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Analysis of the European Union and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011
SRG 65/10 & COM 64/15
Prepared for the European Commission
Directorate General E - Environment ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade &
Multilateral Agreements
by the
United Nations Environment Programme - World Conservation Monitoring Centre
October 2013
UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 0DL United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1223 277314 Fax: +44 (0) 1223 277136 Email: [email protected] Website: www.unep-wcmc.org The United Nations Environment Programme
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-
WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment
centre of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP), the world’s foremost
intergovernmental environmental organisation.
The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years,
combining scientific research with practical policy
advice. The Centre's mission is to evaluate and
highlight the many values of biodiversity and put
authoritative biodiversity knowledge at the centre
of decision-making. Through the analysis and
synthesis of global biodiversity knowledge the
Centre provides authoritative, strategic and timely
information for conventions, countries and
organisations to use in the development and
implementation of their policies and decisions.
UNEP-WCMC provides objective and scientifically
rigorous procedures and services. These include
ecosystem assessments, support for the
implementation of environmental agreements,
global and regional biodiversity information,
research on threats and impacts, and the
development of future scenarios.
CITATION
UNEP-WCMC (2013). Analysis of European Union
and candidate countries’ annual reports to CITES 2011.
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.
PREPARED FOR
The European Commission, Brussels, Belgium
DISCLAIMER
The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect
the views or policies of UNEP, contributory
organisations or editors. The designations
employed and the presentations do not imply the
expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of UNEP, the European Commission or
contributory organisations, editors or publishers
concerning the legal status of any country, territory,
city area or its authorities, or concerning the
delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The
mention of a commercial entity or product in this
publication does not imply endorsement by UNEP.
© Copyright: 2013, European Commission
3
Table of Contents
I. Introduction ......................................................................................... 4
II. Summary of EU trade in 2011 ........................................................... 6
III. Species showing noteworthy trends ............................................... 9
A. Data included .............................................................................................. 9
B. Selection criteria ........................................................................................ 10
C. Species selected ......................................................................................... 12
IV. Species valuation .............................................................................. 55
A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011 55
B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value .................................. 57
C. Value by EU Annex .................................................................................. 60
D. Value of timber imports ........................................................................... 61
V. Exports and re-exports ..................................................................... 63
A. European Union (re-)exports .................................................................. 63
B. Candidate countries ................................................................................. 77
VI. Non-CITES trade .............................................................................. 79
Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes ...................................................... 82
Annex B – Glossary of terms .................................................................................. 83
Annex C – Conversion factors ............................................................................... 83
Annex D – Country name abbreviations ............................................................. 83
Annex E - Valuation methodology overview ..................................................... 84
Introduction
4
I. Introduction
This analysis provides a
comprehensive overview of the
information submitted by the
Member States of the European
Union (EU) and candidate
countries (Figure 1.1) in their 2011
annual reports to the Convention
on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES). In 2011 there
were 27 Member States and five
candidate countries. It describes
their trade in species listed in the
Appendices to CITES and the
Annexes of the EU Wildlife Trade
Regulations, which enforce CITES in the EU.
During 2011, the relevant EU Wildlife Trade Regulations were Council Regulation
(EU) No 338/97 amended by (EC) No 709/2010, and Implementing Regulation (EC)
No 865/2006 amended by (EC) No 100/2008.
Data on trade between EU Member States, trade in artificially propagated
Appendix II plants and re-exports of manufactured articles were excluded from the
analysis. Trade recorded as a seizure/confiscation (source ‘I’) was also excluded, as
reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within the CITES Trade Database. Where
appropriate, conversion factors were applied to terms and units to facilitate analysis
(see Annex C).
Throughout the text, certain country names have been abbreviated; a key to these
abbreviations is provided in Annex D.
A. Annual reports included
The 2011 data used for the analysis were taken from the CITES Trade Database on
the 8th of April 20131, following the submission of CITES annual reports by Member
States and key trading partners.
Table 1.1 lists the 74 non-EU CITES Parties and dependent territories (including all
five candidate countries) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time
of the analysis.
1 Annual reports for 2011 were received from two candidate countries after this date (FYR Macedonia and Iceland), and the data has been included in the analysis.
Figure 1.1: EU Member States and candidate countries in 2011 © European Commission
Introduction
5
Table 1.1: Third-party CITES annual reports for 2011 available at the time of analysis (8th April 2013).
Countries and Territories
Basis of reporting
Argentina --
Armenia* Permits issued
Aruba (NL) --
Azerbaijan Permits issued
Bangladesh --
Belarus --
Benin* --
Bonaire* Actual trade
Chile Permits issued/
Actual trade
China Permits issued
Colombia Permits issued
Costa Rica Permits issued/
Actual trade
Croatia Permits issued/
Actual trade
Dominican Republic Permits issued
El Salvador Permits issued/
Actual trade
Ethiopia* --
Georgia Permits issued/
Actual trade
Guyana Permits issued/
Actual trade
Honduras*^ --
Hong Kong (CN) Permits issued
Iceland§ --
Indonesia* Permits issued
Japan◊ Permits issued
Jordan --
Kenya Permits issued
Kuwait Permits issued
Kyrgyzstan* --
Liberia* --
Macao (CN) Permits issued
Madagascar Permits issued/
Actual trade
Malaysia Actual trade
Mali Permits issued
Mexico Permits issued/
Actual trade
Monaco Permits issued
Montenegro** --
Morocco Permits issued
Myanmar Permits issued
Namibia* Actual trade
Nepal* --
New Zealand Permits issued
Countries and Territories
Basis of reporting
Norway Actual trade
Oman --
Pakistan --
Panama --
Papua New Guinea* Permits issued
Paraguay* Permits issued
Peru Actual trade
Qatar --
Russia Permits issued
Rwanda --
Serbia Permits issued
Seychelles* Permits issued
Sierra Leone --
Singapore Permits issued
South Africa Permits issued
St Kitts & Nevis* --
Suriname Actual trade
Swaziland --
Switzerland --
Syrian Arab Republic Permits issued
Tanzania* Actual trade
Thailand --
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia§
--
Togo* Permits issued
Trinidad and Tobago Permits issued/
Actual trade
Turkey* --
United Arab Emirates Actual trade
United States Actual trade
Uruguay* Permits issued
Uzbekistan Permits issued/
Actual trade
Venezuela --
Viet Nam Permits issued
Zambia Permits issued
Zimbabwe* --
Key: *reporting exports only; **reporting imports only; ◊includes introductions from the sea; ^provisional report; § candidate country report received after data extraction but included in the analysis; ‘--‘not specified
Summary of EU trade in 2011
6
Box 2.1: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns in 2011
EU: Candidate countries:
Mammals: 19 Hippopotamus amphibius* Birds: 2 Lycalopex griseus* Reptiles: 16 Lycalopex gymnocercus* Fish: 2 Lynx rufus* Invertebrates: 41 Lontra canadensis* Plants: 9 Arctocephalus pusillus
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae Psittacus erithicus Python reticulatus* *Also selected on the basis of EU imports
II. Summary of EU trade in 2011
This report provides a detailed analysis of the information submitted by the Member States
of the European Union2 and candidate countries3 in their 2011 annual reports to the
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES).
Annual reports to CITES contain information on trade in species listed in the CITES
Appendices and the Annexes of Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent
updates. This analysis includes data from all 27 EU Member States and all five candidate
countries (Croatia, Iceland, Montenegro, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and
Turkey) that had submitted their annual reports for 2011 at the time of writing (July 2013).
All trade data submitted by EU Member States in their 2011 annual reports to CITES is
available via the CITES Trade Database4 and also via the 2011 EU Annual Report to CITES,
which is available to download on the EU Analysis website: http://euanalysis2011.unep-
wcmc.org/.
Noteworthy patterns of trade
CITES trade data for 2011, as reported by EU Member States and candidate countries, were
analysed to identify taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade. The selection process
included imports reported as wild-sourced, ranched or source ‘unknown’, or reported
without a source specified. Imports were
considered noteworthy according to
four criteria:
High volume of imports in 2011;
Sharp increase in imports in 2011;
Overall increases or decreases in imports between 2002 and 2011;
Long-term variability in imports between 2002 and 2011.
In total, 89 taxa were selected on the
basis of a high volume of trade and/or a
sharp or overall increase in trade reported by EU Member States. For species that have been
newly selected through this year’s analysis, detailed summaries of the trade in these species
2 “Member States of the European Union” hereafter referred to as EU, EU Member States or European Union. 3 Five countries were candidate countries to the EU in 2011: Croatia, FYR Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Turkey. 4 http://www.unep-wcmc-apps.org/citestrade/trade.cfm
The number of taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 was slightly greater than in 2010, with 56 of the same taxa selected as in 2010.
Summary of EU trade in 2011
7
are provided. For species selected in the 2010 analysis, a shorter summary focussing on 2011
trade levels has been included, with any updates since last year’s summary.
Nine taxa met the criteria for selection on the basis of a high volume of trade or sharp
increase in trade reported by candidate countries, all of which are Annex B species (Box 2.1).
Species valuation
To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed species in 2011, species-
specific value data (submitted to United States Customs and included within the United
States annual report to CITES) adjusted for inflation was applied to EU-reported import
volumes.
Excluding caviar extract, the value of animal imports in 2011 was estimated at
approximately US$662 million (~EUR499 million), with reptile parts and derivatives
accounting for 74% of this value. The main commodities in trade (again excluding caviar
extract) were leather products (41%), skins (31%), raw corals (9%) and live animals (5%),
amongst others. A significant proportion of the overall value of the trade to the EU appears
to be in high value, luxury goods.
When caviar extract was analysed, the value of imports into the EU of this high-end item
was estimated at US$3.6 billion. The high value for caviar extract used in this analysis is
based on the median of over 400 value records from the US Customs Dataset spanning 2007-
2011, with adjustments made for inflation, so it is unlikely that this value in erroneous,
although further investigation may be merited. When caviar extract is included, the total
value of CITES-listed animals and animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was
estimated at USD4.3 billion (USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion).
Exports and re-exports
In 2011, the EU and candidate countries exported captive-bred and artificially propagated
specimens of many species, in addition to a small number of wild-collected native species.
Exports of wild-collected CITES-listed species native to the EU (Box 2.2) were mainly
reported for scientific and commercial/hunting trophy purposes. With the exception of two
transactions, all CITES Appendix I/Annex A species were (re-)exported for scientific or
medicinal purposes.
Tridacna maxima was the species that was exported at the highest levels from the wild; live sturgeon eggs, live invertebrates and reptile skin pieces were (re)-exported at the highest volumes overall.
The value of EU imports in 2011 of CITES-listed animals and animal products (excluding caviar extract) was estimated at USD662 million.
Summary of EU trade in 2011
8
Box 2.2: Exports of wild collected taxa from the EU in 2011
Mammals: 22 Annex A taxa 4 Annex B species Birds: 5 Annex A species 1 Annex B species Reptiles: 1 Annex A species Fish: 1 Annex B species Invertebrates: 2 Annex B species Corals: 4 Annex B taxa Plants: 1 Annex B species Timber 1 Annex B species
Box 2.3: High volume (re-) exports from the EU in 2011
Mammal taxa: 12 Bird taxa: 10 Reptile taxa: 19 Amphibian taxa: 0 Fish taxa: 10 Invertebrate taxa: 4 Plant taxa: 4 Timber taxa: 7
Box 2.4: Main non-CITES, Annex D species imported by the EU in 2011
Homalopsis buccata
Elaphe carinata
Elaphe radiata
Physignathus cocincinus
Pterapogon kauderni
Harpagophytum procumbens
Harpagophytum spp.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Both the EU and candidate countries act as
entrepôts for non-manufactured parts; some
products and live specimens imported from
producer nations, as well as products originating
within the EU and candidate countries are (re-)
exported at high
volumes (Box 2.3).
Much of the high
volume trade was in
(re-)exports of non-
native species.
Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of
terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was
predominantly in feathers and live animals, reptiles were
mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade
was principally live individuals.
Trade in non-CITES species
EU imports of non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes in 2011 principally comprised
Annex D reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives, the majority of
which were reported without a source specified. Trade in live animals was also recorded for
twenty-four taxa, with two species (Physignathus cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni)
imported at levels exceeding 5000 individuals. Trade was
principally for commercial purposes or reported without a
purpose specified. The primary Annex D species in trade
were reptiles, fish and plants (Box 2.4).
Imports of three non-CITES Annex A and B taxa were
recorded by the EU in 2011; the majority of transactions
comprised live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for
scientific purposes.
Five non-CITES taxa listed in the EU Annexes were
recorded as (re-)exported in 2011, with majority of trade in live, captive-bred Columba livia
exported directly for commercial purposes at levels more than double those exported in
2010.
Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Imports of live animals also recorded Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes.
Species showing noteworthy trends
9
III. Species showing noteworthy trends
This section provides a detailed analysis of taxa imported by the EU and candidate countries
in 2011 that showed noteworthy trade patterns, according to one or more of the following
criteria: high volume of trade in 2011, high volume of trade in globally threatened species in
2011, sharp increase in trade in 2011 and overall increases or decreases in trade between 2002
and 2011. The process of selection according to these criteria is summarised below.
A. Data included
In the process of selection of species for discussion in this section, only imports from wild,
ranched and ‘unknown’ sources, as well as trade reported without a source specified, were
considered. Scientific specimens, which often refer to blood, tissue etc., and other terms that
could not easily be related to numbers of individuals (e.g. feathers, hair), were not used as
part of the selection process. However, some discussion of the volume of trade in these
terms is included if a species was selected for further review based on other terms imported.
In addition to the conversion factors applied to all trade data (see Annex B), the following
conversion factors were applied to the data used to select highly traded species so that
certain terms could be more easily equated to numbers of individuals (Table 3.1).
Table 3.1: Conversion factors applied to data used to select highly traded species.
Converted from: Converted to:
Elephant tusks No. individuals [1.88 tusks = one elephant (Parker and Martin, 19825)]
Hippopotamus teeth No. individuals [12 teeth = one hippopotamus]
5 Parker, I.S.C. and Martin, E.B. (1982). How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade? Oryx 16 (3): 235-
239.
Species showing noteworthy trends
10
Yes
B. Selection criteria
The criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade are summarised in
Figure 3.1, followed by a detailed description of each criterion. Species were selected for
discussion if they met at least one of the criteria.
EU imports from wild, ranched, unknown and ‘blank’ sources only
Figure 3.1: Criteria for selection of species showing noteworthy patterns of trade.
Select as a ‘High volume’
species
Yes Is 2011 trade minimum trade level?
Is the species globally threatened?
AND is 2011 trade minimum trade level?
Yes Select as a
‘High volume (globally threatened)’
species
Is 2011 trade over three times the mean of the preceding five years (2006-2010)? AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?
Select as a species showing a
‘Sharp increase’
Is slope/mean of trade data over ten
years +0.15 or -0.15?
AND is goodness of fit (R²) 0.75?
AND IF slope +0.15, is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum trade level?
AND IF slope -0.15, is 2011 trade >0?
