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Ancient Egypt. Land and History. Overview. Geography Old Kingdom 1st Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom 2nd Intermediate Period New Kingdom 3rd Intermediate Period Graeco-Roman Period. Geography. The Nile Valley Unchanged until Aswan Dam built in 1960’s Annual floods - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 1
Ancient Egypt
Land and History
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 2
Overview
GeographyOld Kingdom 1st Intermediate Period Middle Kingdom 2nd Intermediate Period New Kingdom 3rd Intermediate PeriodGraeco-Roman Period
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 3
Geography
The Nile Valley– Unchanged until
Aswan Dam built in 1960’s
Annual floods– Alluvial soils good for
farming
– Requires little irrigation
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 4
Village Life to 3000 BC
Archaic culture– Nile delta– Hunting and fishing
Agriculture– Sheep, goats, cattle, pigs,
geese– Emmer wheat, two-rowed
barley4221 BC
– Base year of Egyptian calendar
4500 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 5
The Predynastic Period
Origins in earlier Sumerian empire
Upper and Lower Nile cultures
Larger towns and cities– Craft specialization– Divine kingship
Development of religious system– temples, priest class,
writing New cultigens
– flax, cotton– grapes, wine for export
3200 BCMaking beer
Harvesting andTreading grapes
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 6
Early Dynastic Period
Mystery of Unification– Ancient Egyptians: People of Two
Lands (Upper & Lower Egypt)– King Scorpion, Narmer
• Kings of southern Egypt• Shown wearing combined Red
(Lower) and White (Upper) Crown
1st Dynasty• First Pharaoh: Menes • founded city of Thebes, capital city:
Memphis• National administration, royal
governors
The Narmer Palette
3150 - 2890 BC
64 cm schist
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 7
The Old Kingdom2nd to 4th Dynasty3rd Dynasty
– Djoser• Step Pyramid
• Imhotep: architect & doctor
4th Dynasty– builders of Pyramids
• Khufu (Great Pyramid)
• Chephren
• Menkaure
– locations: Giza, Dashur
– first embalming
Djoser’s Pyramid
The Great Sphinx at Giza
2686 -2613 BC
2613 -
2494 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 8
First Intermediate Period
Weakened Old Kingdom– major famines– weak leadership
Intermediate Period– nomes (provinces) self-
governing– many kings 7th - 11th
Dynasties– Mentuhotep II
• Re-establishes order
2494 - 2150 BC
Pepi I6th Dynasty
Mentuhotep
2150 -2040 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 9
The Middle Kingdom
11th Dynasty– Mentuhotep II
• Established capital at Thebes• Expansion south along Nile
12th Dynasty– Amenemhet I
• Mentuhotep’s vizier
– Senusret I• Conquest of Nubia• Fortresses, mining
– first rock-cut tombs– Amenemhet III
• Land reclamation• Labyrinth pyramid at Hawara
2040 - 1991 BC
Pyramid of Hawara
Shrine of Senusret I1991-
1786 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 10
Second Intermediate Period
13th & 14th Dynasties– Military decline
Hyksos Dynasties (15 & 16)– “rulers of foreign lands”, from Canaan– settled in eastern Delta– introduced chariots, horses, bows, armour– adopted Egyptian language, customs
17th Dynasty– Fierce families from Luxor
• Challenged Hyksos kings
1786 - 1650 BC
1650 -1567 BC
Hyksos chariot
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 11
The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 1 Dynasty of empire building
– Conquest & lavish temples, tombs
Ahmose I– Drove Hyksos out of Egypt
– Tight central control
Thutmose I– Extended empire to 3rd cataract
– Led army to Euphrates River
Queen Hatshepsut– Commercial expansion e.g. Punt
– temple at Deir El-Bahari
1567 -1546 BC
1504 - 1482 BC
1525 -1512 BC
Queen Hatshepsut
Obelisk of Thutmose I
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 12
The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 2
Thutmose III– Conquest of Palestine and Syria– Effective army and navy, administration– Tribute built temples at Karnak, Abydos
Amenhotep III– Extensive architecture e.g. Luxor, Thebes– Peace and prosperity, height of empire– Amarna Letters: clay records of diplomacy
Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)– Banned all cults except sun god Aten– Queen Nefertiti: famous beauty– Removed wealth of Amen temples– New styles in art and literature
1504 -1450 BC
1350-1334 BC
1402-1364 BC
Amenhotep III
Nefertiti and Akhenaten
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 13
The New Kingdom:18th Dynasty, Part 3
Tutankhamen– Child Pharaoh
– Priest advisers restored old cults
– Intact tomb found in 1922, Howard Carter
Horemheb– Tutankhamen’s general of army
– Restored order, central administration
– Moved army against invaders
Tutankhamen
1361 - 1352 BC
Horemheb’s Tomb
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 14
The New Kingdom:19th & 20th Dynasty
restoration of military powerSeti I
– Reconquest of PalestineRamses II
– Military campaigns: Battle of Kadesh– Extensive building program
• Temple of Amen at Karnak• Temple of Rameses at Abu Simbel
– Queen NefertariEnd: weak leadership, powerful
Theban priests ruled Upper EgyptQueen Nefertari
Ramses II at Abu Simbel
1318 - 1155 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 15
Third Intermediate Period:Libya
period of peace and stability, divided kingdom
21st Dynasty– Egypt split, two capitals
• Tanis in North (Nile Delta)• Thebes in South
22nd Dynasty– Libyan military– reconquered Palestine & Syria– ended in competing dynasties
1085 - 945 BC
945 -730 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 16
Third Intermediate Period:Nubia
25th Dynasty– Nubia conquered Egypt– kept Egyptian traditions
Invasion by Assyria– Thebes sacked
26th Dynasty– Libyan power assured peace– Suez canal built, Syrian
campaigns– Peace, prosperity
• Strong Greek influences
716 - 656 BC
Kush (Nubia)
664 -525 BC
Shabaka
Suez Canal
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 17
Third Intermediate Period:Persia
27th Dynasty– Egypt as Persian satrapy,
breadbasket
– Peace, prosperity
28th - 30th Dynasty– Return of Egyptian rule under
Artaxerxes II
31st Dynasty– Persian Artaxerxes III reconquers
– dark period: temples sacked, heavy tribute demanded
525 -404 BC
404 -343 BC
343 -332 BC
Darius I
Persian coin
PersianEmpire
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 18
The Graeco-RomanPeriod
Alexander the Great– Founded Alexandria
– Installed Ptolemies as rulers
Ptolemy I– Alexander’s general as satrap
– Later became independent
– Introduction of coins• Eliminated barter system
– Fusion of Egyptian & Greek elements
332 - 323 BC
Ptolemy Icoin
Temple of Isis at Phylae
323 -284 BC
Alexander the Great
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 19
Ptolemies
Ptolemy II– Called Philadelphus– Unified administration, did census– Alexandria library, literature &
science Ptolemy III
– Consolidated empire– Built Horus Temple at Edfu
Ptolemy V– Golden age of arts and science– Rosetta Stone written in Greek and
Egyptian
284 -246 BC
246 -221 BC
RosettaStone
Horus temple at Edfu
Ptolemy II
210 -180 BC
Apr 19, 2023 GNED002 - Ancient Empires 20
End of Egyptian Rule
Ptolemy VI - XII– Increasing Roman influence
Cleopatra VII– Ruled with brother Ptolemy XIII
• 3 years, then civil war
– Julius Caesar defeated brother• Caesar murdered 44 BC
– Romance with Mark Antony• Antony defeated by Octavian (Augustus
Caesar) at Actium
– Death of Cleopatra• Egypt becomes Roman province
• Supplies food to Roman Empire
180 -51 BC
51 -30 BC
JuliusCaesar
CleopatraVII
Mark Antony