  system:  Hieroglyphics  (pictographic)  –  Pictures  stood  for  an  idea  –  In  Ame,  pictures  stood  for  sounds  –  Papyrus:  Reeds  that  were  pressed  together  to  create  a  paper-­‐like  

sheet    –  Roseca  Stone:  Found  in  1799,  message  in  three  languages    

•  Allowed  scholars  and  historians  to  decipher  hieroglyphics  

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Technology    

•  Developed  a  calendar  based  on  Sirius  (a  star)  – Star  that  would  appear  above  eastern  horizon  before  the  Nile  flooded  • Was  fairly  accurate  

– Used  geometry  for  surveys  and  engineering    – Set  broken  bones  (medical)  

– Building  of  the  pyramids  (mathemaAcs  and  engineering)    

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Extension  of  the  Empire  •  Queen  Hatshepsut  –  First  Woman  Pharaoh  

–  In  power  for  20  years  –  EgypAan  trade  flourished  

•  Ramses  II  (or  Ramses  the  Great)  –  Ruled  for  around  66  years  

–  Helped  fight  against  the  Hiite  invaders  (peace  treaty  signed)  

–  Expanded  Egypt’s  borders  –  Oversaw  construcAon  projects  and  monuments  –  Four  Giant  status  of  himself  (worshiped  himself  as  a  God)  

–  Reigned  for  67  years  (died  about  90  years  old)    

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Abu  Simbel  

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– Sumer    

Mesopotamia  

Ur    

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Early  CivilizaAons  

•  Mesopotamia  (part  of  ferAle  crescent)  Sumerians  – Ur  –  earliest  city  

•  Sargon  (ruler  of  Akkad)  conquered  Sumer  in  2300  BC  – First  empire  known  to  history  

•  Hammurabi  (King  of  Babylon)  too  over  Mesopotamia  – Code  of  Hammurabi  (Eye  for  an  eye)  – First  laws  in  history  

•  Phoenicians  created  alphabet  •  Persians  improved  trade  by  use  of  coins