The Central Nervous System

Anatomy and PhysiologyMr. Hunter02/04/2013

Anatomy and Physiology 02/1/4/2013• Objective(s)

• SWBAT• Review Notes For Exam Friday – Quietly STUDY!!• Analyze components and functions of the major

parts of the CNS • Understand the parts and function of the

hypothalamus and hormone properties.• Bell Ringer: What are the two divisions of the Autonomic

Nervous System?• : Exit: What are visceral effectors?• Assignment: Biology Text Book pg. 1034 vocabulary # 1-20 * make sure to

number the words* & pg. 1042 # 1-4 – All work in Cornell Format!

Assignment 02/13/13Anatomy and Physiology Note Questions

Cornell Format – Use Your Text Book

1. What is the function of the corpus callosum?2. How many lobes are the cerebral hemispheres divided into?3. What are the names of the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?4. Where is the cerebral cortex located?5. What is the function and location of basal nuclei?6. What are the functions of the cerebrum?7. What occurs in a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?8. What are the functions of specific areas of the cerebral cortex?9. What is the average length and location of the spinal cord?10. What is the core and the outer portion of the spinal cord composed of?11. What are the functions of spinal tracts and what are they composed of?12. Describe the structure of the spinal meninges.13. What is the function and location of CSF?14. What is hydrocephalus and how can it be treated?15. What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

Assignment 02/14/13Anatomy and Physiology Study Note Questions

Cornell Format – Use Your Text Book

1. What is a lumbar puncture and what is it used for?2. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there and where are they located?3. From what locations do their fibers conduct impulses?4. What is the function of the 2ndcranial nerve?5. Where does the 3rd cranial nerve conduct impulses from?6. Where does the 10th cranial nerve conduct impulses from?7. List the cranial nerves and their functions.8. How many pairs of nerves are attached to the spinal cord?9. In which order are the nerves attached to the spinal cord?10. What are the functions of the spinal nerves?11. What are dermatomes?12. What are the functions of the two divisions of the ANS?13. Describe the neuron structures of the sympathetic and parasymapthetic

nervous system.14. What is the function of the limbic system?

Anatomy and Physiology 02/07/2013

• Objective(s)• SWBAT• Analyze components and functions of the major

parts of the CNS • Understand the parts and function of the

hypothalamus and hormone properties.• Bell Ringer: What structures protect the spinal cord?• Exit: What portion of the brain indirectly controls

every cell in the body?• Assignment: Biology Text Book pg. 1034 vocabulary # 1-20 *

make sure to number the words* & pg. 1042 # 1-4 – All work in Cornell Format!

• Exit: How does glucagon and insulin act on blood glucose levels?

Second Semester Guidelines Quiz

1. How many behavior points will students start off with during the week?

2. What must you have around your neck and visible at all times?

3. What item of clothing must not be worn in class?4. True / False – Behavior points will be deducted for being

tardy to class.5. True / False – The positive trait code for doing your best is p6. When you are done with your work in class what should

you do? ____________________________

The CNS

• The Central Nervous System (CNS) has two major structures the brain and the spinal cord.

• The brain is protected by the cranial cavity and the spinal cord is surrounded by the spinal cavity in the vertebral column.

• They are both covered by protective membranes called meninges.

• Question(s): What are the two major structures of the CNS?

• What are these structures protected by?

The CNS

• The brainstem is the most inferior portion of the brain. It is composed of the following sections:

• Medulla Oblongata• Pons• Midbrain• The lowest part of the brainstem is

the medulla oblongata.• It is an enlarged extension of the

spinal cord. It lies inside the cranial cavity above the foramen magnum.

• The medulla consists of gray and white matter mixing to form the reticular formation.

• Question: What are the three parts of the brainstem?

The CNS

• In the spinal cord, gray and white matter do not mix. The core of the cord is gray and the white matter surrounds it.

• The pons and the midbrain consists of white matter and scattered bits of gray matter.

• All three parts of the brainstem function as two way conduction paths.

• Sensory fibers conduct impulses up from the cord to other parts of the brain.

• Motor fibers conduct impulses down from the brain to the cord.

• Question: What are the functions of Sensory and motor fibers within the CNS?

The CNS

• Many important reflex centers are located within the brainstem.

• Cardiac• Respiratory• Vasomotor• Collectively these centers are called

vital centers and are located within the brainstem.

