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Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France Nadine.Brisson, Philippe Gate, David Gouache, Gilles Charmet, FrançoisXavier Oury

Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

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Page 1: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France

Nadine.Brisson, 

Philippe Gate, David Gouache, 

Gilles Charmet, François‐Xavier Oury

Page 2: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

The issueA steady growth trend for wheat 

yields in Europe during the second half of the 20th century due to 

progress in genetics (HI)use of inputs for reducing 

environmental limitations (nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation, pesticides)

climate effects : variability around this trend

A decline in this growth trend for the two last decades

WHY ?

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

t ha‐1 1996 (P value=0.00082)Yield average progression 0.123  t ha‐1 year‐1

YIELD

Page 3: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Possible causes of yield leveling‐off 

Genetic : is there un upper limit to genetic improvement ?

Agronomic : did changes occur in the management of fields (nitrogen fertilizers, use of pesticide preceding crop, soil organic matter) more or less driven by political or economic causes ?

Climatic : does climate change have a responsibility ?

Page 4: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Various sources of dataType of data

Nature of data Source of data period

Statistical surveys

Production, area

AGRESTE1 FAO2 1956 2007

Practices ONIGC 3 ARVALIS4 AGRESTE

1994 2009

Controlled trials

Damage

ARVALIS

2001 2008

Yield and optimal practices

1981 2008

Yield of each variety

INRA5NT

I NRA T CTPS6

T

1970 2008 1982 2008 1994 2008

Soil survey

Soil organic matter INRA 1990 2004

Modelling

Weather yields METEO FRANCE7 1956 2007

1 AGRESTE : Statistical service of the French ministry of Agriculture2 FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations3 ONIGC : French National Office for Arable Crops4 ARVALIS : French technical institute for cereal crops5 INRA : French National Institute for Agronomic Research6 CTPS : French Technical Committee for Breeding7 METEO FRANCE : French meteorological service

Page 5: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

The observations in France

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

t ha‐1 1996 (P value=0.00082)Yield average progression 0.123  t ha‐1 year‐1

YIELD

A regular increase of yield since the beginning of the fiftiesA significant stagnation since the middle of the nineties 

(rising + plateau model with Fisher’s test)

without significant modifications in wheat areas

Page 6: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

The observations in Europe

A general trend in Europe

Exceptions : Germany  

(reunification)

southern countries (durum wheat, increase in the year‐to‐year variability)

SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM

ITALY NETHERLANDS SPAIN

DENMARK FRANCE GERMANY

1990 ** 1996 **

1994  1993 **

1989

1995 ** 1996 ** 1999

Year of stagnation** very significant P<0.01

no star                  P>0.05

Page 7: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

The observations in France at a departmental level

77 % of cereal‐growing departments show a significant stagnationYear of stagnation between 1991 and 1998Southern departments : same behavior than southern countries

* * *

* *

** **

** ** **

** **

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

MF

Page 8: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Genetic causes

No stagnation : very good linear fit r2 > 0.95A continuous progress between 0.10 and 0.12 t ha‐1 yr‐1More important for untreated trials (progress not at the expense of 

resistance to fungal disease)

INRA ‐TREATED INRA ‐UNTREATED CTPS ‐TREATED

Suppression of the year effect  by a step by step procedure, accounting for the number of genotypes common to 2 successive years

Page 9: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Agronomic causes1) Nitrogen fertilizers

A decrease from 2000 of about 20 kg N ha‐1Efficiency (number of applications) stable since 2000Corresponding to  ≈ – 0.1 t ha‐1 (technical references) , 

or  ≈ ‐ 0.015 t ha‐1 yr‐1

170

180

190

200

210

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

kg N ha-1

AGRESTEONIGCARVALIS

a

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

N application

number

AGRESTE

ONIGC

ARVALIS

b

Page 10: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Agronomic causes2) Fungicide treatments

No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency)

No relationship between damage and fall in yields

 

