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8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
1/22
23/5’
Q
PAPER FOR SPE FALLMEETING
INJECTIONWELLS USING THE
- “ANALYSISOF WATER
HALL TECHNIQUEAND
PRESSURE
FALL-OFF
DATA
- PRENTICE(CENTRALGLORIETA)
UNIT - TERRY AND YOAKUM COUNTIES,TEXAS”
MichaelDeMarco
April 25, 1968
4
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..-.
. . . . ..
?.
o
ABSTRACT
This paper presentsa reviewof injectionwell performance
in thePrentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit,Yoakumand Terry
Counties,Texas.
The method utilizedis the Hall Technique
in conjunctionwith surfacerecordedpressurefall-offdata.
The Hall Techniqueis a simplifiedmethod for rapid
evaluationof injectionwell performance.
Such problemsas
well plugging,low formationpermeabilityto water,and
pressurepartingcan readilybe ascertained.
This approachhas been utilizedin theTenneco-operated
Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit to improveinjectionwell
capacity. Examplesare includedin the paper. Also included.
is an exampleof an indicationof water channelingto an
offsetwell. This offsetis completedin a lower zone than
Che main GlorietaT-1 zone.
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a I K i
The
INTRODUCTION
The Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit, PrenticeField,Terry
YoakumCounties,Texas is located100 miles north of Odessa.
PrenticeField is situatedon the southeasternflank of the
NorthwesternShelfArea (Fig.1). The CentralGlorietaUnit
was formedin August, 1966 and water injectionbegan in nine
wells duringMarch, 1967. The MidwestOil CorporationTract 15
encercdthe Unit in February,1967 and Well No. 53 was placedon
injectionduringAugust, 1967.
Figure2 is an isopachousmap of the main Glorietapay, T-1
zone and Figure3 is a plot of Unit production.
DISCUSSIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE
The Hall Techniquefor analyzingwater injectionwells first
appearedin the literaturein 1963.1 This techniqueis a graphical
approachfor evaluatingchangesin injectionwell capacities. In
general,injectionwell capacitiesare difficultto evaluatebecause
of a simultaneousvariationof injectionratesand pressures.
Usuallyto evaluatepossiblepluggingor injectionimprovement,it is
necessaryto know reservoirpressure,waterviscosity,and water
density. In order to avoid theseproblems,Hall showedthat the
slopeof the summationof wellheadpressuresmultipliedby time
.
versus cumulativewater volumeinjected&WHP X t vs. cum.water
injection
- plottedon co-ordinatepaper),is proportionalto well
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When cumulativewater injectionis plottedon the abscissavs.
ZWHP X t on Che ordinateand a decreasein slope is noted, some form
of improvementin well-borecapacityis indicated(i.e.,pressure
parting,hydraulicfracturing,acidizing,etc.). Conversely,an
increasein slopewill indicatesome form of well-boredamage,
usuallyplugging.
One other importantassumptionof Hall’s techniqueis that
reservoirpressureand producingwell fluid level remainconstant.
Thus, duringfill-upwhen the reservoirpressureis changing,the
slopeof the plot will changein a concaveupwarddirection. If
the producingwell fluid level is increased the slope of the Hall
Plot will changeindicatingapparentdamageor if the fluid level
drops the slopewill changealso thus indicatingimprovement.
APPLICATIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE
Early in the injectionhistioryof the Prentice(Central
Glorieta)Unit, it was apparentthat the southwesternend was
becomingout of balance.
Where injectionrates in Well Nos. 1,
4, 6, 20, and 51 were above 1000 BWPD at 1100 psig, the injectivity
in Well No. 34 was approximately380 BWPD at 1150 psig. A similar
unbalanceoccurredin Well Nos. 43, 49, and 50. Table I is a list
of the data used to make a Hall Plot for Well Nos. 34 and 1. Figs.
4 and 5 are injectivitycurvesfor both wells and Figs. 6 and 7 are
Hall Plots from the data in Table I.
AnalyzingFig.
6 it can be noted that the Hall Plot of Well
No. 34 was-veryszeep duringthe first50 000BW injectedas
.
8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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comparedwith the
“textbook-like”exampleof Well No. 1 (Fig. 7).
The lattercurve showsa gradualconcaveupwardcurve. The
other threewells irithe southwesternportionof the Unit had
HallPlots similarto Well No. 34 whereas the better injectors
were very similarto Well No. 1.
Formationpluggingwas
discountedsince all of the injectedwater in the Unit area came
from freshwater Ogallalasands, One would expect to see
pluggingin all the wells if thiswere a problem.
It was decided that low injectivityrates in the southwestern
portionof the Prentice(CentralGlorieta)Unit probablywas due
to reduced~h.
Pressurefall-offtestswere conductedon all
injectors. The methodused is the v ry simpletechniqueoutlined
by Morse and Ott.2
A surfacepressurerecorderwas equippedwith
a 24 hour”-
96 minutequick -
changecombinationdrive clock. In
most instancesthewells were on a vacuumwithin 1000minutes.
The flexibilityin a 96 minute quick- changechart is in the
abilityto obtain fairlyaccuratepressurereadingsduring the
first 10 minutesof fall-off.
Figures8 and 9 are presume fall-offplots for Well No. 34,
showingthe fall-offbeforefracturingand after fracturing.