Select as a species showing an
‘Overall increase / decrease’
Yes
Is Coefficient of Variation > 2 ? AND is total trade over ten years >
100? AND are there more than five years
with non-zero trade? AND is 2011 trade > 5% of minimum
trade level?
Yes Select as a species showing
‘High variability’
Species showing noteworthy trends
11
1. High volume
Species qualified for selection on the basis of ‘high volume’ trade if imports during 2011
exceeded pre-determined thresholds based on taxa-wide assumptions of general
reproductive biology (Table 3.2).
Table 3.2: Minimum number of wild, ranched, source ‘unknown’ and source ‘blank’ individuals imported in 2011 needed to qualify for selection on the basis of high trade volume.
Taxonomic group CITES Appendix
I II CR, EN, VU, NT*
II III CR, EN, VU, NT*
III
Mammals 50 50 5000 50 25000
Birds 50 50 5000 50 25000
Reptiles 50 50 25000 50 50000
Amphibians 50 50 25000 50 50000
Fish 50 50 25000 50 —
Invertebrates (non-corals) 250 250 25000 250 50000
Corals — 10000 25000 10000 50000
Plants (non-tree) 250 250 25000 250 50000
Plants (trees) 250 m³ 250 m³ 500 m³ 250 m³ 2500 m³
* CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened in IUCN Red List
High volume (Globally threatened)
The ‘high volume’ trade thresholds (Table 3.2) were adjusted for all species categorised as
Critically Endangered (‘CR’), Endangered (‘EN’), Vulnerable (‘VU’) or Near Threatened
(‘NT’) in the 2013 IUCN Red List of threatened species.
2. Sharp increase
Species qualified for selection on the basis of a sharp increase in trade if the volume of
importer-reported imports during 2011 was more than three times the average trade volume
of the preceding five-year period (2006-2010).
Species that, despite a sharp increase in trade, were still only traded in very low volumes
(i.e. less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status
(Table 3.2)), were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Newly-listed species meeting this
criterion artificially due to the absence of trade records in previous years were also excluded.
3. Overall increase or decrease
General trends in trade for each species over the ten-year period 2002-2011 were identified
by calculating the slope of a best-fit linear function to the trade data. For the purpose of
comparison between species, the value of the slope was divided by the mean level of trade
(for the ten-year period in question) for each species. Values greater than +0.15 and lower
than –0.15 were considered large slopes. The goodness of fit of the trend-line was also taken
into consideration; only species with R2 values greater than 0.75 were retained in the final
selection.
Species showing noteworthy trends
12
Species that, despite an overall increase in trade, were only traded in very low volumes (i.e.
less than 5% of the high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2)),
were not selected on the basis of this criterion. Similarly, species selected on the basis of an
overall decrease in trade for which there was no trade in 2011 were excluded. In addition,
where it is clear that a species qualified artificially on the basis of an overall decrease due to
a taxonomic change (e.g. a species split into two or more separate species), these species
were also excluded after closer scrutiny.
4. High variability
Variability was quantified using the coefficient of variation (the standard deviation divided
by the mean) of the data over the ten-year period 2002-2011. Taxa were selected on the basis
of this criterion if levels of trade showed a coefficient of variation higher than +2.
Only species with non-zero data points in six or more years 2002-2011 were considered for
selection. In the case of species added to the CITES Appendices within the period of
analysis, only the years since its listing were analysed where a minimum of five years of
trade data were available. Species that were traded in very low volumes (less than 5% of the
high volume thresholds not taking into account threat status (Table 3.2), or totalling less
than 100 units over the ten-year period) were also excluded.
C. Species selected
A summary of the species that were selected for review according to the criteria outlined
above is provided in Table 3.3. In total, 21 mammal, four bird, 16 reptile, two fish, five
invertebrate (other than coral), 36 coral, and nine plant (including four tree) taxa were
selected on the basis of high volume of trade, sharp increase and changing trends in trade by
EU Member States and candidate countries.
The sections that follow provide information on the EU trade 2002-2011 for each of the taxa
selected as presented in Table 3.3. Details of trade in species selected for review based on
candidate country data are included at the end of this chapter. Where a species was selected
in 2010, a shorter summary of trade is provided in this year’s analysis which provides
details of the 2011 trade and includes any additional relevant information (e.g. SRG
opinions, etc) that is new since the 2010 summary was compiled. In the case of corals,
summaries are only provided where the coral was selected on the basis of trade reported at
the species level. More detail is provided for the remaining species, including information
on the criteria met, the principal trade terms (trophies, skins, etc.), the principal source of
imports (wild, captive, etc), the main EU/candidate country importers, the main trading
partners exporting the species to the EU/candidate countries, and the CITES Appendix and
IUCN Red List status for each species. As reporting is inconsistent and incomplete within
the CITES Trade Database, imports recorded as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) are not
discussed in this section.
Species showing noteworthy trends
13
Table 3.3: Taxa showing noteworthy patterns of trade in 2011 according to the criteria: high volume of trade, high volume of trade (globally threatened), sharp increase in trade, overall increase or decrease in trade, and high variability in trade.
Annex Taxon Common name
IUCN Red List
Selection Criteria Selected in
2009? Selected in
2010?
ANNEX A
Mammals
A Panthera pardus Leopard NT High volume (GT)
A Monodon monoceros Narwhal NT High volume (GT)
A Equus hemionus hemionus Mongolian Wild Ass EN* High volume (GT), sharp increase
x
A Equus przewalskii Przewalski’s Horse EN High volume (GT), sharp increase
x x
A/B Ceratotherium simum simum Southern White Rhinoceros NT Sharp increase x x
A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT)
Birds A Haliaeetus albicilla White-tailed Eagle LC Overall increase x x
A Struthio camelus Ostrich LC Sharp increase x x
ANNEX B
Mammals
B Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus VU High volume (GT)♦
B Pecari tajacu Collared Peccary LC High volume
B Tayassu pecari White-lipped Peccary NT High volume (GT)
B Lycalopex griseus South American Grey Fox LC High volume♦ ♦
B Lycalopex gymnocercus Pampa Fox LC High volume◊ x x
B Lynx canadensis Canada Lynx LC High volume x
B Lynx rufus Bobcat LC High volume; sharp increase◊
♦
A/B Panthera leo African Lion VU High volume (GT)
B Lontra canadensis North American Otter LC High volume; sharp increase◊
B Arctocephalus pusillus Cape Fur Seal LC High volume◊ ◊
B Ursus maritimus Polar Bear VU High volume (GT)
B Pteropus vampyrus Large Flying-fox NT High volume (GT) x x
B Equus zebra hartmannae Hartmann's Mountain Zebra VU High volume (GT) x
Species showing noteworthy trends
14
Annex Taxon Common name
IUCN Red List
Selection Criteria Selected in
2009? Selected in
2010?
Mammals (cont.)
A/B Ceratotherium simum simum Southern White Rhinoceros
NT High volume (GT) x x
B Papio ursinus Chacma Baboon LC Overall increase x x
A/B Loxodonta africana African Elephant VU High volume (GT)
Birds B
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
Red-fronted Parakeet VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x
B Psittacus erithacus Grey Parrot VU High volume (GT) ◊ x x
Reptiles
B Alligator mississippiensis American Alligator LC High volume
B Caiman crocodilus crocodilus South America Spectacled Caiman
LC High volume§ x x
A/B Crocodylus porosus Estuarine Crocodile LC Overall increase x
B Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor - High volume x
B Varanus salvator Water Monitor LC High volume
B Python brongersmai Blood Python LC High volume x x
B Python regius Royal Python LC High volume
B Python reticulatus Reticulated Python - High volume; sharp increase◊
B Chelonoidis denticulata Brazilian Giant Tortoise VU High volume (GT)
B Kinixys homeana Home's Hinge-back Tortoise VU High volume (GT)
B Testudo horsfieldii Afghan Tortoise VU High volume (GT), overall increase
Fish B Scaphirhynchus platorynchus Sand Sturgeon VU High volume (GT)
B Polyodon spathula Paddlefish VU High volume (GT)
Invertebrates (non-coral)
B Ornithoptera croesus Wallace's Golden Birdwing EN High volume (GT)
B Ornithoptera rothschildi Rothschild's Birdwing VU High volume (GT) x
B Hirudo medicinalis Medicinal Leech NT High volume (GT)
B Tridacna maxima Small Giant Clam NT High volume (GT)
B Strombus gigas Queen Conch - High volume
Corals B Scleractinia spp. Stony Corals - High volume
Species showing noteworthy trends
15
Annex Taxon Common name
IUCN Red List
Selection Criteria Selected in
2009? Selected in
2010?
Corals (cont.)
B Catalaphyllia jardinei Elegant Coral VU High volume (GT), Sharp increase
B Euphyllia ancora Anchor Coral VU High volume (GT)
B Euphyllia divisa Frogspawn Coral NT Sharp increase x
B Euphyllia glabrescens - NT High volume (GT) x
B Plerogyra sinuosa Bladder Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase
x x
B Duncanopsammia axifuga Whisker Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase
B Turbinaria reniformis Yellow Scroll Coral VU Sharp increase x x
B Caulastraea furcata Finger Coral - Sharp increase x x
B Favia spp. Knob Corals - Sharp increase, Overall increase
x
B Favites spp. Larger Star Corals - Sharp increase x
B Goniastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Leptastrea spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Moseleya latistellata - VU Sharp increase
B Platygyra spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Fungia spp. Mushroom Corals - Sharp increase x x
B Lithophyllon undulatum - NT Sharp increase x
B Acanthastrea lordhowensis - NT Overall increase x
B Acanthastrea spp. - - Overall increase x
B Acanthophyllia deshayesiana - NT Sharp increase x x
B Australomussa rowleyensis - NT Sharp increase x x
B Blastomussa merleti Branched Cup Coral LC Sharp increase x x
B Cynarina lacrymalis Cat's-eye Coral NT High volume (GT), Sharp increase
Species showing noteworthy trends
16
Annex Taxon Common name
IUCN Red List
Selection Criteria Selected in
2009? Selected in
2010?
Corals (cont.)
B Lobophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Scolymia spp. - - Overall increase x
B Scolymia australis Button Coral LC Sharp increase
B Symphyllia spp. - - Overall increase x x
B Echinophyllia spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Mycedium elephantotus - LC Sharp increase x x
B Oxypora spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Pocillopora spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Stylophora spp. - - Sharp increase x x
B Goniopora spp. - - Sharp increase x
B Goniopora stokesi Flowerpot Coral NT High volume (GT)
B Porites spp. - - Overall increase x
B Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Crater Coral NT High volume (GT) x
Plants
B Galanthus elwesii Greater Snowdrop - High volume
B Galanthus woronowii Green Snowdrop - High volume
B Euphorbia antisyphilitica Candelilla - High volume, Sharp increase
B Euphorbia primulifolia - VU High volume (GT) x x
B Aloe ferox Aloe - High volume, Sharp increase
Trees
B Pericopsis elata African Teak EN High volume (GT)
B Prunus africana African Cherry VU High volume (GT) x
B Aquilaria filaria - - Sharp increase x x
B Gonystylus bancanus Ramin VU High volume (GT)
ANNEX C
Mammals C Antilope cervicapra Blackbuck NT High volume (GT) x x
Species showing noteworthy trends
17
Annex Taxon Common name
IUCN Red List
Selection Criteria Selected in
2009? Selected in
2010?
Reptiles
C Cerberus rynchops Dog-faced Water Snake LC Sharp increase x x
C Graptemys ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle LC Sharp increase x x
C Graptemys pseudogeographica False Map Turtle LC High volume
C Mauremys reevesii Reeve’s Turtle EN High volume (GT), Sharp increase
x x
C Mauremys sinensis Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle EN Sharp increase x
Key: Within the IUCN column, ‘CR’ = Critically Endangered, ‘EN’ = Endangered, ‘VU’= Vulnerable, ‘NT’= Near Threatened, ‘LC’= Least Concern and ‘-’= not evaluated; * = assessed as Equus hemionus; § = assessed as Caiman crocodilus. Within the Selection Criteria, High volume (GT) = High volume (globally threatened), ◊ = met the criteria based on candidate countries' trade only; ♦ = met the criteria based on both EU and candidate countries' trade.
Species showing noteworthy trends
19
1. Species selected on the basis of EU imports
Annex A
MAMMALS
Panthera pardus (Leopard)
As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally
threatened species and primarily comprised wild-sourced trophies and trophy items.
Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (234
trophies, ten skins, eight skulls, three bodies and one skeleton) equated to
approximately 256 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that three of the skins
were imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the
number of animals involved to 253. This represents a decrease of 7% relative to 2010.
As in 2010, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items primarily originated in Tanzania,
Zimbabwe and Namibia.
Monodon monoceros (Narwhal)
In 2011, M. monoceros was again selected on the basis of high volume trade in a
globally threatened species. Trade originating in Greenland is treated as belonging to
Annex B, assuming that the proper domestic licensing procedures were followed6. In
2011, Annex B trade primarily consisted of 74 wild-sourced carvings and 54 tusks
traded for personal purposes; trade in these terms decreased by 68% and 27%,
respectively, compared to 2010. As in 2010, the remaining Annex A trade was all
imported directly from Canada and primarily comprised wild-sourced tusks (56
tusks and 3.1 kg tusks) and teeth (13 teeth); trade in these terms combined remained
at similar levels between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion for Canada was removed
on 30/06/2009. The species was reviewed for SRG 51, which indicated concerns
regarding overexploitation and lack of information on population sizes and
sustainable catch levels for the Greenland population. Greenland introduced a ban
on the export of M. monoceros products in 2006; a former negative opinion for
Greenland was removed on 16/02/2010, replaced with a ‘no opinion’ with all
applications to be referred to the SRG.
Equus hemionus hemionus (Mongolian Wild Ass)
This species, as in 2010, was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally
threatened species and a sharp increase in trade. EU imports consisted of 90 wild-
sourced skulls imported directly from Mongolia for scientific purposes. All trade
over the ten year period 2002-2011 was for scientific purposes (2004: 250 skulls; 2010:
50 skulls).
6 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No. 2724/2000 and Regulation (EU) No. 709/2010 (applicable
from 22 July 2010), all Appendix II Cetacea “including products and derivatives other than meat
products for commercial purposes, taken by the people of Greenland under licence granted by the
competent authority concerned” are treated as belonging to Annex B.
Species showing noteworthy trends
19
Equus przewalskii (Przewalski’s Horse) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Mongolia CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Endangered
In 2011, EU-reported imports primarily consisted of 63 wild-sourced skulls imported
for scientific purposes directly from Mongolia. The import of 25 specimens directly
from Mongolia for scientific purposes in 2010 represents the only other record of
wild-sourced trade 2002-2011. Small quantities of captive-bred live animals and
specimens were also reported by EU importers over this period, with only one live,
captive-bred horse imported in 2011 (for zoological purposes).
Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros)
Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: trophy items Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Sweden Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: I (except the populations of South Africa and Swaziland, which are included in Appendix II for specified purposes). IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
In 2011, EU Member States imported 18 wild-sourced trophies and trophy items of
Appendix I/Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum: five trophies, two
horns, three feet and eight bones. The horns and bones were all imported on the
same export permit, and therefore may have originated from the same animal. All
wild-sourced trade was imported directly from Namibia and was reported as
purpose codes ‘H’ and ‘P’. In addition, one pre-Convention horn (purpose ‘P) and
one source ‘F’ horn (purpose ‘E’) were also imported. Trade in trophy items met the
sharp increase criterion as the 2011 trade was more than four times the mean of the
preceeding five year period (Figure 3.2). With no trade in Annex A trophies reported
2002-2005, trade levels in 2011 were the highest over the ten year period 2002-2011.
No trophy items were reported in trade in either 2009 or 2010; imports in 2010 (1 live,
1 body and 1 skin) were all for scientific/educational purposes or zoos. Trade in C.
simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decisions
16.84 to 16.92.
Species showing noteworthy trends
20
Figure 3.2: EU reported imports of Annex A populations of Ceratotherium simum simum
trophies and trophy items (horns, bones, feet, skins and trophies reported under purpose
codes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) by source, 2006-2011.
Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)
Annex A populations of Loxodonta africana were selected on the basis of high volume
trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports of Annex A specimens in 2011
comprised mainly pre-Convention carvings, wild-sourced trophies and trophy items
and wild-sourced scientific specimens. Wild-sourced trade in terms that can easily be
equated to individuals (70 trophies, two feet, two ears and one tail) as well as tusks
(25 tusks converted to 13 individuals using the conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per
elephant) equated to approximately 88 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that
the tail and two ears were imported on the same permit, possibly reducing the
number of animals involved to 86. This represents a 40% decrease in the number of
individuals relative to 2010. Trade in L. africana is closely monitored through the
CITES process following Decision 14.78 (Rev. CoP16).
BIRDS
Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Ireland Top trading partner: Norway CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, EU imports comprised 41 live, wild-sourced individuals imported for re-
introduction purposes, and three live, captive-born individuals imported for
breeding purposes. All wild-sourced individuals were imported directly from
Norway, while captive-born individuals were imported directly from Kazakhstan
(two) and Ukraine (one). EU imports of wild-sourced, live individuals remained
constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.3).
0
5
10
15
20
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W O
Species showing noteworthy trends
21
Figure 3.3: EU-reported imports of live Haliaeetus albicilla from the two main sources (‘W’ and ‘C’), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Struthio camelus (Ostrich) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live eggs Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Morocco CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, EU imports consisted predominantly of wild-sourced, live eggs for breeding
purposes (24 eggs), originating in Morocco. In addition, the import of one pre-
Convention carving and one captive-bred small leather product was also reported.
Imports of live eggs remained constant between 2010 and 2011; no other trade in live
eggs was reported over the ten-year period. The species is considered to be extinct in
the wild in Morocco, although re-introduction attempts have been reported.
Annex B
MAMMALS
Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus)
As in 2010, this species was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally
threatened species and EU imports primarily consisted of wild-sourced teeth, tusks
trophies and skins reported under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’. Wild-sourced trade in
trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (124 trophies, 120 skins, 35
tusks, 1027 teeth, 30 skulls, 29 feet, three tails and one body reported without units,
using a conversion factor of two tusks and twelve teeth to one individual) equated to
approximately 410 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that some trophy items
were imported on the same permits as others, potentially reducing the number of
animals involved to 378. This represents an increase of 49% compared to 2010. The
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C
Species showing noteworthy trends
22
majority of the trade in trophy items originated in Zambia and Zimbabwe. As stated
in the 2010 EU Analysis, positive opinions are in place for Zambia (formed on
18/07/2001) and Zimbabwe (confirmed on 29/10/2001) and the species has been
subject to scrutiny as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade Process (see
AC25 Doc. 9.4 Annex).
Pecari tajacu (Collared Peccary)
Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports of P. tajacu in 2011 consisted of skins
(24 034) and skin products (8212), all of which were wild-sourced and imported for
commercial purposes directly from Peru. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins
decreased by 29%, while imports of skin pieces and leather products increased by
2%. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Peru on
07/12/2012.
Tayassu pecari (White-lipped Peccary)
EU imports of T. pecari principally comprised skins (6528 skins), and, as in 2010,
exceeded the high volume threshold for a globally threatened species. All skins were
wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes directly from Peru. Imports of
skins decreased by 55% between 2010 and 2011, reaching their lowest level over the
period 2002-2011. The population of Peru was reviewed for SRG 51 and a positive
opinion was formed on 16/02/2010.
Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox)
Imported as skins or skin products, this species was selected on the basis of high
volume trade. In total, the EU imported 27 146 skins, 15 large leather products, 13
plates and eight garments; all imports were wild-sourced. With the exception of 500
skins imported directly from Chile, all imports originated in Argentina (93% of skins
and all skin products directly and 5% of skins via Turkey). EU imports of wild-
sourced L. griseus skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011 (from 13 132
skins), but remained lower than levels imported in the years 2002-2008. The
population of Argentina was reviewed for SRG 46 and a positive opinion was
reconfirmed on 02/12/2008.
Lynx canadensis (Canada Lynx)
As in 2010, L. canadensis met the criteria for high volume trade and in 2011 EU
imports were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (6042
skins), the majority originating in Canada (68%) and the United States (32%). Imports
of wild-sourced skins decreased by 27% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG confirmed
the positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on 27/03/2007 and from the
United States on 07/12/2012.
Species showing noteworthy trends
23
Lynx rufus (Bobcat)
L. rufus again met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010. EU imports in 2011
were primarily wild sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (39 525 skins), the
majority originating in the United States (89%) with the remainder originating in
Canada. Imports of wild-sourced L. rufus skins more than doubled between 2010 and
2011, reversing the decrease in trade seen in 2008-2010. The SRG confirmed positive
opinions for both the United States and Canada on 27/03/2007 and CoP15 Prop. 2
noted that the species’ status was considered to be secure, with stable or increasing
populations.
Panthera leo (African Lion)
As in 2010, Annex B trade in P. leo met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally
threatened species and EU imports of Annex B specimens consisted primarily of
captive-bred and wild-sourced trophies (82 and 65, respectively). Wild-sourced
trophies and trophy items equated to approximately 100 individuals, although a
permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits
as other items, potentially reducing the number of lions involved to 95. This
represents an increase of 8% compared to 2010. Captive-bred trophies and trophy
items equated to approximately 119 individuals, representing an increase of 30%
compared to 2010. As in 2010, the majority of both wild-sourced and captive-bred
trophies and trophy items originated in South Africa. A negative opinion was
formed for wild specimens from South Africa on 10/11/2011.
Lontra canadensis (North American Otter)
Meeting the high volume criterion, EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced
skins traded for commercial purposes (7459 skins) originating in Canada and the
United States. Imports of wild-sourced skins decreased by 43% between 2010 and
2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Canada on
16/02/2010 and for the United States on 07/12/2012.
Ursus maritimus (Polar Bear)
EU imports of U. maritimus in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced trophy items
(purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’) and, as in 2010, met the criteria for high volume trade in a
globally threatened species. Wild-sourced trade (including source unspecified) in
trophy items that can easily be equated to individuals (16 trophies, 52 skins, 51 skulls
and two bodies) equated to approximately 121 individuals. A permit analysis
revealed that five trophy items were imported on the same permits as other items,
potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 116; this represents an
increase of 29% relative to 2010. As in 2010, all wild-sourced trophies and trophy
items originated in Canada (73%) and Greenland (27%). The species was discussed
at SRG 50 on 30/11/2009 and a positive opinion was confirmed for Canada, except
for subpopulations of Baffin Bay and Kane Basin, for which a negative opinion was
Species showing noteworthy trends
24
confirmed. The negative opinion for Baffin Bay and Kane Basin subpopulations was
reconfirmed on 16/02/2010.
Pteropus vampyrus (Large Flying-fox) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy, Netherlands Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
The EU imported 53 live, wild-sourced individuals for commercial purposes and one
pre-Convention body (purpose code ‘Q’) in 2011. All wild-sourced trade was
imported directly from Indonesia. No imports of this species were reported by the
EU 2002-2008; in 2009, 30 were imported and imports of wild-sourced, live
individuals more than doubled from 20 in 2010 to 53 in 2011. Indonesia published an
export quota of 270 live individuals in 2011.
Equus zebra hartmannae (Hartmann's Mountain Zebra)
As in 2010, Equus zebra hartmannae met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally
threatened species. EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced skins reported
under purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and ‘T’ (849 skins, plus seven skins reported without a
purpose or source specified), as well as other wild-sourced trophies and trophy
items, the majority of which originated in Namibia. Wild-sourced trade in trophy
items that can easily be equated to individuals (856 skins, 75 trophies, 77 feet, two
genitalia, one skull, one tail and one skeleton, including trade reported without a
source or purpose specified) equated to approximately 956 individuals. A permit
analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were imported on the same
permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of animals involved to 939.
Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 12% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG
formed a positive opinion for specimens from Namibia on 02/12/2008. The
subspecies has been reviewed as a case study as part of a report on hunting trophies
to be considered at SRG65.
Species showing noteworthy trends
25
Ceratotherium simum simum (Southern White Rhinoceros)
Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain, Poland Top trading partner: South Africa CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
In 2011, EU imports of Annex B populations consisted primarily of wild-sourced
hunting trophies and trophy items, comprising 22 trophies, 18 horns, 16 feet, two
skins, three skin pieces, two skulls and one tail. Two of the trophies, four feet, the
skin pieces and tail were reported without a source or purpose code. All EU imports
in 2011 originated in South Africa. The number of trophy items combined (64 trophy
items) in 2011 reached the second highest level over the ten year period 2002-2011
(Figure 3.4). Wild-sourced (including source unspecified) trade in trophy items that
can easily be equated to individuals (trophies, horns, feet, skins and tails) equated to
approximately 49 individuals. A permit analysis revealed that five trophy items were
imported on the same permit as other items, potentially reducing the number of
animals involved to 44. This represents a four-fold increase relative to 2010 (11
individuals). Trade in C. simum simum is closely monitored through the CITES
process following Decisions 16.84 to 16.92.
Figure 3.4: EU imports of wild-sourced (includes source ‘W’ and source unspecified)
Annex B Ceratotherium simum simum trophies and trophy items (bodies, bones, feet,
horns, skins, skin pieces, skulls and tails), purposes ‘H’, ‘P’ and purpose unspecified, 2002-
2011.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
26
Papio ursinus (Chacma Baboon) Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: skulls Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Namibia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
EU imports of Papio ursinus consisted primarily of wild-sourced hunting trophies
and trophy items in 2011, comprising 241 skulls, 129 trophies, 19 bones, 20 skins, 16
teeth, one body and one tail. In addition, eight trophies, five skulls and one skin were
reported without a source or purpose specified. Trade in trophy items that can easily
be equated to individuals (trophies, skulls, skins, bodies and tails) equated to
approximately 406 individuals; a permit analysis revealed that six of the skulls were
imported on the same permits as other trophy items, potentially reducing the
number of animals involved to 400. This represents an increase of 11% relative to
2010, with imports in 2011 reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011
(Figure 3.5). Trophies and trophy items principally originated in Namibia (58%),
South Africa (23%) and Zimbabwe (16%). The SRG confirmed positive opinions for
wild specimens from South Africa and Zimbabwe on 29/10/2001. Although trade
has increased notably since that time, the species is generally considered to be
common and widespread.
Figure 3.5: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced Papio ursinus hunting trophies and trophy items (bodies, skins and skulls; purposes H, P and T), 2002-2011.
Loxodonta africana (African Elephant)
Annex B elephant populations were selected on the basis of high volume trade in a
globally threatened species. EU-reported imports of Annex B specimens in 2011 were
primarily wild-sourced and consisted mainly of skins, skin pieces, trophies, tusks,
ivory pieces and hair. Wild-sourced trade in trophy items that can easily be equated
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
bodies skins skulls trophies
Species showing noteworthy trends
27
to individuals (131 trophies, 87 tusks, 79 feet, 39 ears, 33 tails and four skulls reported
without units, including trade reported without a source specified, using the
conversion factor of 1.88 tusks per elephant) equated to approximately 251
individuals. A permit analysis revealed that a notable quantity of trophy items were
imported on the same permits as other items, potentially reducing the number of
animals involved to 200; this represents a 36% decrease relative to 2010. Trade in L.
africana is closely monitored through the CITES process following Decision 14.78
(Rev. CoP16).
REPTILES
Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator)
As in 2010, A. mississippiensis met the criteria for high volume trade. EU imports
principally comprised wild-sourced skins originating in the United States; a total of
287 650 skins were imported in 2011 (all sources). Imports of skins increased by 10%
between 2010 and 2011. The species was reviewed for SRG 41 and a positive opinion
was confirmed for the United States, the only range State, on 14/09/2007.
Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (South American Spectacled Caiman) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Venezuela CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern7
EU imports in 2011 principally comprised skins, all of which were wild-sourced,
traded for commercial purposes and originated in Venezuela (26 613 skins). Imports
of skins more than doubled between 2010 and 2011, but remained lower than levels
imported 2003-2008 (Figure 3.6). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild
specimens from Venezuela on 14/09/2007.
7 Assessed as Caiman crocodilus
Species showing noteworthy trends
28
Figure 3.6: EU-reported imports of Caiman crocodilus crocodilus skins by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Crocodylus porosus (Estuarine Crocodile)
Trade in Annex B populations of C. porosus met the ‘overall increase’ criterion,
primarily on the basis of ranched skins over the ten year period 2002-2011. Imports
in 2011 primarily comprised captive-bred and ranched skins traded for commercial
purposes (14 867 and 14 911 skins, respectively), the majority originating in Australia
(76%) and a notable proportion in Papua New Guinea (20%). A smaller quantity of
wild-sourced skins was also imported (1274 skins), the vast majority (>99%)
originating in Papua New Guinea. Imports of skins from all sources were 31% higher
in 2011 compared to 2010; the relative proportions of each source were similar to
2010. The SRG formed a positive opinion for Papua New Guinea on 16/02/2010.
Varanus niloticus (Nile Monitor)
EU imports of V. niloticus principally comprised wild-sourced skins traded for
commercial purposes (32 838 skins), with levels again meeting the high volume
threshold as in 2010. Imports of skins increased by 13% between 2010 and 2011. The
majority of trade was imported directly from Chad and Mali; positive opinions were
either confirmed (Chad) or formed (Mali) for these range States on 26/05/2008.
Varanus salvator (Water Monitor)
As in 2010, V. salvator met the criteria for high volume trade, with EU imports
principally comprising wild-sourced skins traded for commercial purposes (150 007
skins) originating in Indonesia and Malaysia. Total imports of skins doubled
between 2010 and 2011; trade originating in Indonesia increased by 153% while
imports originating in Malaysia increased by 61%. Positive opinions were confirmed
for Indonesia on 29/02/2008 and for Malaysia on 02/12/2011.
