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Anatomy and Anatomy and Physiology for Physiology for
Emergency CareEmergency CareChapter 8Chapter 8
Neural Tissue and the Central Neural Tissue and the Central Nervous SystemNervous System
The Nervous SystemThe Nervous System
Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
Afferent divisionAfferent division Efferent divisionEfferent division
Somatic Nervous systemSomatic Nervous system Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System
Functional Overview of the Functional Overview of the Nervous SystemNervous System
Anatomy of a Multipolar Anatomy of a Multipolar NeuronNeuron
Cellular Organization in Neural Cellular Organization in Neural TissueTissue
NeuronsNeurons Functional Classification of NeuronsFunctional Classification of Neurons
Sensory NeuronsSensory Neurons Motor NeuronsMotor Neurons InterneuronsInterneurons
General Structure of NeuronsGeneral Structure of Neurons Structural Classification of NeuronsStructural Classification of Neurons
NeurogliaNeuroglia AstrocytesAstrocytes OligodendrocytesOligodendrocytes MicrogliaMicroglia Ependymal cellsEpendymal cells Schwann cellsSchwann cells
Structural Classification of Structural Classification of NeuronsNeurons
Neuroglia in the CNSNeuroglia in the CNS
Schwann Cells and Peripheral Schwann Cells and Peripheral AxonsAxons
NeurophysiologyNeurophysiology
The Membrane PotentialThe Membrane Potential Factors Responsible for the Membrane Factors Responsible for the Membrane
PotentialPotential Changes in the Membrane PotentialChanges in the Membrane Potential
Graded PotentialsGraded Potentials Action PotentialAction Potential
The Generation of an Action PotentialThe Generation of an Action Potential Conduction of an Action PotentialConduction of an Action Potential
DemyelinationDemyelination
The Cell Membrane at the The Cell Membrane at the Resting PotentialResting Potential
An Action PotentialAn Action Potential
Conduction of Action Conduction of Action Potentials over Unmyelinated Potentials over Unmyelinated
and Myelinatedand Myelinated
Synaptic CommunicationSynaptic Communication
Structure of a Structure of a SynapseSynapse Presynaptic neuronsPresynaptic neurons Postsynaptic neuronsPostsynaptic neurons Synaptic cleftSynaptic cleft
Synaptic Events and Synaptic Events and NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
Step 1Step 1 Step 2Step 2 Step 3Step 3 Step 4Step 4 Acetylcholine (Ach)Acetylcholine (Ach) NorepinephrineNorepinephrine DopamineDopamine GABAGABA SerotoninSerotonin
Neuronal PoolsNeuronal Pools
DivergenceDivergence ConvergenceConvergence Parallel ProcessingParallel Processing
Introduction to ReflexesIntroduction to Reflexes
The Reflex ArcThe Reflex Arc
Anatomical Organization of the Anatomical Organization of the Nervous SystemNervous System
Anatomy of the Nervous Anatomy of the Nervous SystemSystem
The MeningesThe Meninges Dura materDura mater ArachnoidArachnoid Pia materPia mater
Blood Brain Blood Brain BarrierBarrier
The Spinal CordThe Spinal Cord
Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy Sectional AnatomySectional Anatomy
Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal CordCord
The BrainThe Brain Major Divisions of the BrainMajor Divisions of the Brain Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain
Cerebrospinal FluidCerebrospinal Fluid The CerebrumThe Cerebrum
Structure of the Cerebral Structure of the Cerebral HemispheresHemispheres
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Motor and Sensory Areas of the CortexCortex
Association AreasAssociation Areas Cortical ConnectionsCortical Connections Cerebral Processing CentersCerebral Processing Centers
General interpretive AreaGeneral interpretive Area Speech CenterSpeech Center Prefrontal CortexPrefrontal Cortex
MemoryMemory Hemispheric SpecializationHemispheric Specialization ElectroencephalogramElectroencephalogram
The BrainThe Brain
The BrainThe Brain Ventricles of the BrainVentricles of the Brain
The BrainThe Brain
Circulation of Cerebrospinal FluidCirculation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
The BrainThe Brain
Cerebral HemisphereCerebral Hemisphere
The BrainThe Brain Hemispheric SpecializationHemispheric Specialization
The BrainThe Brain
Cerebral nucleiCerebral nuclei Caudate nucleusCaudate nucleus Amygdaloid bodyAmygdaloid body
The BrainThe Brain
Limbic SystemLimbic System
The BrainThe Brain
The DiencephalonThe Diencephalon ThalamusThalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus
The MidbrainThe Midbrain The PonsThe Pons The CerebellumThe Cerebellum The Medulla The Medulla
OblongataOblongata
Aging and the Nervous Aging and the Nervous SystemSystem
Reduction in brain size and weightReduction in brain size and weight Reduction in the number of neuronsReduction in the number of neurons Decrease in blood flow to the brainDecrease in blood flow to the brain Changes in synaptic organization of the Changes in synaptic organization of the
brainbrain Intracellular and extracellular changes in Intracellular and extracellular changes in
the CNS neuronsthe CNS neurons
SummarySummary
Emergency Care Emergency Care ApplicationsApplications
Chapter 8Chapter 8
Medical Disorders of the Medical Disorders of the Nervous SystemNervous System
Cerebrovascular Cerebrovascular Accident (Brain Accident (Brain Attack)Attack)
Transient Ischemic Transient Ischemic AttacksAttacks
Seizure DisordersSeizure Disorders
Nervous System InfectionsNervous System Infections
MeningitisMeningitis Viral MeningitisViral Meningitis Unusual Forms of Unusual Forms of
MeningitisMeningitis Parasitic Brain Parasitic Brain
InfectionsInfections Brain AbscessBrain Abscess EncephalitisEncephalitis Prion DiseasePrion Disease
HeadacheHeadache
Migraine HeadacheMigraine Headache Cluster HeadacheCluster Headache Tension HeadacheTension Headache
Neurological TraumaNeurological Trauma Blunt TraumaBlunt Trauma
Diffuse InjuriesDiffuse Injuries Focal InjuriesFocal Injuries
Penetrating TraumaPenetrating Trauma Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord Injuries
Cord concussionCord concussion Cord contusionCord contusion Cord compressionCord compression Cord lacerationCord laceration Complete transectionComplete transection Incomplete transectionIncomplete transection Cord hemorrhageCord hemorrhage
Spinal Cord Spinal Cord SyndromesSyndromes Anterior cord Anterior cord
syndromesyndrome Central-cord syndromeCentral-cord syndrome Brown-Sequard Brown-Sequard
syndromesyndrome Spinal shockSpinal shock
Neurological TraumaNeurological Trauma
Focal InjuriesFocal Injuries
Penetrating TraumaPenetrating Trauma
Spinal Cord InjuriesSpinal Cord Injuries
SummarySummary