Anatomy June 09

48J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)

Abstracts f P Presentationso aper during the 56th National Conference of Anatomical Society of India, 2008 held at BHU, Varanasi

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133. Ultra Sonographic Evaluation of Normal Liver in Neonates, Infants and Children in Population of Western RajasthanSatyendra Jain, S.K. Kataria*, Usha Dhall Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha (Hisar), Haryana; * SPMC, Bikaner, Rajasthan

This s tudy has been car r ied out by ultrasonography in Dr.S.N.Medical College, Jodhpur on 300 subjects (177 Male and 123 Female) in the age group: birth to 15 years. The aim of this study was to document the normal range of data of liver in healthy neonates, infants and children. The measurements observed were vertical diameter of right and left lobe of liver in mid clavicular line and mid sagittal plane respectively. The mean length of the right lobe of liver in males was 5.41 cm (neonates), 5.47 cm (infants), 7.73 cm (1-3 yrs.), 8.63 cm (3-6 yrs.), 9.70 cm (6-9 yrs.), 10.66 cm (9-12 yrs.), and 11.81 cm (12-15 yrs). In females it was 5.45 cm ( neonates), 5.49 cm (infants) 8.09 cm (1-3 yrs.) , 8.50 cm (3-6 yrs. ) , 10.28 cm (6-9 yrs.) ,10.54 cm ( 9-12 yrs), 11.45 cm (12-15 yrs.) . The mean length of the left lobe of liver in males was 3.76 cm (neonates), 3.49 cm (infants), 4.81 cm (1-3 yrs.), 5.65 cm (3-6 yrs.), 6.29 cm (6-9 yrs.), 7.44 cm (9-12 yrs.), and 8.26 cm (12-15 yrs.). In females it was 3.69 cm (neonates), 3.58 cm (infants), 4.74 cm (1-3 yrs.), 5.88 cm (3-6 yrs.), 6.74 cm (6-9 yrs), 7.80 cm (9-12 yrs), and 8.30 cm (12-15 yrs). There was no significant difference in two sexes. There was steady growth of liver during the period studied with spurt between 1 month to 3 years in both sexes. This data provides basic data for clinicians in cases of hepatomegaly, hypoplasia etc.

134. Variations in Pulmonary VeinsJaba. Rajguru, R.R. FulzeleJawaharlal Nehru Medical College Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha

Information on the prevalence of variations in pulmonary veins is scarce (Monique R.M. Jongbloed etal, 2005). In the present study twenty human hearts were evaluated in regards to Pulmonary veins their ostia, shape, size, number and orientation.

It was found that the openings of the right side were more oblong than those of the left which were generally round. About 40% of them had additional openings in addition to the normal four. Prevalence of additional ostia was more on the right side. .The maximum transverse diameter on the right side was 2.1cms and that of the left was 3cms. One vein was seen to open on the roof of the left atrium.

Knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the pulmonary veins and its ostia is must for the safe execution the cardiothoracic and radiological invasive, investigative and therapeutic techniques such as lobectomies and radio-frequency catheter ablations and others.

135. Variations in the Drainage of Left Renal and Right Testicular Veins Raghu Jetti, Narendra Pamidi, S. N. SomayajiMelaka Manipal Medical College , Manipal, Karnataka

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


During routine cadaveric dissection we found the variation in the termination of left renal and right testicular veins. The left renal vein was 8.5 cm in length arose from the hilum of left kidney below the renal artery and posterior to the pelvis of the left ureter. Near the hilum the vein received left supra renal vein, left testicular vein, then it passed downwards medially crossed the psoas major, behind the aorta and left common iliac artery and finally drained in to the left common iliac vein.

The course of the right testicular vein was normal and drained in to the right renal vein. The details of the variation, its clinical significance will be discussed in conference.

136. Variations of Branches of External Carotid ArterySundeep Kumar Hanumanth, S. Swayam Jothi Dorai Raj, Mustafa Vali, V. Tirupathi Rao. Allri Seetha Ramaraju Academy of Medical Sciences (ASRAM), Eluru, AP

Quite a number of variations of superficial palmar arch are found during routine dissection. The type of formation and variation which are observed are enumerated.

48 free upper limbs were available for the study during routine dissection care was taken to trace the arterial arch and its branches.

In 24 upper limbs the superficial palmar arch was completed by the superficial palmar branches of radial artery and they gave either four palmar digital branches or five palmar digital branches. In one of the limbs the branches to the third and fourth cleft were arising by a common stem.

In 24 upper limbs the superficial palmar arch was completed by princeps pollicis or radialis indicis or a common stem from radial artery. They also gave either four palmar digital branches or five palmar digital branches. In one of the limbs crossing and anastomosing of the digital branches to the index finger was observed.

In most of the occasions the index finger and sometimes the thumb was also supplied by superficial palmar arch.

137. A Histological Study of the Effect of Monosodium Glutamate in Liver of Albino MiceT. Das Bhattacharjee, A.M. Tarnekar, I.V. IngoleMahatama Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Maharashtra

Monosodium Glutamate, popularly known as

Mc Cormack Cauldwell and Anson

Present

study

Normal pattern

19% 50%

Princes policis or radialis indicis

59% 50%

No superficial palmar arch

10%

Other variations

12%

Azinomoto, is used as flavouring agent in Chinese cuisine. It is responsible for creating the fifth basic type of taste sensation Umami taste in brain. Receptors for umami taste sensation are found in chorda tympani as well as glossopharyngeal nerve. It is a powerful neurotransmitter- both excitatory and inhibitory. MSG is reported to cause damage in brain and reduced reproductive function in adults. Present study was carried out with 25 albino mice after exposing the animals to MSG (2mg/gm body weight subcutaneous injection) in neonatal period. Total 5 injections were given at the interval of 48 hours starting 48 hours after birth. Animals were sacrificed 75 days after birth and liver was isolated and processed for histological study. Histological findings were compared with same number of control animals.

138. Effect of Cell Phone Radiation on the Developing Lens of Chick EmbryoI.V.Ingole, J. E. Waghmare, P. Bokaria, B. R. Sontakke, Tapti Das MGIMS, Sevagram, Maharashtra

The radiation emitted by cell phone has been incriminated to adversely affect the biological tissues. The embryonic tissues are the most sensitive as the processes of division and differentiation of cells are crucial to its development and are most sensitive to any type of insult at this stage. Cases of congenital cataract have been frequently reported as a result of prenatal exposure to certain teratogens. None the less the reports of the adverse effects of radiation emitted by cell phone on the developing lens have been contradictory. The present study is aimed at investigating direct effect if any on the developing lens. Fertile hen eggs were incubated in two batches. Each batch comprised 18 eggs. Out of 18 eggs, nine eggs were incubated in a standard egg incubator without giving any exposure to radiation and treated as control. Remaining nine eggs were incubated in a special incubator exposing them to radiation from cell phone. Total exposure of 4 hrs duration was given to the experimental groups of both the batches. One batch was sacrificed at the completion of 4 days and the other at the completion of 6 days. Embryos were processed for histological examination. 5 micron thick sections were cut and stained with H &E. The lens epithelial cells from experimental groups showed increased number of mitotic figures in the form of metaphase and anaphase as compared to that of controls. This points towards increased proliferation of cells which may be compensatory phenomenon in response to increased destruction of cells.

139. Effect of Stress on Thymus Gland of Albino Female RatsB. Mukerjee, Thara SunderAarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital Pondicherry, 2PKMC, Puducherry

The thymus gland of rat is relatively bigger at an early period of postnatal life. As the age of the rat advances regression in the thymic size begins. Consequent upon the physiological changes, the population of lymphocytes in the thymus shows increase upto day 56 postnatal. Thereafter, it decreases gradually. In the present study the absolute

number of lymphocytes was recorded till the end of 14 weeks. The lymphocyte count was noted separately in the cortex as well as the medulla of the rat thymus in normal health and under different stressed conditions. Significant differences were observed both in the cortex and medulla of the female rat thymus.

140. Effects of Lead on Olfactory Bulb of Adult Albino RatNaushad A Dilkash, S. M. Dawar Husain, Aijaz A. Khan, Nafis A. FaruqiJ. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Lead is virtually toxic to every organ of body including central nervous system where it may manifests as encephalopathy and hyposmia but the exact mechanism of these clinical manifestations remains inconclusive. The present study was aimed to see the microscopic changes on the olfactory bulb of rat induced by oral administration of a lead compound. A total number of 12 adult albino rats with equal number of either sex were used both in control and experimental groups Experimental group received 4% aquous lead acetate orally for a period of 3 weeks then animals of both groups were sacrificed and perfused with 10% formalin. Olfactory bulbs were dissected out and processed for paraffin embedding. 5-thick sections were stained with using H & E, Luxol Fast, Thionine and Silver stains and observed under light microscope. In gross examination brains from the experimental group revealed generalized edema and petechial haemorrhages. The olfactory bulb under the light microscope revealed edema and congestion in almost all of its layers. Glomeruli appeared distorted with clumping of periglomerular cells. Pyknotic cells, neuronal cell loss, disorganization and degeneration of nerve fibres were also seen. Vacuoles of variables sizes were also in abundance. From the above experiment it is concluded that lead has toxic effects on central nervous system including olfactory bulb which may be responsible for the clinical manifestations of lead toxicity.

