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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

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Page 1: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Ancient Egypt

Page 2: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Writing in Egypt originated for economical purposes but developed for the service of the elite  but developed for the service of the elite. 

Increased social inequality lead to everything being devoted to the service of the elite  including writingdevoted to the service of the elite, including writing

Page 3: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

North‐east corner of Africa North‐east corner of Africa Mediterranean Sea to the northD t t  th   th   t  d  Desert to the south, east and west.Ci ili ti   f A i t E t  Civilization of Ancient Egypt existed between 3500 BC and 30 BCBC.

Page 4: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

The Nile

• Water flows from south to northO    i     id   i l  • Opens up into a wide, triangular, 

green delta criss‐crossed by shallow waterways• Settled near the Nile •Floods revitalized agricultural lands•Abundant resources

•Fish•Birds•Wild and domesticated animalsWild and domesticated animals

Page 5: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Great means of transport throughout EgyptShi     ll d  i h  b       il Ships were propelled either by oar or sail

Current runs from south to north, into the Mediterranean Sea Prevailing wind blows from north to south Prevailing wind blows from north to south Easy travel along Nile Drift downriver and travel north with the current Sail upriver and travel south with the wind

Page 6: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Facilitates cultural uniformity and political unity Compared to Mesopotamia, with towns scattered over a plainp

Page 7: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

The Nile floods regularly every year It covers the farmland with water Farmers plant in the mud as the water recedes Keep the fields wet with small‐scale systems of ditches and retaining ponds. A system for measuring the height of the Nile in various parts of the country. 

This monitoring allowed them to compare daily river levels with years past and to predict with some accuracy the coming year's high markto predict with some accuracy the coming year s high mark.

The nilometer on Elephantine Island, Aswan, consists of stairs and staff gauges

Page 8: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Varieties of stone and metal

Settlements along the gNile didn’t lack basic materials like stone for building and carving, the way Mesopotamian i  did sites did 

Wood was somewhat scarce

Page 9: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

D i  th  N  Ki d  (  BC)   t   During the New Kingdom (1552‐1070 BC), monuments were decorated with lists of past kings and a few words about their achievements  going back to the Old about their achievements, going back to the Old Kingdom (2686‐2250 BC)

Only some written sources on early Egyptian history Only some written sources on early Egyptian history List on papyrus (the Turin papyrus) is fragmentary, but gives durations of reigns in the Old Kingdomgives durations of reigns in the Old Kingdom

Page 10: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

A large fragment of a stele known as the Royal Annals of the Old Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. It contains records of the kings of Egypt from the contains records of the kings of Egypt from the first dynasty through the fifth dynasty.

Engraved toward the end of the fifth dynasty, in the 25th century BCthe 25th century BC

Inscribed on both sides with the earliest known Egyptian text

Briefly records the principal achievements of the kings of the first 5 dynasties

Page 11: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Manetho, an Egyptian historian of the 3rd century BC, used documents like these to compile a history of kings and events

Contained many errors due to being written almost 3000 years later Yet much stands up to excavated evidence. He must have had access to documents and monuments that are now 

lost, while we may have some that were buried or unknown to Manetho These records provide a chronological framework starting very early These records provide a chronological framework starting very early 

but don’t say much about life and society until later periods Unlike Mesopotamia, where early documents are accounting records 

hi h i i i ll  d ’  h l   h  i h  h l    hi  b  d   h d which initially don’t help much with chronology or history but do shed some light on economic activities and occasionally other aspects of life

Page 12: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

S l ti Speculations: Human‐like beings might have been in the Nile Valley 

d       if  t  liaround 700,000 years ago, if not earlier Egypt were covered in treed savanna and with many h dherds.

