ANATOMY OF URINARY BLADDER The urinary bladder, a hollow viscus with strong muscular walls, is characterized by its distensibility . The urinary bladder is a temporary reservoir for urine and varies in size, shape, position, and relationships according to its content and the state of neighboring viscera.

Location : Bladder separated from pubic bones by the potential

retropubic space (of Retzius) and lies mostly inferior to the peritoneum,

Anterior : pubic bones and pubic symphysis Posterior : the prostate (males) or anterior wall of the vagina

posteriorlyRelation to other organs

free within the extraperitoneal subcutaneous fatty tissue, except for its neck, which is held firmly by the lateral ligaments of bladder and the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia—especially its anterior component, the puboprostatic ligament in males and the pubovesical ligament in females

In females, since the posterior aspect of the bladder rests directly upon the anterior wall of the vagina, the lateral attachment of the vagina to the tendinous arch of the pelvic fascia, the paracolpium, is an indirect but important factor in supporting the urinary bladder

Position when empty In infants and young children: in the abdomen even when

empty. The bladder usually enters the greater pelvis by 6 years of age; however, it is not located entirely within the lesser pelvis until after puberty.

In adult :o almost entirely in the lesser pelvis, lying partially

superior to and partially posterior to the pubic boneso As the bladder fills, enters the greater pelvis as it

ascends in the extraperitoneal fatty tissue of the anterior abdominal wall

When empty, the bladder is somewhat tetrahedral externally has an apex,body, fundus, and neck.

The apex of the bladder points toward the superior edge of the pubic symphysis when the bladder is empty.

The fundus of the bladder is opposite the apex, formed by the somewhat convex posterior wall.

The body of the bladder is the major portion of the bladder between the apex and the fundus.

The fundus and inferolateral surfaces meet inferiorly at the neck of the bladder.

The bladder’s four surfaces (superior, two inferolateral, and posterior) are most apparent when viewing an empty, contracted bladder that has been removed from a cadaver, when the bladder appears rather boat shaped.

The bladder bed is formed by the structures that directly contact it. On each side, the pubic bones and fascia covering the levator

ani and the superior obturator internus lie in contact with the inferolateral surfaces of the bladder

Only the superior surface is covered by peritoneum. ♂ : the fundus is separated from the rectum centrally by only

the fascial rectovesical septum and laterally by the seminal glands and ampullae of the ductus deferentes

♀ : the fundus is directly related to the superior anterior wall of the vagina

The bladder is enveloped by a loose connective tissue visceral fascia

The walls of the bladder are composed chiefly of the detrusor muscle. Toward the neck of the male bladder, the muscle fibers form the involuntary internal urethral sphincter. This sphincter contracts during ejaculation to prevent retrograde ejaculation (ejaculatory reflux) of semen into the bladder. Some fibers run radially and assist in opening the internal urethral orifice. In males, the muscle fibers in the neck of the bladder are continuous with the fibromuscular tissue of the prostate, whereas in females these fibers are continuous with muscle fibers in the wall of the urethra.

The ureteric orifices and the internal urethral orifice are at the angles of the trigone of the bladder (Fig. 3.28C). The ureteric orifices are encircled by loops of detrusor musculaturethat tighten when the bladder contracts to assist in preventing reflux of urine into the ureter. The uvula of the bladder is a slight elevation of the trigone; it is usually more prominent in older men owing to enlargement of the posterior lobe of the prostate.

Arterial Supply of Bladder.The main arteries supply : branches of the internal iliac arteries

Anterosuperior : The superior vesical

♂ : inferior vesical arteries supply the fundus and neck of the bladder.

♀ : vaginal arteries replace the inferior vesical arteries and send small branches to posteroinferior parts of the bladder .The obturator and inferior gluteal arteries also supply small branches to the bladder.

Venous Drainagefrom the bladder correspond to the arteries and are tributaries of the internal iliac veins.

♂ : the vesical venous plexus is continuous with the prostatic venous plexus, and the combined plexus complex envelops the fundus of the bladder and prostate, the seminal glands, the ductus deferentes, and the inferior ends of the ureters. It also receives blood from the deep dorsal vein of the penis, which drains into the prostatic venous plexus. The vesical venous plexus is the part of the plexus complex that is most directly associated with the bladder itself. It mainly drains through the inferior vesical veins into the internal iliac veins; however, it may drain through the sacral veins into the internal vertebral venous plexuses.

♀ : the vesical venous plexus envelops the pelvic part of the urethra and the neck of the bladder, receives blood from the dorsal vein of the clitoris, and communicates with the vaginal or uterovaginal venous plexus

Innervation of Bladder. Sympathetic fibers

Conveyed from inferior thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord levels to the vesical (pelvic) plexuses primarily through the hypogastric plexuses and nerves

Stimulates ejaculation simultaneously contraction of the internal urethral sphincter prevent reflux of semen into the bladder.

A sympathetic response at moments other than ejaculation(e.g., self-consciousness when standing at the urinal infront of a waiting line) can cause the internal sphincter to contract, hampering the ability to urinate until parasympathetic inhibition of the sphincter occurs.

parasympathetic fibers From sacral spinal cord levels are conveyed by the pelvic

splanchnic nerves and the inferior hypogastric plexus

motor to the detrusor muscle and inhibitory to the internal urethral sphincter of the male bladder. Hence, when visceral afferent fibers are stimulated by stretching, the bladder contracts reflexively, the internal urethral sphincter relaxes (in males), and urine flows into the urethra

Sensory fibers from most of the bladder are visceral; reflex afferents follow the course of the parasympathetic fibers, as do those transmitting pain sensations (such as results fromoverdistension) from the inferior part of the bladder. The superior surface of the bladder is covered with peritoneum and is therefore superior to the pelvic pain line; thus pain fibers from the superior bladder follow the sympathetic fibers retrogradely to the inferior thoracic and upper lumbar spinal ganglia (T11–L2 or L3).

HISTOLOGY OF URINARY BLADDER

The mucosa of bladder is lined by unique stratified transitional epithelium or urothelium. This is surrounded by folded lamina propria and submucosa, followed by dense sheath of interwoven smooth muscle layers and adventitia.

Urothelium is composed of the following 3 layers : single layer of small basal cells resting on a very thin

basement membrane an intermediate region containing from one to several layers

or more columnar cells a superficial layer of very large, polyhedral, or bulbous cells

called umbrella cells (occasionally bi- or multinucleated and are highly differentiated to protect underlying cells against the cytotoxic effect of hypertonic urin

o Umbrella cells well developed in bladdero Up to 100µm in diametero Have extensive intercellular junctional complexes

surrounding unique apical membraneso Most of apical surface consist of assymetric unite

membrane (outer lipid layer appear twice as thick as the inner leaflet

Lipid rafts containing uroplakins which assembly into paracrystalline arrays of stiffened plaques 16 µm in diameter impermeable and protect cytoplasm and underlying cells from hyperosmotic effects

Bladder’s lamina propria and dense irregular connective tissue of submucosa are highly vascularized. The muscular consist of three poorly delineated layers, call detrusor muscle, which contract to empty the bladder. This detrusor muscle are seen most distinctly at the neck of the bladder near the urethra.

The ureter pass through the wall of bladder obliquely, forming a valve prevents backflow of urine into ureters.

All the urinary passage are covered externally by an adventitia layer, except for the upper part of bladder which is covered by serous peritoneum.