141. Hepatic Histomorphometry in Rats Administered with SevinMunglang. M, Mahindra Nagar, R. Prakash University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Shahdara, Delhi

Sevin, pharmacologically known as Carbaryl, is a synthetic N-methyl carbamate insecticide which has been extensively used in the recent years as pesticide.

In the present study, Sevin was administered intraperitoneally in adult Wistar albino rats 9150-200grams) in the dose of 200mg/kg body weight in corn oil daily for five days a week for thirty days. Controls were maintained. The animals of both the groups were sacrificed within twenty four hours of the last injection by perfusion. Liver was dissected, paraffin sections (7) were cut and stained for light microscopy. The number of hepatocytes per unit area was measured. In the experimental rats, the mean number of cells per unit area was 35.767.09 hepatocytes per unit area and that of the controls was 52.97 8.99 hepatocytes per unit area. Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease

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in the cell density in the experimental group. The central veins and the sinusoids appeared dilated. The mean long and short diameters of the central vein in the experimental rats was 119.2247 microns and 70.6730.55 microns respectively and that in the control rats was 73.2231.61 microns and 52.1022.49 microns respectively. The increase in the both the diameters of the central vein in the experimental rats was found to be statistically significant. The sinusoids in the experimental rats was found to be statistically significant. The sinusoids in the experimental rats showed a mean long diameter of 93.3739.80 microns and a mean of maximum short diameter and minimum short diameter of 13.824.58 microns and 6.152.52 microns respectively, while that in the control group, it was 81.2739.71 microns, 8.072.43 microns and 3.25 1.27 microns respectively. Statistically the mean diameter of the sinusoids in the experimental group was found to be significantly increased as compared to that of the control.

142. Histological Changes in Liver Induced by Diclofenac Sodium in MiceShobha Rawlani, Archana K., Pradeep Bokariya, A. M. Tarnekar, J. Waghmare, I. V. IngoleMahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sewagram, Wardha

Diclofenac sodium, a phenyl acetic acid derived non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is commonly used worldwide. It has been reported to cause adverse hepatic effects in individuals as it is metabolized in the liver. Present study aimed to investigate the hepatoxic effect of Diclofenac sodium on liver tissue in mice. Twenty adult Swiss albino mice weighing 20 -23 gms were divided into 2 groups of 10 each. The mice of experimental group were given Diclofenac sodium in the dose of 4mg per Kg body weight orally for 14 days in addition to food and water ad

thlibitum. On the 15 day animals were sacrificed and liver tissue samples were sectioned and stained with H&E and Masons trichrome .

In experimental group of animals there were histological changes in the liver which included damage of hepatocytes as evidenced by increase in granularity and vacuolization of cytoplasm. At places hypertrophy of hepatocytes was also observed. There was flattening of central veins and enlargement of portal venule. Mononuclear cell infiltration around central vein, periportal and perisinusoidal area was also found. In some animals hepatic plates were disorganized with discontinuous sinusoidal network while in others there was dilatation of sinusoids near the central vein. There was also evidence of increase of fibrous tissue in the central vein and portal area. These results suggest that diclofenac sodium when given for long period causes toxic injury to liver.

143. Histomorphological Study of the Testis in Sevin Treated Albino RatMunglang. M, Mahindra Nagar University College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Shahdara, Delhi

Sevin, pharmacologically known as Carbaryl is a synthetic N-methyl carbamate insecticide was administered

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intraperitoneally in adult Wistar albino rats (150-200 grams) in the dose of 200mg/kg body weight in corn oil daily for five days a week for thirty days. Controls were maintained. The animals of both the groups were sacrificed within twenty four hours of the last injection by perfusion. Testis was dissected, paraffin sections (7) were cut and stained for light microscopy. The seminiferous tubules appeared hollow and empty due to the hypocellularity. There was a lack of organization of the epithelial cells such that the tubules appeared to contain mostly sertoli cells, with a rare cluster of germs cells. Most tubules showed sloughing with degenerating cells in the lumen. The mean number of sertoli cells per tubules was counted in the experimental and control rats. Data was tabulated and statistically analyzed.

144. Nimesulide A Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Induced Changes in Vas Deferens of Mice.T.K. Balaji, S.ArunaChettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu

Non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are currently being used to effectively reduce inflammation selectively suppress the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). It is evident through existing reports that COX-2 enzyme is not only involved in inflammation but has other diverse functions in tissues like kidney and liver. The adverse effects of NSAIDs and the role of COX-2 in male reproductive tract is least understood and hence this study. Nimesulide a preferential COX-2 inhibitor was used for the present study. Male albino mice received 12mg/kg nimesulide orally and sacrificed after 45 days. Body weight was recorded prior to sacrifice. Vas deferens was removed, weighed and semen was squeezed from the lumen and analyzed for count, motility and vitality. The tissues were processed for routine histology. The results of our present study showed a marked decline in sperm motility whereas the number and vitality of the sperm was unaltered. Histopathological changes were observed in the luminal surface of vas deferens. To conclude, COX-2 enzyme in vas deferens of mice might aid in motility of sperm. Nimesulide induced adverse reactions in vas deferens of mice might not be direct but indirectly through suppression of COX-2.

145. Renal Morphology in Carbaryl Treated Albino RatsMahindra Nagar, Munglang. MUniversity College of Medical Sciences & G.T.B. Hospital,Shahdara, Delhi

In the recent years, Carbaryl, a synthetic N-methyl carbamate is one of the commonly and extensively used pesticides.

In the present study, Carbaryl was administered inatraperitoneally in adult Wistar albino rats 9150-200grams in the dose of 200mg/kg body weight in corn oil daily for five days a week for thirty days. Controls were maintained. The animals of both the groups were sacrificed within twenty four hours of the last injection by perfusion. Kidney was dissected; paraffin sections (7) were made and stained for light microscopy. Kidney showed cortical atrophy of tubules with highly eosinophilic, casts of inspissated material in the

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


lumen. At sites the lumen of tubules contained epithelial cells and necrotic debris. Tubules were shrunken and interstitial spaces were dilated and infiltrated with lymphocytes. The lining epithelial cells appeared swollen and vacuolated with a loss of their microvilli. Hyalinization of the arterioles was also seen. Lobular accentuation of glomerular architecture with an increase in mesangial cellularity was observed.

146. Rhizomelia - A Rare Case with Multiple Systemic Anomalies - A Case ReportMaharajah's Institute of Medical Sciences, Nellimarla, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh

Dwarfism is complex, heterogenous and generally rare. The most familiar achondroplasia and the most common short limbed dwarfism syndrome are a variety of syndromes with rhizomelic type, proximal shortening of humerus or femur. This may be presenting as achondroplasia, tanatophoric dwarfism, chondroplasia punctata and diastrophic dwarfism.

A rare case of tanatophoric dysplasia is presented.A female aged 20 yrs primary gravida attended to

the antenatal O.P for a regular check up in the III trimester. A routine ultrasound scan was performed. The foetus found to be single with cephalic ROT presentation with a gestational age of 40 wks having very short limbs, a large macro cranium, decreased abdominal circumference, deformity of spine with bilateral clubfoot has been reported. It is a case of consanguineous marriage. She delivered a stillborn baby with already described anomalies with polydactyly and cleft lip.

Foetal autopsy revealed very huge liver, persistent foramen ovale, patent ductus arteriosus with hyper plastic right atrium. There is a bilateral hydrocele with hypo- plastic phallus.

147. Risk of Hypospadius and Cryptorchidism in Tea Garden Labour Population: A Hospital Record Based StudyRajat Dutta Roy, Dipshikha Thengal, Giriraj Kusre,

1S.Mahanta, Hiranya Saikia1Department of Anatomy, Department of Community

Medicine, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh Assam

Some pesticides are known to have endocrine disrupting effect. Exposure to environmental endocrine disrupting agents especially with estrogenic or antiandrogenic effect during pregnancy may result in defects in male genitalia specially cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Tea gardens of Upper Assam use pesticides with estrogenic property which may affect garden labours residing in tea gardens.