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C
Species showing noteworthy trends
29
Python brongersmai (Blood Python) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to EU: skins Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partners: Indonesia, Singapore CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least concern
In 2011, EU imports consisted primarily of skins (31 126 skins) traded for commercial
purposes, the majority of which were wild-sourced and originated in Indonesia. EU
imports accounted for 78% of Indonesia’s export quota of 36 936 wild-sourced skins
and skin products in 2011. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased more than ten-
fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports of captive-bred skins decreased by 84%
(Figure 3.7). A positive opinion was formed for specimens from Indonesia at SRG 30
on 01/07/2004, subject to the use of species specific quotas, which was reconfirmed
at SRG40 on 27/03/2007, as the population of the species was considered to be
increasing in oil-palm plantations in the country.
Figure 3.7: EU-reported imports of Python brongersmai skins from the two main sources ('W' and 'C'), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).
Python regius (Royal Python)
In 2011, EU imports consisted exclusively of live individuals (42 399) with levels
exceeding the high volume threshold, as in 2010. The majority of imports were
ranched and traded for commercial purposes. Imports of live P. regius increased by
13% between 2010 and 2011. As in 2010, the majority of trade originated in Togo and
Ghana. Trade from Ghana and Togo was reviewed for SRG 45 and positive opinions
were confirmed for ranched specimens from these countries, and wild specimens
from Togo on 15/09/2008. A positive opinion for wild specimens from Ghana was
formed on 12/03/2009.
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C
Species showing noteworthy trends
30
Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python)
This species was selected on the basis of high volume trade, as in 2010, and in 2011
EU imports principally comprised wild-sourced and captive-bred skins traded for
commercial purposes (totalling 262 868 skins from all sources). Notable quantities of
small leather products were also imported (28 772 products), the majority wild-
sourced. Between 2010 and 2011, total imports of skins (all sources) increased by
44%, while imports of small leather products decreased by 37%. The majority of the
captive-bred trade originated in Lao PDR and Viet Nam, while the wild-sourced
trade primarily originated in Indonesia. The SRG formed a negative opinion for wild
specimens from Viet Nam on 07/12/2012; the positive opinion for wild specimens
from Indonesia was removed on 07/12/2012, but re-formed on 28/05/2013. The
species, including populations from Indonesia, Lao PDR and Viet Nam is currently
under review as part of the CITES Review of Significant Trade process.
Chelonoidis denticulata (Brazilian Giant Tortoise)
C. denticulata was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened
species. As in 2010, all EU imports were of live individuals traded for commercial
purposes. In 2011, the principal source of trade shifted from wild to captive-bred,
with 130 captive-bred and 88 wild-sourced individuals imported. The captive-bred
animals were all imported directly from the United States and Peru, while the wild-
sourced animals were imported directly from Suriname and Guyana. Overall, live
imports increased by 18% between 2010 and 2011; wild-sourced imports decreased
by 39%. Populations of Guyana and Suriname were reviewed for SRG 59 and
positive opinions were formed for both countries on 23/02/2012.
Kinixys homeana (Home's Hinge-back Tortoise)
EU imports of K. homeana consisted of live individuals traded for commercial
purposes (312 individuals) which again met the threshold for high volume trade in a
globally threatened species. The majority of individuals were ranched and imported
directly from Togo (94%) and the remainder wild-sourced and imported directly
from Ghana. Live imports increased by 26% in 2011 compared to 2010. Following the
negative opinions for wild-sourced specimens and ranched specimens being
confirmed for Ghana and Togo, respectively, on 02/12/2011, a suspension was put
in place for wild-sourced specimens from Ghana, and ranched specimens with a
straight carapace length greater than 8 cm from Togo, on 10/09/2012 and remains
valid.
Testudo horsfieldii (Afghan Tortoise)
In both 2010 and 2011, T. horsfieldii was selected on the basis of high volume trade in
a globally threatened species and an overall increase in trade. EU imports in 2011
consisted exclusively of live individuals traded for commercial purposes (45 919
individuals), the majority ranched (44%) and wild-sourced (39%) and imported
Species showing noteworthy trends
31
directly from Uzbekistan. Live imports increased by 33% in 2011 compared to 2010.
A long-standing import suspension for wild specimens of this species from all
countries of origin was removed on 30/04/2004. The population of Uzbekistan was
reviewed for SRG 45 and 53. The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens
from Uzbekistan on 26/09/2006; this was confirmed for wild and ranched specimens
on 14/09/2010. The species was selected under the CITES Review of Significant
Trade in 2008. At the 25th meeting of the Animals Committee, Uzbekistan was
categorised as of Possible Concern and recommendations were made to the country
to provide information within 90 days; information was communicated to the
Secretariat on 06/12/2011 and this species-country combination was subsequently
removed from the process.
FISH
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Sand Sturgeon)
EU imports consisted of wild-sourced caviar imported for commercial purposes
directly from the United States (508 kg of caviar). As in 2010, S. platorynchus was
selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally threatened species and
imports of caviar increased by 71% between 2010 and 2011. A positive opinion was
formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The species was reviewed at SRG 54
and a positive opinion was formed for the United States on 22/06/2011. The
conservation and trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the
Animals Committee in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).
Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish)
As in 2010, P. spathula was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally
threatened species, consisting of 1395 kg wild-sourced caviar traded for commercial
purposes and 750 live, captive-bred eggs traded for scientific purposes, all imported
directly from the United States. Imports of caviar decreased by 38% while imports of
live eggs decreased by 99%. The species was reviewed for SRG 44 and a positive
opinion was re-confirmed for the United States on 12/03/2009. The conservation and
trade of Acipenseriformes are discussed at each meeting of the Animals Committee
in accordance with Resolution 12.7 (Rev. CoP16).
INVERTEBRATES
Ornithoptera croesus (Wallace's Golden Birdwing)
EU imports of O. croesus in 2011 consisted of 619 ranched bodies, exceeding the high
volume threshold for trade in a globally threatened species. All trade originated in
Indonesia and was primarily imported for commercial purposes. Imports of bodies
decreased by 25% in 2011 relative to 2010. An import suspension has been in place
for wild specimens from Indonesia since 19/09/1999. The species was reviewed for
SRG 50.
Species showing noteworthy trends
32
Ornithoptera rothschildi (Rothschild's Birdwing)
As in 2010, O. rothschildi was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a globally
threatened species. EU imports consisted of 297 ranched bodies traded primarily for
commercial purposes, all of which originated in Indonesia. Imports of bodies
decreased by 5% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion for
ranched specimens from Indonesia on 11/02/1998. The Indonesian population was
reviewed for SRG 60.
Hirudo medicinalis (Medicinal Leech)
Again meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species, in
2011 EU imports of H. medicinalis consisted primarily of live individuals (120 000
captive-bred individuals and 450 kg of wild-sourced individuals), with notable
quantities of captive-bred medicine and derivatives also imported (55 264 and 36 752
units, respectively); the majority of trade was for commercial purposes. Live trade
primarily originated in the Russian Federation, while the majority of the trade in
derivatives and medicine originated in Ukraine. Between 2010 and 2011, live imports
(reported without units) increased by 45%, while imports of derivatives (including
medicine and extract, reported without units) decreased by 55%. A positive opinion
for all countries was formed on 22/07/1997, which was removed for the population
of the Russian Federation at SRG 58 on 02/12/2011 and for the population of
Ukraine at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012 (SRG 58/11 and SRG 61/12, respectively).
Tridacna maxima (Small Giant Clam)
As in 2010, in 2011 T. maxima was selected on the basis of high volume trade in a
globally threatened species and EU imports principally comprised live individuals
traded for commercial purposes (20 855 individuals), of which 89% were captive-
produced and the remainder wild-sourced. The principal exporter of captive-
produced, live individuals was Vanuatu, while the majority of wild-sourced, live
individuals originated in French Polynesia. Live imports decreased by 14% between
2010 and 2011. An import suspension has been in place since 10/05/2006 for wild-
sourced specimens originating in Vanuatu. A positive opinion for specimens from
French Polynesia was formed at SRG 61 on 11/09/2012.
Strombus gigas (Queen Conch)
In 2011, EU imports of S. gigas primarily consisted of wild-sourced meat imported
directly from Jamaica for commercial purposes (382 797 kg of meat), with trade
meeting the high volume criterion, as in 2010. Imports of meat remained at similar
levels between 2010 and 2011. EU imports of wild-sourced meat in 2011 accounted
for 96% of Jamaica’s export quota for 400 000 kg of wild-sourced meat. S. gigas from
Jamaica was reviewed for SRG 46, and the existing positive opinion was confirmed
on 30/06/2009.
Species showing noteworthy trends
33
CORALS
Catalaphyllia jardinei (Elegant Coral)
As in 2010, C. jardinei met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened
species; the species also met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion in 2011. EU imports
consisted exclusively of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes
directly from Australia (34 862 corals); imports of live corals reported without units
increased by three-fold between 2010 and 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion
for wild specimens originating in Australia on 03/12/2010; the Australian
population was reviewed for SRG 55 and the positive opinion was reconfirmed on
20/06/2011.
Euphyllia ancora (Anchor Coral)
EU imports in 2011 principally comprised live corals traded for commercial purposes
(17 782 corals), the majority of which were wild-sourced and imported directly from
Australia and Indonesia. As in 2010, levels exceeded the threshold for high volume
trade in a globally threatened species, imports of live corals from Australia increased
by 1.7-fold between 2010 and 2011, while imports from Indonesia decreased by 6%.
The SRG formed a positive opinion for Australia on 20/06/2011.
Euphyllia divisa (Frogspawn Coral)
As in 2010, E. divisa was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade; imports of
live, wild-sourced corals increased almost three-fold between 2010 and 2011,
amounting to 5565 corals, all of which were imported for commercial purposes
directly from Australia. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears
to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
Euphyllia glabrescens Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
EU-reported imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced and source ‘F’ live
corals (15 420 and 10 112 corals, respectively), which were primarily imported for
commercial purposes. The majority of the live, wild-sourced imports were imported
directly from Australia while the principal exporter of live, source ‘F’ corals was
Indonesia. Imports of live corals have increased every year since 2002; between 2010
and 2011, imports of wild-sourced live corals more than doubled (Figure 3.8). A
positive opinion was formed for specimens from Australia on 28/05/2013. A pre-
Species showing noteworthy trends
34
existing negative opinion for specimens from Indonesia was replaced with a positive
opinion on 15/05/2002, and reconfirmed at SRG 41 on 14/09/2007.
Figure 3.8: EU-reported imports of live coral of Euphyllia glabrescens (excluding trade reported in kg) from the two main sources ('W' and 'F'), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Plerogyra sinuosa (Bladder Coral) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened), sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
All EU imports of P. sinuosa in 2011 were of live corals traded for commercial
purposes (14 077 corals), of which the vast majority were wild-sourced. The majority
of wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Australia (13 385 corals); 541
wild-sourced corals were imported directly from Fiji, accounting for 83% of Fiji’s
2011 export quota of 650 wild-sourced corals (live or dead). Imports of wild-sourced,
live corals in 2011 were at their highest level over the ten-year period 2002-
2011(Figure 3.9); imports from Australia more than tripled between 2010 and 2011,
while imports from Fiji decreased by 8%. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for
wild specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. P. sinuosa from Fiji was reviewed at
SRG 26, where a negative opinion was formed, which was replaced with a positive
opinion at SRG 28 on 15/01/2004.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W F
Species showing noteworthy trends
35
Figure 3.9: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced, live coral of Plerogyra sinuosa, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Duncanopsammia axifuga (Whisker Coral)
Trade in D. axifuga met two selection criteria in 2011: sharp increase and high volume
trade in a globally threatened species. EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced
corals imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia (15 469), increasing
by 79% between 2010 (when 8583 live corals were imported) and 2011. The
Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55, with information provided by
Australia for SRG 58. The SRG confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from
Australia on 02/12/2011.
Turbinaria reniformis (Yellow Scroll Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable
In 2011, all EU imports comprised live corals (6542 corals) traded for commercial
purposes. The majority (99%) were wild-sourced and directly imported from
Australia while the remainder were source ‘F’ corals imported directly from
Indonesia. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased more than five-fold
between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.10). The SRG formed a positive opinion for wild
specimens from Australia on 20/06/2011. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047,
Turbinaria is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is
acceptable; several other species of Turbinaria also occur in Australia.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
36
Figure 3.10: EU-reported imports of live coral of Turbinaria reniformis by source, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).
Caulastraea furcata (Finger Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated
EU imports in 2011 consisted of 2508 live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from
Australia for commercial purposes. Imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased
more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011, with levels staying below 500 pieces a
year 2003-2010 (Figure 3.11). Adequate management of coral resources generally
appears to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES
Notification No. 2012/047, Caulastraea is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade
at the genus level is acceptable; several other species of Caulastraea also occur in
Australia.
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W F
Species showing noteworthy trends
37
Figure 3.11: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Caulastraea furcata, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002).
Moseleya latistellata
As in 2010, M. latistellata met the criteria for ‘sharp increase’ with EU imports of live
corals more than doubling between 2010 and 2011, amounting to 8097 live corals in
2011 (compared to 3458 live corals in 2010). All imports were wild-sourced and
imported for commercial purposes directly from Australia. Information was
provided by Australia for SRG 57 and 58 and the SRG formed a positive opinion for
specimens from Australia on 07/10/2011, which was confirmed on 02/12/2011.
Lithophyllon undulatum
L. undulatum met the sharp increase criterion in 2011, with imports of live corals
increasing by 161% between 2010 and 2011. In total, 5739 live, wild-sourced corals
were imported in 2011; all imports were imported directly from Australia for
commercial purposes. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears
to be in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification
No. 2012/047, Lithophyllon is one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus
level is acceptable; Lithophyllon mokai also occurs in Australia.
Acanthastrea lordhowensis Criteria met: Overall increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
All EU imports in 2011 were live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial
purposes and originating in Australia (2397 corals). Although A. lordhowensis met the
‘overall increase’ criterion (based on the ten-year period 2002-2011), imports
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
38
remained relatively constant between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.12). Adequate
management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for
instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Acanthastrea is one of
the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several other
species of Acanthastrea also occur in Australia.
Figure 3.12: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthastrea lordhowensis, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2006).
Acanthophyllia deshayesiana
Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
In 2011, all EU imports consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (3586 corals) imported
directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of A. deshayesiana were
reported by the EU prior to 2009; imports remained relatively constant between 2009
and 2010 but increased considerably between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.13). Adequate
management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for
instance SRG 64/11).
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
39
Figure 3.13: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Acanthophyllia deshayesiana, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).
Australomussa rowleyensis
Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Near Threatened
All EU-reported imports in 2011 comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2625 corals)
imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild-
sourced corals were reported prior to 2009 but imports increased considerably 2009-
2011 (Figure 3.14). Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be
in place in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11).
Figure 3.14: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Australomussa rowleyensis, all purposes, 2009-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2008).
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2009 2010 2011
No
. Im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
40
Blastomussa merleti (Branched Cup Coral) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
All EU imports in 2011 consisted of live, wild-sourced corals (4943 corals) imported
directly from Australia for commercial purposes. No imports of live, wild-sourced
corals were reported prior to 2006; imports have increased every year since 2006, and
increased more than seven-fold between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.15). Adequate
management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for
instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Blastomussa is one of
the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; Blastomussa
wellsi also occurs in Australia.
Figure 3.15: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Blastomussa merleti, all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002- 2005).
Cynarina lacrymalis (Cat's-eye Coral)
This coral species was selected on the basis of two criteria in 2011: sharp increase and
high volume trade in a globally threatened species. As in 2010, EU imports consisted
of live, wild-sourced corals imported for commercial purposes directly from
Australia (9760 corals); imports increased by 59% in 2011 compared to 2010. The
SRG formed a positive opinion for wild specimens originating in Australia on
30/11/2009.
Scolymia australis (Button Coral)
As in 2010, S. australis met the ‘sharp increase’ criterion and EU imports consisted of
live, wild-sourced corals imported directly from Australia for commercial purposes
(8544 corals); imports of live, wild-sourced corals increased by 67% between 2010
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
41
and 2011. Adequate management of coral resources generally appears to be in place
in Australia (see for instance SRG 64/11). As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047,
Scolymia is one of the coral taxa where trade at the genus level is acceptable; Scolymia
vitiensis also occurs in Australia.
Mycedium elephantotus Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: France Top trading partner: Australia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, all EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals (2845 corals) traded for
commercial purposes; the vast majority were imported directly from Australia. EU
imports of this species in 2011 were the highest over the ten-year period 2002-2011,
with a nine-fold increase between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.16). Adequate
management of coral resources generally appears to be in place in Australia (see for
instance SRG 64/11).
Figure 3.16: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced coral of Mycedium elephantotus, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Goniopora stokesi (Flowerpot Coral)
In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for
commercial purposes (15 632 corals), the majority imported directly from Indonesia.
As in 2010, trade levels met the threshold for high volume trade in a globally
threatened species; live imports increased by 19% between 2010 and 2011. The SRG
formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from Indonesia on 14/09/2007 which
was confirmed on 16/02/2010. As per CITES Notification No. 2012/047, Goniopora is
one of the coral taxa where reporting trade at the genus level is acceptable; several
other species of Goniopora also occur in Australia.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
42
Trachyphyllia geoffroyi (Crater Coral)
As in 2010, T. geoffroyi met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened
species and 2011 EU imports comprised live, wild-sourced corals traded for
commercial purposes (19 525 corals), the majority imported directly from Australia.
The Australian population was reviewed for SRG 55 and a positive opinion for wild
specimens was formed on 20/06/2011. In addition, 15 wild-sourced, live corals were
imported directly from Indonesia; the suspension for wild-sourced corals from
Indonesia first published on 18/02/2005 remains valid. The quantity of live corals
imported increased by 92% between 2010 and 2011.
PLANTS
Galanthus elwesii (Greater Snowdrop)
G. elwesii met the criteria for high volume trade, as in 2010, and EU imports again
consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for commercial purposes directly
from Turkey (4 329 975 plants); imports increased by 22% between 2010 and 2011. A
positive opinion for Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010.
Galanthus woronowii (Green Snowdrop)
EU imports of G. woronowii consisted of live, wild-sourced plants imported for
commercial purposes (14 077 012 plants) and, as in 2010, levels exceeded the high
volume threshold. All imports in 2011 originated in Georgia (81%) and Turkey (19%).
Imports remained at similar levels between 2009 and 2010. A positive opinion for
Turkey was confirmed on 16/02/2010 and a positive opinion for Georgia was
confirmed on 30/06/2009 (with a quota of 15 million bulbs).
Euphorbia antisyphilitica (Candelilla)
Trade in E. antisyphilitica met two selection criteria in 2011: high volume trade and a
sharp increase in trade. EU imports comprised wild-sourced wax traded for
commercial purposes, all of which originated in Mexico. Between 2010 and 2011, wax
reported without a unit increased eight-fold to 20 407 units, while wax reported by
weight decreased by 68% to 640 178 kg. The species was reviewed at SRG 41 and 44,
with a positive opinion formed for Mexico on 14/09/2007 and confirmed on
26/05/2008.
Species showing noteworthy trends
43
Euphorbia primulifolia Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: Madagascar CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable
EU imports in 2011 comprised 300 live, wild-sourced plants imported directly from
Madagascar for commercial purposes. Over the ten-year period 2002-2011 the only
other imports of live E. primulifolia were reported in 2004, 2005 and 2008 (Figure
3.17). In addition, the import of 70 kg of dried plants for commercial purposes was
reported in 2009, without a source specified. The SRG formed a negative opinion for
wild specimens from Madagascar on 03/09/2012, which was confirmed on
07/12/2012.
Figure 3.17: EU-reported imports of live, wild-sourced Euphorbia primulifolia (including E. primulifolia var. begardii), all purposes, 2004-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2003).
Aloe ferox (Aloe)
In 2011, EU imports primarily comprised wild-sourced extract imported for
commercial purposes directly from South Africa, meeting the criteria for high
volume trade and a sharp increase in trade as in 2010 . Between 2010 and 2011,
imports of extract reported by weight decreased by 27% to 122 787 kg. The SRG
confirmed a positive opinion for wild specimens from South Africa on 23/02/2012.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
44
TREES
Pericopsis elata (African Teak)
Trade in P. elata met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species as
in 2010. EU imports in 2011 principally comprised wild-sourced timber traded for
commercial purposes (10 538 m3 timber). Again, all imports originated in Cameroon
(50%) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (50%). Imports of timber decreased by
15% between 2010 and 2011. The species has been reviewed at numerous SRGs and was
selected for the CITES Review of Significant Trade process following CoP14; Cameroon
was categorised as Least Concern and DRC as Possible Concern at the 19th meeting of the
Plants Committee. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Cameroon on
02/04/2002, which was reconfirmed on 12/03/2009; a positive opinion was formed for
specimens from the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 30/11/2009.
Prunus africana (African Cherry)
Meeting the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened species in 2011, once
again EU imports of P. africana primarily consisted of wild-sourced bark traded for
commercial purposes (635 886 kg). Notable quantities of wild-sourced extract were also
imported (122 787 kg, as well as smaller quantities reported by volume and without
units). Trade was imported directly from Cameroon (47%), Uganda (28%) and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo (25%). Imports of bark increased by almost five-fold
between 2010 and 2011. P. africana was selected for the CITES Review of Significant
Trade process following CoP11 and has been discussed at numerous SRGs including
SRG 50 and 59. The SRG formed a positive opinion for specimens from Uganda on
02/12/2008, which was reconfirmed on 23/02/2012, following information provided by
Uganda on the scientific basis for increasing its annual export quota in 2011 to 176,179
kg. The SRG formed a negative opinion for specimens from Cameroon on 14/09/2007,
which was reconfirmed on 30/11/2009. Trade from Cameroon was reviewed at SRG 55
on 11/03/2011 and a positive opinion was agreed for a quota of 150000 kg for 2010 and
2011, subject to clear identification of origin from the north-west region. The positive
opinion, with additional specification of dry bark, was reconfirmed on 02/12/2011 and
again on 23/02/2012, subject to a quota of 150,000 kg dry bark from the north-west
region, and a quota of 130,000 of dry bark from Mt. Cameroon, with clear indication of
origin. On 11/09/2012 positive opinions were confirmed for a further three quotas,
(Adamaoua: quota of 326 680 kg of dry bark; Kilum Ijim plantlife sanctuary: quota of 2
494 of dry bark; North-West region (out of community forests): quota of 25 589 kg of dry
bark). A positive opinion for specimens from the Democratic Republic of Congo was
agreed in writing on 30/11/2012, subject to an annual quota of 72 000 kg dry bark from
Ibathama and Mwenda regions and subject to clear indication of origin in export permit.
Species showing noteworthy trends
45
Aquilaria filaria
Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: dried plants Principal source: wild Top EU importer: United Kingdom Top trading partner: Saudi Arabia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated
EU imports in 2011 were all wild-sourced and imported for commercial purposes,
consisting of dried plants (143 kg) and chips (85 kg). All trade originated in Indonesia
and was re-exported via Saudi Arabia. No wild-sourced imports were reported prior to
2011; small quantities of pre-Convention chips and oil were reported in 2008 and 2009,
respectively.
Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin)
As in 2010, G. bancanus met the criteria for high volume trade in a globally threatened
species. Once again, EU imports in 2011 principally consisted of wild-sourced timber for
commercial purposes (648 m3); imports of timber decreased by 61% between 2010 and
2011, although trade in carvings increased in 2011 to1276 kg and 127 m3 of carvings. As
in 2010, all trade was imported directly from Indonesia and Malaysia. Positive opinions
for Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah & Sarawak) were confirmed on 12/3/2009.
Species showing noteworthy trends
46
Annex C
MAMMALS
Antilope cervicapra (Blackbuck) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to EU: trophies Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Spain Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Near threatened
EU imports of Antilope cervicapra in 2011 principally comprised hunting trophies (74), of
which 95% were wild-sourced and the remainder reported without a source specified.
Four wild-sourced skulls, one wild-sourced body and one captive-sourced skin were
also imported. The majority of trade was imported directly from Argentina. Imports of
trophies and trophy items peaked at 292 in 2006 and have declined since, decreasing by
19% between 2010 and 2011 (Figure 3.19).
Figure 3.19: EU-reported imports of wild-sourced (includes ‘U’ and source unspecified) Antilope cervicapra trophies and trophy items (bodies, skulls, skins and horns; purposes ‘H’, ‘P’, ‘T’ and purpose unspecified), 2002-2011.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. Im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
47
REPTILES
Cerberus rynchops (Dog-faced Water Snake) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: small leather products Principal source: unspecified Top EU importer: Italy Top trading partner: Indonesia CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
EU imports in 2011 principally comprised small leather products (23 739 products), of
which the majority (96%) were reported without a source or purpose specified and the
remainder were wild-sourced and traded for commercial purposes. All EU imports of
small leather products in 2011 were imported directly from Indonesia. This was the
highest level of EU imports of this species over the ten-year period 2002-2011, and
imports of small leather products between 2010 and 2011 increased almost four-fold
(Figure 3.20).
Figure 3.20: EU-reported imports of Cerberus rynchops small leather products by source, all purposes, 2002-2011.
Graptemys ouachitensis (Ouachita Map Turtle) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: wild Top EU importer: Portugal Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, EU imports comprised 10 950 live specimens, of which the majority (94%) were
wild-sourced and the remainder were captive-bred. All trade was imported directly
from the United States for commercial purposes. The only other EU import of this
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W Unspecified
Species showing noteworthy trends
48
species between 2002 and 2010 was the import of 2 500 wild-sourced, live specimens,
also directly from the United States and for commercial purposes, in 2008.
Graptemys pseudogeographica (False Map Turtle)
EU imports of G. psuedogeographica principally comprised 75 480 live individuals,
exceeding the high volume threshold for an Appendix III reptile. Of these, 47% were
wild-sourced, 27% were reported without a source specified and the remainder were
captive-bred. All of the wild-sourced trade and the majority of trade from other sources
was imported directly from the United States. Imports of live specimens (all sources)
decreased by 21% between 2010 and 2011.
Mauremys reevesii (Reeve’s Turtle) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened); sharp increase Principal trade term to EU: live Principal source: captive-bred Top EU importer: Germany Top trading partner: China CITES Appendix: III IUCN Red List status: Endangered
EU imports in 2011 comprised 16 105 live animals, of which 81% were captive bred and
the remainder were reported without a source specified. Over 99% of imports were
imported directly by the EU from China. Live imports doubled between 2010 and 2011,
reaching the highest level of imports of this species over the ten year period (Figure
3.21). No wild-sourced imports have been reported since 2005.
Figure 3.21: EU-reported imports of live Mauremys reevesii by source, all purposes, 2005-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2004).
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C U Unspecified
Species showing noteworthy trends
49
Mauremys sinensis (Chinese Stripe-necked Turtle)
EU-reported imports in 2011 consisted of live animals traded for commercial purposes,
of which 72% were captive-bred and the remainder were reported without a source
specified. All trade in 2011 was imported directly from China and Taiwan, Province of
China. Live imports increased by 15% between 2010 and 2011, while the number of wild-
sourced animals imported decreased from 10 010 in 2010 to zero in 2011. Whilst listed in
Annex C (hence SRG opinions are not applicable), the species was reviewed for SRG 62
(SRG 62/8) to assess whether it might merit listing in Annex B.
2. Species selected on the basis of candidate countries’ imports
Six mammal, two bird and one reptile species met one or more of the selection criteria on
the basis of candidate country imports. All species are listed in Annex B.
Annex B Mammals
Hippopotamus amphibius (Hippopotamus) Criteria met: High volume (globally threatened) Principal trade term to candidate country: teeth Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Hong Kong, SAR; China CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable
In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 221.42 kg of wild-sourced H. amphibius teeth for
commercial purposes; the vast majority originated in Uganda and was re-exported via
Hong Kong, SAR and China. The only other imports of H. amphibius teeth or tusks
reported by candidate countries between 2002 and 2010 consisted of 20 tusks and 7.7 kg
of tusks imported by Turkey in 2008 and 60 tusks imported by Turkey in 2010. No trade
in H. amphibius to other candidate countries was reported by candidate countries in 2011,
although South Africa reported the export of wild-sourced 12 tusks to Croatia (purpose
‘H’).
Lycalopex griseus (South American Grey Fox)
Imports in 2011 primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey directly
from Argentina for commercial purposes and, as in 2010, L. griseus was selected on the
basis of high volume trade. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins increased by 22%,
while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 82% to 100%. Croatia
reported the import of a small number of wild-sourced skin pieces in 2011; no trade in L.
griseus to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or
exporters.
Species showing noteworthy trends
50
Lycalopex gymnocercus (Pampa Fox) Criteria met: High volume Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Argentina CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 13 480 wild-sourced skins for commercial
purposes, all originating in Argentina. Between 2010 and 2011, imports of skins
increased three-fold, while the proportion of wild-sourced skins increased from 78% to
100% (Figure 3.22). No trade in L. gymnocercus to other candidate countries was reported
by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed a positive opinion
for wild specimens from Argentina on 02/12/2008.
Figure 3.22: Imports of Lycalopex gymnocercus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported in kg), all purposes, 2006-2011 (no imports were reported 2002-2005; all imports were reported by Turkey).
Lynx rufus (Bobcat)
This species was selected on the basis of a sharp increase in trade as in 2010, and imports
primarily consisted of wild-sourced skins imported by Turkey for commercial purposes.
All imports originated in the United States or Canada, the majority re-exported via
Germany. Imports of wild-sourced skins increased by 77% between 2010 and 2011,
reaching their highest level over the period 2002-2011. No trade in L. rufus to other
candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011.
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C
Species showing noteworthy trends
51
Lontra canadensis (North American Otter) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: United States CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Least Concern
In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1491 skins and 1102 skin pieces, all of which were
wild-sourced and imported directly from the United States for commercial purposes.
Imports of wild-sourced skins doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest
level over the period 2002-2011 (Figure 3.23). No trade in L. canadensis to other candidate
countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG
formed a positive opinion for wild specimens from all countries on 02/09/1997; the
positive opinion for the United States was confirmed on 07/12/2012.
Figure 3.23: Imports of Lontra canadensis skins reported by candidate countries, all purposes, 2003-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002; all imports were wild-sourced and reported by Turkey).