The
kwh before fracturingwas 112 ml. - ft. After a hydraulic
fractureof 30,000gals.gell&lwater and 60,000lbs. sand (using
threestagesof rock salt),the kwh was improvedto 940 md. - ft.
Figure4 shows that the ratewas increasedto 1000 BWPDat 1100
psig, and eightmonthsafter the treatmentinjectivityremainstwice
the rateprior co the treatment.
Note that the Hall Plot of Well No.
8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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-.
.
. .
. . . . . .. . . ...
0
34 (Fig.6) shows an abruptchangein
capacityimprovement, Similarcurves
43, 49, and 50 after thesewells’were
the slope indicating
w r
plottedfor Well Nos.
hydraulicallyfractured.
There had been some concernthat the fracturetreatments,
althoughincreasinginjectivityraces,may have communicated
outsidethe
34 since it
utilizedto
main T-1 zone.
was treatedin
calculatero k
of the injectedfluid (and
This was a possibilityin Well No.
stagesand a temperaturelog was
salt.volumes. We found that 100
firststage treatment)had gone out
the bottomfour feet of perforations.
Subsequentstagesand
temperatureruns indicatednew pay was being treated.
Early
inklarch,1968, injectivityprofiles
w r
run on each of the
injectionwells.
Figure XO is a profileof Well No. 34 which “
shows
fairlyuniforminjectivity.
Profileson the other
fracturedwells also had good injectivitydistributionwith .
only small amountsof water being injectedoutsidethe main pay
zone.
In view of the successwith the otherwells in the
southwesternportionof the Unit, it is plannedto frac~ureWell
No. 53 since it also has low injectivity.
LOCATINGWATER CHANNELING
One of the uses of the Hall Techniqueis
the indicationof
water channelingor formationpressureparting..
Figure11 is a
Hall Plot of Well No. 20. It can be noted that the well
performedvery similarto Well No. 1 duringthe first90,000BW
injected. However,between90,000and 140,000BW injected,there
was a sharpbreak in slope to the right (capacityimprovement).
8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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During thissame t~me interval,a largewater productionincrease
was noted in the offsetClearforkzone well, locazedapproximately
330t southeastof Well No. 20. Subsequenttestingindicatedwater
had swept.fromWell No. 20 to the
Glorietazone of the offsetand
then communicatedthrougha smallchanneldown to the Clearfork
zone.
Data from the Hall Plot helpedisolatethe problemwhich was
immediately,corrected.It also gave
calculationsare reasonableand that
experiencedresponseif theGlorieta
CONCLUSION
The Hall Techniquefor injection
confidencethat fill-up
the offsetwell would have
zonewere on production.
well analysisis a simple
tool thatcan be utilizedby the engineerto evaluatewaterflood.
It requiresthe use of minimumdata that is normallyavailable
eachmonth, i.e.,weeklypressuresand injectionvolumes. The
data can be set up in such a maaner that clerical r secretarial
help can make the monthlyplotsand the engineercan reviewthe
data.
Problemssuchas pressurepartingor formationplugging
shouldnot be allowedto continueunabated.
Utiliza&ionof the
Hall Techniqueand monthlyplotswill readilypointout these
potentialproblemsto the engineer.
By analyzingthe water injection
(Centr@Glorieta) Unit early in
its
performance
of
the
Prentice
life, it has been possibleto
improve
part of
earlier
the poor injectionbalancebetweenthe northeastand southwest
the Unit.
This shouldlead to
mor
rapid fill-upand an
waterfloodresponsethroughoutthe Unit.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
l’heauthorwishes to thank chemanagement
Companyand partnersin the Prentice(Central
for theixpermissionto publishthis paper:
of TennecoOil
Glorieta)Unit
References
1. Hall, H. N.:
“How to AnalyzeWaterfloodInjectionWell
Performance”,World Oil, October1963,pp. 128-130.
.—
2. Morse,J. V. and Ott, Frank:“FieldApplicationsof
Unsteady-
StatePressureAnalysesin ReservoirDiagnosis”,
Paper SPE 1514presentedat 41stAnnualFallMeeting,
Dallas (Oct.2-5, 1966). ~
.
8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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.
.
1967 March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
“November
Decemberw
1968
January
February
March
April
May
June
TABLE I
HAIL PLOT DATA
PRENTICE(CENTRAL
WELL NO. 1
—.
—— —— ... .
WHP WHP X T
~WHP XT
CUM. INJ.
— ——— .—
40
422
593
920
1040
1040
1150
1113
700
525
563
565 a
5
422
593
920
1040
1040
1150
1113
700
525
563
555
5
427
1020
1940
2980
4020
5170
6283
6983
7508
8071
8636
2,114
29,640
59,796
85,377
117,690
149,607
179,838
210,207
236,279
259,653
282,891
304,516
GLORIETA)UNIT
WELL NO. 34
—---- ----.— — -------—
WHP -_ ——--WHPXT
~WNP XT
CUM. INJ.
——
1140
147 147
5,359
967
967
1114 17.613
997
997
2111 28,771
1578
1078
3189 40,236
1150
1150
4339
52,321
1012 1012
5351
77,034
1150 1150
6501 104,858
1113
1113
7614 130,165
975
975
8589 150,997
1100
1100
9689
172;948
1081 1081 10770 193,749
1100
1100 11870
213,412
. .
8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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,,,. ,,- .
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8/18/2019 Analysis of Water Injection Wells Using the Hall Technique and Pressure Fall-Off Data
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