Data of patients admitted in paediatric surgery department of Assam Medical College from Jan 1996 - Dec 2005 was collected retrospectively. The information about the residential address and type of congenital malformation was collected and an odds ratio was calculated and accordingly the test of significance was performed.

No association was observed between the residence in tea gardens and risk of occurrence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Various etiologies are suggested for increase in incidence of hypospadias and

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cryptorchidism one of them is exposure to estrogenic or antiandrogenic pesticides. Exposure of pesticides below the threshold level, presence of confounding factors, and inadequate improper residential address of the patients may be a reason for this non association.

148. Effect of Insulin Induced Hypoglycemia on the Developing Brain of Rat Embryos: Morphological and Histological Study.

1 2 3Rakesh Kumar Diwan , G.L.Shah Namita Mehrotra1 2 3C.S.M.M.U, Lucknow; IMS, B.H.U Varanasi, H.I.M.S Jolly Grant Dehradun.

The present investigation is designed to observe congenital anomalies on the brain of rat embryos .A single dose (20 IU) of insulin (Torrent Pharmaceuticals) was injected intraperitoneally in CF strain pregnant female rat (average weight 200-250 gms) on gestation days 7,8,9.Control pregnant rats were injected with normal saline

th.On day 20 of gestation ,treated rat embryos were collected to observe the gross malformation and histological changes in the brain .On the histological examination of cerebral cortex we found loss of architectural pattern ,large necrotic patches and clumping of pyramidal cells. Cerebral cortex also showed large hemorrhagic patches due to destruction of capillaries.

149. Teratogenic Effects of The Anticonvulsant Gabapentin in Mice

1 2 2 2 2Prakash , L.V. Prabhu , R. Rai , M.M. Pai , S.K. Yadav , S. 2 3 3 4Madhyastha , R.K. Goel , G. Singh , M.A. Nasar ,

Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, 2Bangalore , Kasturba Medical College, Bejai, Mangalore,

3Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 4Varanasi, Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences District

Hospital, Raichur

We aim to study and elucidate the safety profile of the antiepileptic doses of gabapentin during pregnancy, and to evaluate gabapentin-induced murine fetotoxicity at different dose levels.

A total of 60 pregnant mice, divided into 12 groups of 5 mice each, were exposed to gabapentin in four different doses of 0 (control), 113, 226, or 452 mg/kg body weight per day, at three different gestational stages including early gestation (1-6 days), mid gestation (7-12 days), and late gestation (13-17 days). The pregnant mice were euthanized on day 18 of gestation and fetuses were examined for teratogenic manifestations. Their brains were dissected and examined for gross changes, malformations, histological changes, and quantitative protein estimation.

Fetal resorptions were observed in all treated groups with gabapentin administration at early gestation (1-6 days), and mid gestation (7-12 days). On the other hand, growth retardation along with stunting in size of live fetuses was observed in all the mid gestation (7-12 days), and late gestation (13-17 days) treated groups. Various gross malformations were observed with all the three doses (113, 226, or 452 mg/kg body weight per day) when gabapentin was administered at mid gestation (7-12 days). The same

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trends were confirmed by gross and microscopic examinations of brain and quantitative protein estimation. Gabapentin should not be prescribed during pregnancy, as no therapeutic dose of gabapentin is safe during this period as far as fetal well-being is considered.

150. Protocone, Hypocone, Metacone, Paracone - A Study of the Cusp Dimensions

*G. Agnihotri, P. Kaushal *Government Medical College, Amritsar; Department of

Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

Crowns of maxillary molars have four main cusps paracone, protocone, metacone and hypocone. Each cusp has an independent growth pattern and different evolutionary background. The paracone is the first to appear both ontogenetically and phylogenetically and is regarded as the successor of the single cone of the reptilian haplodont dentition. The hypocone tends to develop latest in terms of ontogeny and phylogeny and differentiates from the lingual cingulum. Odontometric characteristics of each molar crown are thought to represent a cumulative effect of individual cusp dimensions, so analysis based on measurement of cusp dimensions promises to be more meaningful biologically than those that use conventional measurements of whole crowns.

Any measurement on teeth unaccompanied by age, race and sex must be treated with great reserve. Study was designed in which measurements of the cusp dimensions of the first maxillary molar were taken on 100 casts of Jat Sikh students(50 males,50 females) studying in the medical college in the age group of 17-21 years. The results indicate:

1. The decreasing order of cusp diameters is:Hypocone >Protocone >Paracone >Metacone

2. There exists a statistically significant sexual dimorphism for all the cusp dimensions (pMetacone > Protocone >Paracone

4. The percentage sexual dimorphism for the hypocone is exceptionally high (right 7.22%, left 7.36%) as compared with the other cusps.

5. Cusp index which is a measure of relative cusp size exhibited the following sequence Hypocone >Protocone >Paracone >Metacone.

151. Sex Determination from Femur: Multivariate AnalysisUsha Dhall, Gargi Soni, Sudha Chabbra*

*Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha, Hissar, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana,

The present study was conducted on 80 femur bones (40 M, 40 F). Seven measurements were taken i.e. maximum length, maximum head diameter, midshaft circumference, maximum midshaft anteroposterior diameter, midshaft circumference, distal epiphyseal width and weight. All the dimensions were significantly higher (P

the middle part in 2 skulls (0.19%). The upper end of Metopic suture was observed to meet the median sagittal suture, end-to-end, at Bregma in 6 skulls (15%) while in the rest of 34 skulls (85%), the upper end of Metopic suture failed to meet the anterior end of median sagittal suture and the deflection ranged between 12 mm to 2 mm. Mean suture length was computed to be 128 mm.

155. Variation of Q Angle of Patella with Age, Sex, Laterality, and Method of Measurement among the North Bengal Population. M. Nandi, S. Deb, C. Kar North Bengal Medical College, Sushrutanagar, Dist: Darjeeling, West Bengal

In an institution based cross-sectional study of the Q Angle among the North Bengal population, 186 knee joints were measured in 93 patients during the period of 2005-07 at North Bengal Medical College.

Q Angle reflects the relationship and alignment between the pelvis, leg and foot in such a way that it can trivially be equated with the angular relation of the long axis of the thigh with that of the leg. This angulation can be exaggerated or reduced to produce genu valgum or genu varum respectively with consequent detrimental effects on the knee joint.

Unlike the previous studies that concentrated mainly on the adult population, the present investigation classified the target population into two major age groups

viz. a) 10-19 years and b) 20 years. Q Angle was measured both clinically as well as radio graphically. Variation of Q Angle with age, sex, laterality and method of measurement was analyzed statistically. The study revealed highly significant differences between the two age groups among the male population, where as among the females the difference was non-significant. Keeping the age factor constant, Q Angle was significantly high among the female population than among the male.

156. Computer Assisted Learning Dissection in Addition to the Traditional Learning Jayanthi.V, Roopa KulkarniM.S.Ramaiah Medical College, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bangalore, Karnataka

The faculty in anatomy is trained to prepare the learning aids using the videos, freely available web and dissected photographs. In the begining, thorax was taken up for the study. It was divided into 11 sub topics and each faculty was made to prepare learning aids of different topics. With the completion of the activity, both the groups were assessed clinically by short answer question The average score of study group was better than the control group. Evaluation was also done by getting the feed back from the students in the group with the aid of structured questionaaire and open ended questions.The comment suggested that the activity of computer assisted learning dissection was appreciated by student. Majority of them felt that more of clinical aspects in medicine could be learnt. Learning aids were prepared for all the other regions which included Head and Neck, Upper limb, lower limb, Abdomen and Pelvis.

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Students opinined that inclusion of the clinical aspects into anatomy made learning anatomy more easy and interesting. This method of learning can be implemented for other courses like dental sciences. Physiotherapy and nursing.It can also implemented for teaching clinical subjects like surgery, OBG and medicine.

157. Multiple Vascular Anomalies in the Abdomen- A Case Report with Clinical ImplicationsTony George Jacob, Vishal Modgil, Kum Kum RanaMaulana Azad Medical College, Bahadurshah Jaffar Marg, New Delhi

At the Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, during routine dissection of the abdomen of a male cadaver, we found an interesting and rare anomaly in the arterial branching pattern of the right renal artery. It gave rise to the right inferior phrenic artery that supplied not only the inferior diaphragmatic surface but also pierced the right dome of diaphragm to supply structures in the posterior mediastinum. The right renal artery also gave rise to the right testicular artery that was normal in its subsequent course and distribution. Such an anomaly has not been reported before.

Any surgeon planning surgery on the kidneys and ureter should be aware of such a variation. Knowing anomalies is also important to radiologists who perform angiographies and chemo-embolisation of hepatocellular carcinomas. This is because the inferior phrenic artery is the most common extra hepatic provider of collateral circulation to the malignancy.

