1

ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF MINERALS IN FRUITS, MILK,

VEGATABLES AND CONFECTIONARY FOOD PRODUCTS

G. R. BhagureDepartment of Chemistry,

Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, ThaneEmail: grbhagure69@gmail.com

Abstract:

Minerals such as sodium, potassium, lithium and calcium were determined by

Flame photometry in fruits and fast foods. Sodium was found in the ranges 0.47

mg/L to 210 mg/L, potassium was ranges from 0.48 mg/L to 108 mg/L, lithium was

ranges from 0.496 mg/L to 20 mg/L and calcium was found in the range of 0.42 to

60 mg/L. Sodium was found maximum in apple juice where as potassium was found

maximum in fruits, outer shell of fruits and fast foods such as potato chiefs.

Similarly lithium found to maximum extent in fast food potato chips, soft drinks and

Dal (oil fried).Maximum amount of calcium found in milk, and chocolates. Standard

deviation, variance, Correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation were also

calculated between mineral elements. In most of food products positive correlation

was found between K-Ca , Na-Ca, Na-Li in remaining food negative correlation was

observed.

Key Words: Flame photometer, lithium, standard deviation, correlation, variance

Introduction:

Alkali metals sodium, potassium, lithium and Alkaline earth metal calcium have

very important role in human body. Sodium is a mineral essential to human survival

so much so that the word "salary" comes from the Latin for salt. Without enough

sodium in your body, your cellular function and neural communication shut down.

Essential as sodium is, though, you don't need to supplement with it under ordinary

condition1. Most of the sodium you get in your diet is in the form of sodium chloride,

a salt compound. Sodium itself is an element more specifically, it's a metal but it's

quite rare in elemental form, because it's so reactive. In nature, sodium occurs in the

form of any number of salts. A sodium salt consists of positively charged particles of

sodium combined with negatively charged particles of various identities. Sodium

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chloride aside, other common sodium salts include sodium bicarbonate baking soda

and sodium hydroxide, which is lye. Sodium is essential to cellular function for

many reasons. It's critical to absorbing certain nutrients from the digestive tract

glucose, for instance and also allows some molecules that couldn't otherwise pass

through the cell membrane to cross.

Potassium is found in a wide range of foods. Many fruits and vegetables are

high in potassium and low in sodium and, as discussed, help prevent hypertension.

Most of the potassium is lost when processing or canning foods, while less is lost

from frozen fruits or vegetables. Leafy green vegetables such as spinach, parsley,

and lettuce, as well as broccoli, peas, lima beans, tomatoes, and potatoes, especially

the skins, all have significant levels of potassium2. Fruits that contain this mineral

include oranges and other citrus fruits, bananas, apples, avocados, raisins, and

apricots, particularly dried. Whole grains, wheat germ, seeds, and nuts are high-

potassium foods. Fish such as flounder, salmon, sardines, and cod are rich in

potassium, and many meat foods contain even more potassium than sodium,

although they often have additional sodium added as salt. Potassium may also be

obtained from the following herbs: red clover, sage, catnip, hops, horsetail, nettle,

plantain and skullcap. Caffeine and tobacco reduce the absorption of potassium3.

People at risk for insufficient potassium intake include alcoholics, drug addicts and

crash dieters. Elevations or depletions of this important mineral can cause problems

and, in the extreme, even death. Maintaining consistent levels of potassium in the

blood and cells is vital to body function. Even with high intakes of potassium, the

kidneys will clear any excess, and blood levels will not be increased. For elevated

potassium levels, called hyperkalemia, to occur, there must usually be other factors

involved; decrease in renal function is the most likely cause. Major infection,

gastrointestinal bleeding, and rapid protein breakdown also may cause elevated

potassium levels. Cardiac function is affected by hyperkalemia; electrocardiogram

changes can be seen in this condition. Deficiency of potassium is much more

common, especially with aging or chronic disease4. Some common problems that

have been associated with low potassium levels include hypertension, congestive

heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, fatigue, and depression and other mood changes.

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Many factors reduce body levels of potassium. Diarrhea, vomiting, and other

gastrointestinal problems may rapidly reduce potassium5.

Various researcher claim that reveals that Lithium Reduces aggressiveness, violence

and self-destruction6. Biochemical mechanism of action of lithium appear to be

multifactorial and are inter-correlated with the functions of several enzymes,

hormones and vitamins, as well as with growth and transforming factors. It plays an

especially important role during the early fetal development as evidenced by the high

lithium contents of the embryo during the early gestational period. Lithium regulate

nerve impulses by regulating sodium and potassium, Increases lymphocytic

production, Influences distribution of sodium and potassium, Influences sodium

transport, possible cancer suppression, Stabilizes serotonin transmission in the

nervous system, Suppresses some cells within the immune system thus enhancing the

immune system, Possibly helps increase brain matter (grey part) and Possibly

protects the brain and nerves against glutamates7.

Human body uses 99 % of calcium to keep bones and teeth strong, thereby

supporting skeletal function. The rest of calcium in human body plays key roles in

cell signling, blood clotting, muscle contraction and nerve function8.

The present work deals with the collaborative educational research. Students

from T.Y.B.Sc. Chemistry was involved in the present research work. As a part of

curriculum student come forward with idea to determine the alkali and alkaline earth

metals present in fruits , vegetables and specially confectionary food material.

Students felt that as they consume many confectionary and junk food like potato

chiefs, mungdal. Variety of these products manufactured by different companies.

Students also came with the thought that, as the youngsters consume these products

what will be the impact of this product on health. When I insisted them to go through

Literature they came with good information.

The aim of the present work is to determine alkali metal Lithium, Sodium,

Potassium and calcium in fruits, vegetables, fast food, cold beverages and

their bye to understand the limits and functions though extensive literature

review.

Materials and Methods:

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The Chemicals Sodium Chloride, Lithium Chloride, Potassium Chloride

and Calcium chloride used were of Analytical grade of S. D, Fine chemicals and

supplied by Chemistry Department. All standard solutions and samples solutions

were prepared in Double distilled water.

Selection of Food Samples:

Food samples were selected taking into consideration of popularity and

consumption of food material by youngsters and child. In all total 48 samples were

studied, the type and No. of sample are presented in table-1.

Table-1

Sr.No. Samples No of Samples

(types / brands)

Total No. Samples

1 Fruits 06

52

2 Outer Shell of fruits 06

3 Fruit Juice 06

4 Vegetables 06

5 Milk 05

6 Dal (oil fried) 06

7 Soft Drinks 07

8 Chocolate 05

9 Potato Chips 05

Sample preparation:

1 gm of each sample (Fruits, Vegetables, fried mung dal, Chocolates and

Snacks) was weighed and placed in 5 mL AR grade nitric acid, 20 mL of distilled

water was added, mixture was heated till 800C, dissolved part is then filtered using

what man filter paper no.41 , filtrate and washings were transferred to 100 mL of

volumetric flask and diluted with double distilled water.

In case of fruit juice, milk, soft drinks, 5 mL of sample of each was taken and treated

in the similar manner in case of solid sample.

Analysis of Samples:

Standard solution of 1000 mg/L Na+, K+, Li+ and Ca+2 ions were prepared, from this

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stock solution working standard solutions were prepared in the range of 5 to 25 mg/L.

The Flame Photometer (Make-Elico-Model-CL 220) was calibrated to 100 % emission

Intensity using 25 mg/L solution by adjusting read Zero using distilled water as blank

solvent. The wavelength and spectral characteristics is presented in table-2.

Emission Intensity of each standard solution was measured thrice one by one, in between

two standard solution distilled water was passed to remove previous impurities of

solution.

In the similar manner emission intensity of each sample solution was also

measured, concentration of metallic element was determined by plotting graph emission

intensity against concentration of metallic element.

Table-2

Sr.No. Metals Colour of Emitted radiation Wavelength (nm)

1 Sodium Intense Yellow 545

2 Potassium Violet (iliac colour) 766.5

3 Lithium Crimson 671

4 Calcium Yellowish to orange 422.7

Treatment of Analytical Data:

The measured values of alkali metal were computed though statistical

parameters such as mean, correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation were

computed by using Pearson software.

Results:

Table 3 and 5 shows the results of the concentrations of minerals in fruits and

outer shell of fruits. Table 4 and 6 shows the statistical parameters like standard

deviation, variance, correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation. The mean

concentrations of sodium in different fruit ranged 0.63 -3.48 mg/kg. Where as in outer

part of fruits it ranges from 0.847 – 2.53 mg/kg. Potassium was found in the range of

7.37- 40.57 mg/kg, Lithium was not detected in any fruits. Calcium ranged from 2.87 –

9.70 mg/kg.

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Table-7 shows the results of the concentrations of minerals in fruits juice. The

mean concentrations of sodium in different fruit juice ranged 0.93-210.08 mg/L of

sodium. Potassium was found in the range of 0.48- 11.26 mg/L, Lithium was detected

three fruit juice and its concentration ranges from 0.547- 1 mg/L. Calcium ranged from

2.87 – 9.70 mg/kg.

In Vegetables sodium ranged from (table-9) 0.47- 15.71 mg/kg, 10.9-27.48 mg/kg of

potassium, 1.05-3.15 mg/kg of lithium and 5.04- 11.76 mg/kg of calcium.

In Milk samples sodium ranged (table-11) from 3.26-7 mg/L, 5.87-14.69 mg/L of

potassium, 0-3.01 mg/L of potassium and 5.04-8.4 mg/L of calcium.

Different types of dal which is oil fried contains (table-13) 35.01 mg/kg of sodium,

34.29-97.99 mg/kg of potassium 2.01-4.02 mg/kg of lithium, and 11.76-28.57 mg/kg of

calcium.

Soft drink samples found to contain 0-1.6 mg/L of sodium, 0.48-0.78 mg/L of potassium,

0-1 mg/L of lithium and 0-1.68 mg of calcium (table-15).

Similarly in Chocolate sample mineral concentration (table-17) ranged from 6.67-15.44

mg/kg of sodium,4.38-19.25 mg/kg of potassium, 0-0.496 mg/kg of lithium, and 6.25-

31.25 mg of calcium.

It was found that (table-19) potato chiefs contain 31.6- 171.7 mg/kg of sodium, 14.1

mg/kg of potassium, o-20 mg/kg of lithium and 0-60 mg/kg of calcium.

Table-3 Concentration of Minerals in Fruits by Flame Photometry

Sr.No. Name of fruits Na (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Li (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg)1 Apple 3.16 8.66 ND 5.552 Water melon 0.63 7.37 ND 2.08

3 Silk lime (Lemon) 0.63 14.75 ND 4.35

4 Sapota (Chicku) 3.48 13.11 ND 4.16

5 Orange 0.94 13.93 ND 3.47

6 Banana 0.85 40.57 ND 9.70

Mean 1.62 16.40 -- 4.88Min 0.63 7.37 -- 2.08Max 3.48 40.57 -- 9.70

Standard Deviation (S) 1.33 12.20 -- 2.85Variance (S2) 1.77 149.05 -- 8.13

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Table-4 Correlation coefficient (R) and coefficient of variation (R2) in minerals in Fruit Samples.

R

Metal K Li CaNa -0.302 Nan -0.0889K -- Nan 0.9002.Li -- --- Nan

R2

Na 0.0908 Nan 0.0079K -- Nan 0.8104.Li --- -- NaN

Table-5 Concentration of minerals in (Outer Shell ) of fruits by Flame Photometry

Sr.No. Name of fruits Na (mg/L) K (mg/L) Li (mg/L) Ca (mg/L)1 Apple 2.53 11.06 ND 4.862 Water melon 1.58 24.59 ND 5.55

3 S. lime (Lemon) 2.51 35.24 ND 9.03

4 Sapota (Chicku) 2.53 27.04 ND 13.87

5 Orange 1.26 25.81 ND 9.71

6 Banana 0.85 25.81 ND 6.94

Mean 1.88 24.93 ND 8.33

Min 0.85 11.06 -- 4.86Max 2.53 35.24 -- 13.87

Standard Deviation (S) 0.56 7.805 -- 3.32Variance (S2) 0.313 60.95 -- 10.96

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Table-6 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in outer parts of Fruit Samples.

R

Metal K Li CaNa -0.0784 Nan 0.2586K Nan 0.8331Li Nan

R2

Na 0.0061 Nan 0.0669K -- Nan 0.6941Li -- --- Nan

Table-7 Concentration of minerals in fruit Juice by Flame Photometry

Sr.No. Fruit Juice Na (mg/L) K (mg/L) Li (mg/L) Ca (mg/L)

1 Brand-1 2.8 0.97 0 6.722 Brand-2 1.86 1.95 1 1.68

3 Brand-3 29.87 0.97 1 3.36

4 Brand-4 0.93 1.95 0 1.68

5 Brand-5 210.08 0.48 0 8.40

6 Brand-6 24.74 11.26 1 13.44

Mean 45.05 2.93 0.5 5.88Min 0.93 0.48 0 1.68Max 210.08 11.26 1 13.44

Standard Deviation (S) 81.82 4.13 0.547 4.60Variance (S2) 6694.6 16.99 0.3 21.16

Table-8 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in different fruit juice Samples.

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R

Metal K Li CaNa -0.225 -0.3511 0.3357K -- 0.227 0.720Li -- -- 0.066

R2

Na 0.0495 0.1233 0.1127K -- 0.477 0.509Li -- -- 0.004

Table-9 Concentration of minerals in Vegetables by flame photometry

Sr. no. Name of vegetableNa (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Li (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg)

1 Cauliflower 0.47 27.48 1.05 11.762 Beet 15.71 18.48 2.1 10.083 Carrot 6.66 18 1.05 8.44 Tomato 1.9 26.06 3.15 11.765 Cucumber 1.9 10.9 1.05 5.046 Cabbage 0.95 20.85 2.1 8.4

Mean 4.5983 20.295 1.75 9.24Min 0.47 10.9 1.05 5.04Max 15.71 27.48 3.15 11.76Standard Deviation (S) 5.87 6.03 0.857 2.54Variance (S2) 34.52 36.39 0.735 6.49

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Table-10 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in Vegetables

R

Metal K Li CaNa -0.264 0.0862 0.0641K -- 0.471 0.9372Li -- -- 04845

R2

Na 0.0697 0.0074 0.0041K -- 0.1739 0.8783Li -- - 0.2347

Table-11 Concentration of minerals in Milk Samples by flame photometry

Sr. no. Name of MilkNa (mg/L) K (mg/L) Li (mg/L) Ca (mg/L)

1 Brand-1 3.73 7.83 0 5.042 Brand-2 3.26 5.87 0 5.04

3 Brand-3 4.66 11.75 1 5.04

4 Brand-4 7.65 10.20 0.2 6.12

5 Brand-5 7.0 14.69 3.01 8.4

Mean 4.6625 10.035 1.0025 5.88Min 3.26 5.87 0 5.04Max 7 14.69 3.01 8.4Standard Deviation (S) 2.77 5.12 1.28 1.45Variance (S2) 7.69 26.26 1.63 2.12

Table-12 Correlation Coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in milk samples.

