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ANALYTICAL REPORTREVIEW OF NATIONAL EMISSION CONTRIBUTIONS IN GH-NDC UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT
Disaggregation of Energy Sector and Waste Sector Categories
GHANANationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Energy and Waste Sectors
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables 3List of Figures 3Abbreviations and Acronyms 4
1 INTRODUCTION 5
2 SCOPE 5
3 ENERGY SECTOR 63.1 Sectoral disaggregated categories 63.1.1 Disaggregated key categories3.1.2 Increasingly important disaggregated non-key categories3.1.3 Emerging disaggregated sector categories not considered in the NDC-BAU that are likely to be key by 20303.2 Revised energy sector BAU emissions projection 93.2.1 The conventional BAU scenario3.2.2 The accelerated economic growth (AEG) scenario3.2.3 Comparison of the traditional BAU and AEG projection scenarios3.3 Share of sectoral key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories of AEG projections 113.4 Projected mineral and metal industries non-energy process-related emissions and additional projected fossil-based energy-related emissions considered (not included in the AEG scenario) 123.4.1 Planned production of extractive industry under development 3.4.2 Electricity demand emissions and non-energy process-related emissions projection 3.4.3 The growing importance of the extractive industry in national BAU emissions3.4.4 AEG electricity generation mix projections 3.5 Sectoral emission reduction strategies 173.5.1 Sectoral emission reduction strategies achieved and investments by 20193.5.2 On-going and planned Sectoral emission reduction strategies, 2020-2-20303.5.3 Potential key sources of Investment for the implementation of sectoral emission reduction actions
4 WASTE SECTOR 214.1 Sectoral disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories 214.2 Waste sector BAU emission projections4.2.1 Waste resources with value-addition potential 4.2.2 4A1 and 4A2 BAU emission projections4.3 Sector MAPs and emissions reduction projection 274.3.1 MSW management systems (SWMS) emission reduction projection parameters 4.3.2 Sector disaggregated key categories emission reduction actions and projections
5. SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS 33
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 336.2 Recommendations 35
ANNEX 37Annex 1a:2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines - Energy Sector Disaggregated CategoriesAnnex 1b:2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines – Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Disaggregated CategoriesAnnex 2: 2006 IPCC National GHG inventory Guidelines - Waste Sector Disaggregated CategoriesAnnex 3: Energy Sector AEG Electricity Demand Emissions Projection (kt CO2)Annex 4: Non-Energy Process Emissions and Electricity Demand Emissions Projections (GIADEC programme) for the Extractive Industry (Mt CO2e) not included in the AEG Annex 5: Decarbonized electricity supply estimation to meet AEG demand projectionsAnnex 6: Country-specific CO2 intensity of Natural Gas -Thermal power generation (tonne CO2 per MWh) Estimation, 2012-2014Annex 7: Energy sector emission reduction strategiesAnnex 8: Energy Sector StakeholdersAnnex 9: Waste Sector StakeholdersAnnex 10: Grid Electricity Generation by Plant (GWh) and Total Installed Generation Capacity (MW)
2
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
Table 1: Energy sector disaggregated key categories, 2016 (Source NIR 4) 7
Figure 1: Comparison of BAU and AEG emissions projection of electricity demand for 2020-2030 10
Table 2: Emission contribution (tCO2) of energy sector key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories, from 2020-2030 11
Table 3 : AEG and GIADEC projected production of cement, iron and steel and aluminium (tonnes), 2020-2030 13
Table 4: Energy-related and non-energy process emissions projection for extractive industry, not included in AEG 14
Table 5: Electricity demand emissions and associated non-energy industrial process-related emissions from extractive industries under development (kt CO2-e) 15
Table 6a: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 18
Table 6b: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 19
Table 6c: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential 19
Table 7: Waste sector disaggregated key categories (2016) 22
Table 8: 4.A.1 and 4.A.2 BAU emission projection parameters 23
Table 9: Waste sector mitigation action parameters 28
Table 10: Revised sector mitigation actions and cumulative emission reduction potential by 2020 29
Figure 1: Comparison of BAU and AEG emissions projection of electricity demand for 2020-2030 10
Figure 2: Energy sector AEG emission projections by key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories (2020-2030) 12
Figure 3: Non-energy process-related emissions and energy-related emissions projection under GIADEC initiatives not included in AEG 14
Figure 4: Historical and AEG electricity generation (GWh) mix 2010-2030 16
Figure 5: Carbon intensity (tCO2/MWh) trend with declining hydropower fraction, 2010-2030 17
Figure 6: Waste resource streams and potential 3 R-MINT under NESSAP 23
Figure 7: BAU emission projections of methane from SWDS without gas recovery 24
Figure 8: Trend of historical emissions and BAU emission projections (%) by type of degradable 3R waste resources 25
Figure 9: Trend of degradable waste resources’ (food, paper, textile wastes) share of historical emissions and BAU emission projections, 2000-2030 (MtCO2e) 25
Figure 10: Share of SWDS BAU emissions by disaggregated key categories and critical non-key category 26
Figure 11: Mitigation actions: Material balance of 3R-MINT waste resources 27
Figure 12: Annual SWDS emission reduction projection relative to business-as-usual from 2019-2030 30
Figure 13: Trend of weighted MCF of methane emission with increasing fraction of managed SWDS 31
Figure 14: Net emission reduction potential from 3R-composting plants’ mitigation actions relative to BAU 32
3
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AD Activity Data
AD-STPs Anaerobic Digester-Septage Treatment Plants
AEG Accelerated Economic Growth
AFJ Aquaculture for Food and Jobs
AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use
ALU Agriculture and Land Use
BAU Business as Usual
BUR Biennial Update Report
BRT Bus Rapid Transit
CC Climate Change
COP Conference of the Parties
CPESDP President’s Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social Development Policies
DFO Distillate Fuel Oil
DOC Degradable Organic Content
EFs Emission Factors
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FOLU Forestry and Land Use
GCF Green Climate Fund
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEF Global Environment Facility
GIADEC Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation
GIP Ghana Infrastructure Plan
GH Ghana
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GNPP Ghana’s Nuclear Power Programme
GVC Global Value Chain
GWh Giga Watt Hour
HDDVs Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles
HFO Heavy Fuel Oil
iNDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Units
IPPs Independent Power Producers
KCA Key Category Analysis
KIIs Key Informant Interviews
LCDS Low Carbon Development Strategy
LCO Light Crude Oil
LDDVs Light Duty Diesel Vehicles
LEAP Long-Range Energy Alternatives Planning
LTNDP Long-term National Development Plan
MAP Mitigation Action plans
MINT Materials-in-transition
MESTI Ministry of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation
MM&E Ministry of Monitoring and Evaluation
MSW Municipal Solid Waste
MTDPs Medium Term Development Plans
MVC Manufacturing Value Chain
MW Megawatt
MtCO2 Million tonne Carbon Dioxide
NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
NCCP National Climate Change Policy
NCs National Communications
NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions
NE Not Estimated
NESSAP National Environment Sanitation Strategy Action Plan
NIR National Inventory Report
NG Natural Gas
NPP Ghana’s Nuclear Power Programme
PaMs Policies and Measures
PERD Planting for Export and Rural Development programme
PFCs Perfluorocarbons
PFJs Planting for Food and Jobs
1D1F One-District, One-Factory
1V1D One-Village-One-Dam
RE Renewable Energy
RFJ Rearing for Food and Jobs
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SWDS Solid Waste Disposal Sites
TOR Term of Reference
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework for Convention on Climate Change
USD Unites States dollars
WWTD Waste Water Treatment and Discharge
3Rs Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
4
5
1 INTRODUCTIONGhana submitted its intended nationally determined contribution (GH-iNDC)1 to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on 21st September 2015. Pursuant to Articles 4.2 and 4.9 of the Paris
Agreement, “Each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions
that it intends to achieve. Parties that have submitted their NDCs shall provide the first update by 2020 and every five
years thereafter. Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such
contributions.”
This report serves as an input for the preparatory work Ghana would undertake in 2020 to update its NDC which was
submitted in 2015.
2 SCOPE The energy sector and the waste sector NDC BAU projections have been revised based on the disaggregated key
categories and disaggregated non-key categories identified by the authors and that are of particular importance in the
respective sectors. In addition, energy-related and associated non-energy process-related emissions, which were not
considered in the 2015 NDC projections that would result, during the NDC implementation period, from the extractive
industry categories’ productive activities, have also been considered in the revised BAU projections.
The BAU projections have also been informed by the Ghana Infrastructure Plan (GIP) currently being developed and
implemented (see Section 3.4). These emission projections are based on new and emerging projects, policies and
measures (PaMs) to bridge the gap between resource endowment and resource use within the framework of the GIP
to support national development efforts. These initiatives are deemed to contribute substantially to achieving the
objectives of the government’s Ghana Beyond Aid policy. The projections also considered Ghana’s emissions reduction
policies, programmes and projects as contained in its Low Carbon Development Strategy (LCDS) and National Climate
Change Master Plan documents.
The disaggregated sectoral categories considered are based on the NIR 4 Key Categories Analysis (2019). The
contributions of the disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories to the BAU projections and the
emissions reductions planned, implemented and ongoing have guided the identification of relevant public and private
sector organizations that would be key to implementing individual category emission reduction plans, programmes
and projects towards the realization of Ghana’s NDCs under the Paris Agreement.
The emission reduction contributions projected to be realized by the identified stakeholders shall be provided during
the stakeholder consultation to engage and guide the private and public sector in the working group discussion and
development of the plan to implement the individual mitigation actions.
1 https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Ghana%20First/GH_INDC_2392015.pdf
In 2016, energy sector emissions accounted for 15.02 MtCO2e, representing 79 percent of total national emissions
of 29.28 MtCO2e (excluding net emissions from Forestry and Land Use (FOLU)). Emissions increased by 10.9 percent
relative to 2012 historical national emissions, which were the basis of the NDC BAU projections. The rising emission
trend in the energy sector is driven by the increasing use of liquid fuels in transport and by thermal power generation
for electricity production. Light crude oil was the dominant fuel for electricity generation until 2010, when natural gas
joined the group of fossil fuels, due primarily to its cost effectiveness. The transport category accounted for 48 percent,
followed by the energy industry (35 percent) and manufacturing and construction (7.2 percent).
The relatively low contribution of the energy industry, the manufacturing industry and construction to national emissions
reflects very low exploitation and use of the country’s mineral resource endowments for national development. However,
based on implementation of Ghana’s ambitious national energy infrastructure plan, the accelerated resource-based
industrial development of the national economy’s manufacturing and construction sectors could alter the current
situation. Those sectors could significantly increase energy-related emissions and associated non-energy process-
related emissions, particularly from the metal and non-metallic mineral production categories, by 2030 (see Section 3.2).
3.1 SECTORAL DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIESThe energy sector’s revised BAU and emission reduction projections have considered disaggregated key categories,
increasingly important non-key categories and emerging categories. Both of the latter two could become key by trend/
level by 2030 based on their increasing importance under Ghana’s accelerated economic growth (AEG) agenda.
3.1.1 DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES
The 2006 IPCC national inventory guidelines’ energy sector disaggregation is provided in Annex 1a. The disaggregated
key categories identified by the key category analysis (KCA) in 2016 NIR 4 and BUR 2 are summarized in Table 1. By
level of contribution, they are:
• 1A3b-road transport and 1A3c-railways under 1A3-Transport;
• 1A1ai-electricity generation (thermal power plants);
• 1A2-maniufacturing and construction industry disaggregated categories; and,
• 1A4b-residential energy-use.
6
3 ENERGY SECTOR
3.1.2 INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
In 2016, emissions from disaggregated non-key categories under 1B2-fugitive emissions in the oil and natural gas
industry, particularly venting and flaring (see Table 1 and Annex 2), represented 0.2 percent of total national emissions.
The small contribution of the oil and natural gas category is attributed to implementation of the national emission
reduction policy on the capture, processing and use of natural gas. This is in accordance with Ghana’s zero-flaring
and venting policy and the substitution of high-carbon intensity light crude oil (LCO) with natural gas in thermal power
generation, as outlined in its LCDS and the NCC master plan.
Another important disaggregated non-key category discussed is 1A1c-manufacture of solid fuel (charcoal and wood
fuel). Both remain the largest primary source of heating fuel in Ghana, accounting for 67 percent of primary energy
in 2016, followed by crude oil (22.8 percent) and natural gas (3.5 percent)2. These solid fuels could be produced as
renewable energy products that could help transform a predominantly non-renewable product (99.5 percent) into an
increasingly renewable one. This could drive agroforestry for renewable biomass production within the charcoal value
chain, offering emission reduction opportunities, and address relevant SDGs (See Section 3.5, MAP 8).
The disaggregated non-key categories under 1A4 – that is, commercial and institutional (1A4a) and residential (1A4b)
- have also been considered based on ongoing energy efficiency and renewable technology transfer programmes
offering significant emission reduction opportunities in the residential, industry and services sectors of the economy
(see Table 1).
3.1.3 EMERGING DISAGGREGATED SECTOR CATEGORIES NOT CONSIDERED IN THE NDC-BAU THAT ARE LIKELY TO BE KEY BY 2030
The energy sector’s disaggregated categories under 1A2 Manufacturing and construction industry category (that is, 1A2a
Ferrous metals - iron and steel from iron ore, and 1A2b non-ferrous metals - aluminium production from bauxite; 1A2c
chemicals - ammonia and petrochemicals from oil and gas, and 1A2f non-metallic minerals - cement from limestone)
were not included in the NDC-BAU in 2015. They could become key categories by 2030 and have also been integrated
in the BAU projections. This is in consideration of Ghana’s increasing commitment to implement its AEG plan under
the emerging policy, Ghana Beyond Aid.
The revised BAU emissions projection for the energy sector has also considered and accounted for disaggregated
categories in industrial processes and product use (IPPU) associated with the emerging energy sector disaggregated
categories. They could become key categories during the NDC implementation period, given their increasing importance
under the AEG scenario. These include 2A1-Cement/clinker production, 2C1 Iron and steel production, and 2C3-
Aluminium production (see Annex 1b and Section 3.4).
Table 1: Energy sector disaggregated key categories, 2016 (Source NIR 4)
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS
STATUS BY TREND/LEVEL ASSESSMENT
EMISSIONS LEVEL (MTCO2E)
CONTRIBUTION TO LEVEL, 2016
KEY CATEGORIES DISAGGREGATION
1A3 1A3b Road transport CO2 L, T 5.92 11.11%
1.A3bi Passenger cars
1.A3bii Light-duty truck
1.A3biii Heavy-duty & buses
1.A3biv Motorcycle
2 NIR 4, 2016 pg. 111 of 318
7
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS
STATUS BY TREND/LEVEL ASSESSMENT
EMISSIONS LEVEL (MTCO2E)
CONTRIBUTION TO LEVEL, 2016
1A1 1A1ai Electricity generation (thermal power plants) CO2 L, T 5.04 9.46%
1A1ai (a) Light crude oil (LCO)
1A1ai (b) Diesel (No.6 Fuel Oil)
1A1ai (c) Heavy fuel oil (HFO)
1A1ai (d) Distillate fuel oil (DFO)
1A1ai (e) Natural gas (NG)
1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction (existing) CO2 L, T 1.94 3.64%
1.A2a Iron and steel (scrap recycle)
1 A 2bNon-ferrous metals: aluminium production from alumina imports
1.A2c Chemicals
1.A2d Pulp, paper & print
1.A2e Food processing, beverage & tobacco
1.A2i Mining & quarrying
1A3 1A3c Railways CO2 L, T 0.94 1.77%
1A4 1A4b Residential CH4 L, T 0.85 1.59%
IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
1A1 1.A1ci Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable & non-renewable)
1.A1ci (a)Woody biomass for charcoal production (renewable and non-renewable)
N2O, CH4
Non-key 0.096 0.18%
1A4 Other energy consumption categories/demand side
1 A 4a Commercial and Industrial CO2 Non-key 1.08 2.04%
1B Fugitive emissions
1B2 Oil and natural gas CO2 Non-key 0.024 0.05%
IMPORTANT DISAGGREGATED NON-KEY CATEGORIES
1A1 1.A1ci Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable & non-renewable)
1.A1ci (a)Woody biomass for charcoal production (renewable and non-renewable)
N2O, CH4
Non-key 0.0963 0.18%
1A4 Other energy consumption categories/demand side
1 A 4a Commercial and Industrial CO2 Non-key 1.084 2.04%
1B Fugitive emissions
1B2 Oil and natural gas CO2 Non-key 0.0245 0.05%
3 Section 3.6.5.1.1.3 Manufacture of solid fuels (1. A1ci), NIR 4 (2016) page 138.4 Section 3.6.5.4.1 Overview of fuel consumption and emissions in “other sectors”, NIR 4 (2016), page 155.5 Section 3.7.1.1 Emissions from Oil and Natural gas (1.B2), NIR 4 (2016), page 158.
8
9
IPCC CATEGORY/ECONOMIC SECTORS GAS
STATUS BY TREND/LEVEL ASSESSMENT
EMISSIONS LEVEL (MTCO2E)
CONTRIBUTION TO LEVEL, 2016
EMERGING DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES LIKELY TO BE KEY BY 2030
1A2Manufacturing industries & construction (on-going and planned under AEG & GIP)
1 A 2aFerrous metals: iron and steel production from iron ore
CO2
1 A 2bNon-ferrous metals: aluminium production from bauxite and alumina
CO2
1 A 2cChemicals: ammonia and fertilizer from natural gas
CO2
1 A 2f Non-metallic minerals: cement from limestone CO2
3.2 REVISED ENERGY SECTOR BAU EMISSIONS PROJECTION The revised energy sector BAU projection is based on both the conventional business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and
an accelerated economic growth (AEG) scenario for 2010-2030. The projections take 2010 as their base year. The
Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) simulation tool has been used for the revised BAU and AEG scenario
projections. This methodology is built on the Energy Commission’s energy sector modelling programme. The LEAP
model has been used to simulate plausible AEG energy demand emission scenarios (see Annex 3).
Preliminary estimates of the electricity supply requirements to meet the AEG demand projections have been conducted
consistent with the LCDS objectives to decarbonize activities throughout the entire economy (see Annex 5). The results
indicate the country’s future electricity supply requirements to achieve the AEG and the transition from the current
energy basket to a mix of hydropower, natural gas, renewable energy and nuclear power by 2030. The substitution of
natural gas for light crude oil (LCO), penetration of renewable energy (RE), and integration of nuclear power are key
strategic mitigation actions that can help to decarbonize the AEG, via equivalent ambitious emission reduction actions
to meet Ghana’s nationally determined commitments under the Paris Agreement.
3.2.1 THE CONVENTIONAL BAU SCENARIO
The conventional BAU scenario is normally based on historical trends (2010-2015) and progress in implementing
sectoral PaMs and the socioeconomic policy goals outlined in the MTDPs. The energy sector PaMs that drive energy
demand include: (a) achieving universal access to the national electricity grid by 2020; and, (b) increasing power
generation capacity to 5,000 MW by 2020 to meet the energy demand, responding to Ghana’s projected socioeconomic
development indicators by 2030, namely:
• population expected to increase from 24.7 million in 2010 to 38 million in 2030, at an average annual rate of 2.17 percent6 ;
• urbanization projected to increase from 50.9 percent in 2010 to 65.0 percent in 2030, at an average annual rate of
1.2 percent; and
• GDP projected to increase at an average annual rate of 7.1 percent, from US$ 32.2 billion (current prices) in 2010 at to
US$ 126.9 billion (current prices) in 2030 7.
3.2.2 THE ACCELERATED ECONOMIC GROWTH (AEG) SCENARIO
The AEG scenario is premised on implementation of the government’s additional PaMs to achieve the Ghana Beyond
Aid vision outlined in the assessment report. They are based on the GIP8, a companion document to the draft Long-term
National Development Plan (LTNDP, 2020-2040) and the President’s Coordinated Programme of Economic and Social
6 Ghana Statistical Service, Ghana Population Projection, October 2014. 7 In the Ghana Long Term National Development Plan (2018-2057) concept paper 2016, real GDP in 2030 would be US$ 29.73 billion. The average annual
growth rate of 7.1 percent from 2010 to 2030 for the BAU scenario is also in line with the Ministry of Finance’s 2017-2019 average annual growth rate of 7.4 percent (with oil) and 5.6 percent (without oil) (20th April 2017 letter, referenced MOF/RSD/ADMIN/03/17).
8 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/new-ndpc-static1/CACHES/PUBLICATIONS/2017/10/24/Presentation1.pdf
MIL
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ON
NE
S O
F C
O2
30.0
40.0
50.0
70.0
60.0
80.0
90.0
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20302029202820272026
48.2
33.4
50.3
34.4
52.4
35.6
54.9
36.8
57.6
38.0
65.8
39.4
69.7
40.8
69.0
42.4
73.7
44.1
78.6
45.9
83.7
47.8
YEAR
Accelerated Economic Growth Business as Usual
10
Development Policies (CPESDP) for 2017-20249. The revised projections under the AEG scenario are thus driven by
the Ghana Energy and Transport Infrastructure Frameworks; the flagship industrial development initiatives and projects,
including the strategic anchor initiatives, One-District-One-Factory (1D1F), One-Village-One-Dam (1V1D), Planting for Food
and Jobs and Aquaculture for Food and Jobs (AFJ); and, crucially, the energy intensive extractive industry, namely iron
and steel development and the integrated aluminium and clinker/cement industries.
The revised BAU projection refers to industrial process-related CO2 emissions from the mineral (limestone mining and
clinker production) and metal industries (iron and steel and aluminium production). Mineral industry emissions result from
the calcination of carbonate compounds, during which a metallic oxide is formed and CO2 is released.10 The process-
related CO2 emissions from the metal industry, on the other hand, result from the use of carbon as a process reactant
and heat source to drive the chemical reactions involved in the metallurgical processes.11 Both process-related emissions
are in addition to fossil-based electricity demand emissions in the mineral and metal industries. As the Government
of Ghana pursues implementation of its extractive industry development framework, the projected process-related
emissions associated with the industrial sector development would be significant (see section 3.4). These issues were
not considered during formulation of the NDC in 2015.
3.2.3 COMPARISON OF THE TRADITIONAL BAU AND AEG PROJECTION SCENARIOS
This revised BAU and AEG projections approach highlights the challenges of the AEG projected energy and non-energy
process-related CO2 emissions relative to the traditional BAU in achieving the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. It also provides
the basis for decarbonizing the national economy under the AEG, in accordance with the LCDS, to meet the LCDS and
the NCC master plan for emissions reduction. It is intended to form the basis for building national consensus among all
economic development actors, both state and non-state, during the 2020 NDC update and subsequent implementation.
Figure 1 compares emission projections under the BAU and AEG scenarios. The results indicate that the sectoral AEG
scenario may contribute 83.7MtCO2 emissions, compared to the BAU sectoral total of 47.8MtCO2, by 2030. The energy
sector AEG emission projection is substantially higher than the total NDC emission, projected at 73MtCO2-e in 2015.
The share of emissions from electricity demand for the disaggregated key and important non-key categories under the
AEG scenario is discussed in Section 3.3.
Figure 1: Comparison of BAU and AEG emissions projection of electricity demand for 2020-2030
9 Section 4: Final Assessment Report: Potential drivers of future emissions and corresponding emission reduction opportunities that must be reflected in the 2020 NDCs.
10 Industrial processes sector (mineral production category), IPCC 2006 guidelines, Chapter 4: Metal Industry Emissions Section 2.1 pg. 2.6 https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_2_Ch2_Mineral_Industry.pdf
11 Industrial processes sector (metal production category), IPCC 2006 guidelines, Volume 3: Industrial Processes and Product Use, Chapter 4: Metal Industry Emissions Section 4.1 pg. 4.8 https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/3_Volume3/V3_4_Ch4_Metal_Industry.pdf
11
3.3 SHARE OF SECTORAL KEY DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES OF AEG PROJECTIONS
Figure 2 shows the trend in share of emissions from electricity demand for the disaggregated key and important non-
key categories from 2020-2030. Table 2 also summarizes the key disaggregated categories with identifiable activities
occurring and those that would occur in Ghana during NDC implementation (2020-2030).
The analysis of the AEG projections indicates the economic sectors that would drive emissions and also provide
technology transfer and emission reduction opportunities. Cumulative sectoral emissions from 2020 to 2030 are
estimated at 684 MtCO2, with annual emissions increasing by 73.8 percent, from 48.181 MtCO2 (2020) to 83.720
MtCO2 (2030).
Residential energy demand will contribute 24.5 percent of cumulative emissions by 2030, followed by the road transport
disaggregated categories, with passenger cars (20.3 percent) and the expanding railway category sharing 10.8 percent.
Residential solar PV systems using mini-wind energy instead of electricity to charge batteries would be a significant
emissions reduction action in the on-going national rooftop solar programmes. Vehicle fuel efficiency, mass public
transport and introduction of electric vehicles would help transform the road transport sector and offer significant
benefits in terms of emission reductions. Transitioning from LCO thermal power generation with NG-power generation,
followed by nuclear energy by 2030, would achieve the decarbonization of energy-intensive extractive industries.
Table 2: Emission contribution (tCO2) of energy sector key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories, from 2020-2030
ENERGY SECTOR KEY AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES 2020 2025 2030
CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS 2020-2030
% SHARE OFCUMULATIVE EMISSIONS
1A2 Manufacturing and Construction Industries 2,004 8,731 17,567 88,446 12.6%
1A2a Iron and steel 14.8 3,022 7,403 30,072 4.3%
1A2b Integrated aluminium industry (excluding GIADEC (see Section 3.4))
6.4 2,75 6,298 26,676 3.8%
1.A2i Mining & quarrying 1,184 1,661 2,249 18,251 2.6%
Other 799 1,293 1,617 13,447 1.9%
1A3 Transport 17,11 24,096 31,330 261,407 37.1%
1.A.3b Road transport 13,813 17,290 18,716 181,494 25.8%
1.A3bi Passenger cars 10,212 12,843 16,049 142,575 20.3%
1.A3bii Light duty diesel vehicles (LDDVs) truck 1,665 1,958 2,295 21,636 3.1%
1.A3biii Heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) & buses 1,630 2,151Phased
out13,554 1.9%
1.A3c Railways 3,117 6,475 12,054 76,087 10.8%
Others 185 331 560 3,826 0.5%
1A4 Other 15,249 15,692 16,107 172,581 24.52%
1.A4b Residential 15,242 15,682 16,090 172,464 24.50%
Others 6.24 10.22 16.34 117.11 0.02%
TOTAL (ALL CATEGORIES) 48,181 65,810 83,720 683,927
Mt
C0
2e
YEAR
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.002020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20302029202820272026
1A2 Manufacturing and Construction I ndustries 1A4 Other Energy demand/consumption categories1A3 Transport
12
Figure 2: Energy sector AEG emission projections by key disaggregated categories and important non-key categories (2020-2030)
3.4 PROJECTED MINERAL AND METAL INDUSTRIES NON-ENERGY PROCESS-RELATED EMISSIONS AND ADDITIONAL PROJECTED FOSSIL-BASED ENERGY-RELATED EMISSIONS CONSIDERED (NOT INCLUDED IN THE AEG SCENARIO)
3.4.1 PLANNED PRODUCTION OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY UNDER DEVELOPMENT
The CO2 emissions associated with electricity demand from the 2 million-tonne integrated aluminium industry, as well as
non-energy process-related CO2e emissions not included in the AEG and NDC, have been estimated for the emerging
industrial process categories that are either under development and/or being implemented. They include 2A1: Cement
production from limestone12; 2C1: Iron and steel production from iron ore13; and 2C3: Aluminium smelter from bauxite-
alumina plants (See Annex 4). Table 3 provides an overview of the AEG and GIADEC projected production based on the
Ghanaian government’s industrial development programme as outlined in the 1D1F policy and Ghana Beyond Aid vision.
12 0.44Mta cement factory in Buipe, in the northern region of Ghana. The new US$90m project was officially inaugurated https://www.cemnet.com/News/story/156638/savanna-diamond-cement-launches-new-ghana-plant.html The $50 million investment produces one million tonnes of Portland Limestone Cement of 42.5R, 42.5N and 32.5R grades per year at Bokoro, in the Ahanta West District near Takoradi. https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/president-mahama-inaugurates-cement-factory-in-wr.html
13 Commissioning of US$8m 60,000-tonne capacity iron and steel factory under 1D1F. https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ghana-news-80m-iron-steel-factory-commissioned-at-kpone.html // https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/sod-cut-for-80m-steel-factory-under-1d1f-programme.html
13
Table 3 : AEG and GIADEC projected production of cement, iron and steel and aluminium (tonnes), 2020-2030
IPCC DISAGGREGATED CATEGORY 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
2A1 CEMENT PRODUCTION
Limestone mining 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100
Clinker production 839 839 839 839 839 839 839
2C1 IRON AND STEEL
Iron production 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,667 10,333 12,000
Pig iron production 3,000 3,600 4,200 5,200 6,200 7,200
Steel production 2,400 2,880 3,360 4,160 4,960 5,760
Steel milling production 205 225 245 266 286 2,706 3,216 3,727 4,557 5,388 6,218
2C3 INTEGRATED ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY
Bauxite mining 1,422 1,458 1,494 1,530 1,566 1,602 1,638 1,674 1,710 1,746 1,782
Alumina production 510 522 534 546 558 570 582 594
Aluminium production 120 160 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
GIADEC projected aluminium production (not included in AEG)
200 200 800 800 1,600 1,600 1,800
3.4.2 ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS AND NON-ENERGY PROCESS-RELATED EMISSIONS PROJECTION
Based on the average electricity requirement of 15.5MWh per tonne of aluminium for pre-baked cathode pot operation,
the current aluminium technology, the total natural gas baseload electricity demand for the aluminium smelters for an
additional 1,800kt in addition to VALCO (200kt) is estimated at 27,900 GWh (4,000 MW) by 2030. Based on the derived
CS-NG-thermal power supply carbon intensity (755tCO2/GWh), energy-related emissions are estimated at 21.06 MtCO2
(derived baseline power generation efficiency of 32 percent)14 (see Annex 6).
The industrial process non-energy process-related emissions from important non-key categories as at 2015 are: 2A1:
Cement production from limestone; 2C1- Iron and steel production from iron ore (22.104 MtCO2); and, 2C3: Aluminium
production from alumina - are estimated in Table 4. The three categories under development could potentially contribute
a total of 53.30MtCO2 in energy and non-energy process-related emissions in 2030. Figure 3 gives the non-energy
process-related emissions and additional energy related-emissions from use of NG-based power for GIADEC aluminium
production initiatives. These categories, which were not considered in the NDCs, could potentially become key
categories during the NDC implementation period.
14 Volume 2: Energy, Table 1.3 (2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories) https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_1_Ch1_Introduction.pdf
Mt
C0
2e
YEAR
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.002020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20302029202820272026
0.97 2.34
9.21
0.44
22.10
53.30
21.06
9.69
0.44
2A1 Cement/Clinker Production - MtCO2
2C1 Iron and Steel Production - MtCO2
2C3 Aluminum Production
1A2b Projected electricity emissions: Aluminium Production under GIADEC-NtCO2-e initiatives (not included in AEG)
Total (1A2b+2A1+2C1+2C3)
14
Table 4: Energy-related and non-energy process emissions projection for extractive industry not included in AEG
DISAGGREGATED CATEGORY UNITS 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
2A1 Cement /Clinker Production
MtCO2 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.436 0.436
2C1 Iron and Steel Making
MtCO2 9.21 11.05 12.89 15.96 19.03 22.10
2C3 Aluminium Production
MtCO2-e 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 1.94 1.94 4.85 4.85 8.72 8.72 9.69
CO2 MtCO2 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.350 0.700 0.700 1.750 1.750 3.150 3.150 3.500
PFC-CF4 MtCO2-e 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.530 1.061 .061 2.652 2.652 4.774 4.774 5.304
PFC-C2F6 MtCO2-e 0.089 0.089 0.08 0.0889 0.178 177.6 0.444 0.444 0.799 0.799 0.888
Non-energy process-related emissions
MtCO2-e 0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 2.37 11.58 16.33 18.18 25.12 28.19 32.23
1A2b Energy-related emissions: aluminium production (GIADEC projected)
MtCO2 2.34 2.34 9.36 9.36 18.72 18.72 21.06
Total extractive industry emissions (1A2b, 2A1, 2C1, 2C3)
0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 4.715 13.925 25.696 27.538 43.847 46.917 53.297
Figure 3: Non-energy process-related emissions and energy-related emissions projection under GIADEC initiatives not included in AEG
15
3.4.3 THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL BAU EMISSIONS
The total electricity demand emissions projection (not covered in the AEG projection) and associated mineral and metal
industries process-related emissions from the emerging extractive industry under development – that is, cement, iron
and steel and integrated aluminium industry - is summarized in Table 5. The projected emissions suggest that the
extractive industry could contribute 34.77MtCO2 in energy-related emissions and 32.23 MtCO2 in non-energy industrial
process emissions to Ghana’s BAU emissions. This should be reflected in the 2020 update.
Table 5: Electricity demand emissions and associated non-energy industrial process-related emissions from extractive industries under development (kt CO2-e)
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS 2020-2030
Energy and non-energy emerging emissions (kt)
990.40 992.50 994.70 1,240.9 4,995.03 19,702.13 32,598.33 35,572.53 53,758.53 58,717.23 66,997.83 276,560.12
Energy sector disaggregated categories (see Annex 1a)
1A2 Manufacturing and Construction Industries
1A2aIron and steel (AEG)
14.80 16.70 18.70 20.90 23.10 3,021.70 3,640.20 4,264.80 5,300.60 6,346.60 7,403.40 30,071.50
1A2b
Integrated aluminium industry (bauxite, alumina, aluminium)
6.40 6.60 6.80 250.80 256.70 2,755.20 3,261.80 3,769.40 4,610.80 5,453.50 6,297.60 26,675.60
1A2bGIADEC aluminium production
2,340.50 2,340.50 9,362.00 9,362.00 18,724.00 18,724.00 21,064.50 81,917.50
Energy emission subtotal 21.20 23.30 25.50 271.70 2,620.30 8,117.40 16,264.00 17,396.20 28,635.40 30,524.10 34,765.50 138,664.60
Industrial processes disaggregated categories (See Annex 1b)
2A Mineral Industry
2A1 Cement /clinker production
- - - 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 436.33 3,054.32
2C Metal Industry
2C1 Iron and steel
9,210.00 11,052.00 12,894.00 15,964.00 19,034.00 22,104.00 90,258.00
2C3 Aluminium production (VALCO & GIADEC)
969.20 969.20 969.20 969.20 1,938.40 1,938.40 4,846.00 4,846.00 8,722.80 8,722.80 9,692.00 44,583.20
Non-energy process-related emissions 969.20 969.20 969.20 969.20 2,374.73 11,584.73 16,334.33 18,176.33 25,123.13 28,193.13 32,232.33 137,895.52
The potentially significant increase in the AEG emissions projection does offer ambitious emission reduction
opportunities in baseload energy generation options to limit emissions from implementation of extractive industry
projects under the industrial development framework. These include nuclear energy (to avoid coal power production
without carbon capture and storage technology) and industrial process optimization and energy efficiency mitigation
technologies in integrated iron and steel production and integrated aluminium industry (including PFCs mitigation in
aluminium smelting operations).
3.4.4 AEG ELECTRICITY GENERATION MIX PROJECTIONS
Annex 5 provides the electricity generation requirements to meet AEG electricity demand projections. The power
generation mix was derived based on the following:
• Hydropower production capacity expansion is limited to 6,950 GWh from 2020, based on remaining limited exploitable
hydropower resources;
• Renewable energy penetration rate will grow steadily to 10 percent of total electricity generation by 2030, in accordance
with Ghana’s SE4ALL national plan and decarbonization of the electricity mix;
16
• Natural gas thermal generation will substitute LCO-power generation, with some plants maintaining dual-firing systems
(NG and LCO) for generation security purposes;
• 1,000MW nuclear energy comes on stream by 2029 as part of electricity decarbonization programme, as Ghana
continues to implement its energy and infrastructure frameworks with projected 50,000 MW power installation by
2040; and,
• The national average carbon intensity (MWh/t CO2) has been estimated using three-year NG-only electricity generation
(GWh/y) from 2015-2017, the share of electricity generation emissions of the total national emissions for the period, and
IPCC default NCV (net calorific value) of NG (Annex 6).
The electricity generation required to implement the AEG is estimated at 12,000MW by 2030 (additional capacity is
approximately 7,600MW). Ghana’s electricity mix will shift substantially from hydropower production (37 percent) and
thermal generation (63 percent) in 2018 to hydropower production (6.3 percent), thermal generation (77.2 percent),
renewable energy (10 percent) and nuclear (6.5 percent). Figure 4 presents the electricity mix and carbon intensity
trend, based on the baseline average generation efficiency of 30-32% of NG-fired thermal power plants.
Figure 4: Historical and AEG electricity generation (GWh) mix 2010-2030
EN
ER
GY
GE
NE
RA
TIO
N (G
Wh
)
YEAR
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0.002020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20302029202820272026
Hydro GWh Thermal GWh RE-Solar GWh Nuclear
The carbon intensity of the increasing NG-baseload electricity generation peaks at 0.669 tCO2/MWh in 2021, from
0.252 tCO2/MWh in 2010 when the hydropower fraction was 68.8 percent (2010) and thermal power, 31.2 percent (see
Annex 10 and Figure 5). It decreases gradually to 0.583 tCO2/MWh as solar penetration reaches 10 percent and nuclear
integration reaches 6.5 percent. The increasing carbon intensity with NG-baseload power generation offers emission
reduction opportunities to develop GCF projects that can generate the additional 7,500MW by 2030 by:
• Generating additional NG-thermal power (75,500 GWh) through:
• retrofitting existing single-cycle thermal power plants (30-32%) to combined cycle power plants with benchmark
generation efficiency of 60-62% (see Section 3.5);15
• installation of new combined cycle power plants with benchmark generation efficiency of 60-62%. (see Section 3.5) ;
15 GE Power : Breaking the power plant efficiency record https://www.ge.com/power/about/insights/articles/2016/04/power-plant-efficiency-record
PE
RC
EN
T E
NE
RG
Y
CA
RB
ON
INTE
NS
ITY
YEAR
100.0% 0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
90.0%
80.0%
70.0%
60.0%
50.0%
40.0%
30.0%
20.0%
10.0%0.100
0.0%2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 20302029202820272026
% Hydro % Thermal % RE-Solar % Nuclear Carbon intensity
17
• 10% RE (11,100 GWh), composed of 75 percent solar PV (8,316 GWh) and 25 percent other (2,773 GWh); and,
• 6.5 percent nuclear (7,200GWh).
Figure 5: Carbon intensity (tCO2/MWh) trend with declining hydropower fraction, 2010-2030
3.5 SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES
3.5.1 SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES ACHIEVED AND INVESTMENTS BY 2019
Ghana has adopted a variety of national and sector mitigation policies to promote achievement of the national
emission reduction commitments in its NDC 2015 and the country’s sustainable development objectives. Energy
sector investments, which have increased since 2015 to implement a National Climate Change Policy and Low Carbon
Development Strategy, that seek to unlock the investment opportunities in mitigation actions16 include:
a. Ramped-up investments $13.2 billion to expand production, processing and use of natural gas, with adoption of the
National Gas Master Plan to back it;
b. Increased annual installed capacity of renewable energy from 2.9 MW in 2013 to 42.7MW in 2017; and,
c. Implementation of the National Railway Master Plan to modernize railway network nationwide by mobilizing $7.8 billion
investments into the 1,394-km rail network.
16 Section 4.2 Policies and measures for the achievement of emission targets Ghana’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR-2). https://unfccc.int/documents/193159; https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf
18
3.5.2 ON-GOING AND PLANNED SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES, 2020-2-2030
Ghana’s carbon emissions would increase substantially relative to the NDCs’ projection of 73 MtCO2e under the AEG
scenario, which is aimed at achieving the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. The ambitious resource-based development during
the NDC implementation period poses both greater emissions-related challenges and emission reduction opportunities,
in accordance with its low-carbon development policies and strategies and Ghana’s emissions reduction master plan.
The identified emission reduction strategies consistent with SE4All, LCDS, and the NCCP master plans for 2020, 2025
and 2030 are outlined in Annex 7. The individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions to decarbonize
the energy sector (mitigation action plans), and associated GHG emission potentials17 are summarized in Table 6:
MAP-1: 1A1-category: decarbonizing the increasing baseload energy generation from 3,795 MW (2018) to 25,000MW
(2030) as the contribution from hydropower sources declines and natural gas production capacity increases;
MAP-2: scaling-up low-emission factor renewable energy (RE) (on-grid and off-grid utility scale solar PV);
MAP-3: integrating no-carbon energy sources;
MAP-4: Category 1A2 - installing higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial plants;
MAP-5: Category 1A3b - decarbonizing road transport;
MAP-6: Category 1A3c - decarbonizing railway transport;
MAP-7: Category 1A4 - energy efficiency and sustainable consumption of residential energy; and,
MAP-8: Category 1 B - oil and natural gas and solid fuels fugitive emissions reduction.
Table 6a: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED
CATEGORIES CODESEMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
EMISSION REDUCTION/CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED
ktCO2-E/YR2014-2017
ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-1 1A1 Decarbonizing increasing baseload electricity generation (1A1) in energy industry
1.1 1A1aiNew natural gas thermal power plants at relatively higher prices - alternative to coal/LCO plants
NE
1.2 1A1aiExisting single cycle to combined cycle power plants, raising baseline NG-fired efficiency of 30-32% to 55-60% (old bench mark)
398.5 3.3
1.3 1A1ai Switch from LCO to natural gas NE
1.4 1A1ai Switch from fuel oil to natural gas NE
17 Mitigation Progress Tracker, Ghana’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR 2), 2019 pgs. 25-27. https://unfccc.int/documents/193159; https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf
19
Table 6b: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED
CATEGORIES CODESEMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
EMISSION REDUCTION/CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED
ktCO2-E/YR2014-2017
ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-2 Scale-up low emission factor renewable energy (RE)
2.1 Solar PV-RE
2.1.1 Utility-scale renewables (PV/solar PVs, large grid) 27.8 39
2.1.2 Distributed solar PV/ solar home PVs 0.0
2.1.3 Hybrid solar/diesel mini-grid 0.0
2.1.4 Solar LED lamps 0.0
2.1.5 Solar street lights NE
2.2 Other RE
2.2.1 Mini hydro power connected to main grid 6.9 4
2.2.2 Mini hydro power off grid NE
2.2.3 Wind turbines, on-shore 0.0
MAP-3 Integrating no-carbon energy sources
3.1 New nuclear power plant NE
Table 6c: Individual key and non-key categories emission reduction actions and GHG emission potential
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED
CATEGORIES CODESEMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
EMISSION REDUCTION/CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED
ktCO2-E/YR2014-2017
ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-4 1A2 Installing higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial plants (1A2)
4.1 1A2aLower energy-intensive primary iron and steel production
NE
4.2 1A2aDecommissioning and replacing existing EAF plants with more efficient unit operations
NE
4.3 1A2bLower energy intensive aluminium smelter/production plants
NE
4.4 1A2bLower energy-intensive cement/clinker production plants
NE
MAP-5 1A3b Decarbonizing road transport
5.1 1A3bi Bus rapid transit (BRT) 0.0
5.2 1A3bi Electric cars (Drive Electric Vehicle Initiative) 0.0
5.3 1A3b (i-iii) Switch from fuel oil to natural gas in industry 0.0
5.4 1A3b (i-iii) Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement NE
20
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED
CATEGORIES CODESEMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
EMISSION REDUCTION/CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED
ktCO2-E/YR2014-2017
ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-6 1A3c Decarbonizing railway transport (1A3c)
6.1 1A3c Switch from fuel-oil to electric railway trains NE
MAP-7 1A4 Energy efficiency and sustainable consumption - residential energy
7.1 1A4b Residential lighting
7.1.1 Efficient domestic lighting-LEDs 0.0
7.1.2 Efficient lighting with LEDs replacing CFL 0.0
7.2 1A1aiiiSteam boiler energy efficiency improvement from baseline 70-75% to 85-90% (benchmark)
7.3 1A4b Residential heating efficiency
7.3.1 Efficient wood stoves 8757.9 1200
7.3.2 LPG stoves replacing wood stoves NE
7.3.3 Clean cooking/ Efficient cookstoves (domestic) NE
7.3.4 Clean cooking/ Efficient cookstoves (institutional) NE
7.4 1A4bResidential, commercial and industry cooling efficiency under Kigali amendment
7.4.1 Efficient refrigerators 0.0
7.4.2 Efficient chillers in industry 0.0
7.4.3Efficient air conditioning (Kigali Amendment Response)
NE
MAP-8 1B Oil and natural gas and solid fuels fugitive emissions reduction
8.1 1B2ai & 1B2 aii Reduced venting and flaring in oil production 64.3 2.8
8.2 1B2bi & 1B2 bii Reduced venting and flaring in natural gas 64.3 2.8
8.3 1B3Renewable charcoal production (local consumption)
NE
8.4 1B3 Renewable charcoal production (export) NE
3.5.3 POTENTIAL KEY SOURCES OF INVESTMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION ACTIONS
Ghana is committed to using its increasing investment to leverage funds from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to support
implementation of sectoral mitigation projects. Additional resources are envisaged under the G-20 compact with Africa
for Sustainable Economic Development. The Government of Germany has agreed to promote private investments in
renewable energy and vocational training18.
18 Ghana’s Second Biennial Update Report (BUR-2), 2019 pgs. 25-27. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/gh_bur2_rev-2.pdf // https://unfccc.int/documents/193159
21
4 WASTE SECTOR
In general, CH4 emissions from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS) are the largest source of greenhouse gas emissions
in the waste sector. CH4 emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge may also be significant. Incineration and
open burning of waste containing fossil carbon, e.g. plastics, are the most important sources of CO2 emissions in this
sector (2006 IPCC GLs).
The waste sector contributed 3.2MtCO2e to Ghana’s national greenhouse gas emissions in 2016, representing 8 percent
of the national total of overall national emissions of 42.2 MtCO2e.19 Waste sector emissions grew by 17 percent in 2016.
In 2016, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment and discharge (4D) represented the largest
share (57.98 percent) of total sector emissions, followed by solid waste disposal (36.47 percent), biological treatment
of solid waste (3.06 percent), and incineration and open burning of waste (2.49 percent) (NIR 4, 2019).
4.1 SECTORAL DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES AND IMPORTANT NON-KEY CATEGORIES
The 2006 IPCC national inventory guidelines disaggregation of the waste sector is provided in Annex 2 key category
analysis (KCA) in the 2o12 NIR 3. The report identified the aggregated 4A-SWDS and aggregated 4D -wastewater
handling as key categories by Level and/or Trend assessment in the waste sector. In 2016, the NIR 4 and BUR 2
reports further disaggregated the categories (see Table 7). In response to UNDP’s request to the author to consider
other important categories which may not be key at present, incineration has been identified as an important source
of energy as the percentage of plastic in waste composition increases, making waste-to-energy resources and sources
of non-biogenic CO2 emissions from plastics as fossil carbon significant.
19 https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf
22
Table 7: Waste sector disaggregated key categories (2016)
WASTE SECTOR DISAGGREGATED KEY AND NON-KEY CATEGORIES
IPCC 2006 GUIDELINES DISAGGREGATION GAS KCA ASSESSMENT STATUS
EMISSION REDUCTION/CONTRIBUTION AVOIDED
ktCO2-E/YR2014-2017
ACHIEVEMENT
1.0 Disaggregated key categories
1.1 4A-1 SWDS, managed semi-aerobic CH4 L 0.924 1.73%
1.2 4A-2 Unmanaged SWDS CH4 T O.231 1.6%
1.3 4D-1 WWTD-domestic wastewater CH4 L 1.1295 2.43%
1.4 4D-1 WWTD-domestic wastewater N2O L 0.541 1.02%
2.0 Important disaggregated non-key categories
2.1 4B-1 Composting CH4, NO2
Non-key 0.09720 0.18%
2.2 4C-1 Incineration with energy recovery
CH4, NO2
Non-key 0.003 21 0.01%
4.2 WASTE SECTOR BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS
This section estimates the BAU emissions of the disaggregated key categories and important non-key categories based
on their potential emission reduction opportunities and response to relevant SDGs. The disaggregated key categories
are 4A1, 4A2, 4D1 and 4B, the disaggregated non-key category that would become significant with an expected increase
in recycling and composting plants required to produce fertilizer to meet Ghana’s need for Planting for Food (security)
and Jobs (PFJs).
4.2.1 WASTE RESOURCES WITH VALUE-ADDITION POTENTIAL
The potential waste resources materials-in-transition (MINT) - that is, waste resource streams with potential added-value,
valorisation and revenue generation under Ghana’s national environmental sanitation strategy action plan (NESSAP)
– are shown in Figure 6. Indeed, the food waste resource stream in transition, which is a source of biodegradation,
odour nuisance, and public-health related risks and hazards, is also a potential source of valuable organic materials
for compost and fertilizer for agriculture.
The recovery, processing and reuse of this waste in agriculture, is a driver in developing low- emission municipal
solid waste (MSW) management systems, while addressing very important SDGs: SDG 1-Zero Hunger; SDG
3-Health; SDG 6-Water and Sanitation; SDG 12-Responsible Consumption and production and SDG 13-Climate
Action. Other 3R MINT materials with value-addition and emissions reduction potential include plastics,
textile and paper that pr0vide opportunities for energy and material resource efficiency in recycling plants.