Arctocephalus pusillus (Cape Fur Seal)
Imports of A. pusillus in 2011 consisted of wild-sourced skins imported for commercial
purposes by Turkey directly from Namibia (58 107 skins); once again trade levels met
the selection criteria for high volume trade. Imports of wild-sourced skins more than
doubled between 2010 and 2011, reaching their highest level over the ten-year period
2002-2011. No trade in A. pusillus to other candidate countries was reported by either
candidate countries or exporters in 2011.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. Im
po
rted
Species showing noteworthy trends
52
Annex B Birds
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae (Red-fronted Parakeet) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live Principal source: ranched, captive-bred Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Czech Republic CITES Appendix: I IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable
In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 196 live individuals for commercial purposes, of
which 51% were ranched and 49% were captive-bred; the vast majority were imported
directly from Czech Republic, while 4 individuals originated in the Netherlands. Imports
in 2011 were at their highest level over the period 2002-2011; no trade was reported in
2010, and no ranched trade was reported prior to 2011 (Figure 3.24). No trade in C.
novaezelandiae to other candidate countries was reported by either candidate countries or
exporters in 2011.
Figure 3.24: Imports of live Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae reported by candidate countries by source, all purposes, 2007-2011 (no imports were reported in 2002-2006; all imports were reported by Turkey).
Psittacus erithacus (Grey Parrot) Criteria met: High volume (GT) Principal trade term to candidate country: live
Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Congo, Guinea CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Vulnerable
In 2011, Turkey reported the import of 1920 live individuals for commercial purposes, of
which 68% were wild-sourced and the remainder captive-bred. The wild-sourced
individuals principally originated in Congo (69%) with smaller quantities originating in
Cameroon (15%) and Guinea (15%).Between 2010 and 2011, trade in live individuals (all
0
50
100
150
200
250
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
R C
Species showing noteworthy trends
53
sources) increased by 67%; no wild-sourced imports were reported in 2010 (Figure 3.25).
Slovenia reported the direct export of two live individuals of unknown source to Croatia
as personal possessions in 2011; no trade to other candidate countries was reported by
either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG formed positive opinions for
wild specimens from Cameroon and Congo on 12/06/2006 and 05/09/2002,
respectively.
Figure 3.25: Imports of live Psittacus erithacus reported by candidate countries from the two main sources (‘W’ includes ‘U’), all purposes, 2002-2011.
Annex B Reptiles
Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python) Criteria met: Sharp increase Principal trade term to candidate country: skins Principal source: wild Top candidate country importer: Turkey Top trading partner: Malaysia CITES Appendix: II IUCN Red List status: Not evaluated
In 2011, imports of P. reticulatus primarily consisted of skins (9696 skins and 23 m of
skins), of which the majority (87%) were wild-sourced while the remainder captive-bred.
All trade was for commercial purposes. The majority of the wild-sourced skins were
imported directly from Malaysia; all captive-bred skins originated in Viet Nam. Imports
of wild-sourced skins accounted for 74% of Malaysia’s export quota of 12 000 wild-
sourced specimens in 2011 (applied to Sabah only). Total imports of skins in 2011
reached their highest level over the period 2002-2011 and imports of wild-sourced skins
more than doubled between 2010 and 2011(Figure 3.26). Denmark reported the export of
two wild-sourced skins to Iceland for commercial purposes; no trade to other candidate
countries was reported by either candidate countries or exporters in 2011. The SRG
formed a negative opinion for wild specimens from Peninsular Malaysia on 05/09/2002;
a formal suspension has been in place since 30/04/2004.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. im
po
rted
W C
Species showing noteworthy trends
54
Figure 3.26: Imports of Python reticulatus skins reported by candidate countries by source (excluding skins reported by length), all purposes, 2002-2011.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. Im
po
rted
W C
Species valuation
55
IV. Species valuation
The monetary value of EU imports of species included in the EU Annexes is estimated in
this section. To calculate the value of relevant 2011 imports to the EU, we use a
preliminary methodology developed by UNEP-WCMC for the 2010 Analysis of EU
Annual Reports. This is the second year that this methodology has been applied.
To estimate the value of animal species listed in the EU Annexes import for all EU
Member States, EU-reported import volumes (extracted from the CITES Trade Database)
and species-specific value data submitted to United States Customs (included in the
United States annual report to CITES) were used for calculations. The median value,
based on the United States data, for each family/term/unit/source combination and
corrected for inflation was multiplied by the corresponding EU-reported trade volume to
obtain a total value for CITES-listed EU imports in 2011. In cases where there was an
insufficient sample size to calculate a reliable value for the family/term/unit/source
combination a suitable proxy was used (e.g. Order instead of Family or an alternative
term or source); in cases where no suitable proxy could be found, the data was excluded.
Valuation of EU plant imports was not undertaken as no value dataset with adequate
coverage was available at the time of analysis.8 Wildlife commodities (re-)exported by
the EU were also not included in the analysis. Further details of the methodology, along
with caveats to this approach, are included in Annex E.
A. Overall value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species in 2011
Total Value, excluding caviar extract
The monetary value of EU reported
CITES-listed animal imports in 2011,
excluding caviar extract, is estimated to be
approximately USD662 million (~EUR499
million). The trade in reptiles accounted
for 74% of the value of EU animal
imports, reflecting the relatively high
volume of EU imports of this group
(Figure 4.1).
8 A preliminary study was undertaken which identified 53 datasets that contained plant price/value data;
however, of these, only 13 included one or more CITES-listed species and this did not allow us to derive a standard dataset for the over 2500 plant taxa imported by the EU in 2011.
Figure 4.1. Proportion of EU value (2011
USD) of 2011 imports of animal products by
class.
9%
74%
6%
10%1%
Mammalia
Reptilia
Actinopterygii
Anthozoa
Other
Species valuation
56
Value of Caviar Extract
As in 2010, caviar extract represented the main commodity in trade by value, amounting
to USD3.6 billion9 (~EUR2.7 billion). This commodity is imported in very small volumes,
and is used in cosmetics, luxury moisturising creams and skincare preparations for its
purported anti-aging properties. According to the US Customs data, the estimated value
of one kilogram of caviar extract is USD21 million (~EUR15.8 million) or USD21 000 per
gram. This is based on the median value of 416 records within the US Customs dataset,
spanning five years (2007-2011) and involving both US imports and exports. It is unclear
whether the declared prices in the United States dataset represent the actual price for the
extract in its natural form or whether this value represents the luxury commodity that
contains the extract; however, caviar extract is known to be traded internationally in
both forms.
In total, nearly 170 kg of extract were imported by the EU in 2011 from a variety of
sturgeon species and hybrids; all extract originated from captive-bred sources
(Table 4.1).
Table 4.1. Quantity and estimated value of caviar extract (in kg) imported by the EU in 2011 (all imports from captive-bred or captive-born sources) (rounded to two decimal places, where applicable).
Taxon Quantity (kg) Estimated Value (Millions of USD, rounded to the nearest million)
% of extract value
Acipenser baerii 94.70 2017 56%
Acipenser naccarii 64.33 1370 38%
Acipenser transmontanus 5.41 115 3%
Acipenser hybrid 4.18 89 2%
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii 0.42 9 0.25%
Acipenser baerii x naccarii 0.15 3 0.09%
Acipenser spp. 0.13 3 0.08%
Total 169.31 USD3606
Therefore, when caviar extract is included, the total value of CITES-listed animals and
animal products imported by the EU in 2011 was estimated at USD4.3 billion
(USD4 268 015 000 or ~EUR3.2 billion10). This is an increase of 14% compared with the
2010 estimates when this methodology was first applied11.
The remainder of this analysis excludes caviar extract and focuses on the value of the
remaining animal commodities in trade, as well as a brief overview of timber values.
9 “Billion” in this report is used to refer to 109 10 All Euro equivalent values throughout this section are based on an exchange rate of 0.753 EUR to 1 USD from XE.com on 3 August 2013. 11 When comparisons to 2010 prices are used, these reflect values published in the 2010 EU Analysis of Annual Reports that are based on the same methodology used here, but use the median 2010 USD equivalent value from 2006-2010, as opposed to the 2011 USD value derived from the median of 2007-2011 US price data. Comparisons are provided as indicators of change, but are not directly comparable due to changes in inflation or fluctuations in currency, etc.
Species valuation
57
B. Key commodities imported by the EU by value
The proportional value of key commodities imported by the EU in 2011 is summarised in
Figure 4.2. As in 2010, when caviar extract is excluded, leather products and skins were
the top two commodities by value, representing 41% and 31% of the estimated value
respectively. Leather products and skins also represented the commodities imported at
the largest volumes with 26% and 31% of the trade recorded as number of items (e.g.
without a unit) respectively. With leather products outpacing skins in terms of value (but
not by volume), it appears that a notable proportion of the overall value of the trade to
the EU is in high value, luxury goods.
Figure 4.2: Value (2011 USD) of trade for the top five commodities imported by the EU in 2011, with an indication of the combined value of the remaining terms (“Other”) (excluding caviar extract).
Leather products
Leather products (encompassing both small and large leather products) imported into
the EU in 2011 were worth approximately USD274 million (~EUR206 million). An
increase of 38% compared with a value of $198 million based on 2010 trade levels.
Alligatoridae represented the predominant family in trade by economic value
accounting for 70% of the EU imports of leather products by value; Pythonidae (12%)
and Crocodylidae (12%) also represented a notable proportion of EU trade on the basis
of estimated economic value. Three additional reptile families were imported in
sufficient quantities to account for over $1 million each: Varanidae (4%), Colubridae (2%)
and Teiidae (<1%). No families from other classes exceeded $1 million. Wild-sourced
leather products accounted for over three quarters (78%; USD215 million or ~EUR162
million) of the economic value, again primarily the family Alligatoridae (representing
82% of the value of wild-sourced leather products).
Skins
Skins were the commodity imported by the EU at the highest level by volume, but
represented the second most valuable commodity imported into the EU in 2011 after
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
leather products
skins raw corals
live caviar Other
Va
lue
(Mil
lio
ns
of
US
$)
Species valuation
58
leather products (excluding caviar extract). This trade was estimated to be worth close to
USD207 million (~EUR156 million), with reptiles representing the majority of the
estimated value (90%) and mammals comprising the remainder. The estimated value of
skin imports in 2011 is 48% higher than the value estimated for the 2010 skin imports.
The three most important reptile families by estimated economic value for the skin trade
were identical to those for leather products: Pythonidae (38%), Alligatoridae (35%) and
Crocodylidae (17%).
Wild-sourced skins accounted for the majority of the value (53%) with skins of the family
Alligatoridae providing 63% of wild-sourced skins by value. Captive-bred skins also
represented a notable proportion (45%), primarily of the families Pythonidae (68%) and
Crocodylidae (30%).
In addition to skins, imports of reptile “sides” were worth an estimated USD7.9 million
(~EUR5.9 million), and mammal “plates” an estimated USD11.7 million (~EUR8.8
million).
Raw corals
Raw corals comprised 9% of total estimated value of EU imports in 2011. The family
Coralliidae (Appendix III/Annex C) accounted for the vast majority of the estimated
value for this commodity (99%). The predominance of Corallidae is largely due to the
fact that the median value for Corallidae was relatively high in comparison to other coral
families/orders with a value of USD3675 per kg of wild-sourced raw corals. As a
comparison, the median price for wild-sourced kg of raw corals for Scleractinian corals
was USD1.03 per kg. In total, the EU imported 16220 kg of wild-sourced raw corals of
Corallidae species, equivalent to an estimated USD59.6 million when the median value is
applied.
Live animals
The total estimated value of live animal imports into the EU in 2011 was over USD35.8
million (~EUR27 million), an increase of 88% over 2010 estimated values. As in 2010,
mammals accounted for the majority of live animal trade by value (52%) (Figure 4.3).
Cercopithecidae was again the predominant mammal family, accounting for >97% of the
value attributed to live mammals, and dominated by trade in one species: Macaca
fascicularis.
Species valuation
59
Figure 4.3: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of live animals by class. (‘Other’ includes Amphibia, Actinopterygii, Bivalvia, Arachnida, Insecta and Hydrozoa.)
Trade in live reptiles accounted for 26% of live imports by value in 2011. The live reptile
trade was valued at USD9.3 million (~EUR7 million); this is more than double the value
estimated for 2010 imports. The key reptile families in trade, in order of estimated value
for 2011 imports, were: Testudinidae (25%), Geoemydidae (24%), Pythonidae (21%), and
Emydidae (19%). The majority of the economic value was derived from captive-bred
specimens (82%).
The value of live bird imports was relatively low, accounting for just over USD1 million
and representing 3% of the estimated value of EU imports of live animals. The majority
of the value can be attributed to birds from captive sources (72%), with only 14.5% of the
value derived from wild-sourced birds.
The total value of EU imports of live invertebrates (USD6.3 million) was dominated by
the species of the class Hirudinoidea (USD3 million; 51% of the value of live
invertebrates, all due to trade in Hirudo medicinalis and H. verbena) and corals of the class
Anthazoa (USD2.8 million; 45%). Imports of the family Acroporidae accounted for
approximately a quarter (27%) of the total value of live corals, with Caryophyllidae
(21%) and Mussidae (15%) also representing notable proportions. The majority of the
values for both corals and leeches was derived from wild sourced specimens (69% of the
Anthozoa value and 84% of the Hirudinoidea value).
Caviar
The EU continues to be a key importer of caviar, which is a very low volume but high
value product. Imports of caviar into the EU were estimated to be worth almost USD37
million (~EUR28 million) in 2011, with approximately 97% of the value of caviar derived
from aquaculture (sources C and F) specimens, approximately reflecting the proportion
of actual volumes of trade. The median values for captive-bred and wild caviar for
combined species of the family Aciperseridae were comparable, with captive-bred caviar
valued slightly higher: USD936/kg and USD882/kg respectively. The main species in
52%
3%
26%
9%
8%2%
Mammalia
Aves
Reptilia
Hirudinoidea
Anthozoa
Other
Species valuation
60
trade were Acipenser baerii x gueldenstaedtii (37%), Acipenser schrenckii (16%), Acipenser
transmontanus (11%) and Acipenser baerii (11%).
Other parts and derivatives
Five additional parts and derivatives imported into the EU in 2011 are worth noting:
meat, carvings, bodies, tusks and medicine. Each had estimated values in excess of USD1
million. Meat imports totalled an estimated USD6.7 million (~EUR5 million), with
virtually all of this value (>98%) involving trade in three species: Strombus gigas (70%; all
wild-sourced); Crocodylus niloticus (15%; all from captive souces); and Anguilla anguilla
(13%; all pre-Convention).
The estimated value of carvings (all units) was USD4.7 million. Trade in Corallidae
carvings (in kg) accounted for 43% of the value, with an estimated value of USD6675 per
kg. Hippopotamus amphibius carvings also accounted for imports worth an estimated
USD475 000 (5.6% of the value of all carvings).
Trade in bodies was dominated by imports of pre-Convention Anguilla anguilla,
representing 85% of the value of bodies (USD1.9 million). The price for one kg of
Anguillidae bodies was estimated at USD19, and there were 96 000 kg of
Anguilla anguilla bodies imported.
