Anatomy of Plants

Chapter 4

Prokaryotes• No membrane enclosed organelles• Considered primitive• Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae

Eukaryotes• Organelles bound with membranes• Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria,

vacuoles etc.• Examples: plant & animal

Cell Walls• Made of hemicellulose• Protects the organelles• Give structure and support• Secondary cell walls are made up of

cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins

Plasma Membrane• The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding

the cytoplasm• Selective absorption

Protoplast• Refers to the inside of the cell• Cytoplasm:

– The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane– Made up of proteins– Suspends the organelles

Organelles• Internal structures within the protoplast

Chloroplasts• Responsible for photosynthesis• Contains pigments• Solar energy is harvested• Made up of flattened discs called grana• Double membranes plastids

Mitochondria• The manufacturing plant• Site of respiration• Involved in producing ATP• Double membrane surrounding it

Nucleus• Control center of the cell• Contains chromosomal DNA• Double membrane which is porous to allow material to pass in and out of the nucleus

Vacuoles• 90% in mature cells• Storage devices• Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)• Site of protein synthesis• Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

Ribosomes• Decodes DNA• Contains RNA

Golgi Apparatus (Body)• Membrane bound• Packages energy• Delivers packaged energy to different parts

of the cell

Tissues• Meristems

– Apical– Subapical– Intercalary– Lateral/cambial

Permanent Tissue• Epidermis• Parenchyma

– Collenchyma, support function– Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty

cell like in pears

Complex Permanent Tissue• Xylem• Phloem

Structure of Primary Root

Structure of Primary Stem

Structure of leaves

Cell Division

InterphaseProphase

MetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase