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8/13/2019 Anatomy #1 Intro. - Axial Skeleton
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Anatomy of TheMusculoskeletal
System
Dr. Nabil khouri MD, MSc, Ph.D
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What we will study!
The Muscular and Skeletal system
Skeletal system: is made of Bones that is a
hard supporting tissue
Bones are used to make up the skeleton
Found in many forms including:
small, large, long, short and flat
Bones are held together byJoints
whichallow and/or restrict movements.
Movements are performed by Muscle upon
their contractions
Muscle is made of muscular tissue
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Excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
- Tissue can receive & respond to stimulation
- Tissue can shorten & thicken
- Tissue can lengthen
- After contracting or lengthening, tissue
always wants to return to its resting state
There are four characteristics
associated with muscle tissue:
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Movementboth voluntary & involuntary.
Maintaining posture.
Supporting soft tissues within body cavities
Guarding entrances & exits of the body
Maintaining body temperature
The characteristics of muscle tissue enableit to perform some important functions,
including:
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Types of Ordinary Body Movements
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Flexiondecreases angle of joint and bringstwo bones closer together
Extension- opposite of flexion
Rotation- movement of a bone in longitudinalaxis, shaking head no
Abduction/Adduction
Circumduction
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Body MovementsCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Left: Abduction
moving the
leg away fromthe midline
Above
Adduction-
moving toward
the midline
Right:
Circumduction: cone-shaped movement,
proximal end doesnt
move, while distal end
moves in a circle.
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Types of Muscles
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prime movermuscle with the majorresponsibility for a certain movement
Antagonistmuscle that opposes orreverses a prime mover
Synergistmuscle that aids a primemover in a movement and helps preventrotation
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Objectives
Divisions of the Skeleton
Classification of Bones
Major bony landmarks
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Human_skeleton_front.svg8/13/2019 Anatomy #1 Intro. - Axial Skeleton
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Bones: Forms In the skeleton and are arrangedinto Axial and appendicular groups
Vertebral Column 26
Axial skeleton
Skull 22 Hyoid bone 1
Ribs and sternum 25
-------
Appendiclular skeleton
Upper Extremities 64
Lower Extremities 62
--------
Auditory bones 6
--------
The total number of bones 206
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Divisions of the Skeleton
The Axial skeleton The skull The sternum The ribs The vertebral column
The appendicular skeleton Upper extremities Lower extremities The shoulder girdle
The pelvic girdle
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Long Bones Long bonesare characterized by
having one shaft (the Diaphysis)that is much greater in length than
width and two extremities(epiphysis).
They are comprised mostly ofcompact boneand lesser amountsof marrow, which is located withinthe medullary cavity, and spongybone.
Most bones of the limbs, includingthose of the fingersand toes, are
long bones.
http://www.peti.pl/wiki/Long_boneshttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Diaphysishttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cortical_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Medullary_cavityhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cancellous_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cancellous_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Metacarpushttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Metatarsushttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Metatarsushttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Metacarpushttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cancellous_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cancellous_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Medullary_cavityhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Bone_marrowhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Cortical_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Diaphysishttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Long_bones8/13/2019 Anatomy #1 Intro. - Axial Skeleton
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Short bones
Cube-shaped
bones of thewrist and ankle
Bones thatform within
tendons (e.g.,patella)
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Flat bones
Thin, flattened,and a bit curved(e.g., sternum,and most skullbones)
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Flat bones
Flat bonesare thin and generallycurved, with two parallel layers of
compact bones sandwiching a layer ofspongy bone.
Most of the bones of the skullare flat
bones, as is the sternum.
I l
http://www.peti.pl/wiki/Flat_bonehttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Skullhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Sternumhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Sternumhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Skullhttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Flat_bone8/13/2019 Anatomy #1 Intro. - Axial Skeleton
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Irregularbones
bones with
complicatedshapes
(e.g., vertebraeand hip bones)
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Irregular bones
Irregular bonesdo not fit into the abovecategories.
They consist of thin layers of compact bonesurrounding a spongy interior.
As implied by the name, their shapes are
irregular and complicated. The bones of the spine and hips are
irregular bones.
http://www.peti.pl/wiki/Irregular_boneshttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Irregular_boneshttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Irregular_boneshttp://www.peti.pl/wiki/Irregular_bones8/13/2019 Anatomy #1 Intro. - Axial Skeleton
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Surface Features of theBone
1). Projections that form joints a). Head: The proximal articular end of the bone
b). Facet:A small, flattened articular surface
c). Condyle: A large, rounded articular process
d). Ramus:An arm-like branch off the body of abone
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Surface Features of the Bone
2). Sites of muscle &ligament attachment.
a). Tuberosity: A projection or bump with a roughened surface
b). Crest:A prominent elevation or ridge
c). Trochanter: A specific tuberosities located on specific bones Femur
d). Line
e). Tubercle: A projection or bump with a roughened surface,
generally smaller than a tuberosityf). Epicondyle: A projection near to a condyle but not part of thejoint.
g). Spine: A relatively long, thin projection or bump
h). Process: A relatively large projection or prominent bump.(gen.)