The trade in tusks to the EU was valued at an estimated USD2.1 million (~EUR1.6
million), and mainly comprised tusks of wild-sourced Monodon monoceros (82%).
The value of medicine imports, amounting to USD1.4 million, was also dominated by
one species: Daboia russelii (100% of medicine value; all from captive sources).
C. Value by EU Annex
Annex B taxa accounted for the majority (85%) of the estimated value of CITES-listed
trade into the EU in 2011 (USD565 million or ~EUR425 million)12 (Figure 4.4).
For Annex B taxa, reptiles represented
the majority of the value (84%; ~USD472
million), followed by mammals (8%;
~USD44 million) and fish species (6%;
~USD36 million).
Over 86% of the estimated value of
Annex C imports to the EU in 2011 was
accounted for by trade in Corallidae
species, as highlighted above when
describing the trade in raw corals. The
remainder was primarily derived from
trade in Annex C reptile species.
12
Excludes trade in caviar extract.
Figure 4.4: Proportion of EU value (2011 USD) of 2011 imports of live animals and animals products by EU Annex.
$7 million 1.6%
$565 million;
85%
$74 million
11%
$13 million 2%
Annex A
Annex B
Annex C
Annex D
Species valuation
61
As the US dataset only contained value data for CITES-listed species, the only Annex D
taxa with corresponding value data were species that were included Appendix
III/Annex D. Therefore, values were available for two species: Mustela sibirica and
Homalopsis buccata; these two species combined account for the value in the Annex D
specimens.
D. Value of timber imports
For the majority of plant species, the US dataset did not have any value information that
was comparable to the animal value data applied; however, values were available for
some term/unit/source combinations for two families: Leguminosae and Meliaceae.
Therefore, estimates of the value of EU imports of three key timber species were
possible: Dalbergia nigra, Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata. In total, EU imports of
a limited selection of parts and derivatives (carvings for Leguminosae and cubic metres
of timber for Meliaceae) for these three species can be estimated at USD756 000
(~EUR569 000) in 2011. Pre-Convention carvings of Dalbergia nigra accounted for 54% of
the estimated value of timber products, with wild-sourced sawn wood (in m3) of
Swietenia macrophylla and Cedrela odorata comprising 36% and 10%, respectively.
However, it should be noted that additional term/unit combinations for these species
(and for additional species within the two families) had to be excluded. For example, a
value for square metres was not available (only cubic metres had an estimated value), so
a value could not be applied to 23 594 m2 of sawn wood of wild-sourced Swietenia
macrophylla. Similarly, a value for imports of Pericopsis elata (in the family Leguminosae
along with Dalbergia nigra) was not possible from the US dataset as there was no match
for the term/unit/source combination (wild-sourced m3 of timber). Other exclusions
included pre-Convention powder of Pterocarpus santalinus and a small quantity of veneer
of Dalbergia stevensonii.
Plant parts and derivatives where no suitable price dataset were available through the
US price dataset amounted to quantities in excess of 50 million plant parts and
derivatives (all terms combined where unit was number of items), as well as over two
million kg of plant parts and derivatives and over 30 000 cubic metres of timber and
wood derivatives. Six families were imported at levels exceeding one million parts or
derivatives (including all terms/units): Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Cactaceae,
Cycadaceae, Primulaceae and Euphorbiaceae. In addition, prices were unavailable for
some individual tree species traded at high volumes and known to be relatively high
value commodities (e.g. Prunus africana and Pericopsis elata).
In an attempt to fill the gaps, an assessment of available internet price datasets for plant
species and timber species, in particular, was conducted. No centralised dataset for
global plant price data was found. Similarly, despite the high values fetched by many
timber species, comprehensive datasets for CITES-listed timber species (or even timber
species in general) were not found. Rather, price data appears to be scattered, with prices
for only a few of the main CITES species accessible from any one source. Most often
Species valuation
62
these are timber species or genera that are most commonly traded and high in value (e.g.
Pericopsis elata, Swietenia spp., Dalbergia spp.). For those prices that were available, values
were found to vary considerably depending on the region, the commodity in trade, the
step in the production chain and the quality of the product. Another common difficulty
in finding suitable data is that timber trade is often addressed by commodity type – not
by species. These factors pose major challenges for identifying and utilising a reliable
and comparable price dataset for use with the the CITES trade data.
For example, some data were found from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the
World Timber Situation 2012, but these were patchy in terms of the species covered and
varied considerably by country. A sample dataset is provided in Table 4.2. All of these
values are lower than the median value for Swietenia spp. estimated on the basis of the
US customs value dataset (1856 $/m3).
Table 4.2. Sample price dataset for Swietenia spp. for EU importing countries extracted from
the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation 2012.
Taxon EU Member States 2010 price (USD/m3)
2011 price (USD/m3)
Swietenia spp. (sawn wood)
Estonia 1650 240 France 812 921 Malta - 1014 Netherlands 1280 -
Pericopsis elata (sawn wood)
Malta (sawn wood) 1286 751
Pericopsis elata (logs)
Malta (logs) 115
Using price data from the ITTO Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber
Situation, the value of P. elata sawn wood imported by the EU in 2011 can be estimated
as follows (based on the average of Malta’s 2010 and 2011 price data): 10548 m3 * 1018.5
$/m3 = USD10.7 million (or ~EUR8 million).
These types of ad hoc analyses for individual species provide an idea of the figures
involved, but a more comprehensive review is needed to provide a more robust picture
of the value of EU imports. It is recommended that a more focused and thorough review
be conducted in future.
Exports and re-exports
63
66; 44%
39; 26%
32; 21%
11; 7% 3; 2%
Scientific and medical
Commercial trade
Hunting trophies
Personal
Other
Figure 5.1: Number and percentage of direct export transactions of wild-collected CITES species reported by the EU in 2011, by purpose (‘Other’ includes purposes ‘E’, ‘Z’ and ‘N’).
V. Exports and re-exports
This section provides an overview of EU and candidate countries’ exports and re-
exports of CITES-listed species in 2011, particularly in direct exports of wild-sourced
native species and species traded in high volumes. Wild-sourced and high volume
trade from the European Union is discussed first, with (re-)exports by candidate
countries discussed at the end of the chapter. As in the rest of the analysis, trade in
artificially propagated Appendix-II plants, re-exports of manufactured articles and
trade reported as seizures/confiscations (source ‘I’) have been excluded.
A. European Union (re-)exports
1. Exports of wild-collected species native to the EU
In 2011, EU Member States reported
151 export transactions (including EU
re-exports originating in other EU
Members States) involving wild-
collected species originating in the
EU; these transactions were mainly
recorded for scientific purposes (44%)
(Figure 5.1). EU exports of wild-
sourced, native species comprised
mainly commercial trade in live
Tridacna maxima, Scleractinia spp.
and Hirudo medicinalis; scientific
specimens of several mammal
species, most notably Canis lupus and Ursus arctos, as well as several Cetacea species;
and hunting trophies of Ursus arctos (Table 5.1). As in 2010, the quantities exported in
2011 were small in terms of global trade in CITES-listed species. All trade in species
listed in CITES Appendix I/Annex A13 was reported for scientific or medical
purposes, with the exception of two transactions (0.323 kg of Physeter macrocephalus
bodies exported for commercial purposes and one live Haliaeetus albicilla exported for
zoological purposes).
13
Lutra lutra, Lynx pardinus, Monachus monachus, Cetacea spp, Hyperoodon ampullatus, Physeter
macrocephalus, Dugong dugon, Haliaeetus albicilla and Chelonia mydas.
Exports and re-exports
64
Table 5.1: Exports in 2011 of wild-collected CITES species originating in EU Member States as reported by the EU exporters (country of origin in parentheses, if different). Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
Taxon
App./ Annex
Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose
Ma
mm
als
Ammotragus lervia III/B Spain United States 1 trophy H
Canis hybrid II/B Finland United States 2 teeth S
Canis lupus II/A Bulgaria Unknown 3 trophies T
Estonia Norway 1 body P
Estonia United States 136 specimens S
Finland United States 6 teeth S
Italy United States 717 specimens S
Latvia Azerbaijan 1 body H
Latvia Norway 1 trophy P
Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H
Slovenia United States 18 teeth S
Sweden United States 37 teeth S
Lynx lynx
II/A
Estonia Norway 3 bodies P
Estonia United States 88 specimens S
Finland United States 19 teeth S
Sweden Norway 1 skin H
Sweden United States 134 teeth S
Lynx pardinus I/A Spain Switzerland 0.7 specimens (l) S
Spain Switzerland 429 specimens S
Spain United States <0.1 specimens (l) S
Lutra lutra I/A Italy United States 6 teeth S
Odobenus rosmarus
III/B Denmark (Greenland)
Norway 1 skull P
Monachus monachus I/A Greece Canada 2 specimens S
Ursus arctos II/A Bulgaria Unknown 2 trophies T
Estonia Norway 1 body P
Estonia Norway 1 skin P
Estonia South Africa 1 trophy H
Estonia United States 28 specimens S
Finland China 1 body E
Finland United States 111 teeth S
Italy Canada 599 specimens S
Romania Argentina 1 trophy H
Romania Canada 1 trophy H
Romania Lebanon 2 trophies H
Romania Mexico 1 trophy H
Romania New Zealand 1 trophy H
Romania Switzerland 1 trophy H
Romania Turkey 4 trophies H
Romania Ukraine 5 trophies H
Exports and re-exports
65
Taxon
App./ Annex
Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose M
am
ma
ls (
con
t.)
Ursus arctos (cont.) II/A Romania
United Arab Emirates
5 trophies H
Romania United States 7 trophies H
Slovenia Russian Federation
1 trophy H
Slovenia United States 178 teeth S
Sweden Norway 3 bodies H
Sweden Norway 1 skin P
Sweden Norway 2 skins T
Sweden Norway 1 skull P
Sweden Norway 7 specimens S
Sweden Norway 3 trophies H
Sweden Norway 1 trophy P
Sweden Norway 2 trophies T
Sweden United States 345 teeth S
Ursus maritimus
II/B Denmark (Greenland)
Canada 493 specimens S
Cetacea spp. I/A France Australia 80 specimens S
Balaena mysticetus
I/A Denmark (Greenland)
Norway 1 baleen S
Balaenoptera acutorostrata II/A
Denmark (Greenland)
Norway 2 baleen P
Delphinus delphis II/A Spain Canada 8 teeth S
Globicephala melas
II/A
Denmark (Faeroe Islands)
United States 200 specimens S
Lagenorhynchus albirostris II/A
United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Peponocephala electra II/A France United States 0.1 specimens (kg) S
Stenella coeruleoalba II/A Spain Canada 2 teeth S
United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Tursiops truncatus
II/A United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Monodon monoceros
II/A
Denmark (Greenland)
Canada 1 specimen S
Denmark (Greenland)
Taiwan, Province of China
1 tusk T
Denmark (Greenland)
United States 200 specimens S
Kogia breviceps
II/A United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Physeter macrocephalus
I/A France
United Arab Emirates
0.3 body (kg) T
United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Hyperoodon ampullatus I/A
United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Exports and re-exports
66
Taxon
App./ Annex
Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose M
am
ma
ls
(co
nt.
) Mesoplodon bidens II/A United
Kingdom United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Ziphius cavirostris II/A United Kingdom
United States <0.1 specimens (kg) S
Dugong dugon I/A France Australia 0.1
skin pieces (kg)
S
Bir
ds
Phoenicopterus ruber roseus
II/B France Switzerland 1 feet (kg) S
Accipiter gentilis II/A Denmark Japan 5 specimens S
Buteo buteo
II/A
Denmark Qatar 1 body P
Germany United States 360 specimens S
Sweden Iceland 1 body P
Circus aeruginosus II/A Germany United States 1 body P
Haliaeetus albicilla
I/A
Poland Israel 1 live Z
Poland Israel <0.1 specimens (l) M
Pernis apivorus
II/A United Kingdom
Gambia 1 live N
Reptile Chelonia mydas I/A Cyprus Israel 78 skins S
Fis
h
Anguilla anguilla
II/B
France Canada 9.8 specimens (kg) S
Hungary (United Kingdom)
Japan 0.1 specimens (l) S
Inv
ert
s.
(oth
er
tha
n
cora
l)
Hirudo medicinalis II/B Romania Switzerland 1000 live T
Tridacna maxima II/B
France Brazil 850 live T
France Japan 450 live T
France United States 6706 live T
Co
rals
Scleractinia spp.
II/B
France South Africa 185 raw corals S
France South Africa 94 specimens S
France United States 1100 live (kg) T
France United States 200 raw corals S
Montipora spp. II/B France Australia 1 specimen S
Balanophyllia europaea
II/B Italy Israel 30 raw corals S
Pocillopora damicornis
II/B France Monaco 150 raw corals S
Plants Adonis vernalis II/B Germany (Romania)
Canada 70 dried plants (kg)
T
Timber Swietenia mahagoni II/B France Switzerland 5.8 kg veneer T
Exports and re-exports
67
2. High volume exports and re-exports
This section focuses on the terms and species exported and re-exported at high
volumes by the EU to the rest of the world. A minimum selection threshold of 1000
units to signify high volume trade was set to allow for a manageable analysis of
exports. Commodities exported by the EU that exceeded this threshold are discussed
below for each taxonomic group, with notable trends for one of the main terms in
trade also highlighted. An overview of individual taxa that meet the threshold (e.g.
where a certain term/unit combination was (re-)exported at levels above 1000 units
when quantities for all exporters, sources and purposes are combined) is provided in
a table within each taxonomic grouping.
A summary of the (re-)exports meeting the high volume threshold for candidate
countries, both terms and taxa, is also provided at the end of this chapter.
Overview
The total number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU and the number of taxa traded at
volumes exceeding 1000 units are shown in Figures 5.2a and 5.2b. (Re-)exports of
birds were the most diverse, with a total of 256 species, 10 subspecies, one hybrid
and five higher taxa reported in trade; reptiles were the most diverse taxonomic
group (re-)exported at high volumes, with trade involving 15 species, three
subspecies and one higher taxon.
Figure 5.2a: Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU in 2011.
Figure 5.2b: Number of taxa (re-)exported by the EU at volumes exceeding 1000 units in 2011 (all sources).
Exports exceeding 1000 units were recorded for 12 mammal, 10 bird, 19 reptile, 10
fish, four invertebrate, eight plant (other than timber) and seven timber taxa. In 2011,
there was a notable decrease in number of plant taxa traded at high volumes, from 32
taxa in trade in 2010 to eight taxa in 2011, mainly due to a decrease in (re-)exports of
cacti seeds from Malta. Mammals, plants and fish were traded under a variety of
terms, whereas high volume trade in birds was predominantly in feathers and live
animals, reptiles were mainly traded as skins and skin pieces and invertebrate trade
was principally live individuals. An overview of the high volume trade by group is
provided.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Invertebrates
Plants
Timber
No. taxa (re-)exported
Species
Subspecies
Hybrid
Higher taxa
0 5 10 15 20
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Fish
Invertebrates
Plants
Timber
No. taxa (re-) exported
Species
Subspecies
Hybrids
Higher taxa
Exports and re-exports
68
Mammals
Mammal parts and derivatives of wild origin that were (re-)exported at high
volumes, exceeding 1000 units, were hair and specimens (Figure 5.3). Trade levels for
the top term (hair) increased sevenfold over the five year period 2007-2011, reaching
highest levels in 2011 (Figure 5.4); the vast majority (>99%) of this trade was wild-
sourced Mustela sibirica originating in China and (re-)exported to the United States.