Hunter‐gatherers

Page 13: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Time between the hunter‐gatherers of before and the appearance of the true Time between the hunter gatherers of before and the appearance of the true farming of the village‐dwelling cultures after 5500 BC. Most of the information from this era comes from the site of El Kab, located between the eastern bank of the Nile and the Red Sea Hills.Th     t El K b   t lik l   i d  l  d i   i   d    The camps at El Kab were most likely occupied only during spring and summer. The annual floods of the Nile, especially given how massive it was then, would make it next to impossible to live in those locations year round. It is apparent that these tribes were still largely nomadic, hunting and gathering, following 

ll   il bl   ild  l   d   D i   hi   h     j d seasonally available wild plants and game. Despite this, the camps enjoyed many times of prosperity, living near the cool Nile and benefiting from its supply of fish, supplemented by the traditional hunting of savanna wildlife such as wild cattle and gazelles.

These seasonal camps merged together and grew into large concentrations of dwellings over time. There is evidence in these later Epipaleolithic sites of a population explosion around 5500 BC, possibly due to the development of true agriculture as well as animal domesticationagriculture as well as animal domestication.

Page 14: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

5500 BC  evidence of organized  permanent settlements  5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements focused around agriculture. Hunting was no longer a major support for existence now that the Egyptian diet was made up of domesticated cattle  sheep  pigs and goats  as well as up of domesticated cattle, sheep, pigs and goats, as well as cereal grains such as wheat and barley. Artifacts of stone were supplemented by those of metal, and the crafts of basketry  pottery  weaving  and the tanning of animal hides basketry, pottery, weaving, and the tanning of animal hides became part of the daily life. 

Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional lcivilization.

4500 BC during Naqada I, growing influence of the peoples of the North on those of the South. Soon this would result of the North on those of the South. Soon this would result in a truly mixed people and culture, that of the Late Predynastic, or Naqada III. 

Page 15: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

D d   b i d i   i l   l  it Dead were buried in simple oval pits Black‐topped pottery is the typical ware Painted pottery appears

Page 16: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Some individuals are buried in larger  more elaborate  Some individuals are buried in larger, more elaborate tombs

stone vessels Metal Beginning of social inequality and different classes

Page 17: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

t i  i l d   t l   lth  b i l   cemeteries include extremely wealthy burials, revealing stark social differences.C li d  j     h t i ti     d Cylinder jars are characteristic grave goods

first writing appears

Page 18: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Dates to Naqada III C i d  h  l   d  h   ld   Contained the largest and the oldest inscribed artifacts so far found in Egypt. Egypt. 

Found 200 small bone and ivory tags and more than 100 ceramic jars.

The number of signs on all is about 50.  Limited yet well formed writing Unlikely to be first writing→ Prompted excavators to search for earlier antecedentsantecedents.

Writing as tags of exports

Page 19: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

O     i d  f  b t     th  N d Over a period of about 1,000 years, the Naqadaculture developed from a few small farming 

iti  i t     f l  i ili ti   h  communities into a powerful civilization whose leaders were in complete control of the people and 

  f th  Nil   llresources of the Nile valley. Emergence of complex societies and interactions 

l ( b d l h )among polities (subordinate civil authority) followed formation of a unitary state. 

Increased social inequality

Page 20: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Eventually, some places specialized in making certain kinds of goods that were traded up and down the Nilekinds of goods that were traded up and down the Nile

This must have been based on social factors, rather than better access to resourcesthan better access to resources

Some places had more specialists or larger workshops Some places developed reputations for certain goods Some places developed reputations for certain goods

Page 21: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Ancient Egypt was known as one of the wealthiest countries in the world   the world.  

Food produced by Egyptian was more than enough to feed their own people, and this surplus grains played an important role in Egypt's economy as well as fish  fine linen  papyrus and an Egypt s economy as well as fish, fine linen, papyrus and an extended trade in perfume and fine oils. 

They developed trading routes to far away places.  There is not h d bt th t E t h d  h d A i  ( h  S i   d much doubt that Egypt had reached Assyria (where Syria and 

Lebanon are located present days.) The first recorded mention of Greater Syria is in Egyptian annals detailing expeditions to the Syrian coastland to log the cedar  pine  and cypress of the Syrian coastland to log the cedar, pine, and cypress of the Ammanus and Lebanon mountain ranges in the fourth millennium. 

