Anatomical Position

Standing erectHands at side with palms facing forwardFeet together

Deep/Superficial

Planes

Hierarchy of Structures Within the

Human Body

• Subatomic Particles • Protons

• Neutrons

• Electrons

• Atoms

• Molecules• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Hierarchy of Structures Within the

Human Body

• Subcellular Organelles• Small structures within the cell with specific functions

• Cells• Basic unit of structure and function

• Some function alone

• Others form tissues

Hierarchy of Structures Within the

Human Body

• Tissues• Cells alike in structure and function (specialized)

• Organs• Tissues that work together for a specific function

• Organ Systems• Organs that work together for a specific function

• Organism

Cell Parts:

Plasma Membrane

• Plasma membrane• Determines what enters and leaves the cell

• Composed mainly of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins embedded

Cell Parts: Nucleus

• Nucleus• Nuclear membrane (envelope) separates the genetic material from the

cytoplasm

• Nucleolus makes ribosomal subunits

• DNA (chromatin)

Cell Parts: Cytoplasm

• Cytoplasm• Gel like

• Cytosol = liquid part• Holds and surrounds organelles

• Solutes

• Organelles• Structures within the cell with a particular function

Cell Parts: Organelles

• Centrosome

• Centrioles• cilia

• flagella

• Cytoskeleton• Microfilaments

• Intermediate filaments

• microtubules

Cell Parts: Organelles

• Ribosomes• Synthesize protein

• Endoplasmic Reticulum• Rough ER

• Smooth ET

• Transport Vesicles

• Golgi Complex (Apparatus, Body)

Cell Parts: Organelles

• Lysosomes• Recycle

• Peroxisomes

• Mitochondria• Cellular Respiration

• Break down glucose to form ATP

*Cell function depends on cell structure--- some cells have more of one type of organelle

Organ Systems

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Cardiovascular

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive

Which of the following pairs correctly matches a cellular organelle with its function?

a. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum--energy production

b. Golgi apparatus—protein synthesis

c. Cytoskeleton– movement

d. Cell membrane– storage

Which of the following describes an anatomical relationship between two structures in the human body?

a. The mouth is anterior to the nose.

b. The ribs are lateral to the sternum.

c. The patella is inferior to the tibia.

d. Muscles are superficial to skin.

Which of the following organelles gives rough endoplasmic reticulum its signature rough characteristic?

a. Ribosomes

b. Mitochondria

c. Centrosomes

d. Vacuoles

Integumentary System: Structures

• Skin

• Hair

• Oil and sweat glands

• Nails

• Sensory receptors

Integumentary System: Functions

• Regulates body temperature

• Stores blood

• Protects body from external environment

• Detects cutaneous sensations

• Excretes and absorbs substances

• Synthesizes vitamin D

Which of the following is the outermost layer of the skin?

a. Dermis

b. Sudoriferous

c. Sebaceous

d. Epidermis

Which of the following is not excreted through the integumentary system?

a. Alcohol

b. Minerals

c. Blood

d. Urea

Which of the following mechanisms is used when the body becomes too cold?

a. Blood vessel dilation

b. Sweating

c. Blood vessel constriction

d. Vitamin D production

Which of the following integumentary structures produces sweat?

a. Sudoriferous glands

b. Sebaceous glands

c. Ceruminous glands

d. Mammary glands

_____ are at a higher structural level of organization than ______.

Which of the following options completes the sentence?

a. Organs; organ systems

b. Cells; molecules

c. Atoms; molecules

d. Tissues; organs

Skeletal System : Structures

• Bones• Hard calcified material

• Cartilage• Tough elastic connective tissue

• Tendons• Holds muscle to bone

• Ligaments• Holds bone to bone

Skeletal System: Functions

• Supports soft tissue and provides attachment for skeletal muscles

• Protects internal organs

• Assists in movement along with skeletal muscles

• Stores and releases minerals

• Contains red bone marrow, which produces blood cells

• Contains yellow marrow, which stores triglycerides

Bone Tissue

Bone cells

Classification of Bones

Bone Structure

Joints

• Fibrous Joints• No synovial cavity, bones are held together by dense irregular connective

tissue rich in collagen fibers

• Cartilaginous Joints• No synovial cavity, bones are held together by cartilage

• Synovial Joints• Synovial cavity is present, united by dense irregular connective tissue of an

articular capsule and assessor ligaments

• Articular cartilage

• Synovial fluid

Which of the following cells is involved in mineral resorption from bone?

a. Osteoclasts

b. Osteoblasts

c. Canaliculi

d. Osteon

Which of the following bones articulate at a synovial joint?

a. Skull bones

b. Radius and ulna

c. Bones of the pubis

d. Humerus and scapula

Which of the following structures is an irregularly shaped bone?

a. Femur

b. Metacarpal

c. Rib

d. Vertebra

Using the word bank, label the bones of the skeleton.

• Calcaneus, carpals, cervical vertebrae, clavicle, coccyx, femur, fibula, humerus, lumbar vertebrae, mandible, metacarpals, metatarsals, patella, pelvis, phalanges, radius, ribs, sacrum, scapula, skull sternum, tarsals, thoracic vertebrae, tibia, ulna