The abdominal aorta also showed a rare anomaly in the branching pattern. The celiac artery apart from its usual branches (left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries), gave rise to an aberrant branch that supplied the pancreas, duodenum and the transverse colon and ascending colon. There was no separate middle colic artery from the superior mesenteric artery. A surgeon planning surgery on the pancreas, upper GIT or even a renal transplant surgeon should be aware of such a variation.

158. Dermatoglyphics in Coronary Artery DiseasePadamjeet Panchal, P.A. Sohail, R.K. Rohatgi, Achala SinghalDepartment of Anatomy, HIHT University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand

The increasing morbidity and mortality has led to the study of Dermatoglyphics in Coronary artery disease patients. Coronary artery disease being multifactorial and genetically determined disease needs a special reference as Dermatoglyphics is also genetically determined. In the present study we have taken the Dermatoglyphics of 50 Coronary artery disease patients of both sexes and compared them to 50 controls of either sex. The finger prints and palmar prints were taken as suggested by Kilgariff on a white paper. Various qualitative and quantitative parameters like Absolute Finger Ridge Count(AFRC), Total Finger Ridge Count(AFRC), Palmar 'atd' angle, 'adt' angle, and 'dat' angle, finger tip patterns, pattern intensity index, Dankmeijer's index and Furuhata's index were studied. The

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results obtained showed a statistically significant increase in whorls ,decrease in loops, increase in AFRC and TFRC. Details of study will be discussed in the conference.

159. Dermatoglyphics in Type II Diabetes MellitusShubha Srivastava, S.L. Jethani,. R.K. Rohatgi, Anita Sharma HIHT University, Dehradun, Uttrakhand

Diabetes Mellitus being multifactorial and genetically determined disease needs a special reference as Dermatoglyphics is also genetically determined. In the present study we have taken the Dermatoglyphics of 50 Diabetes mellitus patients of both sexes and compared them to 40 controls of either sex. The finger prints and palmar prints were taken as suggested by Henry on a white paper. Various qualitative and quantitative parameters like Absolute Finger Ridge Count(AFRC), Total Finger Ridge Count(TFRC), Palmar 'atd' angle, 'adt' angle, and 'dat' angle, Main Lines, Main Line index(MLI) and presence of additional axial t' and t'' Triradii were studied. The results obtained showed a statistically significant decrease in angle atd and increase in angle adt.

160. Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial DNA Mutations in Oligoasthenoteratozoospermic Patients

1Sundararajan Venkatesh , R. Kumar, M.B. Shamsi, # #M. Tanwar, D. Pathak, R. Kumar , N.P. Gupta ,

Rima Dada Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics,

#Department of Anatomy, Department of Urology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

Excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) establishes oxidative stress (OS) in the semen. Mitochondria are suspected to be the source and target of ROS where mutation in mitochondria can impair the formation/function of mature spermatozoa. So the present study was aimed to correlate the oxidative stress and mtDNA mutation with the sperm parameters of infertile patients. Study includes 62 infertile subjects and 30 fertile controls attending AIIMS, New Delhi, India. Complete semen analysis was performed according to WHO criteria (1999). OS was evaluated by malonaldehyde estimation and sperm mitochondrial DNA mutations by standard PCR-DNA sequencing. Infertile group showed significantly (p< 0.001) higher MDA levels (0.18 0.03 nmol/106 spermatozoa) compared to fertile controls (0.10 0.02 nmol/106 spermatozoa). The mean sperm count of infertile group was 12.78 11.81 x 106/ml, whereas the fertile group had 55.73 20.57 x 106/ml. DNA sequencing revealed that 66% (n=41) of the infertile group harbored one or more mutations (T4672A, C10165T, C10207T, A10470G, T13946A) in the mitochondrial genome where no mutations were detected in the fertile group in spite some common nucleotide changes (A750G, A4769G) in both the groups. All the mean sperm parameters of infertile subjects were negatively correlated with the malonaldehyde level. Higher MDA levels in the infertile subjects compared to the controls may be correlated with the change in the gene sequence of sperm mtDNA of infertile subjects. Thus mtDNA mutation harbored in the infertile groups may be due to oxidative stress.

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161. Study of Spectrum of Anomalies in the Families of Consanguious Couples

1 2Arun Kumar S. Bilodi , M. R.Gangadhar1Department of Anatomy, Sree Raja Rajeswari Medical

2College, Bangalore; Department of Anthropology, Manasagangothri ,University of Mysore, Mysore

To know the various types of anomalies in families of consanguious couples, a study for about 1 yrs.

About 43% of anomalies have been observed from the cases in the couples of consanguious marriages that was examined in all clinical departments of the above hospital The rest of the anomalies were in the couples of non consanguious marriages .Anomalies were commonly seen in males.

162. Variations in the Arterial Supply in the Back of the Right Leg - A Case ReportV. Jayanthi, M. J. Shashanka, Roopakulkarni, G. Ravi ShankarM.S.Ramaiah Medical College, M.S.R.I.T Post, Bangalore, Karnataka

Anomalies in the lower extremities are documented during cadaveric dissection and diagnostic radiological imaging .These variations are important for the vascular surgeons.

A male cadaver aged 63 years presented variation in the origin, course and termination of posterior tibial artery in the back of the right leg. Multiple arteries in addition to posterior tibial artery were also seen in the same region. This unusual type of variation is very important from both embryological and surgical point of view.

163. A Study of Hundred Radiographs of the Cervical Rib Sunita Gupta Smt. NHL Municipal Medical College, Ellis Bridge, Ahmedabad

Hundred Radiographs of patients having cervical rib were studied in last 1 year. Some had bilateral cervical rib, most had unilateral cervical rib of varying sizes. It was associated with or without symptoms- which include tingling, numbness of the upper limb, positive Adson 's sign and symptoms of cervical spondylosis when associated with it.

The incidence of cervical rib was 5-6% as compaired to 1-2% as mentioned in our books.

164. Butea Monosperma induced Ovarian Changes in Mice

a a bNeelam Gupta , Gajendra Singh , S.M.Singh , cK.R.C.Reddy

a cDepartment of Anatomy; Department of Rasashastra; bInstitute of Medical Sciences; School of Biotechnology

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India

Butea monosperma (Fabaceae family) locally known as Palash (Dhak) are known to be antifertility agent for which it is traditionally used since time immemorial. Hence a need was felt to study scientifically if such claims about Palash (Butea monosperma) are true, and this can be used effectively as a drug to prevent conception.

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The Palash (Butea monosperma) seed's powder suspended in 0.5 ml of distilled water was administered orally through a cannula for three consecutive days to adult female Swiss albino mice of reproductive age group (weighing 20-34g, nulliparous). The dose administered was 2 g/ kg body weight. The animals were sacrificed on the day next to last day of treatment. Ovaries were collected by opening abdomen and studied.

Ovaries collected from adult control female mice when examined for external gross changes showed an average weight of 10.35 0.82 mg. In treated mice however a drastic reduction in weight of ovaries, i.e. shrinkage in size was observed, which was bilateral. The average weight of ovaries from treated mice was 5.97 1.11mg. The reduction in weight was highly significant (p

decreased feta l weight was observed in a l l Cyclophosphamide treated pups when compared with the controls.

This study is suggestive of recovery of teratogenicity by Drakshavleh.

168. Effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis on the ovary of mice

a a bNeelam Gupta , Gajendra Singh , S.M.Singh , cK.R.C.Reddy

a cDepartment of Anatomy; Department of Rasashastra; bInstitute of Medical Sciences; School of Biotechnology

Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India

Many plants are known to posses anti fertility activity. However, limited attempts have been made to scientifically evaluate these claims. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers have been shown to posses anti fertility and abortifatient activity. The present work was, therefore, carried out to evaluate the claimed antifertility effect of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flowers.

When adult female Swiss albino mice of reproductive age group (weighing 20-34g, nulliparous), were administered orally with powder of flower of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis suspended in 0.5 ml of distilled water through a cannula for three consecutive days. The dose administered was 2 g / kg body weight and the animals were sacrificed on the day next to last day of treatment. Ovaries were collected through mid line incision on abdomen and studied histologically after H and E staining.

Most of the ova, graafian follicle, follicles were found damage to great severity. The differentiation of cells was retarded due to increased apoptosis. The cystic areas had developed at multiple random locations. Fluid accumulation had taken place at the site of degenerated follicles.

169.Predicting the Fetal Outcome in Cases of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH) A Colour Doppler Study

1H. J. Bobade, R. R. Fulzele, R. Dhande , U.L. Gajbe1Department of Anatomy, Department of Radiology, J. N.

Medical College Sawangi (Meghe) Wardha, Maharashtra

Colour Doppler is an excellent tool for a noninvasive haemodynamic monitoring of PIH patients. It helps to identify the fetuses at risk and predict perinatal morbidity and mortality. A total of 100 cases of PIH between 28-36 weeks of gestation were studied over a period of 2 years. A Colour Doppler scanner with a 3-5 MHz curvilinear probe was used for studying uterine, umbilical, and fetal middle cerebral arteries. Only S\D ratio was used as an indicator to evaluate the perinatal outcome. The results of first Doppler examination were taken into consideration for the study. Follow up study was done whenever required. S\D ratio of more than 3 in umbilical artery and more than 2.6 in the uterine artery was considered abnormal. The results were correlated with parameters of fetal outcome.

Out of 100 hypertensive cases 56 had abnormal S\D ratio in umbilical artery and/or uterine artery, 60 of these patients delivered IUGR babies. In patients with absent end diastolic velocity (AEDV) and reversed end diastolic velocity (REDV) perinatal mortality was 50 % and 50% had IUGR babies. The fetuses with compromised circulation showed

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increased diastolic flow in fetal MCA suggestive of brain sparing effect. The results of abnormal umbilical artery were more significant then uterine artery in predicting perinatal outcome. The patients who had follow up studies, the improving S\D ratio suggested good fetal outcome whereas increasing S\D ratio showed poor fetal outcome. Doppler velocimetry act as guide in the treatment of these pregnancies and prevention of high morbidity of hypertensive patients.

170. Radiological Evidences of Costoclavicular ArticulationAnita Rani, Archana Rani, Jyoti ChopraDepartment of Anatomy, C.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Sometimes the ligamentous connection between clavicle and first rib can be converted into a diarthrodial union and a new joint: costoclavicular joint comes into existence. Very scanty literature is available documenting the presence of faceted apophysis on the under surface of clavicle at the rhomboid fossa, suggesting an articular area for costoclavicular joint. It is said that when such type of joint is present, the costoclavicular ligament acts as a joint capsule.

In our study we observed that 19.5% clavicle out of 113 and 9.2% first ribs out of 184 showed presence of facet at the site of attachment of costoclavicular ligament.

Prompted by the ongoing research we studied 120 CT scans out of which 16 cases (13.33%) showed approximation of clavicle and first rib at site of attachment of costoclavicular ligament, where there is a strong possibility of presence of a new joint.

Role of Crataeva nurvala in Urolithiasis - An Experimental study

a b aSanjay Agarwal , Neelam Gupta S. J. Gupta , cA. K. Saxena

a bDepartment of Shalya Tantra; Department of Anatomy; cCenter of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

Urolithiasis is a common disorder responsible for serious human suffering and economic cost to society. It is the third most common affliction of the urinary tract exceeded only by UTI and BPH.

In Ayurveda the detail description of urolithiasis has mentioned under the heading of Ashmari. Our ancient Acharyas had broadly described the etiopathogenesis, symptomatology, medical & surgical management of Urolithiasis (Ashmari).A group of Ayurvedic drugs are described for the management of Urolithiasis like Bergenia ligulata(Pashanbheda), Crataeva nurvala(Varun), Dolichos biflorus(Kulattha), Tribulus terrestris(Gokshur) etc.

The present work has designed to evaluate the effect of Crataeva nurvala on Urolithiasis of experimental model (Albino Rats). The study has categories in two Groups, Group I- Control (Distilled Water -vehicle) and Group II- Treated (with decoction of Crataeva nurvala). In all albino rats glass beads were implanted surgically into the urinary bladder. Estimation of urinary & serum electrolyte done periodically (at the interval of 15 days) and X-rays were exposed at a regular interval of one month. . In Control Group deposition on glass beads and formation of stone

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


occurred and while in Treated Group no nidus formation occurred. This study suggests the decoction of Crataeva nurvala effective in the management of urolithiasis (i.e.anti urolithiatic).

172. Teratogenic Effect of ACE Inhibitors (Lisinopril, Guldaudi) in Mice

1 2K. N. Singh, Gajendra Singh , R. K. Goel1Department of Sharir Rachana, Department of Anatomy,

2Department of Parmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

The 29 pregnant female mice were given ACE Inhibitors during and before the pregnancy and the pups were collected on day 18 of gestation for the examination for malformations. The pups when exposed to ACE Inhibitor during perinatal life show gross malformations including stunting of size, loss of weight, growth retardation, kinking of tail, exencephaly, absence of calvaria without exencephaly etc. Detail study of the heart of the pups showed inter atrial and inter ventricular septal defects.

The reduction in CR length and weight was observed with all the four doses i.e. 1, 2, 3, 10mg/100gm of lisinopril and 50 mg/100gm crude water extract of Guldaudi. Severity of stunting in size was directly proportional to the doses administered except 10mg in which mean of wiehgt was exceptionally higher than 1 mg group, i.e. in 1mg group specimens mean of CR length was 2.20 0.03361cm and mean weight 1.27 0.18533gms, in 20.02914 mg group mean of CR length was 2.00 cm and mean weight 1.180.25034gms, in 5 mg dose group mean of CR length 2.00 0.03409cm and mean of weight 1.23 0.08885gms, however, in 10 mg group mean of CR length was exceptional i.e. 2.02 0.004984 cm and mean wiehgt 1.32 0.0389 gms, and but in Guldaudi extract treated group mean CR length was 2.1 0.11677cm which was less than mean of control group, and mean wieight of Guldaudi extract treated group was 1.12 0.03395 gm. The difference of CR length between the control and treated groups and within treated groups was statistically significant with (Control vs GR-I) as P

placental ultrasonographic anatomy will provide a useful adjunct to obstetric ultrasound examination.

175. The Anatomical Validation of Manovaha and Sangyavaha Srotasas in the Light of Ayurvedic Description Ashutosh Kumar YadavGovt. Ayurveda Medical College, Chaibasa, Jharkhand

The conceptual frame-work of Ayurveda is based on certain basic doctrines. All the basic principles ascertained in Ayurveda have originated from philosophical background and travel through the science to reach its ultimate goal. The concept of Srotas is also one of the most basic concept in the Ayurveda similar to the concept of Panchamahabhutas, Doshas, Dhatus & Malas etc. The health and disease of the body depends on the proper structure and function of these channels. Therefore Srotas have great importance in maintaining the equilibrium, development of the body and in the treatment to the patients. The term Srotas is derived from Sanskrit root Sru+Shravane which means oozing and flowing properly and term Shrovanat Srotamsi, defined as the structure, where flow is regulated by oozing or filtration phenomena, Srotas constitute the internal transport system of the body and are specially related to the fine channels of circulation and pathways, carrying out all the vital functions of the body.

A very practical, broad based and beautiful definition of Srotas has been given by Acharya Bhava Prakash which needs special mention. He states that :-

Meaning though that the channels or passages through which Mana (mind), Prana (Biomotor force), drinks, Doshas, Dhatus, Updhatus, Malas, move from one place to another are called Srotas. These are innumerable and difficult to describe. According to Charaka, the Srotasas are innumerable. He states that there is as much diversity in Srotamsi as there is in elements, that compose the structure of the body.

In fact, some Acharya (Ayurvedists) Say that men are nothing but a conglomerization of Srotamsi, which pervade the entire body. But for all the practical purposes, Charaka has described thirteen type of Yogavaha (macroscopic) Srotamsi, having regard to their origin, course and symptoms produced, when they are pathologically involved. The different types of Srotasas, according to Charaka, Sushruta and Vagbhata has been dscribed under thirteen or eleven heads.

Sushruta has not included Asthivaha, Majjavaha and Shwedavaha types of Srotas while describing the number which may be due to his different speciality that is Surgical bias.

Dalhana says that though, these Srotasas exists, they are not mentioned because treatment of injury to these are beyond the scope of Shalyatantra, recognition and treatment of abnormalities of all the Srotas manifesting all over the body is the realm of Kayachikitasa. Charaka has not included the Stanyavaha, Artavavaha, Manovaha and Sangyavaha Srotas while describing the number of Srotas, but there are scattered and definite descriptions available in the Samhita in different contexts. For example:- The Manovaha Srotas are clearly mentioned in Nidan and Chikitsa of Unmada which has been described as psychopathology involving of Manovaha Srotas while

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Sangyavaha Srotas have been mentioned while describing the pathogenesis of Apasmar, Mada, Murchha and Saniyas, which are related to loss of conciousness, at varying degrees.