• Impulse from these centers control heart beat, respiration, and blood vessel diameter – regulates blood pressure.

• Question: What reflex centers make up vital centers in the brain?

The CNS Review 02/04

1. What are the two major components of the CNS?

2. What membrane is responsible for protecting both the brain and spinal cord?

3. What is the most inferior portion of the brain called?

4. What are the three parts to the most inferior portion of the brain?

5. Just above what cranial structure does the medulla oblongata lie?

6. What does the reticular formation consist of?

7. What function do all three parts of the brainstem serve as?

8. What are the functions of sensory and motor fibers within the CNS?

* You may select one of the above questions as an exit ticket question.

The CNS

• The cerebellum is the second largest part of the human brain.

• It is located under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum.

• The thin, folded outer layer forms a large surface area and is composed of gray matter.

• White matter forms most of the interior portion of the cerebellum. The white matter tracts form a tree-like pattern called the arbor vitae.

• Functions of the cerebellum are:• smooth, coordinated movements,

maintain equilibrium, and sustain normal posture.

• It also may play a role in an overall coordinating function of the entire brain.

• Question: What is the second largest part of the brain?

The CNS

• The diencephalon is a small, important region of the brain. It is located between the midbrain and the cerebrum.

• The diencephalon consists of three major structures:

• Hypothalamus• Thalamus• Pineal gland• The hypothalamus is located below

the thalamus. • The pituitary gland and the walls of

the third ventricle are extensions of the hypothalamus.

• Question: What are the three major parts of the diencephalon?

The CNS

• The hypothalamus is one of the most important brain structures.

• The hypothalamus controls virtually all internal organs.

• The hypothalamus controls:• Heartbeat• Constriction and dilation of blood vessels.• Contraction of the stomach and intestines• Body temperature• Sleep cycles• Appetite and emotions• Some neurons of the hypothalamus function

to make hormones that the posterior pituitary secretes into the blood. One of these hormones is called ADH (antidiuretic hormone) which affects the volume of urine excreted.

• Question: What is the name of one of the hormones released by the hypothalamus?

The CNS

• Some of the neurons of the hypothalamus function as glands.

• Their axons secrete chemical releasing hormones into the blood.

• These hormones then cause other hormones to be released by the anterior pituitary gland.

• This action influences the hormone secretion of other endocrine glands.

• The hypothalamus indirectly helps to control every cell in the body.

• Question: What are the functions of chemical releasing hormones?

The CNS Review 02/05

1. What is the second largest part of the human brain?

2. What form of matter forms most of the interior of the cerebellum?

3. What are the functions of the cerebellum?4. Where is the diencephalon located?5. What are the three major structures of the

diencephalon?6. What two structures are extensions of the

hypothalamus?7. Where is the hypothalamus located?8. What are the functions of the

hypothalamus?9. What function does the ADH hormone

have?10. Significant elevation in body temperature

in the absence of disease may be the result of injury to what diencephalon structure?

* Select one review question as an exit slip question

The CNS

• The thalamus is located just above the hypothalamus.

• It is a dumbbell –shaped section of gray matter.

• Each end of the dumbbell lies in a lateral wall of a fluid filled chamber called the third-ventricle.

• The thalamus is composed of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that have axons extending up toward sensory areas of the cerebrum.

The CNS

• The functions of the thalamus include:

• Producing sensations• Associates sensations with emotions

• The pineal gland: Located posterior to the thalamus protruding from the back of the diencephalon.

• Receives information about the strength of light seen by the eyes and adjusts its output with the hormone melatonin

• Melatonin helps to keep the body’s clock on time with daily, monthly and seasonal cycles of sunlight and moonlight.

The CNS

• The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain.

• It contains many convolutions (gyri) and grooves called sulci.

• The deepest sulci are called fissures• Fissures divide the cerebrum into

right and left hemispheres.

The CNS – Review Cornell Format 02/06

1. Where is the thalamus located2. How is it shaped?3. What is the thalamus composed of?4. Where does each end of the thalamus

lie?5. Where do axons of the thalamus

extend?6. What are the functions of the

thalamus?7. Where is the pineal gland located?8. What information is received by the

pineal gland?9. What is the function of melatonin?10. What is the name of the largest portion

of the brain?* Exit slip selected from one of the review

questions