Upload
robert-dominic-gonzales
View
240
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
1/54
The Urinary System
Jay P. Jazul, MSc., CPS
University of Santo Tomas
Faculty of Pharmacy
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
2/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Urinary System
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
3/54
The Urinary System
Paired kidneys
A ureter for each kidney
Urinary bladder
Urethra
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
4/54
4
Main Functions of Urinary System
Kidneys filter blood to keep it pure Toxins
Metabolic wastes
Excess water
Excess ions Dispose of nitrogenous wastes from blood
Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine Regulate the balance of water and
electrolytes, acids and bases
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
5/54
Functions of the Kidneys
1) filter blood plasma, separate
wastes, return useful materials
to the blood, and eliminate the
wastes.
Toxic ni t rogenou s wastes
- ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatine, andcreatinine
- cause diarrhea, vomiting, and cardiac arrhythmia,
convulsions, coma, and death.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
6/54
Functions of the Kidneys
1) filter blood plasma, separate
wastes, return useful materials
to the blood, and eliminate the
wastes.
2) regulate blood volume and
osmolarity.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
7/54
3) produce hormones1. renin
2. erythropoietin
3. calcitrol
Functions of the Kidneys
4) regulate acid-base balanceof the body fluids.
5) detoxify superoxides, free
radicals, and drugs.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
8/54
8
Kidneys are retroperitoneal organs (see next slide) Superior lumbar region of posterior abdominal wall
Lateral surface is convex
Medial surface is concave Hilus* is cleft: vessels, ureters and nerves enter and leave
Adrenal glands*lie superior to each kidney(the yellow blob in pic)
*
*
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
9/54
9
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
10/54
10
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
11/54
11
Transverse sections
show retroperitoneal
position of kidneys
Note also: liver,
aorta muscles
on CT
Note layers of
adipose (fat),
capsule, fascia
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
12/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Kidney
Divided into cortexouter portion
Medulla- inner portion
Contain renal pyramids & renal columns
Urine goes into renal pelvis
Edges are made of major & minor calyces
Then out ureter
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
13/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
14/54
- The medial surface of the kidney is concave
with a hilumcarrying renal nerves and blood
vessels.
The renal parenchyma is divided into an outer cortex
and inner medulla.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
15/54
Extensions of the cortex
(renal columns) project
toward the sinus, dividing
the medulla into 6-10 renal
pyramids. Each pyramid isconical with a blunt point
called thepapillafacing the
sinus.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
16/54
The papilla is nestled into a
cup called a minor calyx,
which collects its urine.
Two or three minor calyces
merge to form a majorcalyx. The major calyces
merge to form the renal
pelvis.
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
17/54
17
The Arteries
Aorta gives off right and left renal arteries
Renalarteries divides into 5segmentalarteries as enters hilus ofkidney
Segmentalsbranch into lobar
arteries
Lobarsdivide into interlobars
Interlobarsinto arcuate injunction of medulla and cortex
Arcuatessend interlobular
arteries into cortex
Cortical radiatearteries giverise to glomerular arterioles
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
18/54
18
Vasculature of the kidney
The glomerular capillary bed is unusual in havingarterioles going both to it and away from it (afferent
and efferent), instead of a vein going away as most It is also unusual in having two capillary beds in
series (one following the other)
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
19/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RenalBlood
Supply
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
20/54
The kidney contains 1.2 million nephrons, which are
the functional units of the kidney.A nephron consists of
i. Blood vessels
Afferent arterioleGlomerulus
Efferent arteriole
ii. Renal tubules
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
The Nephron
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
21/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nephron
Unit of renal function: corpuscle & tubule
Corpuscle: forms filtrate
Glomerulus & Glomerular capsule (cortex)
Proximal convoluted tubule (cortex)
Descending Loop of Henle (into medulla)
ascending Loop of Henle (into medulla)
Distal convoluted tubule (cortex)
Collecting ductminor calyx
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
22/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Nephron
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
23/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
24/54
afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole
proximal
convoluted
tubule
distal
convoluted
tubule
Loop of Henle
blood
blood
The Nephron
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
25/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Operation
Glomerular filtration-filter plasma Tubular reabsorption
Reabsorb needed compounds & water from
filtrate Tubular Secretion
Secrete some materials into filtrate
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
26/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Operation
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
27/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glomerular Filtration
Two layers of capsule surround glomerulus
Between is capsular space
Podocytes support capillary epithelium
Form filtration membrane
Permeable to water & solute
but not most proteins & blood cells