Some of the modern scholars consider the manavaha srotas as the nervous system along with its vascular supply. While many of the other scholars, consider Manovaha Srotas as only motor part (efferent nerves) of the Nervous system and Sangyavaha Srotas as the sensory part (afferent nerves) of the nervous system (K.R. Srikantamurty; Doctrines of Pathology in Indian Medicine)

The above present paper aims to clarify the anatomico-physio-pathological understanding of Manovaha Srotas and Sangyavaha Srotas based on their classical description and commentaries thereupon.

176. Effect of Guduchyadi Churna in Chronic Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis a Histological and Biochemical Study

1 2 3Lakshman Singh , Rani Singh , Gajendra Singh1 2Department of Shalya Tantra, Department of Siddhant and

3Darshan, Faculty of Ayurvdea, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi

The biliary lithiasis is an alarming and increasing disease in all over the world. The incidence of gall bladder stone is higher in Northern part of country e.g. U.P., Bihar, Delhi and West Bengal, etc. Many studied have been carried out for stone dissolution but no perfect results could be obtained. Despite the efficacy and safety of cholecystectomy medical workers have long pursued and investigated other less invasive method. There is no such drug available which can dissolve gall stones economically without adverse effect. The surgical management of biliary lithiasis is still remained a gold standard, but it is cost effective and left the possibility of recurrence.

Under these circumstances Ayurvedic literature was explored and found that "Guduchyadi Churna" has been used for the disorders of hepatobiliary system, i.e. yakrit-pleeha roga. The clinical manifestations of chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis resembles with the manifestation of Shakhashrita Kamala, Jawar, Pandu, Aruchi for which Guduchyadi Churna is indicated. Though ancient authors documented all these things on clinical base. Guduchyadi Churna (Bh.Ra. 41/12) is beneficial in improving general condition and clinical manifestation. It can be used as therapeutic remedy in extrahepatic biliary disorders due to its hepatoprotective chologogue, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

Therefore this study was taken to evaluate the effect of Guduchyadi Churna on the basis of clinical, biochemical, and histological parameters and subjective criteria were based on clinical presentation.

The present study consist 40 (forty) patients, selected at randomly irrespective of their age, sex, occupation and habited etc. They were divided in two groups i.e. treated and control, of twenty each. A piece of tissue from excised gall bladder was kept for histology. Serum was analysed for the liver function and immunological study. The Guduchyadi Churna was given for 15 days at the dose of 2 cap. of 500mg TID in treated group.

While observing objective and subjective criteria it was found that trial drug normalized liver function. It also gall

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


improves haemoglobin percentage, reduced total leucocyte count and lowered the lymphocyte percentage. Histological study showed regeneration of the damaged gall bladder epithelium, reduced chronic inflammatory cells and maintained normal shape of destructed villi. In subjective criteria there was marked reduction in right hypochondriac pain and belching.

177. 3-Dimensional anatomical studies by means of Volume Rendered Multi Detector Computed TomographyMuraleedhara Menon,Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala

The 3 Dimensional Volume Rendered Multi Detector computed tomography is the latest innovation in CT technology. "Volume CT" implies Volume Computed Tomography, which is the beginning of a new era in computerized Tomography imaging. This system utilizes the V-Res TM detector with its ability to deliver wide anatomical coverage and very high resolution. This provides us with unprecedented coverage speeds. So an organ can be covered in one second, the heart in five beats and the whole body in 10 seconds. This is faster than any technique known so far. The anatomical and functional information can be covered in single cine acquisition to get high resolution data. Specifically the light speed VCT covers 4cm of patient anatomy per rotation, gathering high density of data with 64 channels with higher rotation speed (as fast as 350 milliseconds per rotation).

This technique is totally non-invasive and displays the anatomy of coronary arteries within a timeframe of less than five heartbeats with sub millimeter resolution in 5 seconds. The coverage helps to reduce beat-to-beat variation resulting in greater vessel visualization. In one rotation 64 credit card-thin images are created totaling 40 millimeters of anatomical coverage. Speed and level of spatial and temporal resolution of the techniques aid the visualization of the intracranial, pulmonary, mesenteric, and peripheral vessels in less than 10 seconds without any motion artifacts. The isotropic spatial resolution is 0.4 millimeters with a provision of 64-slide sub millimeter imaging per rotation. Isotropic 0.4 millimeter resolution goes hand in hand with drastic reduction of scan times. For the first time true arterial phase imaging of the entire carotid artery and the circle of willis can be performed with 0.4 millimeter spatial resolution. ACT angiography of the supra-aortic vessels requires only five- second scan acquisition time. For a 64 channel detector with a rotational speed of 370 milliseconds, the slice width would be 0.625 millimeter. In a single rotation, 64 millimeter images are created with 40-millimeters of anatomical coverage to be combined to provide a 3D view of the subjects anatomy. This imaging technique avoids any superimposition of organ or tissues upon one another that might occur during other types of X-ray tomographic studies. The images display unprecedented accuracy and resolution.

The computer allows to shade, rotate, correlate and measures the anatomy of the image. The conventional X-ray discerns a tissue density difference of five percent, CT or VCT can distinguish a density difference of 1 percent or less. The possibilities of anatomical explorations of the different organ systems of the body will be discussed with

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the help of suitable images both stills and animation under the light of relevant literature.

178. A Case of Unilateral High Division of Sciatic Nerve Case ReportVirendra Budhiraja, Rakhi Rastogi, Satyam Khare, Shilpi JainSubhaili Medical College, Merrut ,UP

The sciatic nerve is the largest branch of the sacral plexus. It usually divides at the upper angle of the popliteal fossa. High division of sciatic nerve was found unilaterally on right side in a 65 year old male cadaver. Common peroneal nerve was found piercing the piriformis muscle dividing the muscle into upper & Lower slips. Tibial nerve was found emerging below the lower slip of piriformis muscle. Here is this case we discuss the possible sciatic nerve entrapment due to this kind of variation.

179. A Case Report and Current Understanding of Bifid Rib

1 2Parthapratim Pradhan , Pranab Mukherjee ,Midnapore Medical College; N.B Medical College, West Bengal

Different types of congenital anomalies of rib are common, though the reports, based on routine anatomy dissections and availability of such ribs as museum specimen are also very rare. Moreover, their embryological aspects are not very clear. Recently, an incidental finding on unilateral bifid rib in a chest X-ray inspired us to find out the clinical, morphological along with embryological aspects of such anomaly. A number of syndromes, genetic abnormalities may be associated with bifid ribs and so it should not be considered as abnormal variation and special attention must be paid and thorough check up of the patient is absolutely necessary in such case.

180. A Case Report on Lateral Gastro SchisisB. Narasinga Rao, V. SunithaMaharaja Institute of Medical Sciences, Nellimarla, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh

A 18 week old female foetus was brought from Govt. Hospital, Vijayanagaram and the fixation with formalin was carried usually.

On examination the abdominal contents were protruded from the left lateral abdominal wall. Only intestines constitute the contents. Umbilical cord was midline in position. Males are more affected predominantly on the right side of the abdomen. The details will be discussed at the time of presentation.

181. A Report on a Rare Case of Currarino TriadSheetal Prabhu, P.S. Jevoor, V.C. Pujar, V. S. ShirolJawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Nehrunagar, Belgauam, Karnataka

A 12 year old male child presented with a history of incontinence of urine and stools since two years. Symptoms were progressive in nature. The patient had a past history of imperforate anus at birth and had undergone a staged repair. On per abdominal examination, a scar was present over the lower abdomen, no organomegaly was detected .

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


On per rectum examination, neoanus was patulous, the mucosa was normal and a cystic mass was felt posteriorly. Other systems were within normal limits.

Rou t i ne i nves t i ga t i ons we re no rma l . Ultrasonography revealed pre sacral cystic mass. MRI showed pre sacral meningocele with sacral deformity and tethered spinal cord.

The anterior sacral meningocele is a herniation of the sacral meninges through a defect in the anterior sacrum. The lesion results from a failure of sclerotomes on one side producing a hemisacrum of variable extent, through which meninges bulge into the pre sacral retroperitoneal space and contains mainly the cerebrospinal fluid. Neural elements are only rarely contained in the sac. This may be associated with pelvic organ anomalies but the spinal cord and cauda equina develop normally.

The embryological defects, consisting of congenital anorectal malformation, anterior sacral defect and a pre sacral mass together as seen in this case is clinically called as Currarino triad.

182. Abnormal Drainage in Right Testicular VeinVirendra Kumar Nim, Kalpana MohandasPondicherry Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalapet, Pondicherry

During routine dissection of abdomen it was found that in the right side Testicular Vein was draining into the Renal Vein. On further dissection right Suprarenal Vein was also seen draining into the Renal Vein. No other abnormality was found anywhere. Normally the right side Testicular and Suprarenal Veins drain directly into the Inferior Vena Cava. Hence, the variation we found in this case is one of the rare variation. It is described by only a few authors, and variations on the left side are common than the right side. This might be due to defective development of the Supracardinal Vein on the right side, which normally contributes in the formation of mainly the Inferior Vena Cava and part of the Right Testicular Vein. This type of variations becomes important during surgery of the kidney, in deciding the location of tying the Renal Vein.

