• Anatomy: study of structure• Physiology: study of function

• Groups of cells with common s&f• Four categories:

1. Epitheliala. Covers outside of bodyb. Lines organs & cavitiesb. Tight junctions ensure

function as a barrierButterfly children

d. Criteria for epithelial tissue: # cell layers & shape of cells 1. Simple epithelium: single layer of cells

2. Stratified epithelium: multiple tiers

3. Shape: cuboidal (cube), columnar (bricks on end), squamous (flat)

e. Glandular epithelia: absorb & secrete chemicals1. Line respiratory & digestive tracts as mucous membranes

2. Connective tissuea. Bind & support other tissuesb. Sparse population of cells scattered through ECM

c. Three kinds• Collagenous fibers• Elastic• Reticular

d. Connective tissue in vertebrates:1. Loose connective

a. Binds epithelia to tissues, holding organs in place – has two main cells types scattered throughout

1. Fibroblasts: secrete proteins of extracellular fibers

2. Macrophages: engulf bacteria & dead cells

2. Adiposea. Stores fatb. Cushions &

insulates3. Fibrous connective

a. Dense with collagen b. Tendons (m-b) & ligaments (b-b)

4. Cartilagea. Strong, flexible

5. Bonea. Mineralized connective

tissueb. Osteoblasts: cell that

deposit collagen matrix – mix with Ca, Mg, P ions & harden

c. Deposited around center of nerves & blood vessels

6. Blooda. Matrix: plasmab. RBC, WBC,

platelets

3. Nervous tissuea. Senses stimuli & transmits signalsb. Nerve cell: neuron

4. Muscle tissuea. Long fibers that contract when stimulated by nerve impulsesb. Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth

• Organization of tissue layers into organs• Organs suspended by sheets of tissue: mesenteries•Thoracic cavity (heart & lungs) separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm

• Organs work as organ systems

• B.P. affects interaction with environment•All cells must be in “water”•Direct vs indirect contact•Aquatic vs terrestrial

• Internal envi: interstitial fluid•Nutrient & gas exchange•Helps maintain constant internal envi

• Depends on feedback mechanisms•1) Negative feedback• Change in variable triggers the control mechanisms to counteract further change in the same direction• Ex: body temperature

•2) Positive feedback•Change is amplified, not reversed•Ex: childbirth

• Requires great deal of energy to maintain

• 1.Tropism= movement in the direction of stimulus determines direction of response •Towards the stimulus =  positive tropism, •Away from the stimulus = negative tropism

2.Photoperiodic response=sensing time of day via a photoreceptor protein to determine flowering

 3.Vernalisation= exposing seeds or seedlings to low temperatures to hasten plant development and flowering

• 4.Gas/Water Exchange= carbon dioxide and water vapor moving through stomates (transpiration)•Controlled by guard cells

• How organisms maintain body systems• Food “fuel” (ATP)• ATP powers life at all levels & releases heat• Biosynthesis: storage, growth, gamete production (need ATP)

•Metabolic rate: amount of energy an animal uses in a given time•Measured by rate of heat loss or amount of O2 used or CO2 made by cell resp.•Endothermic: bodies warmed by heat generated by metabolism (birds, mammals)

•Ectothermic: bodies warmed by environment (reptiles, fish, amphibians, insects)•Amount of energy to maintain a gram of body weight inversely proportional to body size•Mouse 20x more cal/g than elephant (Sci. don’t know why)

• Basal metabolic rate (BMR): rate when at rest, non-growing, no food (endothermic)•Humans: 1600-1800 kcal/day ( ) 1300 -1500 ( )•BMR for ectotherms @ specific temp: standard metabolic rate (SMR)•BMR and SMR affected by many factors