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Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body
Figure 1.7a
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part
Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Table 1.1a
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Table 1.1b
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Buccal (cheek)
Mental (chin)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital(front of elbow)
Abdominal(abdomen)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar(palm)
Pollex(thumb)
Digital(fingers)
Mammary(breast)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)
Mental (chin)
Umbilical(navel)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Anterior ViewRegional Terms: Anterior View
Figure 1.7a
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)Axillary (armpit)
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital(front of elbow)
Abdominal(abdomen)
Pelvic (pelvis)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar(palm)
Pollex(thumb)
Digital(fingers)
Pubic (genital region)
Patellar(anterior knee)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (ankle)Pedal(foot) Digital (toes)
Inguinal(groin)
Coxal(hip)
Femoral(thigh)
Fibular, orperoneal(side of leg)
Hallux (great toe)
Mammary(breast)
Frontal (forehead)
Orbital (eye)
Buccal (cheek)
Sternal(breastbone)Thoracic(chest)
Mental (chin)
Umbilical(navel)
(a) Anterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull)
Cephalic(head)
(b) Posterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Brachial (arm)
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)
Dorsum or dorsal(back)
Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)Manus
(hand)
Upperextremity
Cephalic(head)
(b) Posterior
Regional Terms: Posterior ViewRegional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
Brachial (arm)
Otic (ear)
Occipital (back ofhead or base of skull) Acromial(point of shoulder)Vertebral(spinal column)Scapular(shoulder blade)
Dorsum or dorsal(back)
Olecranal(back of elbow)Lumbar (loin)Sacral(between hips)
Gluteal (buttock)
Perineal(region betweenthe anus and external genitalia)Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal(back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Calcaneal (heel)
Plantar (sole)
Manus(hand)
Upperextremity
Cephalic(head)
Lowerextremity
(b) Posterior
Body PlanesBody Planes
Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Sagittal – divides the body into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts
Oblique section – cuts made diagonally
Body PlanesBody Planes
Figure 1.8
Anatomical VariabilityAnatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but: Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain
Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions Thoracic Abdominopelvic
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Cranial cavity(contains brain)
Dorsalbodycavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)
Vertebral cavity(contains spinal cord)
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)
(a) Lateral view
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Figure 1.9b
Ventral body cavity(thoracic and abdomino-pelviccavities)
Abdomino-pelviccavity
Superiormediastinum
Pleuralcavity
Cranialcavity
Vertebralcavity
Pericardialcavity withinthe mediastinum
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity(contains digestiveviscera)
Pelvic cavity(contains bladder,reproductive organs,and rectum)
Thoraciccavity(containsheartand lungs)
(b) Anterior view
Key:
Dorsal body cavity
Ventral body cavity
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Thoracic cavity is subdivided into two pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity Pleural cavities – each houses a lung Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity; surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
Body CavitiesBody Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
Ventral Body Cavity MembranesVentral Body Cavity Membranes Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae
Serous Membrane RelationshipSerous Membrane Relationship
Figure 1.10a
Heart SerosaeHeart Serosae
Figure 1.10b
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
Oral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
Nasal –located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital – house the eyes Middle ear – contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
Synovial – joint cavities
Other Body CavitiesOther Body Cavities
Figure 1.13
Abdominopelvic RegionsAbdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11a
Organs of the Abdominopelvic RegionsOrgans of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abdominopelvic QuadrantsAbdominopelvic Quadrants Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
Figure 1.12