183. Abnormal Looping of Cervical Part of Internal Carotid Artery: A Case ReportRashmi MalhotraKalka Dental College, Meerut, UP

During routine dissection in dental college a middle aged male cadaver showed a pronounced unilateral variation in the length (elongation) and course (kinking) of the middle portion of the cervical part of his lef6 internal carotid artery (ICA). The histological examination of all kinking specimens demonstrated depletion and decreasing muscle tissue in tunica media and an increase was observe din vasa vasorum numbners in the tunica adventitia of ICA. The dissections and integrity losses were seen in tunica media and tunica adventitia. The vessel was of histological structure change were detected in kinking specimens and lays the groundwork for the vessel wall to get easily harmed or torn either directly or indirectly by decreasing the elasticity and soundness of the wall. The transposition of the ICA artery in submucous position becomes important for

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otorhinolaryngeal or parapharyngeal tissues and an impression on the pharyngeal wall. Curving and kinking of the ICA can constitute a risk factor for acute hemorrhage in routine surgical procedures, which are performed by inexperienced surgeons.

184. An Axillary Arch Muscle - A Case Report M. A. Kathole, D.S. Joshi, R.A. Joshi, A.J. PoteGovernment Medical College, Miraj, Maharashtra

During routine dissection for undergraduate medical students at Department of Anatomy, in a 80 yrs old female cadaver, we came across an anomalous muscular slip, which arose from anterior aspect of latissimus dorsi muscle of left side and was inserted in the form of a flattened tendinous slip in the proximal part of coracobrachialis muscle. This anomalous insertional slip of latissimus dorsi muscle is an axillary arch muscle. The thoracodorsal nerve entered the main bulk of latissimus dorsi muscle. The nerve passed close to the anomalous muscular slip but did not provide a separate branch to it. On the right side, latissimus dorsi showed normal pattern. The significance of findings will be discussed.

185. An Unusual Case of Nerve Entrapment Associated with Anomalous Branching Pattern of The Axillary Arterial System. M. Nandi, A. Ray, C. Kar, H. Roy North Bengal Medical College, Sushrutanagar, Dist: Darjeeling, West Bengal

During a routine gross anatomy dissection of the axilla and upper limb in an adult male cadaver, the right limb revealed an unusual presentation of nerve entrapment associated with several atypical branching patterns of the axillary artery.

Throughout its course in the axilla and middle of the arm, the median nerve was anomalously related to the posterior aspect of the axillary and brachial artery, and retraced its normal anatomical relation from the cubital fossa onwards for the rest of the right upper limb. Though, it was indeed formed by two roots, the medial root of the median nerve emerged posterior to the third part of the axillary artery and crossed in front of an abnormal arteria profunda brachii that arose directly and independently from the third part of the axillary artery, thereby leading to a rare case of high up proximal entrapment of the median nerve in the form of medial root compression by adjacent vascular structures.

Concomitantly, the subscapular arterial system also revealed a conjoint origin of the lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery and posterior circumflex humeral artery, all the three arteries arising from 3rd part of axillary artery by a common trunk.

The structures maintained their respective normal anatomical relations in the rest of the right forearm and hand. Meticulous dissection of the left upper limb revealed no aberrant anatomical relations.

Though related isolated cases of neural and vascular anomalies have been reported in literature, the present demonstration exceptionally illustrates a salient case of compression neuropathy associated with several anomalous vascular patterns of the axillary arterial tree.

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


186. An Unusual Presentation of Polydactyly of the Foot-A Case ReportFazal-ur-Rehman, N.A.Faruqi, S.M. Yunus, Mohd Khalid*JNMC, A.M.U, Aligarh; *Department of Radio diagnosis, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh

Polydactyly, a congenital abnormality, is the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes.The condition is usually inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic but may also be inherited by teratogens. The role of the HOX genes in limb development is illustrated by two abnormal phenotype,1-mutation in HOXA13 result in hand-foot-genital syndrome.2-mutation in HOXD13 result in a combination of syndactyly and polydactyly. Abnormalities with an excessive number of bones are mostly bilateral.

We have encountered a case of polydactyly of the great toe with different presentation. The patient was a five year old boy with bilateral involvement, with no other abnormality, or familial incidence. His radiographical classification is proximal-middle & distal phalangeal type. In X-ray there is the polydactyly of second toe but soft tissue fusion is with the first toe i.e. great toe, also there is under developed proximal phalanx of second polydactyly toe, which look like an extra bone.

We conclude that in our presentation there is preaxial bony polydactyly of the second toe, but soft tissue fusion with the great toe represent the unusual case of polydactyly with syndactyly i.e. polysyndactyly (synpolydactyly).

187. Anomalous Extensor Musculature of Hand : A Case ReportRuchi Dhuria, Vandana Mehta, Hitendra Loh, R.K.Suri, Gayatri RathVardhman Mahavir Medical college and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi

The arrangement of human extensor tendons of hand has immense variations. Knowledge of these anatomical anomalies is vital for the reconstructive surgeons while attempting tendon transfers in trauma cases. The tendons of extensor digitorum of left hand portrayed an anomalous distribution pattern in an adult male cadaver at Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung hospital during routine educational dissection. The extensor digitorum muscle was seen to split into two parts; lateral and medial. The lateral part was tendinous and was seen to further divide into a thicker lateral and a thinner medial slip. These slips eventually traversed towards the middle finger and joined the dorsal digital expansion. However, the medial part of extensor digitorum, was fleshy. It became tendinous 2.4 cm proximal to extensor retinaculum and was seen to contribute to the ring finger. In addition an accessory muscle was observed that displayed an aponeurotic origin from the upper part of the posterior surface of radius. Its fleshy belly measuring 11 cm in length became tendinous 8.2 cm proximal to styloid process of radius. This accessory muscle was inserted into the dorsal digital expension of index finger. The most conspicuous aspect of the present study is the absence of extensor indicis. The other extensor muscles were of usual

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morphology and displayed no variations. We endeavor to discuss the relevance of embryogenesis with respect to the anomalous extensor tendons and to highlight the possible clinical repercussions. Although extensor tendon variations are innumerable, each merits documentation as the clinician is required to evaluate each case on an individual basis.

188. Anomalous Muscle Belly of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis - A Case ReportG. L. Maske, R.R. Fulzele, D.W. TamgireJ.N. Medical College, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra

Anatomical variations of the muscles of the forearm are easier to detect and have become significant because of new imaging techniques such as CAT scan and MRI. Also identifying these variations is important in defining the anatomical features for clinical diagnosis and surgical procedures.

Furthermore, the presence of additional muscle and their tendon may confuse the surgeons while accessing the forearm. During routine dissection of right forearm of middle aged cadaver, we observed an additional muscle belly deep to flexor digitorum Superficialis extending upto flexor retinaculum of forearm. The present finding will supplement our knowledge of muscle variations in the flexor compartment of forearm.

199. Anomalous Origins of the Gonadal Artery and Associated Renal Anomaly: A Case Report S. Kaler, P. Kaushal AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi

During routine dissection of 63 years male cadaver, variation in the origin of gonadal artery was found. The renal artery bilaterally divided into 5-6 branches before entering the hilum of kidney, these arteries passed between renal vein and renal pelvis. On the left side one branch of these arteries gave origin to left testicular artery (Shoja MM, Tubbs RS Clin Anat., 2007; S. Majumdar, ASI-2007), which normally arises from aorta. After its origin aberrant left testicular artery descend downward on psoas major muscle between left testicular vein (medially) and left ureter (laterally). This testicular artery was seen crossing anterior to the left renal vein, thereby compressing it. The same branch of renal artery also gave origin to left inferior suprarenal artery, which was tortuous. Lobation of the kidney was also observed bilaterally. Apart from the developmental and morphological interest in aberrant gonadal arteries, they are of practical importance from a clinical and surgical point of view. Knowledge of vascular variations in relation to the kidney and suprarenal gland is important in kidney transplantation and suprarenal surgery.

190. Anomalous Pulmonary Vein: A Case Report Osmania Medical college, Koti, Hyderabad (AP)

Normal pulmonary venous circulation carries oxygenated blood from the alveolar capillaries to the left side of the heart for systemic distribution. In humans normally, there are 2 pulmonary veins on each side which

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


drain in to the left atrium. These pulmonary veins carries the oxygenated blood to the left atrium- left ventricle systemic circulation. There may be anomalous pulmonary venous return, which can communicate with various systemic veins causing left to right shunt. Symptoms, clinical findings, investigations and effects of this case i.e. Scimitar vein syndrome will be discussed at the time of presentation.

