Anatomy - study of the structures of the human body

visible with the naked eyePhysiology - study of the

functions and activities performed by the body structures

Histology – study of tiny structures found in living tissues

CELLS: basic units of all living things

Cell Structures:protoplasm - colorless jelly-like substance

nucleus - center of cell, responsible for reproduction

cytoplasm - surrounds nucleus

cell membrane - acts like balloon to contain protoplasm, acts like a filter for the cell

Reproduction & Division:Mitosis - splitting of cells into daughter cells (aka- Binary Fission)

2 Phases of Metabolism:Anabolism - constructive / building up

Catabolism - breaking down/ energy release

Tissue: collection of similar cells

5 types: Connective - binds together/ bones

Epithelial - protective covering of body

Liquid - blood / lymph

Muscular - contracts / moves body

Nerve - sends messages / controls body

Organs:groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function

BrainEyesHeart

KidneysLungsLiverSkin

Stomach

Body Systems: groups of organs acting together

11 Systems in the body:CirculatoryDigestiveEndocrineExcretory

IntegumentaryLymphatic/ Immune

MuscularNervous

ReproductiveRespiratory

Skeletal

Skeletal System: physical foundation of the body

206 Bones OS- means Bone Osteology – Study of Bones Bone is the hardest tissue in the body – teeth being

the strongest 1/3 organic matter & 2/3 mineral matter Joint – connection of 2 or more bones

Functions: Give shape & support to the body Protect internal organs Attachments for muscles / acts as levers to produce

body movements Produce white & red blood cells

Bones of the Face:Nasal Lacrimal Zygomatic or MalarMaxillaeMandibleTurbinalVomerPalatine

Bones of the Chest,Shoulder & Back:ThoraxRibsScapulaSternumClavicle

Bone of the Neck:HyoidCervical Vertebrae

Bones of the Arms / HandsHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpusMetacarpusPhalanges / Digets

Bones of the Leg / Foot:FemurFibulaPatellaTalusTarsalMetatarsalPhalanges

Key Medical Terminoligy:Superior - top, aboveInferior - lower, belowExterior / External - outsideInterior / Internal - insidePosterior - behindAnterior - in frontOrb / orbicularis - roundOculi - eyeOris- mouthEpi - centerLabii / labial - lipsZygomatic - cheeksAuricularis - earProcerus - noseBuccinator - mouth areaPeripheral - outerDorsal - topSuperficial - not deep / near the

surface

Muscular System - *covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton *contracts & moves body*Myology - study of muscles*600 muscles in body*40% of body weight

*3 types of muscles 1)Striated - skeletal/ voluntary / controlled at

will 2)Non-striated - smooth / involuntary / functions

automatically 3)Cardiac - heart

*3 parts to a muscle 1) origin- attached to skeleton & does not move 2) insertion - moveable attachment 3) belly - center of the muscle

*Pressure in massage is directed from Insertion to Origin (I before O)

Muscles of the Scalp:Epicranius - covers top of skull

Occipitalis - back Frontalis - front

Epicranial aponeurosis - tendon that connects occipitalis to frontalis

Muscles of the Ear:Auricularis superiorAuricularis anteriorAuricularis posterior

Muscles of Mastication (chewing):Masseter

temporalisMuscles of the Neck:

PlatysmaSternocleidomastoideusMuscles of the Eyebrow:

Corrugator Orbicularis oculi

Muscles of the Nose:Procerus

Nervous System:*coordinates all body activities

*100 billion nerve cells aka neurons*study of nerves is Neurology

*3 principal componentsnerves

spinal cordbrain

*3 main subdivisionsCentral - controls senses & voluntary muscle actionsPeripheral - connects the outer parts of body to stem

Autonomic - controls the involuntary muscles

*Brain - largest most complex nerve tissue, sends & receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves

*Spinal Cord - originates in the brain and travels down the body, protected by the spinal column, 31 pairs of nerves extend from spinal cord

*Neuron aka Nerve Cell

*Dendrites - tree like branches of nerve fibers

*Axon - sends impulses

*Nerves - whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted

*Types of NervesSensory - carry impulses from sense organs to the brain

Motor - carry impulses from the brain to the muscles*Reflex - automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus

Nerves of the Head, Face & Neck:*Fifth cranial nerve - aka trifacial or trigeminal

-Chief sensory nerve of the face

3 Branches:Opthalmic – forehead / eye area

Mandibular – lower faceMaxillary – upper face

Circulatory System aka cardiovascular or vascular

2 Divisions: Blood Vascular & Lymph Vascular

Blood Vascular: Heart, Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries

Lymph Vascular: Lymphatics, Lymph nodes, Lymph

*size of a closed fist*beats 72-80 times per min

The Heart - muscular cone shaped organ that keeps blood moving

Blood Vessels Tube like structures that transport blood to & from heart & organs

Ateries - thick walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. Largest artery is Aorta

Veins - thin walled vessels that are less elastic than arteries, they contain cup-like valces that prevent backflow they carry blood containing waste back to the heart for cleaning. They are located closer to the surface of the body.

Capillaries - tiny thin walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins

Chief Functions of the Blood*carries water, oxygen & food to all cells

*carries away carbon dioxide and waste to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines

*equalize body temp

*works with immune system to protect body

*seals leaks found in injured blood vessels by forming clots, preventing further blood loss

Lymph Vascular*lymph is circulated through the lymphatic vessels and filtered by the lymph nodes

*they filter blood to fight infections

*carry nourishment from the blood to the body cells

*act as defense against invading microorganisms & toxins

*remove waste material from cells

*provide a fluid environment for cells

Superficial temporal artery is a continuation of the external carotid artery

Some of its important branches:*Frontal artery- forehead, upper eyelid*Parietal artery - sides & crown of head*Transverse facial artery - skin & masseter*Middle temporal artery - temples*Anterior auricular artery - front of ear*Occipital artery - back of head*Posterior auricular artery - behind & above ear

Veins of the Head, Face, and Neck:2 Principal Veins:Internal Jugular & External Jugular

The most important veins of the head, face, and neck are parallel to the arteries and take the same name as the arteries

Endocrine System: group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body

*Exocrine glands - duct glands - sweat and oil glands of the skin and intestinal glands

*Endocrine glands - ductless glands - secrete hormones such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen

Digestive System:*Also called gastrointestinal *Responsible for breaking down food into nutrients & waste*entire food digestion process usually takes about 9 hours to complete

Excretory System:*purifying the body by eliminating wast matter*kidneys excrete waste containing urine*liver discharges wast containing bile*skin eliminates wast containing perspiration*large intestin eliminates decomposed & undigested food*lungs exhale carbon dioxide

Respiratory System:*Enables breathing*Lungs are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells that exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide*Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region & helps control breathing*Oxygen is more essential than food or water

Integumentary System:*Skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil & sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair & nails Reproductive System:Performs the function of producing opffspring and passing on the genetic code from one generation to the next