• A type of protein in blood which binds with oxygen.
What is homeostasis?
• The maintenance of internal stability in organisms/cells.
What is diffusion?
• The movement of molecules from HIGH to LOW concentration.
• Across a concentration gradient.
• Until equilibrium is reached.
What is ATP?
• An energy storing molecule.
Where does energy store its energy?
• Phosphate bonds.
How can you release stored energy from ATP?
• Remove 1 phosphate
• ATP ADP
Describe an Unconscious Nervous-System Pathway:
• Sensory Division
• Central Nervous System
• Motor Division
• Autonomic Nervous System
• Parasympathetic or Sympathetic
What’s the difference between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic
Pathways?
• Parasympathetic:– Not Feelings– Involuntary organ movement/response
• Sympathetic– Feelings– Fight or Flight
Describe a Conscious Nervous-System Pathway:
• Sensory Division
• Central Nervous System
• Motor Division
• Somatic Pathway
What happens in a Nerve Impulse?
• Neurotransmitter is released from adjacent neuron-axon-terminals
• K+ pumps open K+ moves into cell
• Na+ pumps open Na+ moves into cell
What is hyperopia?
• Farsightedness
• Cornea too flat
• Light underfocused
What is myopia?
• Nearsightedness
• Bulging cornea
• Light overfocused
Which types of lenses would fix farsightedness?
• Thicker in middle
• Light would be focused before hitting cornea
• Results in Double-Focusing
Which types of lenses would fix Nearsightedness?
• Thinner in middle
• Light rays would be spread out before reaching cornea
• Results in decreased focusing of light
What does the Broca’s Area of the brain control?
• Formulation of complex language
Describe the traveling of sound waves to your cochlea:
• Sound waves hit tympanic membrane (ear drum)
• Membrane vibrates
• Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup Vibrate
• Triggers vibration of oval window on cochlea
How do you smell?
• Organic molecules (scent molecules) dissolve in mucus lining of nose
• Molecules bind to olfactory receptor hairs
Where do you taste sour foods?
• Sour = Acidic = Hydrogen Ions
• Sides of Tongue
Where do you taste sweet foods?
• Sweet = Sugars
• Front / Tip of tongue
Where do you taste bitter foods?
• Bitter = Alkaloid
• Very back of tongue
Where do you taste salty foods?
• Salt = Metal
• Front-Sides of Tongue
What is an embolus?
• Free floating clot in a blood vessel.
Which region interprets language?
Parietal Lobe
Which region maintains visual and auditory memory?
Temporal Lobe
Which region coordinates muscle movement?
• Cerebellum
Which region triggers muscle movement?
• Frontal Lobe
Which region maintains homeostasis and fight or flight
emotions?
• Brain Stem…
• Pons, Medulla, MidBrain
Which region maintains fluid ion levels, controls sleep and body
temperature?
• Thalamus & Hypothalamus
Which structure contains dark pigments which contain light w/in
the eye?
#8 -- Choroid
Which structure determines your eyesight?
• #1 -- Cornea
Which structure contracts and relaxes to control the amount of
light entering the eye?
• #4 -- Iris
Which part is not really a structure, but allows light to
pass into the eye?
• #5 -- Pupil
What is the substance that maintains eye pressure?
• #12 -- Humor
Which part of your ear is the ear drum?
• Tympanic Membrane
Which part of your ear vibrates the oval window?
• Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup
Which part of your ear contains fluid and receptor hairs to
maintain equilibrium?
• Cochlea
List out the correct pathway of the Intrinsic Conduction System:• SA NODE
• AV NODE
• AV Bundle
• Bundle Branches
• Purkinje Fibers
List out the events in Hemostasis (Blood clotting):
• Collagen fibers exposed• Platelets adhere to fibers• Platelets release serotonin• Thromboplastin released from damaged vessel
cells• PF3 binds with Thromboplastin + Calcium• Prothrombin converted to Thrombin• Fibrin forms mesh-like trap• Vessels constrict and ruptured edges are closed
How do leukocytes recognize foreign cells?
• Positive chemostaxis
How do leukocytes move across blood vessel walls?
• diapedesis
What is a heartbeat?
• The closing of the AV valves and the semilunar valves.
What is hypertension?
• High blood pressure
• 140 and over (systolic reading)
What is hypotension?
• Low blood pressure
• 100 and under (systolic reading)
What is the pulmonary circuit?
• Cardiovascular Pathway
• Carries deoxygenated blood
What is the systemic circuit?
• Cardiovascular pathway
• Carries oxygenated blood
What happens when you exhale?
• Diaphragm relaxes
• Thoracic cavity decreases in size
• Higher pressure in lungs causes air to flow outwards
What happens when you inhale?
• Diaphragm contracts
• Thoracic cavity increases in size
• Lower pressure in lungs causes air to flow inwards
What is anemia?
• Oxygen not getting to tissues
• Low red blood cell count
• Low hemoglobin concentration
• Damaged red blood cells
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart:
• Deoxygenated blood Right Atrium Right Ventricle Pulmonary Artery
• Oxygenated Blood Left Atrium Left Ventricle Aorta
What is diastole?
• Relaxation of heart
What is systole?
• Contraction of heart
Which parts are included in the axial skeleton?
• Skull
• Vertebral column
• Rib cage
• Center of pelvis
Which parts are included in the appendicular skeleton?
• Arms
• Legs
• Hips, shoulders
• Edges of pelvis
What is the function of long bones?
• Weight Bearing
What is the function of irregular bones?
• Connect muscles, tendons and ligaments
What is the function of flat bones?
• Protection
What is the function of short bones?
• Increase mobility
What is the function of bones in general?
• Support
• Protection
• Movement
• Mineral + hormone storage
• Blood cell formation (marrow)
Know this!
What can cause bone injury?
• Increased weight
• Twisting
• Rotating
• Bending
What is a greenstick fracture?
• An incomplete break of the bone, common in children.
What is a depressed fracture?
• A typical type of skull fracture.
What is a compressed fracture?
• When bone crushes into hundreds of pieces (common in porous bone).
What is a spiral fracture?
• A ragged break as a result of excessive twisting forces.
What is a comminuted fracture?
• When the bone breaks into 3 or more pieces.
What is an epiphyseal fracture?
• A fracture along the epiphyseal line where cartilage cells are deteriorating.
Why is the fibrocartilaginous-callus stage of bone repair so important?• Excess blood and bone cells are removed
• Allows for following repair stages
List the vertebral regions from superior to inferior:
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacral
What is the purpose of joints in the body?
• Allows for circular movement
• Allows for angular movement
• Reduces rigidity of the body
List the events in a muscle contraction:
• Depolarization of sarcolemma• Calcium released from sarcop. Reticulum• Calcium bines with tropomyosin• Conformation change of tropomyosin• Exposure of actin• Myosin attaches to actin• Actin + Myosin slide together• Release of actin + ATP• Calcium sent back to sarcop. Reticulum• Tropomyosin changes back
Which bones make up your arms?
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
Which bones make up your legs?
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
What is your upper jaw?
• maxilla
What is your lower jaw?
• mandible
What do your ribs connect to?
• Vetebral column
• sternum
What ruins mummification?
• bacteria
Which biomolecules are broken down in the oral cavity?
• carbohydrates
Which biomolecules are broken down in the esophagus?
• None
Which biomolecules are broken down in the stomach?
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• NOT Lipids
Which biomolecules are broken down in the duodenum?