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R

Metal K Li CaNa 0.7128 0.5085 0.7351K -- 0.8914 0.7845Li -- -- 0.8823

R2

Na 0.5021 0.2586 0.5404K -- 0.7946 0.6159Li -- -- 0.7785

Table-13 Concentration of minerals in Dal (oil fried) by flame photometry

Sr. No. Fried food ItemNa (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Li (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg)

1 Brand-1 37.81 97.99 4.02 28.572 Brand-2 39.21 83.29 3.01 25.21

3 Brand-3 116.71 78.39 3.01 23.52

4 Brand-4 35.01 73.49 3.01 23.52

5 Brand-5 102.7 34.29 2.01 11.76

Mean 66.288 73.49 3.012 22.516 Min 35.01 34.29 2.01 11.76 Max 116.71 97.99 4.02 28.57 Standard Deviation (S) 39.97 23.75 0.716 6.35 Variance (S2) 1597.36 564.23 0.505 40.40

Table-14 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in Fried Dal Samples.

Metal K Li CaNa -0.5644 -0.5736 -0.6079

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R K -- 0.947 0.9956Li -- -- 0.9337

R2

Na 0.3185 0.329 0.3695K -- 0.897 0.992Li -- --- 0.872

Table-15 Concentration of minerals in Soft drinks Samples by flame photometry

Sr. no. Name of Soft drinks Na (mg/L) K (mg/L) Li (mg/L) Ca (mg/L)

1 Brand-1 0 0.48 0 02 Brand-2 1.4 0.48 1 1.68

3 Brand-3 0.466 0.48 0 0

4 Brand-4 0.933 0 1 0

5 Brand-5 1.2 0.65 0.2 1.1

6 Brand-6 1.6 0.78 0.25 0.987 Brand-7 0.98 0.55 0.38 0.66

Mean 6.579 3.42 2.83 4.42

Min 0 0.48 0 0

Max 1.6 0.78 1 1.68

Standard Deviation (S) 0.5514 0.242 0.428 0.663

Variance (S2) 0.3042 0.058 0.1838 0.439

Table-16 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in different minerals in Cold drink Samples.

Metal K Li CaNa 0.3092 0.4833 0.5066

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R K - -0.5903 0.5066Li -- -- 0.357

R2

Na 0.0956 0.2336 0.2566K -- 0.3485 0.2566

Li -- -- 0.1254

Table-17 Concentration of minerals in Chocolate by flame photometry

Sr. no. Name of ChocolateNa (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Li (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg)

1 Brand-1 6.67 3.98 0 31.252 Brand-2 15.44 9.73 0.496 15.62

3 Brand-3 11.26 14.15 0 9.37

4 Brand-4 15.02 3.98 0 6.25

5 Brand-5 14.6 5.75 0 6.25

Mean 12.598 7.518 0.0992 13.748

Min 6.67 3.98 0 6.25Max 15.44 14.15 0.496 31.25

Standard Deviation (S) 5.86 4.38 0.221 10.50Variance (S2) 34.44 19.25 0.0492 110.35

Table-18 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in outer parts of Chocolate Samples

Metal K Li CaNa 0.0965 0.429 -0.807

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R K -- 0.282 -0.255Li --- --- .0282

R2

Na 0.009 0.184 0.653K -- 0.0795 0.065Li -- -- 0.0795

Table-19 Concentration of minerals in Potato Chips by flame photometry

Sr. no. Potato ChipsNa (mg/kg) K (mg/kg) Li (mg/kg) Ca (mg/kg)

1 Brand-1 103.9 14.1 0 202 Brand-2 31.6 108.4 0 32

3 Brand-3 144.6 14.1 20 0

4 Brand-4 85.8 18.8 10 60

5 Brand-5 171.7 18.8 0 40

Mean 107.52 34.84 6 30.4Min 31.6 14.1 0 0Max 171.7 108.4 20 60

Standard Deviation (S) 54.18 41.18 8.94 22.37Variance (S2) 2935.64 1696.33 80 500.8