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

t ha-1t ha-1

damages on the left yield on the right

1 2

3

Evolution of damage – yield. Identification of three cases: • 1 with low damages and low yields, •2 with high damages and low yields and• 3 with high damages and high yields. •Source: AGRESTE, ARVALIS damage trials

Page 11: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Agronomic causes3) Preceding crop

From 1999, decrease in legumes and increase in rapeseedYield rapeseed < Yield legumesCorresponding to  ≈ ‐ 0.035 t ha‐1 yr‐1

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

proportion of wheat

preceding crop

wheat rapeseed legumes other crops

a

5

6

7

8

9

10

1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

t ha-1

wheat rapeseed legumes other crops

b

Page 12: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Agronomic causes4) Soil organic matter

Soil organic matter (organic C in g kg‐1) evolution between 1990‐1994 and 2000‐2004 periods. Source : INRA

Contrasted situationsNo trend

Page 13: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Agronomic causesSynthesis

≈ ‐ 0.015 : nitrogen fertilization≈ ‐ 0.035 : preceding crop

≈ ‐ 0.050 t ha‐1 yr ‐1 : agronomic causes

Page 14: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Climate cause :Estimate of a climatic yield with crop modeling

PANORAMIX (Gate, 1995) : “high‐input” agriculturebased on relationships between yield componentsassumes no nitrogen deficiencysoil water balance initialized at WP after harvest.main climate influence : water stress and thermal 

stress during grain filling

STICS (Brisson et al., 2003, 2009) : “low‐input” agriculturebased on carbon balanceincludes nitrogen processes (plant and soil)continuous water balancenumerous climate‐crop interactions (direct and 

indirect)

Page 15: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Climate causePANORAMIX STICS

Linear relationships fit better than bilinear but r2 not significantIncrease in the year‐to‐year variability towards the end of the period

Page 16: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Climate cause

Always negativeMore important with PANORAMIX (not positive effect of 

mineralization stimulation by temperature : STICS)

locations 

Estimation of the climatic penalty of wheat yield  (t ha‐1 yr‐1 ) between the two periodsstatistically defined (year of change of slope) PANORAMIX STICS 

Amiens  ‐0.008 (1983)  ‐0.074 (1998) 

Bourges  ‐0.039 (1993)  0.000 (1997) 

Dijon  ‐0.107 (1993)  ‐0.038 (1999) 

Rennes  ‐0.002 (1993)  ‐0.001 (1992) 

Toulouse  ‐0.022 (1980)  0.000 (1982) 

Nîmes  ‐0.078 (1988)  ‐0.016 (1984) 

Mean (std) ‐0.043 (0.042)  ‐0.021 (0.030) 

 

Test of the bilinear model Differences in slopes and year of slope change

Page 17: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Climate cause

Between ‐0.02 and ‐0.05 t ha‐1 yr‐1 

Low input High input

Main climatic impacts :Negative

heat stress (Northern regions)water stress (Southern regions)

PositiveN mineralization

Not easy to combine at a national level

Page 18: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Synthesis

genetics

climate and agronomy

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

positive negative

t ha‐1 an

‐1

Evaluation of the progress and and the penalty of bread wheat  in France since 1999 

‐0.06

‐0.04

‐0.02

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

climate agronomy genetics

t ha‐1 an

‐1

1999

1970Evaluationof the causes of yield evolution in bread wheat in France (year of the beginning of the evolution)

1990

Still a gap between genetic progress and depressive effects of climate and agronomy

Up scaling of climatic analysis at the national scale ?Other causes ?Agronomic causes started in 1999 : reinforce climatic causesSensitivity of intensive agriculture to climate (in contradiction with 

prospective SRES scenario studies) 

Page 19: Analysis of the stagnation of wheat yields in France · 2010. 9. 27. · Agronomic causes 2) Fungicide treatments ¾No trend in IFT (indicator of treatment frequency) ¾No relationship

Reference

Brisson, N.,Gate, P., Gouache, D., Charmet, G., Oury, F.X., Huard, F.,  2010. Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data  analysis for France.  Field Crops Res.119 : 201‐212.