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
28/54
Podocytes (Glomerulus)
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
29/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Filtration Pressure
Blood pressure for filtration
Opposed by colloid osmotic pressure and
capsular pressure
Efferent and afferent arteriole diameters
adjust to maintain a net filtration pressure
Even with small changes in blood pressure
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
30/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glomerular Filtration Rate
= GFR 105-125 ml/min
Determines net reabsorption because itdetermines filtrate flow
ANP increases GFR Responds to increased blood volume
Sympathetic stimulation
vasoconstriction decreased GFR Urine production
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
31/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glomerular Filtration
T b l R b ti
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
32/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tubular Reabsorption
Proximal tubule ~65% Na+& H2O
Normally 100% nutrients
~100% HCO3-(depends on blood pH)
Active transport of solutes
Osmosis moves water
Cells distal to proximal tubule fine tunereabsorption under control
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
33/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
34/54
Tubular Reabsorption
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
35/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tubular Secretion
Takes place all along tubule
Major substances : H+, K+, ammonia, urea,
creatine, drugs like penicillin Helps regulate plasma pH 7.35-7.45
Diet is acid urine is typically acidic
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
36/54
Filt ti R b ti
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
37/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Filtration, Reabsorption,
Secretion
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
38/54
The kidney produces urine through 4 steps:
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
39/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
40/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
41/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Urine Route
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
42/54
Urinary Bladder Collapsible muscular
sac
Stores and expelsurine
Lies on pelvic floor
posterior to pubicsymphysis
Males: anterior torectum
Females: just anteriorto the vagina anduterus
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
43/54
43
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
44/54
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
45/54
45
Males: urethra has three
regions (see right)
1. Prostatic urethra__________
2. Membranous urethra____
3. Spongy or penile urethra_____
_________trigone
female
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
46/54
With all the labels
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
47/54
- When glucose in tubular
fluid exceeds the transportmaximum (180 mg/100 ml),
it appears in urine
(glycosuria).
- Glucose in tubular fluid
hinders water reabsorption
by osmosis, causing
polyuria.
high urine
volume
high glucose
high glucose in
filtrate
Retain H2O by
osmosis
DIABETES MELLITUS
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
48/54
Glucose in urine
high glucose in blood
high glucose in filtrate
Exceeds Tm for glucose
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
49/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Components of Urine
Urine = 1-2 l /day
95% water
+ urea, creatine, K+, ammonia, uric acid,Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, sulfate, phosphate & Ca2+
Depends on diet and state of health
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
50/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hormonal Regulation
Angiotensin II & aldosterone
Angiotensin II- stimulates NaCl in proximal tube
Aldosterone- increases Na+ reabsorption & K+
secretion in DCT & CD More ions reabsorbedmore water
ANP-increases GFR & inhibits aldosterone
action
less Na+
reabsorbed ADH- responds to increased concentration of
solute in blood + fall in BP
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
51/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hormonal Regulation
ADH: important to body water balance
Increased concentration of solute in blood+ fall in BP ADH
With no ADH: DCT & CD walls areimpermeable to waterdilute urine
With ADH: water reabsorption occurs
concentrated urine
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
52/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Micturition = Urination
Autonomic reflex- internal sphincter
Responds to stretch like rectum
Parasympathetic detrusor musclecontraction
Conscious control-external sphincter
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
53/54
Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Aging
Kidneys shrink- decrease in capacity Thirst decreases dehydration
urinary tract infections
Males: prostate enlargementfrequenturination & slow flow
Females: more prone to leakage ofexternal sphincter (incontinence)
Both: nocturia
8/10/2019 ANATOMY OF THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.pptx
54/54
For studying
Parts of the kidney:
1. Renal pyramid
2. Efferent vessel
3. Renal artery
4. Renal vein
5. Renal hilum6. Renal pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Minor calyx
9. Renal capsule
10. Inferior renal capsule
11. Superior renal capsule
12. Afferent vessel13. Nephron
14. Minor calyx
15. Major calyx
16. Renal papilla
17. Renal column
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilum_of_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_papillahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afferent_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_capsulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_calyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pelvishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilum_of_kidneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efferent_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_pyramid