191. Arteria Profunda Femoris A Case ReportKommuru Hemanth, U. Ravi Kumar, M.L. Deepthi, S. Swayam Jothi Dorai RajAllri Seetha Ramaraju Academy of Medical Sciences ,Eluru Andhra Pradesh

During routine dissection of the femoral triangle while exposing the femoral sheath and its contents, we came across 2 large arteries on both the sides.

On tracing further we saw the arteria profunda femoris arising from the femoral artery 0.5 cm. below the inguinal ligament and was lying by the side of the femoral artery inside the femoral sheath and it pursued a parallel course lying lateral to the femoral artery to the apex of the femoral triangle. The following branches were arising from it: superficial circumflex iliac, lateral circumflex femoral and medial circumflex femoral.

The advantage of this high origin is while embalming body when we direct the needle towards head end and inject the entire body gets embalmed and no need for turning the needle caudally towards that limb because the embalming fluid will reach the limb through the arteria profunda femoris.

The disadvantage is injury to the vessel as it lies in an unexpected position and difficulty in identifying the femoral artery.

192. Bilateral Absence of the Interior Thyroid Artery which is Replaced by Thyroideaima Artery A Case ReportP. Vijaya Bhasker, Neelee JayasreeChalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Bommakal, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh

The thyroid gland has a blood supply mainly from a pair of superior and inferior thyroid arteries. In few cases an additional thyroidea ima artery is also present. The superior thyroid artery is constant in origin and number but inferior thyroid artery has been found to show lots of anatomic variation. In the present study here is bilateral absence of inferior thyroid arteries and they are replaced by a thyroidea ima artery originating from right common carotid artery. This anatomic variation is very important in neck surgeries, especially tracheostomy and for parthyroid localization studies.

193. Bilateral Supernumerary Muscle in Submental RegionArchana Rani, Jyoti Chopra, Anita RaniC.S.M. Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

During routine dissection of 65 year old female cadaver, we found bilaterally symmetrical additional muscle bellies in the submental triangle. On both the sides the supernumerary muscle was proximally attached to the

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digastric fossa medial to the attachment of anterior belly of digastric. Fibres were running downwards and medially and were attached to the body of hyoid bone. Then from the body of hyoid bone, the muscle fibres were extending downwards and laterally and were attached to the medial margin of lower end of anterior belly of digastric muscle and its intermediate tendon. These additional muscle bellies were supplied by a branch from nerve to mylohyoid of their respective sides. According to their attachments and nerve supply, it seems that these bilateral supernumerary muscles are additional bellies of anterior belly of digastric muscle. Detailed description of the above muscle and its clinical relevance will be discussed during presentation.

194. Bilateral Variation in Branching Pattern of Brachialartery: A Case Report M. Prasad, B.S. Patil, Vani, Sujatha KiranM.N.R Medical College, Fasalwadi, Sangareddy, Madak, Andhra Pradesh

During a routine dissection of upper limb in an adult male cadaver, the following variations in brachialartery branches were noticed. On the left side the brachial artery divided into its terminal branches i.e. radial and ulnar arteries at the insertion of coracobrachialis.The radial artery was superficial and it reached medial to the brachioradials tendon at the wrist and passed under cover of it entered anatomical snuff box.Then it pierced the first interossious space to the deep palamar arch .The ulnar artery as usually entered cubital fossa and it's course was normal.On the left side a common trunk was found from wich posterior circumflex humeral artery and profunda brachii artery arose.The profunda brachial artery entered radial groove along with radial nerve.posterior circumflex humeral artery coursed up wards towards surgical neck and entered quadrangular space.And in the same body on the right sideside a common trunk was found from wich posterior circumflex humeral artery and profunda brachii artery arose.The profunda brachial artery entered radial groove along with radial nerve.posterior circumflex humeral artery coursed up wards towards surgical neck and entered quadrangular space.

195. Bilateral Variation in Division of Comman Carotid Artery: A Case ReportB. S. Patil, M. Prasad, A. Vani, Sujatha Kiran, N. RatnakarMNR Medical College, Sangareddy, Andhra Pradesh

During routine dissection in anatomy theater on a comman carotid artery was observed normally. Comman Carotid Artery divides into its terminal branches, that is External and Internal carotid arteries at the upper border of thyroid cartilage, But in this cadaver it has divided 4.2cm above the upper border of thyroid cartilage on Rt. side, And 3cm above on Left side.The branches of external carotid artery are arising very close to each other, its termination on Rt. side 4.3cm above the angle of mandible,the external carotid artery divides into maxillary, superficial temporal just behind the neck of the mandible.While Left side external carotid artery 4cm above the angle of mandible and divides into maxillary,superficial temporal artery behind the neck of the mandible .

J. Anat. Soc. India 58 (1) 47-111 (2009)


196. Branches of Median Nerve in Arm- A Case ReportT. Anitha, Neelee Jayasree, Deepak Howale, DattatrayDombe, P. Vijay Bhasker, Pratap ReddyChalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Bommakal, Karimnagar, Andhra Pradesh

As per the standard text books Median nerve does not give any branches in the arm. Median nerve has a root value of C C , C , C & T & formed by the fusion of 2 roots 5, 6 7 8 1one from medial cord & other from lateral cord.

In one cadaver aged 50 yrs (approximately) the median nerve was given off branch in the arm. A detailed study of these special branches of Median Nerve & their terminations will be presented & discussed.

197. Case Report : Extensor Digitorum Brevis ManusVaderav Rajesh, Varsha Nayak, Latha V. Prabhu , Centre of Basic Sciences, Kasturba Medical College, Bejai, Mangalore, Karnataka

The extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM), is an atavistic extensor muscle of the hand. This supernumerary, anomalous muscle in the fourth extensor compartment of the hand was first described by Albinus in 1734. Prevalence of this muscle is seen to be 2 -3 percent. EDBM causes little or no pain normally. But this rare muscle can be misdiagnosed as a ganglion, a synovial nodule or cyst, or a soft-tissue tumor at the dorsum of hand. Here we present a case of EDBM which was found during routine dissection.

198. Co-Existence of Multiple Neuro Vascular Anomalies of Both Upper Limbs in a Cadaver Case ReportB. Narasinga Rao, V. SunithaMaharaja Institute of Medical Sciences, Nellimarla, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh

During routine dissection for undergraduates, in a cadaver of 50 year old coexistence of neuro vascular anomalies of both upper limbs have been noticed. In both sides median nerve after its formation fuses with lateral cord and supplies all the muscles in the arm and 1 long twig after supplying brachialis continues as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. No musculo cutaneous nerve is found. Termination of brachial artery is also at different places in both limbs & course is also different. Awareness of anatomical variations of peripheral nerves & vessels is important in repair of traumatic injuries and treatment of compression syndromes of these nerves. The variations in detail will be discussed at the time of presentation.

199. Bilateral Axillary Arch Muscle, Passing Through The Radial Nerve: A Case ReportMinnie Pillay, Suja JacobSchool of Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi.

The axillary arch can be described as the anomalous muscular slip of latissimus dorsi muscle. First identified by Alexander Ramsay in 1795, and later described more accurately by Langer, thereafter it came to be known as Langer's axillary arch. Its presence has immense clinical significance.

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A rare case of bilateral axillary arch is reported during routine dissection of the axillary region of a 57-year old, male cadaver. The muscles of the arch were observed to take origin from latissimus dorsi and teres major, subsequently passing upwards across the axilla. The tendon then split into two slips. The medial slip was found to be inserted into the root of the coracoid process, while the lateral slip which was intracapsular, was attached to the lesser tubercle, above the attachment of subscapularis.

Unlike other reported cases, the muscle was found passing posterior to the bulk of the axillary neurovascular bundle, and through the radial nerve which was split into two parts. The axillary nerve was situated posterior to the muscle.

200. A Surgically Oriented Teaching of Arm: Today's Novel Approach and Tomorrow's NeedSmita Kakar, S.G.Dixit, Y.Yadav, A.Tuli, S.RahejaLady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi

Operations on humerus involve open reduction and internal fixation of fractures. All surgical approaches to this bone are potentially dangerous since major nerves (axillary, radial and ulnar) and arteries (circumflex humeral, brachial and profunda brachii) run very close to it and are at great risk. Humerus can be exposed from anterior, posterior, anterolateral and lateral aspects. Of these, the latter two are restricted for the distal part of the bone. The anterior and posterior approaches provide access to large portions of bone. Incisions are made

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Anatomy June 09