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AnatomyChapter 12
Blood
A. erythrocytes- erythro- red cyte- cell
ferry oxygen to all cells in bodyanucleated cellscontain hemoglobin- iron
containing protein which transports O2
biconcave disks- creates large surface area for carrying oxygen
1. Formed Elements
make up 45% of total bld- hematocrit
normally 5 million cells/mm3
each rbc contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules capable of binding 4 molecules of O2
normal bld contains 12-18g/100mL
anemia- decrease in O2-carrying ability resulting fromlower # of rbs
abnormal/defi-cient hemoglobin content
sickle-cell anemia- genetic disorderoccurs most often in blacks
1. State the main fxn of leukocytes.2. Discuss the # of different types of
wbc, name them, and list the 4 ways they are distinguished.
3. How many wbc are in a normal adult’s blood?
4. Name 2 ways in which wbc protect against infection.
5. Give examples of how doctors can use the wbc counts to indicate types of infections.
Leukocytes Info Sheet
6. Distinguish among the leukocytes that are granular and those that are agranular. (name them)
7. What is the difference between agranulocytes and granulocytes?
8. Discuss a unique property of leukocytes that enables them to get to a point of infection in the body.
9. Many leukocytes are phagocytes. What does this mean?
B. leukocytes- white blood cellsleukos- white
crucial to body’s defense against disease4 000 to 11 000 wbc/mm3
make up 1% total bld volume
form a “movable army” against invaders
able to slip in & out of bld vessels- diapedesis
use circulatory system as means of transportation to respond to inflammatory or immune responses
move by ameboid motion thru tissue until get to damaged or infected area
have infection, wbc counts go upif 11 000 cells/mm3 have leukocytosis
mononucleosis & leukemia- high # wbc
1. granulocytes- contain visible granules in cytoplasmhave lobed nuclei
develop from red bone marrow
2 major groups of wbc
a. neutrophils- most active leukocytesmost numerous- 3 000 to 7 000
phagocytotic- ingest bacteria and dead matter; die soon after
release bacteria destroying subst2 – 5 lobed nucleuspale purple stainingincr during bacterial infection & acute
infections
high #s- appendicitis, rheumatic fever; fewer- flu, rubella, hepatitis
b. eosinsophils- 100-400figure 8 nucleus or bilobeddeep red granules in cytoplasm; blue red nucleus
weakly phagocyticnumbers incr during allergy attacks
kills parasites (worms)
high #s- asthma, parasitic diseases, hay fever
c. basophils- 20-50/mm3deep blue granules; u or s shaped nucleus
discharge histamines (which incr bld flow to site of inflammation)
secrete heparin to prevent clotting of bld
high #s- chicken pox, hemolytic anemia
2. agranulocytes- lack visible granulesnuclei spherical, oval, or kidney
shapedSome differentiate in lymphatic
organs after red bone marrow
d. b-lymphocytes- produce antibodies
1500-3000 (combined)pale blue cytoplasm; dark purple nucleus
#s will drop significantly due to AIDS
Lymphocytes
e. t-lymphocytes-slightly larger than rbclarge round nucleus w/ thin rim of
cytoplasmimportant in immunitygraft rejection and fighting tumors
and virusesmay live for years
2nd most numerous group of wbc (combined)
when #s incr could indicate mono or chronic infection
f. monocytes- phagocytic wbc100-500largest blood cell; capable of digesting large cells
clean up cells after infectiongray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple staining nucleus
contains many lysosomes
# increase during chronic infectionsif # incr dramatically could indicate malaria,
endocarditis, typhoid fever, Rocky Mtn spotted fever
250 000 to 500 000/mm3
irregularly shaped cell fragments
circulate about 10 dayscapable of ameboid motionno nucleus; cytoplasm stains dark purple
2. Thrombocytes (platelets)
imp role in bld clottinghelp to close breaks in damaged bld vessels and to initiate formation of bld clots
hematostasis
liquid part of blood92% water55 % of whole bloodstraw-colored, salty taste, stickycontains plasma proteins made by liver; contributes to osmotic pressure of bld
3. Plasma
helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
maintain favorable blood pHhelps distribute body heat
aka blood cell formationoccurs in red bone marrow of flat
bonesall formed elements of bld arise from
hemocytoblast (stem cell)hemocytoblast forms 2 types of cells
which will then differentiate into the different formed elements thru series of steps
Hematopoiesis
takes about 5-7 days to make a mature rbc
rbc production controlled by a certain hormone released by kidney
stoppage of bld flowhave damaged bld vessel 3 phases that will occur:1. vascular spasms2. platelet plug formation3. blood clot formation
Hemostasis
platelets begin to cling to damaged parts
serotonin is released causing bld vessels to go into spasms which narrows vessels
platelets release thromboplastin which triggers clotting
bld clot formation- aka coagulation
thromboplastin is converted to thrombin, which joins fibrinogen which makes a net to trap rbc (very sticky)
usu occurs in 2-6 minutes
1. undesirable clotting-thrombus- clot develops in leg (usu) and persistsembolus- when thrombus flows thru vessels
if lodged, can kill
2 major disorders w/ clotting:
2. hemophilia-hereditary bleeding disorder that results from the lack of protein factors that lead to clotting
aka “free-bleeders”
minor tissue trauma can lead to prolonged bleeding and even death
thrombocytopenia- insufficient # of platelets
cancer of the white blood cellstoo many wbc are being produced, not
enough rbc and plateletsfatigue, frequent illness, anemia, slow
clotting (bruising), painfully weak bones
treatments:bone marrow transplants, stem cell
transplants, meds
Leukemia
4 blood types: A, B, O, ABall body cells produce “markers” on the cell membranes that identify them as unique & you
these are antigensfor cells that aren’t yours, your body recognizes the antigens as FOREIGN
Blood Typing
antigens of foreign cells stimulate immune system to release antibodies to fight against them
we all have “recognizer antibodies” in our bld stream that recognizes foreign antigens
these antibodies will bind onto the foreign substance (rbc, for ex) causing agglutination or clumping
mismatched blood may cause death
symptoms: anxiety, breathing difficulty, flushing, headache, severe pain in neck, chest, lumbar region, rbc burst- leading to jaundice, kidney failure
Rh factor-discovered on rhesus monkeys 1st
most Americans are Rh+Have Rh antigen on rbcRh- do not have antigen on rbc
Blood typing sheet