20 Section 6.9.2 Biological treatment of solid waste (4B), page 285, NIR (2019), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf21 Section 6.9.3 Incineration and Open Burning (4C) page 285, NIR (2019), https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/ghanir.pdf
PE
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NE
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PO
PU
LATI
ON
(M
IL)
YEAR
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
7000
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1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
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020
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0
Population Total MSW (kt) Total Non-SWD (kt) Total 3Rs MINT
(metal, food, paper, textile, plastics)
Non-3Rs MINT
(inert + non-3R plastic)-(kt)
MSW to SWMS (kt)
23
Figure 6: Waste resource streams and potential 3 R-MINT under NESSAP
4.2.2 4A1 AND 4A2 BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS
4.2.2.1 EMISSION PROJECTION PARAMETERS
Ghana’s LCDS and BUR-2 included waste resources recycling, composting, incineration and SWDS under solid waste
management systems in the BAU and emission reduction projections for 2012-2030 in developing sectoral contributions
to the NDCs. The SWDS was categorized into 80 percent semi-aerobic management and 20 percent unmanaged
shallow (<5m depth). Per capita waste generation was revised from 0.60 KPD in 2012 (LCDS, 2016) to 0.45-0.49 in
BUR-2 and projected the MSW composition. The key activity data for the BAU and emission reduction projection for
category 4A- SWDS (CH4) are summarized in Table 7.
Table 8: 4.A.1 and 4.A.2 BAU emission projection parameters
ITEM UNITLCDS/ FIRM
BASELINE NIR 4 BUR-2 BAU PROJECTIONS
Year 2012 2016 2020 2025 2030
Per capita waste generation KPD 0.60 0.40 0.47 0.49 0.49
Population Millions
4A- SWDS
MSW generation kt 5,674 4,906 5,310 4,786 6,842
Collection efficiency % MSW 82% 82% 90% 95% 98%
Fraction of MSW to SWDS % MSW 80% 80% 85% 90% 98%
SWDS handling types and fractions
4.A.1: Managed with gas collection % SWDS 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
4.A.1: Managed without gas collection % SWDS 0.0%- 0.0%- 0.0%- 0.0%- 0.0%-
4.A.1: Semi-aerobic management %SWDS 80% 80% 80% 80% 80%
4.A.2: Unmanaged shallow %SWDS 15% 20% 20% 20% 20%
CH
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Population Mil
24
Figure 7 shows the BAU emission projection trend based on the BAU emission parameters in Table 8, for a mixed of
unmanaged SWDS and unmanaged, semi-aerobic for 2012-2030 without methane from SWDS without gas recovery.
The emission estimate was based on the IPCC Waste Model (Annex 2). The BAU parameters show solid waste collection
efficiency increasing from about 82 percent in 2016 to 98 percent by 2030. However, solid waste disposal handling
would be limited to operating 20 percent unmanaged shallow SWDS estimated and 80 percent managed, semi-aerobic
SWDS for 2016-2030 (see Table 8) This implies that the methane correction factor (MCF) would not change. SWDS
emissions under the BAU would thus be driven mainly by a projected population increase, a 5 percent per capita
waste generation increase, and a corresponding projected increase of 72 percent of the amount disposed at SWDS.
Additionally, variations in the waste composition projected would affect the emissions levels as food waste declines from
38 percent to 30 percent and the fraction of textile and paper increases by 7-10 percent and 6-8 percent, respectively,
by 2030. Waste inventory in 2020, 2025 and 2030 would be critical to establishing changes in waste composition,
which drives degradable organic content (DOC) and methane generation potential.
Figure 7: BAU emission projections of methane from SWDS without gas recovery
4.2.2.2 TREND ANALYSIS OF SHARE OF SWDS BAU EMISSION PROJECTIONS BY TYPE OF
WASTE RESOURCE
Figure 8 shows the percentage share of historical and BAU emissions of SWDS methane by type of potential 3R
degradable waste resources (food, paper and textile) for 2016-2030. Figure 9 provides the projected food, paper and
textile contributions to the SWDS emission profile. Food waste continues to fall significantly, while paper and textile
increases over the period. Paper and textile recovery and recycling and composting would offer opportunities for
ambitious emission reduction in terms of solid waste disposal activities.
YEAR
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Food - CH4 Paper - CH4 Textile - CH4
Food - CH4 Paper - CH4 Textile - CH4
25
Figure 8: Trend of historical emissions and BAU emission projections (%) by type of degradable 3R waste resources
Figure 9: Trend of degradable waste resources’ (food, paper, textile wastes) share of historical emissions and BAU emission projections, 2000-2030 (MtCO2e)
26
4.2.2.3 4A DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES’ CONTRIBUTION TO SWDS-BAU EMISSIONS
Figure 10 shows the contribution of the disaggregated key categories (managed, semi aerobic and unmanaged
shallow (<5m)) and non-key category (composting occurring during the period) to SWDS BAU emission projections. The
transition from predominantly unmanaged shallow SWDS (MCF-0.4) to the managed, semi-aerobic classification with
relatively higher MCF (0.5) in NIR 4 increased the weighted MCF of SWDS from 0.44 to 0.48. In addition to increased
collection efficiency from 85 percent (2012) to population, this factor is expected to drive BAU emission projections from
0.752MtCO2e (2012) to 1.972MtCO2e, representing a 2.6-fold increase by 2030. This offers key ambitious emission
reduction opportunities, identified in Ghana’s LCDS and highlighted in its BUR-2. They include:
• Increased collection efficiency from 85 percent to 98 percent;
• Reduction of amount deposited at SWDS from 80 percent to 53 percent;
• Phase-out of unmanaged and managed, semi-aerobic SWDS by 2030;
• Investment in 24 engineered SWDS to treat 1.785Mt MSW with 40 percent methane gas capture facilities; and,
• Investment in installation of 3R- plants to recover, recycle, and reuse 3R-MINT from 35 percent total MSW generated,
delivering 1,278 Mt of compost by 2030.
Figure 10: Share of SWDS BAU emissions by disaggregated key categories and critical non-key category
Total emissions
YEAR
MtC
O2e
4 A 1 Managed, semi aerobic (Mt CO2e)
4 A 2 Unmanged, shallow<5m (Mt CO2e)
4B- Composting (MtCO2e)
-
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
4 A 1 Managed, semi aerobic ( MtCO2e) 4 A 2 Unmanged, shallow<5m (Mt CO2e) 4B- Composting (MtCO2e) Total Emissions
27
4.3 SECTOR MAPS AND EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROJECTIONThis section presents a summary of emission reduction opportunities under the mitigation actions identified in Ghana’s
LCDS and highlighted in the BUR-2 under the key disaggregated categories 4.A.1, 4.A.2, 4.D.1 and the important non-key
category 4B-composting that occurs at 3R solid waste resource plants. Figure 11 presents a detailed material balance for
the baseline and specific mitigation actions identified in Ghana’s LCDS and highlighted in the BUR-2. The actions include:
• 4A1: collection efficiency increased from 85 percent to 98 percent, amount of MSW deposited at SWDS reduced from
80 percent to 53 percent, and 24 engineered managed SWDS built and operating to treat 1.785Mt MSW with 40 percent
methane gas capture facilities;
• 4A2: unmanaged, and managed, semi-aerobic SWDS phased out by 2030 and replaced with managed sites only by
2030;
• 4B: 3R-plants to recover, recycle, and reuse 3R-MINT waste resources installed and operating in accordance with
NESSAP principles from 0.11 percent (2012) to 35 percent total MSW generated, delivering 1,278 Mt compost and 0.48Mt
plastics with added value by 2030; and,
• 4D: institutional human waste anaerobic digester-septage treatment plants (AD-STPs) with methane capture to phase
out septic tank emissions directly to the atmosphere.
Figure 11: Mitigation actions: Material balance of 3R-MINT waste resources
28
4.3.1 MSW MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (SWMS) EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTION PARAMETERS
The parameters of the individual mitigation actions in Table 9 have been quantified using the constructed detailed
material balance provided in Figure 11. The material balance provided the basis for verifying the availability of the
mitigation technologies’ requisite capacities for the managed SWDS with/without gas recovery, recycling and compost
plants, and incineration. The emission reduction actions (see Table 10) are driven by the National Environment
Sanitation Strategy Action Plan (NESSAP), the low-carbon development strategy (FIRM) and the NCC Master Plan.
Table 9: Waste sector mitigation action parameters
ITEMMANAGEMENT AND
DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIESUNIT
BASELINE MITIGATION TARGETS
2012 2016 2020 2025 2030
1 SWDS handling efficiency improvement
1.1 Reduced MSW amount deposited at SWDS % 80% 80% 78% 68% 53%
1.2 Increased collection efficiency % MSW 85% 85% 93% 98% 98%
2 Ambitious transformational SWDS technology deployment by disaggregated key categories
2.1 4A-1Increased managed SWDS w/gas collection
%MSW 0.0% 0.0% 6% 12% 26%
Decreased managed SWDS w/o gas collection
%MSW 0.0% 0.0% 15% 29% 27%
Phased-out managed, semi-aerobic
%MSW 2% 2% 12% 34% 0%
2.2 4A-2 Phased out unmanaged SWDS %MSW 56% 20% 15% 10% 0%
2.2 4D-1Institutional human waste bio
digestion with biogas recovery
% institutional human waste treated and
3 Important disaggregated non-key categories
3.1 4BIncreased recycling and compost Plant
%MSW 0.11% 0.11% 10.0% 25.0% 35.0%
3.2 4C-1Relatively low penetration of incineration with energy recovery
%MSW 1.7% 1.7% 2.0% 2.5% 7.0%
4.3.2 SECTOR DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORIES EMISSION REDUCTION ACTIONS AND PROJECTIONS
The relevant data for the mitigation actions for individual SWDS key categories 4A-1 and 4D are presented in the GACMO
model (originally developed by UNEP-DTU) data set (see Table 10). It summarizes information on the individual actions
used to estimate GHG emissions reduction for each key category and critical non-key categories. Table 10 provides an
overview of potential GHG emission reductions under the LCDS, the NCCP master plan and NESSAP.
29
Table 10: Revised sector mitigation actions and cumulative emission reduction potential by 2020
IPCC 2006 guidelines categories Emission
reduction technologies
Baseline Mitigation action
Cumulative unit PenetrationTOTAL plant capacity
Baseline emission projected
Mitigation action cumulative emission (2012-2030)
Cumulative emission reduction (2012-2030)
No of plants 2030
20302012-2030
TotalGas recovery
Net emissions
Net emissions
Net emissions
WASTE SECTOR2016 Sub-
type unit
2020 2025 2030kt MSW/y
MtCO2e /year
MtCO2e /year
MtCO2e /year
MtCO2e /year
MtCO2e /year
MtCO2e /yearkt/y
1 Disaggregated key categories
4A Solid waste disposal on land
4A1 Managed waste disposal sites (SWDS)
Increased managed SWDS and landfill gas collection and utilization
5.4 230 t MSW /day
3
24 752 25.269 27.343 10.937 16.406 -8.863 -8.863
200 t MSW /day
7 14
4D1 Anaerobic digester septage treatment plants adopted in NDC
Treatment and discharge of institutional sources of human waste/sewage with biogas capture and use
2 Important disaggregated non-key categories
4B Biological treatment of solid waste
4 B-1
Solid waste composting and other biological treatment
Increased composting of MSW organic waste resources
500 t w Compost /day
1 1 1 3 1,425 25.269 25.005 NA 25.005 -0.26 -0.26
500 t w Compost /day
1 2 2 5 2,380 25.269 24.902 NA 24.902 -0.37 -0.37
-
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
BAU Emissions MtCO2e Total SWDS Transition to Managed Sites MtCO2e
Gas Recovery MtCO2e Net Emission for transition to Managed SWDS MtCO2e
t
YEAR
MtC
O2e
BAU Emissions (Mt CO2e)
Gas Recovery (Mt CO2e)
Net Emission for transition to Managed SWDS
Total SWDS Transition to Managed Sites
30
4.3.2.1 4A1 DISAGGREGATED KEY CATEGORY EMISSION REDUCTION PROJECTION CONTRIBUTION
The revised SWDS emission reduction projection is estimated for the transition from 4A2: Unmanaged shallow (<4m)
(56 percent) and 4A1: Managed, semi-aerobic (44 percent) in 2012 to 100 percent 4A1: Managed SWDS in 2030. Of that,
49 percent would have integrated methane gas collection and use and 51 percent would be without gas collection. The
emission reduction potential for this individual mitigation action relative to the BAU is given in Figure 12.
The total cumulative emission reduction by 2030 is estimated at 8.8 MtCO2-e. This could be achieved by
establishing and operating a mix of total of 230t/day (three) and 200t/day plants (21) with total operating
capacity of SWD 0.752 Mt/y by 2030. A more ambitious emission reduction option would involve
increasing the managed sites from three plants to five by 2030, with total capacity of 2.380Mt MSW.
Figure 12: Annual SWDS emission reduction projection relative to business-as-usual from 2019-2030
-
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
20122013
20142015
20162017
20182019
20202021
20222023
20242025
20262027
20282029
2030
Maximum Aggregate/weigthed MCF Unmanaged shallow weighted MCF
Managed, semi-aerobic weighted MCF Managed weighted MCF
YEAR
Met
han
e C
orr
ecti
on
Fac
tor
Unmanaged shallow weighted MCF
Maximum Aggregate/weigthed MCF
Managed, semi-aerobic /weighted MCF
Managed weighted MCF
31
The projected SWDS emission trends are consistent with the generally observed increase in methane emissions, with
improved efficiency of collection and transition to managed, engineered SWDS. This is because the weighted MCF that
determines the level of methane emission increases with penetration of managed systems (Figure 13) from 2012-2030.
The installation of engineered SWDS without gas recovery thus results in emissions above the BAU.
The projected cumulative emissions from the phase-out of unmanaged and managed, semi- aerobic to fully-managed
SWDS in 2030 is estimated at 27.343 MtCO2-e, compared to BAU emissions of 25.269 Mt CO2-e for the same
2012-2030 period (see Table 10). Improved SWDS management responds to relevant sustainable development
goals SDG 3-Health, SDG 6-Water and Sanitation, and SDG 12-Responsible consumption and production. However,
SDG 13-Climate action contribution to the NDC commitment is achieved only by integrating gas recovery, resulting
in 10.937MtCO2-e cumulative emissions reduction from 27.343MtCO2-e to 16.406 MtCO2-e by 2030. Indeed,
the most ambitious mitigation action would be to incorporate gas collection in all managed SWDS development
to maximize the contribution of the 4A1 -SWDS category to the NDC commitment under the Paris Agreement.
Figure 13: Trend of weighted MCF of methane emission with increasing fraction of managed SWDS
4.3.2.2 4 B: COMPOSTING AND 3R-MINT RECYCLE EMISSION REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES
The potential contribution of the waste sector to the NDC emission reduction commitment has been broadened to
include composting under 4B biological treatment of solid waste as an important non-key category. This is based
on the increasing adoption of SWDS recycling and compost plants to meet the organic fertilizer needs under the
government’s PFJs policy. Composting facilities for organic fractions are a significant value-addition to the organic
MSW load resources that could limit the amount of food waste disposed at managed SWDS and reduce equivalent
emissions from such engineered landfill sites.
-
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Ambitious compost-Net emissions / Mt CO2e BUR-less ambitious compost-net emissions / Mt CO2e
BAU emissions W/O compost plants / Mt CO2eYEAR
MtC
O2e
BUR-less ambitious compost-net emissions (Mt CO2e)
Ambitious compost-Net emissions (Mt CO2e)
BAU emissions W/O compost plants (Mt CO2e)
32
The net emissions contribution of the 4B category to the waste sector emissions reduction through composting 35
percent MSW by 2030 has been estimated by comparing SWDS BAU emissions and emissions from SWDS without
the 35 percent MSW to compost, as well as emissions from methane and nitrous oxide from the compost. The revised
mitigation action considered the recommended 3No 5oot/day plants with composting capacity of 1500 t/day (1.425 Mt
MSW per year) by 2030 and an ambitious 5No 500t per day with total operating composting capacity of 2500t per day
by 2030, equivalent to 2.38Mt MSW processing. The potential net emissions reduction (after accounting for composting
emissions) relative to BAU by 2030 are 0.954 MtCO2-e for the BUR-target and 1.466 MtCO2-e for the revised ambitious
target, representing 3.8 percent and 5.8 percent emission reduction respectively (see Figure 14).
Figure 14: Net emission reduction potential from 3R-composting plants’ mitigation actions relative to BAU
33
5 SECTORAL EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES AND KEY STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENTS
To facilitate the achievement of Ghana’s NDC goals for 2020 -2030 under an AEG scenario, a clearly defined
iterative process for the collection and analysis of additional data and information and provisions for feedback
must be put in place. This will allow key stakeholders (including government, private sector and non-governmental
entities) to engage fully in helping to prepare new plans/updates of existing energy and waste sectors’ NDC
implementation plans, including the allocation of sectoral emissions and reduction contributions/targets. This
process should clearly demonstrate Ghana’s commitment to nationally appropriate and ambitious mitigation
actions commensurate with the country’s AEG efforts to achieve Ghana’s Beyond Aid vision.
Annex 8 and Annex 9 provide a list of some of the key energy and waste sector stakeholders respectively. Other
key stakeholders include government ministries, departments and agencies, and metropolitan, municipal and
district assemblies.
6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS
ENERGY SECTOR
The AEG emissions projections approach has been used instead of the traditional BAU emissions projection
methodology. The AEG envisages the country’s future development ambition under Ghana Beyond Aid, which is driven
by the goal of bridging the gap between Ghana’s resource endowment and resource use industrialization envisaged
under the national GIP frameworks. This approach is deemed to better reflect Ghana’s potential to meet its relevant
SDGs, including SDG13 - Climate action, while offering emissions reduction opportunities consistent with the national
LCDS and NCCP implementation master plan.
The existing disaggregated key categories as well as the increasingly important disaggregated non-key categories
and emerging disaggregated non-key categories could become key by trend/level or both by 2030 under Ghana’s
accelerated economic growth (AEG) agenda.
Based on the NIR 4 (2016) and the AEG projected emissions from energy demand required for to implement Ghana’s
future industrialization development agenda, which seeks to bridge resource endowment and resource use, some energy
sector disaggregated key categories by level of contribution to national total emissions have been identified. They
include: 1A3b-road transport and 1A3c-railways, 1A1ai-electricity generation (thermal power plants), 1A2-manufacturing
and construction industry disaggregated categories, and 1A4b-residential energy-use. The following increasingly
important categories could also become key by trend/level or both by 2030: 1A1ci-Manufacture of solid fuel (renewable
and non-renewable charcoal); 1A4a Commercial Industrial energy end-use. Emerging categories that could become
key as a result of on-going and planned mineral and metal industry programmes and projects under AEG are: 1A2-
Manufacturing Industries and Construction categories (planned under AEG & GIP), specifically 1A2a-Ferrous metals:
Iron and steel production from iron Ore; 1A2b -Non-ferrous metals: aluminium production from bauxite and alumina;
and 1A2f-non-metallic minerals - cement from clinker and limestone (see Section 3, Table 1).
34
Revised projected energy sectoral emissions accounting for energy sector disaggregated categories that could
become key by 2030 are significantly higher than total national BAU emissions projected in the 2015 NDC.
The energy sector emissions projection based on the AEG scenario resulted in 83.7 MtCO2 energy-related emissions
and an additional 32.23 MtCO2 from associated non-energy process-related emissions industrial process emissions, as
well as 21.06 MtCO2 of energy emissions from GIADEC projected production that is not included in the AEG projections
(see Figure 3). The AEG projection is significantly higher compared to the revised traditional sectoral BAU projection
(47.8MtCO2) by 2030 (see Figure 1). This is because the AEG emissions projection considered the production profiles
(see Table 3) of planned and ongoing programs and projects (see 3.4.1 footnote on page 17) in the extractive industry
(1A2- Manufacturing and construction categories envisaged under the AEG and GIP frameworks (see Annex 1a).
Challenges related to activity data availability, data gaps and high uncertainties contribute to the exclusion of the
extractive industry sector emissions projection from the NDC 2015.
Important data gaps exist in GHG emissions-related activities that should be considered in the construction of the 2020
NDC BAU emission projections. They relate essentially to the planned and on-going implementation of the frameworks
under the GIP and the President’s CPESDP (2017-2024), an Agenda for Jobs: Creating Prosperity and Equal Opportunity,
developed in the assessment report. The activity data challenges and high uncertainty explain why they were excluded
from the 2015 NDC.
Planned and on-going decarbonization and emission reduction programmes (transition to NG & integration of nuclear
power) in baseload energy generation offer opportunities for ambitious LCD of on-going and planned energy-intensive
extractive industries under the AEG.
Electricity generation and supply required to meet baseload power for the extractive industries under the manufacturing
and construction categories is projected to reach 110,890 GWh. This is composed of: 77.2% predominantly NG-thermal
power plants given limited hydropower expansion; 10% renewable energy target under the SE4ALL programme; and,
6.5% nuclear power integration in 2030; and 6% hydropower. This implies that power generation will increase from
4,889MW in 2018 to 12,000MW in 2030, a 2.5-fold increase in energy production (see Annex 3).
On-going and planned decarbonization strategies in the national electricity generation system (see Section 3.5 Table
6a) could help achieve LCD of energy-intensive extractive industries. These strategies include switching from light crude
oil (LCO) thermal power generation to combined cycle NG-thermal (CCGT) power generation with increasing natural
gas production in Ghana (see Section 3.4.4 para 34). The transition could improve current country-specific average
thermal power baseline efficiency estimated at 30-32 percent (see Annex 6) to a recently demonstrated benchmark
efficiency of 62-65 percent for the additional projected 7000MW NG-thermal power plant. Other strategies include 10
percent renewable energy (RE) penetration (1800MW), followed by 1000MW nuclear energy by 2030. This is in keeping
with the LCDS, with the aim of achieving the NDC commitments to the Paris Agreement.
Ghana has an opportunity to use its increasing investments in low-carbon intensity NG-baseload power generation to
leverage GCF resources. This would help achieve reasonable power tariff rates for desired low carbon development
for its on-going and planned extractive industries.
The average national grid end-user tariff of 10-15 cents per kWh for the period 2009-2018 (Ghana Energy Statistics,
2019) is much higher than the economic rates of 5-7 cents per kWh for many extractive industry plants. However, Ghana
has been making significant energy sector investments to decarbonize the energy sector. The increasing sectoral
investments since 2015 in implementing a National Climate Change Policy and Low Carbon Development Strategy
include ramp-up investments of $13.2 billion to expand the production, processing and utilisation of natural gas under
the adopted National Gas Master Plan (see Section 3.5.1).
Thus, Ghana has the opportunity to leverage on-going and planned investments in low carbon intensity NG-baseload
power generation for green climate funds (GCF) so as to achieve the desired power tariff rates for low carbon
development of its emerging extractive industries (see Annex 1b and Section 3.4).
Solar and wind hybrid renewable energy (RE) in residential energy supply-side and energy efficiency measures in
transport offer significant emission reduction opportunities.
Residential energy demand will contribute 24.5 percent of cumulative emissions by 2030, followed by passenger cars
(20.3 percent) in the road transport category and the expanding railway category at 10.8 percent. Residential solar PV
systems with mini-wind energy to charge batteries instead of relying on electricity would be a major emission reduction
35
programme to foster ongoing national rooftop solar programmes. Improved vehicle fuel efficiency, mass public transport
and introduction of electric vehicles would transform the road transport sector and reduce emissions significantly.
Ghana’s projected GHG emissions could substantially increase relative to the NDC projection of 73 MtCO2e under
the adopted AEG scenario. This would require creating adequate facilitative and enabling environment to implement
the ambitious sectoral mitigation action plans (MAPs).
Ghana’s carbon emissions could increase substantially relative to the NDC projection of 73 MtCO2e under the AEG
scenario, which is aimed at realizing the Ghana Beyond Aid vision. The ambitious resource-based development during
the NDC implementation period does pose higher emissions-related challenges, but also provides emission reduction
opportunities as outlined in the country’s mitigation action plans (see Section 3.5 Table 6a) in keeping with Ghana’s
low-carbon development policies and strategies and Ghana’s NCC emission reduction master plan.
WASTE SECTOR
The waste sector’s revised BAU emissions projection identified disaggregated key categories and important non-key
categories based on their potential for emission reduction opportunities and response to relevant SDGs, particularly SDG
6 - Water and sanitation and SDG 13 - Climate action. The disaggregated non-key category would become significant
with the expected increase in recycling and composting plants required to produce fertilizer to meet Ghana’s need for
the PFJs programme. The concept of MINT as waste resources has been highlighted as a key driver of value-addition
and emission reduction in traditional waste management practices.
The disaggregated key categories include methane emissions from both managed (semi-aerobic) and unmanaged
solid waste disposal sites, as well as methane and nitrous oxide emissions from waste water treatment and discharge
activities. The very important disaggregated non-key categories within the sector identified are 4B-composting under
biological treatment of solid waste and the increasing bio-digestion of institutional and commercial sewage generation
for biogas production.
Biodegradable waste materials are sources of odour nuisance and public-health related risks and hazards. However,
they remain important food waste resources stream in transition as potential source of valuable organic materials for
compost and fertilizer production for agriculture. Composting facilities for organic fractions are a significant value-
addition to the organic MSW load resources that could limit the amount of food waste disposed at managed SWDS
and reduce equivalent emissions from such engineered landfill sites.
Phasing out of unmanaged and managed, semi aerobic with fully managed -engineered SWDS, which constitutes the
key sectoral mitigation actions plans (MAPs) must include methane capture and use to increase Ghana’s emission
reduction goal in the sector.
The projected solid waste disposal site emissions trend is consistent with the generally observed increase in methane
emissions, with improved efficiency of collection and the transition to managed, engineered SWDS. This is because
the weighted methane correction factor that determines the level of methane emission increases with the penetration
of managed systems from 2012-2030. Accordingly, projected cumulative emissions from the phase-out of unmanaged
and managed, semi-aerobic to fully managed SWDS in 2030 is estimated at 27.3 MtCO2e, compared to BAU emissions
of to 25.27 Mt CO2e for the same period of 2012-2030. The phasing out of unmanaged and managed, semi aerobic
with fully managed engineered SWDS, which constitutes the key sectoral mitigation actions plans (MAPs), must include
methane capture and use to increase Ghana’s emission reduction goal in the sector.
6.2 RECOMMENDATIONSThe following recommendations are based on the conclusions outlined in Section 6.1. They are presented to facilitate
the revision of Ghana’s NDC in 2020.
ENERGY SECTOR
An energy sector AEG scenario emissions projection should be developed and considered when the country’s NDC
is revised in 2020. This recommendation is made following: (i) the Government of Ghana’s strong commitment to
36
implement the energy and transport infrastructure frameworks under the GIP developed in the assessment report;
(ii) the enabling legislation passed by the Parliament of the 4th Republic; (iii) the national institutions’ arrangement
to implement the extractive industry program under 1D1F and their indicative production plans; and, (iv) ongoing
establishment of iron and steel industries and cement/clinker plants. The EPA and the Energy Commission should carry
out this recommendation.
Based on their roles and responsibilities, the key stakeholders in the extractive industry - particularly the Ministry of
Planning and Monitoring, Ghana Integrated Aluminium Development Corporation (GIADEC), Ghana Iron and Steel
Development Authority (GISDA) and the Minerals Commission - should be mandated to provide the necessary activity
data to address the existing data gaps and associated high uncertainties in the mineral and metal industries. This will
improve confidence in the emissions accounting, based on approved implementation plans and programmes or other
relevant documents, in order to calculate comprehensive 2020 NDC update BAU emission projections. The provision
of data should be enforced/supervised by the EPA under the existing national climate action MRV system and the
NDPC’s Annual Progress Report.
Through its Ministries of Energy and Petroleum and Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, the Government
of Ghana should ensure that the emission reduction opportunity offered by natural gas thermal power generation
technologies, which can increase the current baseline efficiency of power plants from approximately 30-32 percent to
60-65 percent – constituting the new benchmark for combined cycle efficiency for economy-wide decarbonization - is
leveraged with resources from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) to support implementation of Ghana’s unconditional NDC
commitments under the Paris Agreement.
The EPA CC Unit and the NDPC, in conjunction with relevant stakeholders including the Energy Commission, should
increase awareness among policymakers and decisionmakers at all relevant levels of government and the private
sector, as appropriate, of opportunities for emission reduction and direct green investments in the economy’s energy
sector. This initiative will help drive and sustain national will, commitment and buy-in to the natural gas master plan for
base-load power generation in the medium term, the 10 percent renewable energy penetration and nuclear power
generation in the country’s energy mix by 2030.
Through its Ministries of Energy and Petroleum and Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation, the Government
of Ghana should facilitate and create an enabling environment to implement the sectoral decarbonization MAPs outlined
(see Section 3.5) by the identified stakeholders (see Annex 8) in accordance with the SE4All, LCDS, and NCCP master
plan implementation programmes.
WASTE SECTOR
Based on their respective roles and responsibilities, the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development,
Environmental Protection Agency and MMDAs should work collaboratively to ensure that the policy to phase out
unmanaged and managed, semi-aerobic and adopt fully managed SWDS must necessarily include methane capture
and use in the development of all managed solid waste disposal sites.
While the emission reduction potential within the waste sector appears small, the relevant institutions and
agencies identified above must make every effort to work together to ensure that the sector’s MAP is implemented
comprehensively, as their outcomes yield multiple development benefits. These include achieving important sustainable
development goals such as SDG 1 - Zero Hunger; SDG 3 - Good Health and well-being, SDG 6 - Water and sanitation;
and SDG 12 - Responsible consumption and production in the recovery, reuse and recycling of waste resource MINT,
such as metal, plastics, textile and paper.
The Government of Ghana must drive and support the increasing adoption of SWDS recycling and composting plants
to meet the organic fertilizer needs under the government’s PFJs policy, in accordance with the NESSAP principles as
a major MAP. This will help to deliver about 1,278 Mt of compost and 0.48Mt of plastics by-products with added value
by 2030.
37
ANNEX
ANNEX 1A:2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES - ENERGY SECTOR DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
38
ANNEX 1B:2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES – INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU) DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
ANNEX 2: 2006 IPCC NATIONAL GHG INVENTORY GUIDELINES - WASTE SECTOR DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES
39
ANNEX 3: ENERGY SECTOR AEG ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS PROJECTION (KT CO2)
IPCC Codes
Energy Sector Categories 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
1A2Manufacturing and Construction Industries
2,003.88 2,113.72 2,226.55 2,593.65 3,002.16 8,731.29 10,022.54 11,324.63 13,389.68 15,470.33 17,567.44
1A2a Iron and Steel 14.80 16.70 18.70 20.90 23.10 3,021.70 3,640.20 4,264.80 5,300.60 6,346.60 7,403.40
Iron Ore Mining 104.80 125.80 146.90 182.00 217.10 252.30
Pig Iron (primary) Production
2,492.60 2,993.40 3,495.00 4,330.50 5,167.30 6,005.50
Steel Production 199.4 246.1 295.3 376.1 461.2 550.9
Steel Mills and Fabrication
14.8 16.7 18.7 20.9 23.1 224.9 274.9 327.6 412 501 594.7
1A2b Integrated Aluminium Industry
6.40 6.60 6.80 250.80 256.70 2,755.20 3,261.80 3,769.40 4,610.80 5,453.50 6,297.60
Bauxite Mining 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.7 7.9 8.1 8.3
Alumina Production 243.8 249.5 255.2 260.9 266.7 272.4 278.1 283.8
Aluminium Production/VALCO
2,492.60 2,993.40 3,495.00 4,330.50 5,167.30 6,005.50
1.A2c Chemicals 12.36 13.77 15.18 16.59 17.99 19.4 21.08 22.75 24.43 26.1 27.77
1.A2dPulp, Paper & Print 9.78 10.84 11.89 12.93 13.96 14.98 16.36 17.72 19.08 20.42 21.75
1.A2e Food Processing, Beverage & Tobacco
335.08 365.25 395.85 426.87 458.33 490.22 534.21 578.81 624 669.8 716.19
1.A2f Non-metallic Minerals 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92 254.92
Limestone Mining 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5 21.5
Clinker Production 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42 233.42
1.A2i Mining & Quarrying 1,183.70 1,244.49 1,307.73 1,380.82 1,478.08 1,661.44 1,764.03 1,869.75 1,992.76 2,119.24 2,249.34
1.A2j Wood & Wood Products 114.52 120.65 126.89 133.23 139.68 146.23 155.02 163.95 173.03 182.25 191.63
1.A2k Construction 259.22 262.41 265.6 268.8 271.99 275.18 278.38 281.57 284.76 287.96 291.15
1.A2l Textiles & Leather 68.02 73.01 77.91 82.71 87.41 92.02 96.54 100.96 105.3 109.54 113.69
1A3 Transport 30,928.34 32,805.74 34,747.72 36,819.13 19,028.66 41,386.55 43,902.97 41,778.03 44,344.82 47,112.71 50,045.75
1.A3ai International Aviation Bunkers
1.A3aii Domestic Aviation 179.89 203.68 229.76 258.36 289.68 323.99 361.55 402.66 447.63 496.81 550.57
1.A.3b Road Transport
1.A3bi Passenger cars 10,212.15 10,715.19 11,212.06 11,731.75 2,274.88 12,842.51 13,435.29 14,053.86 14,687.73 15,360.54 16,048.56
1.A3bii Light-duty truck 1,664.95 1,719.95 1,776.76 1,835.39 1,895.83 1,958.07 2,022.10 2,087.89 2,155.41 2,224.62 2,295.48
1.A3biii Heavy-duty & buses
1,629.58 1,721.91 1,819.83 1,923.67 2,033.77 2,150.50 2,274.24
1.A3biv Motorcycle 306.17 312.68 319.25 325.86 332.5 339.14 345.77 352.35 358.85 365.26 371.53
1.A3c Railways 3,117.38 3,656.90 4,256.11 4,921.01 5,658.20 6,474.88 7,378.93 8,378.99 9,484.51 10,705.81 12,054.20
1A3d Water-Borne Navigation
1.A3dii Domestic water-borne navigation
5.37 5.7 6.05 6.42 6.82 7.24 7.69 8.18 8.7 9.25 9.84
1A 4Other Energy Demand/Consumption Categories
15,248.73 15,347.74 15,439.77 15,522.61 15,607.02 15,691.95 15,777.97 15,865.74 15,944.26 16,028.63 16,106.59
1.A4a Commercial/ Institutional 6.24 6.9 7.62 8.42 9.28 10.22 11.25 12.36 13.58 14.9 16.34
1.A4b Residential 15,242.49 15,340.84 15,432.15 15,514.19 15,597.74 15,681.73 15,766.72 15,853.38 15,930.68 16,013.73 16,090.25
ANNUAL TOTAL (All Categories) 48,180.95 50,267.20 52,414.04 54,935.39 37,637.84 65,809.79 69,703.48 68,968.40 73,678.76 78,611.67 83,719.78
40
ANNEX 4: NON-ENERGY PROCESS EMISSIONS AND ELECTRICITY DEMAND EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS (GIADEC PROGRAMME) FOR THE EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY (MT CO2E) NOT INCLUDED IN THE AEG
Disaggregated Category Units 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
2A1 Cement /Clinker Production
Production kt 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1 839.1
IEF (CO2) t/t 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52
Total Non-energy process-related emissions
Mt CO2 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
2A1 Cement /Clinker Production
Production
Pig Iron kt 3000 3600 4200 5200 6200 7200
Steel Production
kt 3000 3600 4200 5200 6200 7200
Implied Emission factors (IEFs-CO2)
Blast Furnace-IEF-CO2
t/t 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
OHF-Steel Making-IEF CO2
t/t 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.72
EAF-IEF-CO2 t/t 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Non-Energy Process Emissions
Pig Iron kt 4050 4860 5670 7020 8370 9720
Steel Making kt 5160 6192 7224 8944 10664 12384
Total Non-energy process-related emissions
MtCO2 9.21 11.052 12.894 15.964 19.034 22.104
2C3 Aluminium Production
Production
VALCO kt 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
GIADEC kt 200 200 800 800 1600 1600 1800
Total kt 200 200 200 200 400 400 1000 1000 1800 1800 2000
Implied Emission factors (IEFs-CO2)
IEF-CO2 t/t 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
IEF-PFC-CF4 kg/t 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
IEF-PFC-C2F6 kg/t 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
GWP-CO2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
GWP-PFC-CF4- 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630 6630
GWP-PFC-C2F6 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100 11100
Non-Energy Process Emissions
CO2 kt 350 350 350 350 700 700 1750 1750 3150 3150 3500
PFC-CF4 kt 530.4 530.4 530.4 530.4 1060.8 1060.8 2652 2652 4773.6 4773.6 5304
PFC-C2F6 kt 88.8 88.8 88.8 88.8 177.6 177.6 444 444 799.2 799.2 888
Total Primary Aluminium Emissions
Mt CO2-e
0.969 0.969 0.969 0.969 1.94 1.94 4.85 4.85 8.73 8.73 9.69
TOTAL NON-ENERGY PROCESS-RELATED EMISSIONS
0.969 0.969 0.969 4.715 2.37 11.58 16.33 18.18 25.12 28.19 32.23
1A2b NG-Energy-related emissions for GIADEC programme not included in AEG
Energy Supply projections
MWh 3.100 3,100 12,400 12,400 24,800 24,800 27,900
NG-IEF (CO2) -3-year average
tCO2/GWh
755 755 755 755 755 755 755
Energy-related Emissions
MtCO2 2.34 2.34 9.36 9.36 18.72 18.72 21.06
TOTAL EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRY EMISSIONS [not included in AEG)
MtCO2 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97 4.715 13.93 25.67 27.54 43.85 46.92 53.30
41
ANNEX 5: DECARBONIZED ELECTRICITY SUPPLY ESTIMATION TO MEET AEG DEMAND PROJECTIONS
YEAR
1A1-Energy Industry emissions
1A1a Electricity Emissions
Total Generation Hydro Thermal Electricity Total RE
Solar PV (75%)
Other REs (25%) Nuclear
Installed and Projected Capacity
Additional Annual Generation Capacity
Mt CO2 tCO2 GWh GWh % Total GWh % Total GWh % Total GWh GWh GWh% Total
MW @85% Capacity Utilization
Historical electricity generation
2010 2.83 2,646,915 10,167 6,995 68.8% 3,172 31.2% 0.00% - - - - 2,165 -
2011 2.91 2,720,868 11,200 7,561 67.5% 3,639 32.5% 0.00% - - - - 2,170 -
2012 3.52 3,287,616 12,024 8,071 67.1% 3,953 32.9% 0.00% - - - - 2,280 -
2013 3.58 3,350,693 12,870 ,233 64.0% 4,637 36.0% 3 0.02% 2.3 0.8 - - 2,831 -
2014 3.47 3,247,499 12,963 8,387 64.7% 4,576 35.3% 4 0.03% 3.0 1.0 - - 2,831 -
2015 3.72 3,474,648 11,491 5,844 50.9% 5,647 49.1% 3 0.03% 2.3 0.8 - - 3,656 -
2016 5.15 4,813,389 13,023 5,561 42.7% 7,462 57.3% 27 0.21% 20.3 6.8 - - 3,795 -
2017 10.62 6,380,505 14,067 ,61 39.9% 8,451 60.1% 28 0.20% 21.0 7.0 - - 3,795 -
2018 12.27 7,722,895 16,246 6,017 37.0% 10,229 63.0% 33 0.20% 24.8 8.3 - - 4,398 -
AEG projections
2020 48.18 48,180,950 63,816 6,950 10.9% 56,547 88.6% 319 0.5% 239.3 79.8 - - 7,854 2,965
2021 50.27 50,267,200 66,579 6,950 10.4% 58,963 88.6% 666 1.0% 499.0 166.4 - - 8,189 336
2022 52.41 52,414,040 69,423 6,950 10.0% 61,084 88.0% 666 2.0% 1,041.3 347.1 - - 8,484 295
2023 54.94 54,935,390 72,762 6,950 9.6% 63,629 87.4% 1,388 3.0% 1,637.1 545.7 - - 8,837 353
2024 57.64 57,637,840 76,342 6,950 9.1% 66,338 86.9% 2,183 4.0% 2,290.2 763.4 - - 9,21 376
2025 65.81 65,809,790 87,165 6,950 8.0% 75,857 87.0% 3,054 5.0% 3,268.7 1,089.6 - - 10,536 1,322
2026 69.70 69,703,480 92,322 6,950 7.5% 79,833 86.5% 5,539 6.0% 4,154.5 1,384.8 - - 11,088 552
2027 68.97 68,968,400 91,349 ,950 7.6% 78,004 85.4% 6,394 7.0% 4,795.8 1,598.6 - - 10,834 -
2028 73.68 73,678,760 97,588 6,950 7.1% 82,831 84.9% 7,807 8.0% 5,855.3 1,951.8 - - 11,504 670
2029 78.61 78,611,670 104,121 6,950 6.7% 80,600 77.4% 9,371 9.0% 7,028.2
2,342.7 7,200 6.9% 11,195 -
2030 83.72 83,719,780 110,887 6,950 6.3% 85,648 77.2% 11,089 10.0% 8,316.5
2,772.2 7,200 6.5% 11,896 701
Source of 1A1 Historical CO2 Emissions 2010-2016 (NIR 4,2019); Source of Historical power generation data, 2010-2018 (Energy Commission 2019 Energy Statistics)
ANNEX 6: COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CO2 INTENSITY OF NATURAL GAS -THERMAL POWER GENERATION (TONNE CO2 PER MWH) ESTIMATION, 2012-2014
PARAMETER UNITS 2012 2013 2014 3-YEAR CS- AVG
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC NG THERMAL POWER GENERATION -CO2-EMISSION FACTOR (TCO2/GWH)
1A1-Energy industry emissions (NIR 4) Mt CO2 3.52 3.58 3.47 3.52
1A1a NG-based ONLY electricity generation emissions (93.5% 1A1) tCO2 3,287,616 3,350,693 3,247,499 3,295,269
Total electricity generation GWh 12,024 12,870 12,963 12,619
NG-ONLY THERMAL GENERATION GWh 3,953 4,635 4,572 4,387
% NG ONLY THERMAL GENERATION % 32.9% 36.0% 35.3% 34.7%
Carbon intensity of the NG thermal generation (Country specific)
tCO2/GWh 831.7 722.9 710.3 755
COUNTRY-SPECIFIC NG -THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY
Total thermal energy generated Tj 14,231 16,686 16,459 15,792
NG-CO2 emission per energy generation by thermal plants tCO2/Tj 231 201 197 209
Net calorific value of NG tC/Tj 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
CO2 emission per energy generation @ 100% efficiency tCO2/Tj 64.2 64.2 64.2 64.2
Average Thermal Energy Conversion Efficiency (Country-Specific)
Tj @100% Efficiency/ Actual Tj
28% 32% 33% 31%
42
ANNEX 7: ENERGY SECTOR EMISSION REDUCTION STRATEGIES
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES CODES
EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
SUB-TYPE UNIT
PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATION (POI)
EMISSION REDUCTION/AVOIDED CONTRIBUTION
2020 2025 2030 ktCO2-e/yr.
2014-2017 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-1 1A1 Decarbonizing increasing baseload energy generation (1A1) in Energy Industry
1.1 1A1ai New natural gas thermal power plants at relatively higher prices- Alternative to Coal/LCO plants
MW 6,800 7,236 7,389 NE
1.2 1A1ai Existing single cycle to combined cycle power plants raising baseline NG -fired efficiency of 30-32% to 55-60% (old bench mark)
100 MW increase
3.3 3.3 3.3 398.5 3.3
1.3 1A1ai Switch from LCO to natural gas
350MW 19.276 NE
1.4 1A1ai Switch from fuel oil to natural gas
1 MW 0 100 0
MAP-2 Scale up Low Grid Emission Factor Renewable Energy sources
2.1 Solar PV-RE
2.1.1 Utility-scale renewables PV/solar PVs, large grid
1 MW 50 150 250 27.8 39
2.1.2 Distributed solar PV/ solar home PVs
50 W 50,000 100,000 200,000 0.0
2.1.3 Hybrid solar/diesel mini-grid 40 kW from solar
5 50 138 0.0
2.1.4 Solar LED lamps 1000 lamps 500 1000 2000 0.0
2.1.5 Solar street lights 0.05 MW 500 500
2.2 Other RE
2.2.1 Mini hydro power connected to main grid
1 MW 50 150 300 6.9 4
2.2.2 Mini hydro power off grid 1 kW 50 NE
2.2.3 Wind turbines, on-shore 1 MW 20 50 150 0.0
MAP-3 Integrating No-carbon energy sources
3.1 New nuclear power plant
MW 1000 NE
MAP-4 1A2 Installation of higher efficiency manufacturing and construction industrial Plants (1A2)
4.1 1A2a Lower energy-intensity primary Iron and steel production
NE
4.2 1A2a Decommissioning and replacement of existing EAF plants with more efficient unit operations
NE
4.3 1A2b Lower energy intensive aluminium smelter /production plants
NE
4.4 1A2b Lower energy intensive Cement/Clinker production plants
NE
43
MITIGATION ACTION PLAN (MAP)
DISAGGREGATED CATEGORIES CODES
EMISSION REDUCTION ACTION
SUB-TYPE UNIT
PLAN OF IMPLEMENTATION (POI)
EMISSION REDUCTION/AVOIDED CONTRIBUTION
2020 2025 2030 ktCO2-e/yr.
2014-2017 ACHIEVEMENT
MAP-5 1A3b Decarbonizing of Road Transport
5.1 1A3bi Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) 1 km BRT line
55 100 200 0.0
5.2 1A3bi Electric cars (Drive Electric Vehicle Initiative)
1000 cars 0 0 0 0.0
5.3 1A3b (i-iii) Switch from fuel oil to natural gas in industry
100 TJ fuel use/year
50 50 50 0.0
5.4 1A3b (i-iii) Vehicle fuel efficiency improvement
MAP-6 1A3c Decarbonizing railway transport (1A3c)
6.1 1A3c Switch from fuel-oil to electric railway trains
NE
MAP-7 1A4 Energy efficiency and sustainable consumption - Residential energy
7.1 1A4b Residential lighting
7.1.1 Efficient domestic lighting-LEDs
1000 Bulbs 2,500 5,000 7,000 0.0
7.1.2 Efficient lighting with LEDs replacing CFL
1000 Bulbs 13,000 13,000 13,000 0.0
7.2 1A1aiii Steam boiler energy efficiency improvement from baseline 70-75% to 85-90% (benchmark)
7.3 1A4b Residential heating efficiency
7.3.1 Efficient wood stoves 1000 stoves 100 500 2,000 8757.9 1200
7.3.2 LPG stoves replacing wood stoves
1000 stoves 10 50 134 NE
7.3.3 Clean cooking/efficient cookstoves (Domestic)
500,000 500,000 1,200,000 NE
7.3.4 Clean cooking/efficient cookstoves (Institutional)
1,200 7,000 8,000 NE
7.4 1A4b Residential, commercial and industry cooling efficiency under Kigali-amendment
7.4.1 Efficient refrigerators 1000 refrigerators
200 1,000 2,000 0.0
7.4.2 Efficient chillers in industry 1000 refrigerators
200 1,000 2,000 0.0
7.4.3 Efficient air conditioning (Kigali-Amendment Response)
1000 Air conditioners
120.0 700.0 1,800.0 NE
MAP-8 1B Oil and natural gas, and solid fuels Fugitive emissions reduction
8.1 1B2ai & 1B2 aii
Reduced venting and flaring in oil production
1 MMSCF/day
118 200 200 64.3 2.8
8.2 1B2bi & 1B2 bii
Reduced venting and flaring in natural gas
1 MMSCF/day
118 200 200 64.3 2.8
8.3 1B3 Renewable charcoal production (local consumption)
100,000 tonne charcoal/yr.
94,017 93,947 100,877 NE
8.4 1B3 Renewable charcoal production (export)
100,000 tonne charcoal/yr.
59,550 100,000 78,000 Ne
44
ANNEX 8: ENERGY SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
SOLAR22
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY PLANT TYPE
1 Greengen Sg Ghana Ltd P.O.Box. YK860, Kanda, Accra. 0207149021 GomoaFetteh, Gomoa East, Central Region
20MW Solar
2 Turkuaz Energy Limited Movenpick Ambassador Hotel, Emporium, Independence Avenue Ridge. +233 (0) 302745555 [email protected]
Navrongo, Upper East Region
50MW Solar
3 Savanna Solar Limited P.O.Box AF491, Adenta, Accra. +233 (0) 200792676 [email protected]
Kusawgu, Northern Region
150MW Solar
4 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House, 28th February Road. P.O.Box MB77, Accra (SITING PERMIT). +233 (0) 30266037 [email protected]
Navrongo, Upper East Region
2MW Solar
5 Energy Resources Projects Ghana
P.O.Box GP 1791, Accra-Ghana. +233 (0) 302979012 [email protected]
Prampram, Greater Accra Region
10MW Solar
6 Reroy Energy Ltd P.O. Box AN 8503, Accra North. +233 (0) 303305273 [email protected]
Kpone, Greater Accra Region
50MW Solar
7 Atlas Business and Energy Systems
PMB 4 TUC Post Office Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 302682417 [email protected]
Dawhwenya, Ningo- Prampram Greater Accra Region
10MW Solar PV
8 Raana Energy Ghana Ltd P.O. Box KA 9244 Airport Accra. +233 (0) 303234382 [email protected]
Buipe, Northern Region 100MW Solar PV
9 HEA Solar Limited Trade Fair Site, LA, P.O. Box T.F 549 Accra. +233 302 963588 [email protected]
Sankana Nadowli District Upper West Region
100MW Solar PV
10 Total Petroleum Ghana Limited Head Office, Total House, 25 Liberia Road, Accra. P.O. Box 553, Accra, Ghana +233 (0) 302611530; [email protected]
Zebilla, Upper East Region
20MW Solar
11 Total Petroleum Ghana Ltd Head Office, Total House, 25 Liberia Road, Accra P. O. Box 553 , Accra, Ghana
Tumu, Upper West Region
20MW Solar
12 Fast Power Solutions H/N C 143 Tema (Community 3) P. O. Box CT 2559, Cantonments Accra. 0204002015
Ningo-Prampram, Greater Accra Region.
5MW Solar
13 Orion Energy Ghana Limited P.O. Box GP21060, GPO, Accra +233 (0) 244828897, [email protected]
Tsopoli, Greater, Accra Region
75MW Solar
14 Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA)
P.O. Box TL883, Tamale; +233 (0) 302772000; [email protected]
Gushie, Northern Region
40MW Solar
15 Savannah Accelerated Development Authority (SADA
P.O. Box TL883, Tamale; +233 (0) 302772000; [email protected]
Gushie, Northern Region
40MW Solar
16 Selexos Power Ghana Limited P.O. Box CT 3675 Cantonments-Accra, Ghana. +233 (0) 302763980 [email protected]
Tarkwa, Western Region 30MW Solar
17 Scatec Solar Ghana Limited Upper Floor, 11 Lamb Street, Adabraka, Accra. +233 (0) 302264453 [email protected]
Ningo, Greater Accra Region
50MW Solar
18 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House,28th February Road. P.O.Box MB77, Accra +233 (0) 30 266037; [email protected]
Lawra, Upper West Region
4MW Solar
19 Volta River Authority Electro-Volta House, 28th February Road. P.O.Box MB77, Accra; +233 (0) 30266037; [email protected]
Lawra, Upper West Region
70MW Solar
20 Avior Energy Ghana Ltd HNo. U85, Tema Com. 8; P. O. Box KS 1227, Tema. +233 (0) 205140518 [email protected]
Nante, Brong Ahafo Region
70MW Solar
21 Wilkins Engineering Ltd P.O.Box KA 9314, Airport, Accra, +233 (0) 302235671, [email protected]
Yendi, Northern Region 5MW Solar
22 Sun Investment Ghana Limited P.O.Box KN 239, North Kaneshie, Accra/Sege, Greater Accra Region; +233 (0) 246218508; [email protected]
Sege, Greater Accra Region
100MW Solar
23 Alpha Power Ghana Limited P.O.Box ST 438, Accra. +233 (0) 202540542 [email protected]
Buipe, Nothern Region 100MW Solar
22 http://www.energycom.gov.gh/files/ENERGY_STATISTICS--2019.pdf
45
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY PLANT TYPE
24 Solaris Kage Ghana Ltd P.O.Box KN 2663 Kaneshie. Accra. +233 (0) 547342081 [email protected]
Koforidua, Eastern Region
5MW Solar
25 Great West Solar House No. ;H/N F/2396, Labadi-Osu Road P.O.Box 8962, Accra
Sambu, Northern Region
50MW Solar PV
26 Great West Solar House NO. ;H/N F/2396 Labadi- Osu Road P.O.Box 8962, Accra
Zabzugu, Northern Region
20MW Solar PV
27 Great West Solar House No. ;H/N F/2396, Labadi-Osu Road P.O.Box 8962, Accra
Zabzugu, Northern Region
20MW Solar
28 IEDG Ghana Limited HNO. A410/4 3RD Loop 7TH Sakumo Crescent, Lartebiokorshie, Accra, Ghana P.O.Box LT 721, Lartebio
Tema, Greater Accra Region
20MW Solar
29 Umawa Arkolia West Africa P.O.Box KA 16261 KIA - Accra HNo. 37 Adabraka, Amusudai Road
Ahiasan/Kaasi, Ashanti Region
5MW Solar
30 Ada Solar Energy Ltd P.O.Box 14916 North Accra. +233 (0) 283700000 [email protected]
Ada, Ada East District, Greater Accra Region
50MW Solar PV
31 Energyone P.O.Box YK 1530 Kanda-Accra. +233 (0) 203301202 [email protected]
Pakyi No.2 Amansie West, Ashanti Region
157MW Solar PV
32 Hermon Renewable Energy Solutions Ltd
Plot 34 Kotobabi No. 2 Batsonaa-Accra, P.O.Box TN 2127 Accra. +233 (0)302815824; [email protected]
Shai Hills Greater Accra Region
40MW Solar PV
33 Global Innovative Consulting Ltd HNo. 18, Wood Lane, Ayigbe town, Accra P.O.Box KN 464 Accra. +233 (0) 263999881/+233 (0) 27823335936 [email protected]
Tamale, Northern Region
50MW Solar PV
34 Whitecap Development Limited D68, C18 Salamander close Sakumono - Accra. P.O.Box AT 154 Achimota Accra. +233 (0) 244777380 [email protected]
Zoggu, Savelugu Nanton. Nothern Region
100MW Solar PV
35 Kwamoka Energy Ghana Ltd P.O.Box KS 6416 Kumasi. +233 (0) 208110828; [email protected]
Kwamang, Jeduako, Asanti Region
50MW Solar PV
36 Axcon Group Ltd HNO,92 Site C Danfa, Accra P.O.Box AN.263, Accra- North Ghana. 0277473839
Volta Region 20MW Solar
37 Sanwar Blue Ray Ghana Limited P.O.Box NM 256 Nima-Accra Ghana Tel: 0302241258. Number 1/24 Faanofa Link Kusuntu Line Kokomlemle, Accra
Mankpan, Northern Region
1000MW Solar
38 Meinergy Technology Limited P. O. Box CT 11045 Accra House/Plot Number: Unnumbered House near OIC School, Travi Township Cantoment, Accra
Onyandze, Central Region
20MW Solar
39 Gushie Northern Solar Company Limited
F28/8b Fifth Circular Road Extension Labone Accra P. O. Box CT 6449 Cantonments, Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 302766832
Gushie, Northern Region
20MW Solar
40 Budimpeks Holdings Limited First Floor Central Block Pentagon University of Ghana - Accra. +233 (0) 20 451 1231
Dawa, Greater Accra Region
15MW Solar
41 Upwind Ayitepa Odam House C875A/3 Kanda Highway Extension, Accra. P. O. Box KA 9116, Accra. Ghana
Ayitepa, Greater Accra Region.
20MW Solar
42 Green Electric Power Ghana P. O. Box CT 860 Cantoments, Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 202077700. [email protected]
Tamale, Northern Region
40MW Solar
43 Tropical Power Ghana Limited PMB MD 2010 Madina, Accra. Old AOCL Building, after Kpong Power House, Torgome, Akuse. +233 (0)549940606 / +233 (0)544314619 [email protected]
Akuse, Eastern Region 10MW Solar
44 Kajulu Energy Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 3140 Cantonments, Accra, Ghana No. 01/19 Madina Market. +233 (0)274 69 8511 [email protected]
Gushie, Northern Region
50MW Solar
45 Whitecap Development Limited P.O.Box AT 154,Accra, Ghana No. D68 Community 18, Salamander Close, Tema. +233 (0) 24477 7380. [email protected]
Tampion Within Savelugu/Nanton Municipality, Northern Region
100MW Solar
46 Windiga IDC Energy Ltd Hse. No. 7 Oyarifa Street East legon, Accra P.O.Box AN 8204, Accra-North. +233 (0) 302 22 4612 +233 (0) 303 22 1171
Tilli, Upper East Region 20MW Solar
47 Perfect Company Electricity Limited
Elite Apartment, Emmanuel Street, Shiashie East Legon. P.O Box CT 11045, Cantonments Accra. +233 (0) 247680590. eaughana.gmail/ hotmail.com/[email protected]
Adidome, central Tongu District, Volta Region
25MW Solar PV Plant
46
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY PLANT TYPE
48 TFI Power Company Limited 48 Blohum 2nd Floor Dzorwulu Accra P.O. Box KIA 117
Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 547007033 +233 (0) 302769559 [email protected]
Mahe-Obom, Ga Dangme District, Greater Accre Region
60MW Solar
49 Allied Power Ghana Ltd Locational Address H/N 564/3 Coconut Avenue-Accra. Postal Address P. O. Box GP20841 Accra, Ghana
Bui hydro power plant 100MW Solar
50 Fast Power Solutions H/N C 143 Tema (Community 3) P. O. Box CT 2559 Cantonments Accra
Ningo-Prampram, Greater Accra Region
5MW Solar
51 Wawa Energy Solutions Limited House No. 1 Kay Billie Klaer Academy, East Legon Accra. 2 Kay Billie Klaer Academy, East Legon. Ghana. [email protected]
Jawiah, Upper West Region
20MW Solar
52 Sunrise Power Development Limited
House No. 574/3 Coconut Avenue Asylum down Accra. P.O Box GP 20841 Accra. 0560823242 [email protected] / [email protected]
Teye Kwame, Shai Osudoku, Greater Accra
20MW Solar PV
53 BTSA Buipe Solar Limited H/No. 13/18 Doboro Road Opposite BlueSkies Nsawam, Greater Accra Region. 0303962196 [email protected]
Buipe, Brong-Ahafo Region
20MW Solar
54 Cape Coast Marina City Limited C470/26 Avery Scott Abotsi Street, East Legon Accra; P.O. Box 118 Accra. +223 (0) 244724307 / +223 (0) 244724307 / +233 (0) 504504504 [email protected]
Dehia, Cape Coast North District, Central Region
200MW Solar
55 Planet Core Ghana Limited No. 4, Airport Residential Street, Agbaamo Street; P.O. Box MP 4117, Accra. 0261346661 / 0302782028 [email protected]
Mafi Zongo, Central Tongu District, Volta Region
20MW Solar
56 Armbo Power & Renewable Energy Limited
Plot 0143 Papao-Haatso Numoo Nii Sai Avenue Accra; P.O. Box WY 1180, Kwabenya - Accra. 0244111592/ 0266322786 / 0541153938 [email protected]
Dawa, Dangme East District, Greater Accra Region
100MW Solar
57 UDM Power Stelin House North Industrial Area Accra; P.O Box AN 6354 Accra
Sokode Ando; Ho District - Volta Region
200MW Solar
58 Energy Green Power Ghana Ltd H/No. M88 Kwame Ofori Close, Airport West Accra; P.O. Box AN 12050, Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 202011122
Kokoligu - Lawra District; Upper West Region
100MW Solar (Concentrated Solar Power)
59 Axcon Energy Limited H/No. W/E White House Dodowa Road, Adamorebe, Oyibi Accra P.O Box KY 1488, Kanda Accra. +233 (0) 270888835/+233 (0) 244656555 [email protected]
Asiekpe, Volta Region 20MW Solar
60 Sinohydro Ghana Limited PMB CT 152 Accra GA/R. Airway Street, Airport Residential Area, Accra. 0302781870 0249424099 0247367396 [email protected]
Carpenter, Bole District, Northern Region
50MW Solar PV Plant
61 TTE ENERGY GHANA LIMITED H/No 21, Asylum Down; 3rd Crescent Road – Accra, P. O. Box GP 1365, GA/R Accra. +233 302230705
Ofoase Kokoben, Ashanti Region
25MW Solar PV Plant
62 TTE ENERGY GHANA LIMITED H/No 21, Asylum Down; 3rd Crescent Road – Accra, P. O. Box GP 1365, GA/R Accra. +233 302230705
Nsuta, Ashanti Region 25MW Solar PV Plant
63 Crossboundary Energy Ghana Limited
H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantonments-Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 [email protected]
Accra; Unilever Ghana Breweries Limited
1.4MW Solar PV Plant
64 Crossboundary Energy Ghana Limited
H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantonments-Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 [email protected]
Accra; Guinness Ghana Breweries Limited
1.0MW Solar PV Plant
65 Northpark Power Limited Plot No. 128, Near Coca Cola Roundabout, Spintex Road, P. O. Box MP 1487, Accra +233 207369027/ +233 206369462 [email protected]
Bolgatanga, Bolgatanga District, Upper East Region
100MW Solar PV
66 Northpark Power Limited Plot No. 128, Near Coca Cola Roundabout, Spintex Road, P. O. Box MP 1487, Accra. +233 207369027/ +233 206369462 [email protected]
Tamale, Tolon District, Northern Region
200MW Solar PV
47
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY PLANT TYPE
67 RD Savannah Solar Ghana Limited
Plot No. 18 South West McCarthy Hill, P. O. Box GP 17166, Accra. +233 263711121 / +233 276090873 [email protected]
Daboya, West Gonja District, Northern Region
200MW Solar PV Plant
68 Habadul Energy Ghana Limited Hno. 452, Malabul Avenue, East Legon. Accra P .O . Box CT 197 Cantoment Accra. +233 (0) 266364618 [email protected]
Osudoku 260MW Solar PV plant
69 ISO Energy Ghana Limited P.O.Box SC 152, Sekondi HNo. A7/2 SSNIT Flat. 0244456424 0244475505 [email protected]
Pigu 45MW Solar PV
70 Crossboundary Energy Ghana Limited
H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantoments-Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195 [email protected]
Accra; Kasapreko Company Limited
1.3MW Solar PV Plant
71 Crossboundary Energy Ghana Limited
H/No 6, Airport Residential Area – Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 6217, Cantoments-Accra. +233 302770447/ +233 553588195. [email protected]
Accra; Coca-Cola Bottling Company Limited
1.3MW Solar PV Plant
72 Simbrofo Light Ghana Limited H/No.10 Lower McCarthy Hill, Winneba Road, Accra; P.O. Box AN 6475 Accra North. 020 421 8532 / 0302923818
Gomoa Simbrofo, Central Region
20 MW Solar PV
73 Siginik Energy Limited P.O. Box CS 9125 Tema. 0573 236943 / 0246 442626
Bodi, Bole District; Northern Region
50MW Solar PV
74 Saltpond Solar Ltd. P.O Box WJ 845 Weija-Accra, H/No. 30 Professor Mills Bypass, Aplaku Old Barrier Accra. +233 (0) 243171761 / (0) 244266182 [email protected]
Saltpond, Mfantseman District, Central Region
40MW Solar PV
75 Oak lynk limited P.O Box SK 1080 Sakumono, Green Oak Street, Huni Akrowa, Katamanso, Ghana +233 (0) 244380359 [email protected]/ [email protected]
Katamanso (Tema), Greater Accra Region.
55MW Solar PV
76 Ultimate Trust Holdings Limited P.O Box 9233 Accra, Cargo Door, Kotoka International Airport Accra. +233 (0) 207050060 /+233 (0) 201622594
Kpone-Katamanso District of the Greater Accra Region.
20MW Solar PV
77 Mere Power Nzema Limited No. 100, Off Cantonments Road,PMB CT 40 Cantonments, Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 302730390 [email protected]
Awiaso-Akpandue, Western Region
155MW Solar
78 All Afra Electric Company Limited
Plot 3 Block 5, Dadeban Road North Industrial Area, Accra P.O.Box 5766, Accra-North. +233 (0) 302222 958/ +233 (0) 3022236572
Savelugu, Northern Region
20MW Solar
79 BXC Company Ghana Ltd P.O.Box 5273 Kaneshie, Accra. +233 (0) 244321288 [email protected]
Gomoa Onyadze, Central Region
20MW Solar
80 All-Africa Energy Limited HNO.8Onyianase Lane, Accra P.O.Box GP 22361, Accra, Ghana. +233 (0) 576301591
Apirede Akuapim, Eastern Region
2MW Solar
81 Yingli Namene West Africa Ltd. H/No. 33/55 near the Commercial Bank, Alogboshie Link Accra; P.O. Box 9335 K.I.A, Accra Ghana. 0302 776638 / 0263 706080 [email protected]
Kpong, Lower Manya Krobo District, Eastern Region
50MW Solar
82 Halo International Ghana Limited
H/N 2 10th Street, New Achimota Accra. P. O. Box 6373 Accra-North. 0261550166 / 0262650058; [email protected]
Prampram Greater Accra Region
20MW Solar
TOTAL 5,255 MW
48
WIND
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
1 Volta River Authority (WPP1) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra P. O. Box MB 77 Accra
Anloga and Anyanui, Volta Region
75MW Wind
2 ElecQtra (West Africa) Limited ElecQtra (West Africa) Limited F28/8b Circular Road Extention Labone P.O.Box CT 6449 Cantoments, +233 (0) 302766832 [email protected]
Afiadenyingba-Ada, Greater Accra
50MW Wind
3 Volta River Authority (WPP1) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra P. O. Box MB 77 Accra.
Anloga and Anyanui, Volta Region
75MW Wind
4 Volta River Authority (WPP2) Electro Volta House 28th February Road Accra P. O. Box MB 77 Accra
Wokumagbe and Goi, Greater Accra Region
75MW Wind
5 TC's Energy P.O.Box Co 756 Tema Ghana +233 (0) 546249071 [email protected]
Ada Foah, Greater Accra Region
1,000MW Wave
6 Upwind Prampram Ltd Odam House C875A3 Kanda Highway Extension, Accra. P.O.Box KA 9116. +233 (0) 302228214 [email protected]
Prampram - Ningo District Greater Accra Region
86MW Wind
7 Upwind Ayitepa Ltd P.O.Box KA 9116. +233 (0) 030 2223175, +233 (0) 302228214 [email protected]
Prampram - Ningo District Greater Accra Region
300MW Wind
8 Upwind Akplabnya Ltd P.O.Box. KA 9116. +233 (0) 302 228214. [email protected]
Ada West District Greater Accra Region
50MW Wind
9 Kalahari Investments Limited (Independent Power Production Ltd)
P.O.Box 8962, Accra House No. H/N F/2396 Labadi-Osu Road. +233 (0) 244735144
Gyengyenadze, Winneba, Central Region.
150MW Wind
10 EBB Volta Eolica Ghana Ltd No. 1 NTHC Estate Ajiringanor East Legon, Accra. Postal Address P.O.Box CT435, Accra, Ghana. +233 241998254
Sege, Greater Accra Region
100MW Wind
11 Upwind Amlakpo Ltd Upwind Amlakpo Ltd. P.O.Box KA 9116 Accra. +233 (0)302228214 [email protected]
Amlapko, Ada West District
140MW Wind
12 Energhana Energy Production Limited
No. 9 Cantonments 5 circular road - Accra P. O. Box 118, Accra. +233 (0) 303413084/ +233 (0) 200199696
Keta District, Volta Region
51MW Wind
13 BTSA Volta Wind Limited c/o Senet Corporate Solicitors P. O. Box CT 5347, Cantonments Accra. HNo. 13/18 Doboro Road Opposite. +233 (0) 303962196 [email protected]
Abetifi in the Kwahu East District of the Eastern Region.
60MW Wind Powered Plant
14 Emerging Markets Power Limited P. O. Box GP 1682 Accra. 4 Momotse Avenue, Adabraka, Accra, Ghana. +233 (0) 553251371 / +233 (0) 244239190 [email protected]
Osudoku in the Shai- Osudoku District of the Greater Accra Region
50MW Wind Powered Plant
15 Solarpark Ghana Project Development Ltd
P. O. Box CT 5811 Cantonments Accra. H/No. G14, Spintex Road Manet Ville, Accra. +233 (0) 244326364. [email protected]
Anyamam, sege, Ada West, Greater Accra
28MW Wind Powered Plant
16 Upwind Konikablo Water Road, Kanda Highway Extension, P.O.BOX KA 16058 Accra. +233(0) 30 2223 175. [email protected]
Dawa, Ningo- Prampram Greater Accra
200MW Wind Plant
17 Heptagon Wind Farms Limited H/No. 71 American House 1st Boundary Road East Accra; P. O. Box DTD LG 10096 Legon - Accra. 0244313660 / 0302 522477 [email protected]
Alakple/Tregui - Keta Municipality District; Volta Region
70MW Wind
TOTAL 2,560 MW
49
WASTE-TO-ENERGY
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
1 Nehlsen WtE Power Plant Limited P.O.Box CT 4679, Cantonments, Accra. +233 (0) 509 696629 [email protected]
Kpone in the Greater Accra RegionPlot No. 1 & 2 Block 1 Community 22 Annex, Tema.
100MW Waste-to-energy (WtE)
2 New Commercial Energy Ltd P.O.Box AN 15902, Accra-North H/No. A912/1 Kwashie, Kojo Korley Street Accra. +233 (0) 244735144 +233 (0) 249565498
Adense-Ejusu, Ashanti Region.
150MW Waste-to-Energy
3 Biojoule Ghana Limited H/NO : Old ADCL Building Kpong Power House Torgorme-Todzoku Rd Akuse PM BMD 2010 Madina Accra
Kpong, Eastern Region 2.5MW Waste-to-Energy
4 Slamson Ghana Limited 22 Arabella Easte Cantoments Accra Kpone, Greater Accra Region
100kW waste-to-energy
5 Safi Sana (Ghana) Limited H/No. 749C, Baatsona, Accra P.O.Box29, Tema Nungua, Accra. 0302 972 380
Ashiaman, Greater Accra Region
100kW Waste-to-Energy
6 West Africa Power Plant FH GH.Ltd
P.O.Box CO 2027, Tema, Ghana Behind next flight Hotel M-Road Com. 9 Tema. 0264786100
Lakpeleku near Ningo on the Tema- Aflao Road
100kW Waste-to-Energy
7 Mama Lee Beach Resort Ent.Ltd P.O.Box 1373, Teshie- Nungua, Accra +233 (0)542345319 [email protected]
Location not specified. To be based on ECG’s advise
4.31MW Waste-to-energy (WtE)
8 APSD Corporate Office: 2nd Floor, Carlton House, Anumase Street, Osu, Accra Ghana Representative Office; +491725406815
Atebubu, Brong Ahafo 60MW Biomass
9 Emugen Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 3237 Accra. +233 (0) 302 238622/ +233 (0) 244632234 [email protected]
Mafi - Kumase Volta Region
8MW Biomass
10 Global Environmental Energy Gh.Ltd
P.O.Box 1103 Accra +233 (0) 509742693 [email protected]
Dodowa/Shai Greater Accra Region
250MW Waste-to-Energy
11 Sweep Ghana Limited Plot 44, 6th Circular Road, Cantonments – Accra. Postal Address: P. O. Box CT 10387, Cantonments. +233 244335855 / +233 244331460 [email protected]
Dormeabra, Ga South Municipality, Greater Accra Region
15MW Waste-to-Energy
12 Asutsuare Sugar & Power Limited H/No. 100, George Kuffour Estate, East Airport Residential Area, P. O. Box CT 6314, Cantonments, Accra.+233 271591111 [email protected]
Asutsuare 3.5MW Waste-to-Energy
13 Kwamoka Energy Ghana Limited P. O.Box KS 6416, Kumasi. +233(0)208110828 [email protected]
Oti, Near Kumasi, Ashanti Region
6MW Waste-to-Energy
14 Adomno WTE Power Plant Limited
P.O.BOX WJ 642,Weija-Accra No. 36, 1st Aplaku Street, Near Old Weija Barrier. Weija-Accra. +233(0) 244 - 588713 [email protected]
Kasoa, Awutu Senya East, Central Region
100MW Waste-to-Energy
15 Smart Energies Ghana Limited Peeble Law Consult Behind Mamprobi P.O Box CT 217, Accra. +233244541327 [email protected]
Accra, Greater Accra Region
30MW Waste-to-Energy
16 Arrow Green Ecology Ghana Limited
Hse No. 14 Trakor Link Abeka- Accra P. O. Box 5512 Accra North Accra 0235950002 [email protected]
West Oyibi, Greater Accra Region
10.8MW Waste-to-Energy
17 GBI- Hanjer GBI-Hanjer Gh Limited P.O.Box 5235 Accra North Accra. 0302400540 / 0504060044 / 0208166072
HNO 2, Ist Kportuphy Avenue, West Legon Accra
30MW Waste-to-Energy
18 Armech Africa Ltd P.O.Box CT 5053 Cantoments, Accra, No. 8 Texpo Road, Tema. +233 (0) 240 14 0700. [email protected]
Kpone, Greater Accra Region.
17MW waste-to-energy (WtE)
19 Renergenc Limited HNo. 14 Block U, Kwaddea Street, Santasi New Site, Kumasi, P. O. Box SA 2501, Sunyani. +233 (0) 203236083. [email protected]
Sowutuom, Ga Central District, Greater Accra region
250MW Waste-to-Energy
20 Safisana Biogas H/No. 749C, Baatsona, Accra P.O.Box29, Tema Nungua, Accra. 0302 972 380
Ashiaman, Greater Accra Region
0.32 MW Waste-to-Energy
TOTAL 1,038 MW
50
HYDRO PLANTS
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
1 Small Hydro Development Company Limited
P. M. Bag 23, Accra-North No. 11 saflo Street, Ablelenkpe. +233 (0) 244 63 6563
Maham, Western Region
41MW Hydro
2 Chrispod Hydro Power Limited P.O.Box AN 7959 Accra North Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 244597612 [email protected]
Tofoi, Twifo Praso District
30MW hydro
3 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Wawa River, Ahamansu (I), Kadjebi District, Volta Region
770kW Hydro-power plant
4 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Wawa River at Ahamansu (II), Kadjebi District, Volta Region
770kW Hydro-power plant
5 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Wawa River, Dodi Papase, Kadjebi District, Volta Region
770kW Hydro-power plant
6 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Dayi River, Hohoe, Hohoe Municipal District, Volta Region
600kW Hydro-power plant
7 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Dayi River, Likpe Kukurantumi, Hohoe Municipal District, Volta Region
800kW Hydro-power plant
8 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Menu River, Menusu, Kadjebi District, Volta Region
580kW Hydro-power plant
9 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Dayi River, Afegame, Hohoe District, Volta Region
750kW Hydro-power plant
10 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Kplikpa River, Afife, Ketu North District, Volta Region
70kW Hydro-power plant
11 Lighting & Construction Africa Company Limited
14th Floor, World Trade Center, Independence Avenue – Accra, P. O. Box KA 16446, Accra. +233 244322808 / +233 243071877
Dayi River, Afegame, Hohoe District, Volta Region
750kW Hydro-power plant
12 Bui Power Authority No. 11 Dodi Link, Airport Residential Area – Accra, PMB 62 Kanda – Accra. +233 302522444/5. [email protected]
Tsatsadu River, Alavanyo-Abehenease, Hohoe District, Volta Region
30kW Hydro Power
13 Zoetic Power Ghana Ltd C/O SAS Finance Group World Trade Centre Independence Avenue Accra P.O.Box KA 16446, Airport
Akosombo, Eastern Region
100MW Hydro
14 Akosombo Hydro Plant - Volta River Authority
Akosombo, Eastern Region
4273 MW Hydro-power plant
15 Kpong Hydro Plant - Volta River Authority
Kpong, Eastern Region 771 MW Hydro-power plant
16 Chrispod Hydro Power Limited P.O.Box AN 7959 Accra North Accra Ghana. +233 (0) 244597612 [email protected]
Sekyere Odumase, Twifo Praso District
30MW Hydro
THERMAL
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
1 Takoradi Power Company (TAPCO)
Takoradi, Western Region
Thermal plant
2 Takoradi International Company (TICO)
Takoradi, Western Region
3 Tema Thermal 1 Power Plant (TT1PP)
Tema, Greater Accra Region
4 Tema Reserve Power Plant (TRPP)
Tema, Greater Accra Region
5 Emergency Reserve Power Plant (ERPP)
6 Kumasi Reserve Power Plant (KRPP)
Kumasi, Ashanti Region
51
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
7 Mines Reserve Plant (MRP)
8 Tema Thermal 2 Power Plant (TT2PP)
Tema, Greater Accra Region
9 Sunon Asogli Power (Ghana) Ltd (SAPP)
10 Cenit Energy Ltd (CEL)
11 Takoradi T3 Takoradi, Western Region
12 Karpowership
13 Ameri Plant
14 Trojan*
15 Kpone Thermal Power Plant (KTPP)
Tema, Greater Accra Region
16 AKSA Enery Ltd
17 Genser*
18 Cenpower
HYBRID
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE & EMAIL PLANT LOCATION PLANT CAPACITY
PLANT TYPE
1 Strategic Security Systems International Limited
PMB 157 Tema Community 1 Plot No. 53/3A & 3B Kpone Kokompe, +233 (0) 303521266. [email protected]
Kpone Industrial Estate, Tema
50MW hydro-solar hybrid plant
2 HPSG Ghana Limited P.O.Box CT 2552, Cantoments, Accra. Fourth Floor, Pyramid House. Ring Road, Accra. +233(0)202222100 [email protected]
Ningo-Prampram District in the Greater Accra Region
100MW Hybrid System (Solar and Wind)
3 Bui Power Authority No. 11 Dodi Link, Airport Residential Area PMB 62, Kanda Accra. +2330302 522444/5 [email protected]
Bui, Banda District, Brong Ahafo Region
10MW hydro-solar hybrid power plant
TOTAL 160 MW
52
ANNEX 9: WASTE SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS
NO NAME ADDRESS, PHONE OR EMAIL LOCATION
1 Universal Waste Concept Postal address is DK366 Darkuman, Accra. 0243178886, 0573928644
Mataheko, Greater Accra Region
2 Zoompak Ghana Limited Postal Address is 117, Madina-Accra, 050 1453394. Teshie SSNIT Greda Estates, Greater Accra
3 J. Stanley-Owusu & Company Ltd 0233-302-306912/244-34-0
4 Erksarp Ventures 0244469473/0200472315 Teshie Nungua, Greater Accra Region
5 Zesta Environmental Solutions Ltd 0209458768 Agbogba, Greater Accra Region
6 Y.N.O Enterprise 032 20- 81782
7 City Waste Management Co. Ltd. 0244315069 Accra, Greater Accra Region
8 BIOLAND LTD 0302816582
9 New Era Waste Management Concept 0242154594 Achimota, Greater Accra Region
10 Keen 2 Clean Services 0240974237
11 Golden Falcon Company Limited 0302-239099
12 Early Sunrise Trading Co Ltd 0302 66508 Accra Central, Greater Accra Region
13 PREMKO Waste Management 00233 205114580 / 00233 202044592
14 Asadu Royal Seed & Waste Management 0244670732 Taifa, Greater Accra Region
Plastic waste management companies
15 3G plastic limited company 0264544888 Accra, Greater Accra Region
16 GP waste recycle co.Ltd 024426891 Accra, Greater Accra Region
17 Universal royal paper limited 030266467 Accra, Greater Accra Region
18 Polytex Ind.Ltd 0242873205 Accra, Greater Accra Region
19 Nelplast Ghana limited (Accra) Plot No. 78 Katamansu, Ashaiman, P.O. BOX 2340, Tema – Ghana. Tel: 030 970873
Accra, Greater Accra Region
20 Super paper product co. Ltd 03302665016 Accra, Greater Accra Region
53
ANNEX 10: GRID ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY PLANT (GWH) AND TOTAL INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY (MW)
YEAR TOTAL GENERATION THERMAL THERMAL
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THERMAL
CARBON INTENSITY OF TOTAL POWER GENERATION
GENERATION CAPACITY (POWER)
GWh GWh MWh tCO2 tCO2/MWh MW
2010 10,167 3,172 3,172,000 2,565,068 0.252 2165
2011 11,200 3,639 3,639,000 2,635,785 0.235 2170
2012 12,024 3,953 3,953,000 3,196,188 0.266 2280
2013 12,870 4,637 4,637,000 3,252,710 0.253 2831
2014 12,963 4,576 4,576,000 3,148,823 0.243 2831
2015 11,491 5,647 5,647,000 3,378,009 0.294 3656
2016 13,023 7,462 7,462,000 4,710,971 0.362 3795
2017 14,067 8,451 8,451,000 6,380,505 0.454 4398
2018 16,246 10,229 10,229,000 7,722,895 0.475 4889
2019 18,763 12,008 12,008,019 9,179,380 0.489 4889
2020 63,816 56,547 56,546,749 42,692,795 0.669 7,854
2021 66,579 58,963 58,963,282 44,517,278 0.669 8,189
2022 69,423 61,084 61,084,118 46,118,509 0.664 8,484
2023 72,762 63,629 63,629,243 48,040,078 0.660 8,837
2024 76,342 66,338 66,337,850 50,085,076 0.656 9,214
2025 87,165 75,857 75,857,021 57,272,051 0.657 10,536
2026 92,322 79,833 79,833,141 60,274,021 0.653 11,088
2027 91,349 78,004 78,004,453 58,893,362 0.645 10,834
2028 97,588 82,831 82,830,741 62,537,209 0.641 11,504
2029 104,121 80,600 80,600,490 60,853,370 0.584 11,195
2030 110,887 85,648 85,648,413 64,664,552 0.583 11,896
UNDP NDC SUPPORT PROGRAMME United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
304 E 45th Street, New York, NY 10017www.ndcs.undp.org @UNDPClimate
IN CONTRIBUTION TO THE