Table-20 Correlation coefficient (R) and Coefficient of Variation (R2) in minerals in Potato chiefs

R

Metal K Li CaNa -0.778 -0.271 -0.2552K -- -0.391 0.091

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Li -- -- -0.399 R

Na 0.608 0.0732 -0.0652

K --- 0.153 0.0083Li -- --- 0.152

Discussion

The concentration of minerals in fruits ranges in the order K ˃Ca˃Na, Similarly the

outer shell of fruits also contain minerals in the order of Ka ˃Ca˃Na. Lithium was not detected

in both. Similar study also reported by Sushan A and et.al.9. The correlation coefficient (r) among

minerals in the samples was also computed, the result of Correlation analysis is considered in the

subsequent interpretation. High correlation Coefficient nearly 1 or -1 means good relationship

between two variables and correlation coefficient around zero means no relationships. Positive

value indicates positive relationship while negative value of r indicates an inverse relationship. In

the present study in case of fruits and outer shell of fruits positive correlation found between K-

Ca and remaining minerals negative correlation was observed.

Fruit juice of 6 brands contains minerals Ca˃ Na˃ K ˃Li. Positive

correlation found between K-Li, Na-Ca and K-Ca ,where as Na-Li shows negative

correlation. Six types of Vegetables contains mineral in the order of contain Na˃ K˃

Ca˃Li. K-Li, Na-Ca, K-Ca and Na-Li shows positive correlation where as Na-K

shows negative correlation.

Five sample of different brand Milk shows minerals in the order K ˃ Ca˃

Na˃Li. Three samples contain lithium. All minerals (Na-K, K-Li, Na-Ca, K-Ca and

Na-Li) shows positive correlations. Dal (oil fried) of five brands found to contain

minerals in the order of K˃ Na˃ Ca˃Li, lithium was found in all Dal samples.

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Positive correlation found between K-Li and K-Ca and negative correlation between

Na-Ca and Na-Li.

Soft drinks of 7 brands found to contain K˃ Na˃ Ca˃Li, three samples shows

subsequent amount of lithium. Positive correlation observed between Na-K, Na-Ca,

K-Ca and Na-Li.

Chocolates’ of five brands found to contain minerals in the order Ca˃ Na˃ K ˃Li.

All Chocolates found to contains high amount of Calcium, as its milk product.

Positive correlation found between Na-K and K-Li and negative correlation between

Na-Ca and K-Ca. Potato chiefs of five brands found to contain Na˃ Ca˃ K ˃Li.

Positive correlation found between potassium and calcium in the remaining minerals

negative correlation was observed.

Sodium:

All the 52 samples of different food material shows appropriate amount of

sodium. High amount of sodium is due to use of sodium salt such as NaCl, NaHCO3

and Na2CO3 as preservative in food materials. According to Dr. Gary Thibodeau10

sodium is one of the metal that helps establish the resting membrane potential. This

produces a negative charge inside cells relative to the fluid surrounding them, which

allows for transport of molecules and cellular communication. Sodium is also

critical to the function of the nervous system and to muscular contraction; nerves

send signals conducted through movement of positively charged sodium particles.

Furthermore, sodium helps maintain fluid balance in the body. As your kidneys filter

blood, explains Dr. Lauralee Sherwood 2 in her book "Human Physiology," they

actively resorb sodium into the bloodstream, which helps pull water back into the

bloodstream along with it. This helps you hang on to as much water as possible.

Analysis of fruits, outer parts of fruits, Chocolates, Dal which is oil fried ( Mung dal,

Chana dal ) soft drinks found to contain good amount of potassium. Fruits like banana

sapota and silk lime contain good amount of potassium and calcium. Similar study also

reported by Siobhan A. O’Halloran and et. al.11.

Potassium:

Potassium is an essential mineral for human body. Along with sodium, it

regulates the water balance and the acid-base balance in the blood and tissues.