Egyptians imported timber applicable for carpentry on a large  Egyptians imported timber applicable for carpentry on a large scale and for boat construction from Syria and Lebanon. 

They established trade with Nubia to obtain incense.

Page 22: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Th  N d lt   f t d   di     f  The Naqada culture manufactured a diverse array of material goods, reflective of the increasing power and wealth of the elite  which included painted pottery  wealth of the elite, which included painted pottery, high quality decorative stone vases, cosmetic palettes, and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory  They also and jewelry made of gold, lapis, and ivory. They also developed a ceramic glaze known as faience which was used well into the Roman Period to decorate cups, p ,amulets, and figurines.

Page 23: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Transition between Predynastic and Dynastic was the  Transition between Predynastic and Dynastic was the result the new social structures such as cities and individual dwellings. T h l i l  l ti   Technological evolution.  Stoneworking, particularly that involved in the making of 

blades and points, reached a level almost that of the Old Ki d  i d i   h   ld f ll  Kingdom industries that would follow. 

Furniture: many artifacts already resembling what would come. Obj  b    b   d     l   i h   f i  b   l   Objects began to be made not only with a function, but also with an aesthetic value. Pottery was painted and decorated, particularly the black‐topped clay pots and vases that this era i   t d f  b   d i   b  fi i   d t bl  is noted for; bone and ivory combs, figurines, and tableware, are found in great numbers, as is jewelry of all types and materials. 

Page 24: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three the first pharaoh, and it developed over the next three millennia.

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BC  h  E t f ll t  th  R  E i   d  31 BC when Egypt fell to the Roman Empire and became a Roman province

Roman emperor Augustus depicted as an Egyptian pharaohas an Egyptian pharaoh

Page 27: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

The success of ancient Egyptian civilization was partly from its  The success of ancient Egyptian civilization was partly from its ability to adapt to the conditions of the Nile River Valley. The predictable flooding and controlled irrigation of the fertile valley produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and produced surplus crops, which fueled social development and culture. 

With resources to spare, the administration sponsored mineral exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the exploitation of the valley and surrounding desert regions, the early development of an independent writing system, the organization of collective construction and agricultural projects, trade with surrounding regions, and a military intended to g g , ydefeat foreign enemies and assert Egyptian dominance. 

A bureaucracy of elite scribes, religious leaders, and administrators under the control of a pharaoh who ensured the ad st ato s u de t e co t o o a p a ao o e su ed t ecooperation and unity of the Egyptian people organizing these activities.

Page 28: Ancient Egypt - chem.rutgers.edukyc/Teaching/Files/264/1129 marina.pdf5500 BC, evidence of organized, permanent settlements ... Transitioning from primitive nomadic tribes to traditional

Th     hi t   f th   i t E ti   The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids  that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks 

They had a system of mathematics  a practical and  They had a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques  and the first agricultural production techniques, and the first known ships. 

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Writing for economical purposes.T b U j   f ll  f P l i i   h d  Tomb U‐j was full of Palestinian exports‐ attached information to deliveries

W iti  t    th   h Writing to serve the pharos. Writing used for records

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http://bruceowen.com/emciv/

http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/naqadan/chronology.html

http://www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/enviro_intro.htm

http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/egypt/othercultures/assyrians.htmlp // / /p y/ gyp / / y

http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:lqB4QEd10VkJ:www.lethsuez.com/tg_egypt_history_prehistory.htm+nile+seasonal+camps&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=usm+nile+seasonal+camps&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HEerwrG5dr8J:www.dainst.org/index_528f3ea6bb1f14a122000017f0000011_en.html+u+j+abydos+writing&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

h b h l h hhttp://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:tJj7P4A‐uOcJ:www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/navigation.htm+ancient+egypt+boats&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us