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Surface Features of the Bone
3). Openings that allow blood vessels and nerves to
pass a). Meatus: A short canal
b). Fissure
c). Foramen: An opening through a bone.
d). Sinus: Pocket (cavity) like structure within the
cranial bone
e).Canal: A long, tunnel-like foramen, usuallya passage for notable nerves or bloodvessels
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Surface Features of the Bone
4). Depressions
a). Fossa: A broad, shallow depressed area
b). Grove
c). Notch: A small depression
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The Axial Skeleton
Eighty bones segregated into three
regions Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
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The Skull
The skull, the bodys most complex bonystructure, is formed by the cranium and facial
bones
Cranium
protects the brain and is the site ofattachment for head and neck muscles
Facial bones
Supply the framework of the face, the sense
organs, and the teeth Provide openings for the passage of air and
food
Anchor the facial muscles of expression
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Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton:
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Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton:Fetal Skull
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Frontal Bone
Forms the anterior portion of the cranium
Articulates posteriorly with the parietalbones via the coronal suture
Major markings include the supraorbital
margins, the anterior cranial fossa, and thefrontal sinuses (internal and lateral to theglabella)
k ll i i
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SkullAnterior View
Parietal Bones: lateral aspects of the skull
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Parietal Bones: lateral aspects of the skull
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Occipital Bone: Posterior view of the skull
Forms most ofskulls posterior
wall and base Major markings
include theposterior cranialfossa, foramen
magnum,occipitalcondyles, and thehypoglossal canal
O i it l B d It M j M ki
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Occipital Bone and Its Major Markings
T l B L t l A t f th Sk ll
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Temporal Bone: Lateral Aspects of the Skull
Temporal Bones
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Temporal Bones
Form the inferolateral aspects of the skull andparts of the cranial floor
Divided into four major regionssquamous,tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
M d l t l A t f th Sk ll
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Med-lateral Aspects of the Skull
Inferior Aspect of the Skull base
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Inferior Aspect of the Skull base
Superior view of the skull base
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Superior view of the skull base
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Sphenoid
Bone
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Maxillary Bones
Medially fused bones that make up the upper jawand the central portion of the facial skeleton
Facial keystone bones that articulate with allother facial bones, except the mandible
Their major markings include palatine, frontal,
and zygomatic processes, the alveolar margins,inferior orbital fissure, and the maxillary sinuses
Maxillary Bones
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Maxillary Bones
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Mandible Bone
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Mandible Bone
The mandible (lowerjawbone) is the largest,
strongest bone of theface
Its major markingsinclude the coronoidprocess, mandibular
condyle, the alveolarmargin, and themandibular and mentalforamina
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Other Facial Bones
Vomerplow-shaped bone that forms part ofthe nasal septum
Inferior nasal conchaepaired, curved bonesin the nasal cavity that form part of the lateralwalls of the nasal cavity
The Orbit
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The Orbit
Bony cavities in whichthe eyes are firmlyencased and
cushioned by fattytissue Formed by parts of
seven bonesfrontal,sphenoid, zygomatic,maxilla, palatine,lacrimal, and ethmoid
The Orbit
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The Orbit
Figure 7.9b
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Ethmoid Bone
Most deep of the skull bones; lies between thesphenoid and nasal bones
Forms most of the bony area between thenasal cavity and the orbits
Major markings include the cribriform plate,crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasalconchae, and the ethmoid sinuses
E h id B
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Ethmoid Bone
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Nasal Cavity
Constructed of bone and hyaline cartilage
Roofformed by the cribriform plate of the
ethmoid Lateral wallsformed by the superior and
middle conchae of the ethmoid, theperpendicular plate of the palatine, and the
inferior nasal conchae Floorformed by palatine process of the
maxillae and palatine bone
Nasal Ca it
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Nasal Cavity
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Paranasal Sinuses
Mucosa-lined, air-filled sacs found in five skullbonesthe frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and
paired maxillary bones Air enters the paranasal sinuses from the nasal
cavity and mucus drains into the nasal cavityfrom the sinuses
Lighten the skull and enhance the resonance ofthe voice
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Hyoid Bone
Not actually part of the skull,but lies just inferior to themandible in the anterior neck
Only bone of thebody that does notarticulate directlywith another bone
Attachment point
for neck musclesthat raise andlower the larynxduring swallowingand speech