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Potassium enters the cell more readily than does sodium and instigates the brief

sodium-potassium exchange across the cell membranes. In the nerve cells, this

sodium-potassium flux generates the electrical potential that aids the conduction of

nerve impulses. When potassium leaves the cell, it changes the membrane potential

and allows the nerve impulse to progress. This electrical potential gradient, created

by the "sodium-potassium pump," helps generate muscle contractions and regulates

the heartbeat.

Potassium is very important in cellular biochemical reactions and energy

metabolism; it participates in the synthesis of protein from amino acids in the cell.

Potassium also functions in carbohydrate metabolism; it is active in glycogen and

glucose metabolism, converting glucose to glycogen that can be stored in the liver

for future energy. Potassium is important for normal growth and for building muscle.

Potassium supplementation may be especially useful in the treatment of high blood

pressure in persons over the age of 65. The elderly often do not fully respond to

blood pressure-lowering drugs making the use of potassium supplement an exciting

possibility. In one double-blind study, 18 untreated elderly patients (average age 75

years) with systolic blood pressure of greater than 160 mm Hg and/or a diastolic

blood pressure of greater than 95 mm Hg were given either potassium chloride

(supplying 2.5 g of potassium) or a placebo each day for four weeks. After this

relatively short treatment period the group getting the potassium experienced a drop

of 12 mm Hg in systolic and 7 mm Hg in diastolic blood pressure. These results

compare quite favorably to the reduction of blood pressure produced by drug therapy

in the European Working Party on high blood Pressure in elderly Study12.

Calcium:

Calcium was found in substantial amount in Fruits, Chocolates, and milk and

potato chiefs. Positive correlation was found between Na-Ca and Ca-K.Survey on

calcium rich food consumption by the Consumers was carried out by many

research worker , in their study it was revealed that people enjoy the taste of

calcium-rich foods such as dairy foods, food products such as Chocolates13,14,15. In

the present study, it was found that bioavailability of calcium is more in cucumber,

Beet root, and cauliflower similar study was also reported by standing committee on

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the scientific evaluation of dietary reference Intake16.

Lithium:

Lithium was found in most of the samples but in lowest concentration as

compared to other minerals. Out of seven samples of soft drinks 5 samples contains

lithium. Lithium carbonate is added as mood enhancer in soft drinks. Lithium is a

naturally element found in water, soil and a number of fruits, Vegetables and other

plants. Low levels of lithium in human body can cause depression, manic depressive

disorders, mania, and suicide, spousal and, Joint pain, and Nervous disorders17,18.

Study conducted by research worker Ohgami, H et al; Gonzalez, R et al ; and

Kapusta, ND et. al. shows that High levels of naturally occurring lithium in drinking

water have been associated with lower rates of suicide19,20,21.

Many research workers through the study reveals that many cold drink and fast food

manufactures uses lithium citrate as mood stabilizer up to late-19th and early-20th

centuries, and was the medicinal ingredient of a refreshment beverage such as lime

soft,"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Soda 22,23,24. Our study also found that still

lithium compounds are used in fast foods and cold drinks (Table-17).

Conclusion

Through the extensive survey students learn the role of minerals in human body

and its availability in food products. They also learn sampling, sample preparation,

standard operating procedure of flame photometer. The present study reveals the rich

source of potassium in fruits, fruit shell and vegetables. Sodium and potassium salt are

added in confectionary food product as a preservatives. Lithium was found in substantial

amount of soft drinks its purpose may be enhancing the mood or it can act as mood

buster. Calcium is found in Chocolates and milk and other food and fruits; it may be due

to bioavailability.

Acknowledgement:

I would like to express my special thanks to Principal Dr. C.D. Marathe and Dr.D.D.Mulajkar,

IQAC Coordinator, for their appreciation and encouragement. I am also thankful to my dear

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students for their participation and support render in this study. Special thanks to Dr. R. P.

Chavan, Head,Department of Chemistry for extending research facility.

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