Anatomy: study of structure (morphology) of body parts and how they are organized

Physiology: study of how the body functions

1. Maintaining boundaries

2. Movement at any level

3. Responsiveness: ability to detect 3. Responsiveness: ability to detect and respond to stimuliand respond to stimuli

4. Digestion: break down food

5. Metabolism: breaking downand building upcomplexsubstance/ producing ATP

6. Excretion: removal of waste

7. Reproduction: either formation 7. Reproduction: either formation of new cells or production of of new cells or production of new organismnew organism

8. Growth: increase both in size and 8. Growth: increase both in size and complexitycomplexity

1. Nutrients: provide energy

2. Oxygen: release energy from food

3. Water: for reactions and transportation

4. Heat: product of metabolic reactions

5. Pressure: force

1. Chemical level• Some atoms essential (C, H, O,

N, Na, Ca, K)

2. Cellular level: basic structural and functional units of an organism

3. Tissue level: groups of similar specialized cells and surroundings that usually arise from a similar ancestor and perform certain special functions

4. Organ level: structures of definite form that are composed of two or more different tissues and have specific functions

5. System level: associations of organs that have a common function

6. Organism level: collection of structurally and functionally integrated systems

THE Right Brain vs Left Brain test ... do you see the dancer turning clockwise or anti-clockwise?

If clockwise, then you use more of the right side of the brain and vice versa.

Most of us would see the dancer turning anti-clockwise though you can try to focus and change the direction; see if you can do it.

LEFT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses logic

detail oriented facts rule

words and language present and past math and science can comprehend

knowing acknowledges

order/pattern perception knows object name

reality based forms strategies

practical safe

RIGHT BRAIN FUNCTIONS uses feeling

"big picture" oriented imagination rules

symbols and images present and future

philosophy & religion can "get it" (i.e. meaning)

believes appreciates

spatial perception knows object function

fantasy based presents possibilities

impetuous risk taking

• Definition: a condition in which the body’s internal environment remains within certain physiological limits

• Outside body cells- must be maintained precisely for cells to survive- two types

1. Filling the narrow spaces between cells of tissues- called interstitial, intercellular, or tissue fluid

2. In blood vessels termed plasma, in lymphatic vessels termed lymph

• Fluid inside cells

• Since ECF is constantly in motion throughout the body, it is often called the body’s internal environment

• An organism is said to be in homeostasis when its internal environment– Contains the optimum concentration of gases,

nutrients, ions, and water– Has optimal temperature– Has optimal volume

• Maintenance of homeostasis results in health; physiological imbalance may result in disease or death

• Stress is any external or internal stimulus that creates an imbalance in the internal environment

• Homeostatic mechanisms attempt to counteract effects of stress to bring condition back to normal

• Regulated by nervous and endocrine systems- together or independently– Nervous system

detects body changes and sends nerve impulses to counteract stress- rapid changes

– Endocrine system secretes hormones- works more slowly

• Feedback system is a cycle of events in which information about the status of a condition is continually monitored and fed back (reported) to a central control region

• Three basic components1. Receptor: monitors changes in the controlled

condition and sends information (input) to the control center

2. Control center: determines the point at which a control-led condition should be maintained

3. Effector: receive information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect)

• If response reverses original stimulus= negative feedback– Maintain conditions that require frequent

monitoring and adjustment

• If response enhances original stimulus= positive feedback– Regulate conditions that do not occur often and

do not require continual fine-tuning

Sensitive nerve cells in arteries The brain

Impulses (input)

Impulses(output)

Heart or arterioles

Heart rate decreasesArterioles dilate

Stretch-sensitivenerve cells in the cervix ofthe uterus

hypothalmus

Uterus stretched

Impulses (input)

Impulses(output)

Oxytocin released(hormone)

Contractionsmore forceful

uterus

Cycle stops with birth of baby (no more stretching)

• Definition: any change from a state of health, characterized by symptoms and signs– Local disease- effects

limited area or one part of body

– Systemic disease- effects either entire body or several parts

• Symptoms are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer e.g. headache or nausea

• Signs are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure e.g. fever or rash

Follow the movement of the rotating pink dot with your eyes and the dots will remain only one color, pink. But if you stare at the black + in the center, the moving dot will turn green.

Regional Terms

• Pleural- lungs– Parietal pleura (line pleural cavity)– Visceral pleura (line actual lungs)

• Pericardial- heart– Parietal pericardial (line pericardial cavity)– Visceral pericardial (line heart itself)

• Peritoneal- abdominopelvic– Parietal peritoneal (line cavity)– Visceral peritoneal (line all organs)

• All secrete fluids (friction)