Skins, representing entire animals, were also traded at notable levels with 9 576 skins
(re-)exported in 2011, of which >99% were wild-sourced.
Fig 5.3: Quantity of mammal items (re-)
exported, by term and proportion of
sources, for those terms traded at volumes >
1000 units.
Fig 5.4: Exports of mammal hair (no unit) by source, all purposes, 2007-2011..
An overview of the 11 species and one higher taxon that met the high volume
criterion in 2011 on the basis of at least one term/unit combination exceeding 1000 is
provided in Table 5.2, along with details on the main exporter and source. The top
species in trade were Mustela sibirica (139 731 units of hair) and Macaca fasicularis
(66 774 specimens). The principal importers of Macaca fasicularis were Switzerland
(47%) and the United States (45%).
Table 5.2: Mammal species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units (all sources) in 2011 and corresponding main EU (re-)exporter. *Indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source(s) (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Vicugna vicugna II/B 1623.4 cloth (m2) W (> 99%) Italy (100%) [Peru]
Lycalopex griseus II/B 3075 skins W (100%) Germany (69%) [Argentina]
Lynx canadensis* II/B 1040 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%) Lynx rufus II/B 7291 garments Unspecified (100%) Greece (100%)
3550 skins W (100%) Germany (63%) [United States]
Mustela sibirica III/D 139731 hair W (100%) United Kingdom (100%) [China]
Ursus maritimus* II/B 1230 specimens W (100%) Denmark (100%) [Greenland]
Callithrix jacchus II/B 3426 specimens C (91%) Germany (> 99%)
Macaca fascicularis II/B 66774 specimens C (52%);F (46%) Germany (76%) [Mauritius]
0 50,000 100,000 150,000
cloth (m2)
carvings
garments
skins
specimens
hair
W C F O U Unspecified
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011N
o. e
xp
ort
ed
W C O
Exports and re-exports
69
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source(s) (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Macaca mulatta II/B 1 949 specimens C (100%) Germany (99%) [China)]
Elephantidae spp. I/A 1207.5 carvings O (62%) United Kingdom (72%) [Unknown]
Elephas maximus I/A 1243 carvings O (51%); U(49%) United Kingdom (73%) [Unknown)]
Loxodonta africana I/A 4116 carvings O (54%); U (46%) United Kingdom (87%) [Unknown]
Birds
Bird commodities (re-)exported at high volumes (>1000) in 2011 were feathers
(primarily reported in kg) and live specimens, the vast majority of which were
captive-bred (Figure 5.5). Approximately 68 000 live birds were exported in 2011, of
which >99% originated from captive-bred or captive-born sources; 30 wild-sourced
birds and ten birds reported as ranched were also (re-)exported. Trade in live birds
decreased by 13% between 2010 and 2011 but remained over 60 000 individuals
(Figure 5.6).
Figure 5.5: Top three bird items (re-) exported, by term and main sources. Small quantities (<150 units total) of source O, R, U and W were also recorded.
Figure 5.6: EU exports of live birds by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.
Nine bird species and one hybrid met the high volume criterion in 2011 on the basis
of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.3). Taxa meeting this threshold were
primarily direct exports of captive-bred specimens. The top species in trade was
Cairina moschata, which accounted for all trade in feathers reported by weight;
Agapornis fischeri, Platycercus eximius and Psephotus haematonotus were the main species
traded as live. According to EU exporter-reported data, the top importers of live
birds exported by the EU Indonesia (22%) and Kuwait (12%); the top importer of
feathers reported by weight was Norway (88%).
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
live
feathers (kg)
feathers
C F D
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. ex
po
rte
d
W R C F O D U
Exports and re-exports
70
Table 5.3: Bird species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates taxa that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporters (%)
Cairina moschata III/C 61202.4 feathers (kg) C (100%) France (100%)
Falco hybrid I/A 2309 live C (65%) United Kingdom (41%)
Gallus sonneratii* II/B 1065 feathers C (100%) Demark (95%)
Lonchura oryzivora II/B 4304 live C (98%)
Czech Republic (33%); Netherlands (32%); Belgium (29%)
Agapornis fischeri II/B 13769 live C (97%) Netherlands (47%)
Agapornis personatus II/B 7562 live C (95%) Czech Republic (38%); Belgium (36%)
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae I/A 2009 live C (100%) Czech Republic (90%)
Platycercus elegans II/B 3814 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%)
Platycercus eximius II/B 10770 live C (98%) Czech Republic (64%) Psephotus haematonotus II/B 10476 live C (98%) Czech Republic (53%)
Reptiles
Reptile commodities (re-)exported at highest volumes by the EU consisted of wild-
sourced skin pieces and skins, captive-produced (source F) extract and live reptiles
primarily (re-)exported from captive-bred sources (Figure 5.7). Tails, small leather
products and skin pieces recorded in kilograms also met the high volume threshold
(>1000), but were traded at lower levels than the four terms depicted in Figure 5.7
(e.g. <6000 units). (Re-)exports of the main term, skin pieces, have been variable over
the five year period 2007-2011 and decreased by 8% compared with 2010 levels
primarily due to a decrease in captive-bred specimens (Figure 5.8). Wild-sourced (re-
)exports of skin pieces were below 500 000 for 2007-2009, but increased to above
700 000 pieces in 2010 and remained roughly at that level in 2011.
Figure 5.7: Top four reptile items (re-) exported, by term and main sources. Small quantities (<500) of source O, U and unspecified source also (re-)exported.
Figure 5.8: EU exports of skin pieces by source, all purpose, 2007-2011. Small quantities (<550) of source D, F, O and U also (re-)exported.
Fifteen reptile species, three subspecies and one higher taxon met the high volume
criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.4). All taxa
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000
live
extract
skins
skin pieces
W R C F D
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. ex
po
rted
W R C
Exports and re-exports
71
meeting this threshold were traded primarily as re-exports of skins or skins pieces.
The top species in trade was Alligator mississippiensis, accounting for 94% of trade in
skin pieces; the principal importers of skin pieces (as recorded by the EU) were
Tunisia (50%), Mauritius (21%) and China (12%).
Table 5.4: Reptile species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Alligator mississippiensis
II/B 693120 skin pieces W (>99%) France (98%) [United States]
59937 skins W (97%) Italy (66%) [United States]
4029 skin pieces (kg)
W (100%) Italy (96%) [United States]
Caiman crocodilus crocodilus
II/B 1502 skin pieces C (86%)
France (86%) [Colombia]
1160.5 skins W (100%) Italy (100%) [Venezuela]
Caiman crocodilus fuscus
II/B 8529 skin pieces C (100%)
France (98%) [Colombia]
9230 skins C (100%) France (43%) [Colombia]
Caiman yacare II/B 2271 skins W (97%) Italy (97%) [Bolivia] Crocodylus niloticus II/B 10013 skin pieces C (93%) France (73%)
[Zimbabwe]
13808 skins C (90%) France (64%) [Zimbabwe]
Crocodylus porosus II/B 1475 skin pieces R (64%) France (95%) [Australia]
1958 skins C (57%) France (95%) [Australia] Chamaeleo calyptratus* II/B 2479 live C (76%) Czech Republic
Iguana iguana* II/B 2959 skins W (100%) Italy (100%)[Venezuela]
Tupinambis merianae II/B 8962 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina]
Tupinambis rufescens II/B 31157 skins W (100%) Italy (90%) [Argentina]
Tupinambis spp.* II/B 11413 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Paraguay] Varanus niloticus II/B 19485 skin pieces W (100%) France (90%) [Mali]
28906 skins W (100%) Spain (50%) [Chad] Varanus salvator II/B
2176 skin pieces W (>99%) France (85%) [Indonesia]
21043 skins W (100%) Italy (57%) [Malaysia]
Python breitensteini* II/B 1066 skins W (100%) Italy (98%) [Indonesia]
Python brongersmai II/B 4154 skins W (100%) Italy (67%) [Indonesia] Python molurus bivittatus
II/B 1742 live C (100%) Czech Republic (99%)
1057 skin pieces C (100%) Italy (100%) [Viet Nam]
17137 skins C (>99%) Italy (69%) [Viet Nam] Python reticulates II/B 2821 skin pieces W (93%) France (>99%)
[Malaysia]
11440 skins W (62%) Spain (89%) [Indonesia] Daboia russelii III/C 74716 extract F (89%) Germany (100%)
[United States]
Testudo hermanni II/A 1921 live C (>99%) Slovenia (69%)
Exports and re-exports
72
Amphibians
All exports of amphibians from the EU in 2011 comprised live specimens (2070)
traded principally for commercial purposes (94%); the vast majority of the trade was
in captive-sourced specimens (98% captive-bred and 0.1% captive-born) while 2%
was wild-sourced No individual species exceeded the 1000 unit threshold; the
principal species traded as live specimens were Ambystoma mexicanum (864 axolotl),
Dendrobates tinctorius (339 frogs), D. azureus (197 frogs) and D. auratus (186 frogs). The
majority (93%) of amphibian exports from the EU were direct; the principal
importers of amphibians (re-)exported from the EU were Japan (45%) and the United
States (42%).
Fish
The vast majority of high volume exports of fish consisted of live eggs from captive
sources, with nearly 5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.9). In addition to the six
term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.9, five additional term/unit
combinations met the high volume threshold: meat, fingerlings, extract, bodies and
extract (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live eggs) in 2011 were the highest of
the five year period 2007-2011 and increased by 58% between 2010 and 2011
(Figure 5.10). All trade in live eggs between 2007 and 2011 was captive-bred.
Figure 5.9: Quantity of fish items (re-) exported, by term, for those terms traded at volumes >1000 units.
Figure 5.10. EU (re-)exports of live eggs, all purposes, 2007-2011. All trade was captive-bred.
An overview of the eight fish species and two hybrids that met the high volume
criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5.
Notable levels of pre-Convention Anguilla Anguilla (live eels, meat and bodies)
originating in other EU Member States were (re-)exported; the majority of the
remaining high volume trade was captive-bred. The majority (68%) of live eggs were
exported directly from France to China; the top species in trade was Acipenser baerii,
representing 78% of the trade in live eggs.
0 2 4 6
live
live (kg)
caviar (kg)
bodies (kg)
meat (kg)
egg (live)
Millions
W R C F O Unspecified
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. ex
po
rted
(Mil
lio
ns)
Exports and re-exports
73
Table 5.5: Fish species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume
threshold in 2010. Quantities were rounded to the one decimal place, where applicable.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Acipenser baerii II/B 97735.2 bodies (kg) C (85%) France (63%)
14656.2 caviar (kg) C (>99%) France (66%)
3810 001 egg (live) C (100%) France (87%)
1735.6 extract (kg) C (>99%) France (98%)
6192 extract C (100%) France (100%)
12000 fingerling C (100%) Hungary (100%) [Germany]
61100 live (kg) C (100%) France (56%)
7893 live C (100%) France (76%)
25988.5 meat (kg) C (>99%) Germany (40%)
2620 meat C (100%) Poland (100%) Acipenser baerii x naccarii*
II/B 1205.1 caviar (kg) C (100%) Italy (88%)
Acipenser gueldenstaedtii
II/B 2000 bodies (kg) C (100%) Poland (100%)
8415.8 caviar (kg) C (>99%) France (61%) [Bulgaria]
970000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (54%)
2000 fingerling C (100%) Hungary (100%) [Germany]
20622 live C (>99%) Italy (97%)
88253.6 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (62%)
Acipenser hybrid* II/B 3860.9 caviar (kg) C (100%) Germany (71%)
Acipenser ruthenus II/B 60000 egg (live) C (100%) Poland (83%)
Acipenser schrenckii* II/B 26229 caviar (kg) C (100%) France (97%) [China]
Acipenser transmontanus
II/B 9521.1 caviar (kg) C (65%) Italy (52%)
10000 egg (live) C (100%) Italy (100%)
25450 meat (kg) C (100%) Italy (100%) Huso huso* II/B 1154 caviar (kg) C (98%) France (89%)
[Bulgaria]
3746 meat (kg) C (100%) Bulgaria (100%)
Polyodon spathula* II/B 20000 egg (live) C (100%) Hungary (100%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 65000 bodies (kg) O (100%) Denmark (100%)
[France]
2415 bodies O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom]
2400 live (kg) O (100%) Spain (75%) [Portugal]
25500 live O (100%) Greece (100%) [United Kingdom]
76290 meat (kg) O (100%) Denmark (66%) [France]
Exports and re-exports
74
Invertebrates
Invertebrates were traded at high volumes as live (both as number of individual
specimens and by weight) and raw corals (kg) in 2011 (Figure 5.11). The vast majority
of trade was in live specimens, with over 208,000 live invertebrates (re-)exported,
87% of which originated from captive sources (sources ‘C’ and ‘F’). (Re-)exports of
live invertebrates and (re-)exports of wild-sourced invertebrates increased over the
five year period 2007-2011, reaching the highest levels over the period in 2011
(Figure 5.12).
Three invertebrate species and one higher taxon met the high volume criterion on the
basis of at least one term/unit combination (Table 5.6). Hirudo medicinalis represented
90% of live invertebrates reported without a unit, of which 88% were captive-bred.
The other three taxa originated predominantly from the wild. The top importer of
live invertebrates (re-)exported by the EU was the United States, accounting for 74%
of trade.
Figure 5.11: Quantity of invertebrate items (re-)exported, by term and main sources, for those terms traded at volumes >1000 units. Small quantities (<150 units) of sources R and O were also recorded.
Figure 5.12: Exports of live invertebrates
by source, all purposes, 2007-2011.
Table 5.6: Invertebrate species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet high volume threshold in 2010.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter [main origin, if applicable]
Hirudo medicinalis II/B 187987 live C (88%) France (78%)
Hirudo verbana* II/B 10860 live W (95%) Germany (95%) [Turkey]
Scleractinia spp. II/B 1350 live (kg) W (100%) France (81%)
6340 raw corals (kg)
W (100%) Germany (97%) [Fiji]
Tridacna maxima II/B 8043 live W (>99%) France (>99%)
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000
live (kg)
raw corals (kg)
live
W C F
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
No
. ex
po
rted
W R C F
Exports and re-exports
75
Plants
The majority of (re-)exports at high volumes were live wild-sourced plants reported
without a unit, with over 1.5 million (re-)exported in 2011 (Figure 5.13). In addition
to the three term/unit combinations displayed in Figure 5.13, two additional
term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold: seeds reported without a
unit and extract reported by weight (kg). Export volumes of the main term (live
plants) were variable over the five year period 2007-2011, and decreased by 14% in
2011 to the lowest volume between 2007-2011 (Figure 5.14).
Figure 5.13: Quantity of wild-sourced plant
items (re-)exported, by term, for those terms
traded at volumes >1000 units. Smaller
quantities (<1 500 units) of source D, A and
O were also (re-)exported.
Figure 5.14: EU (re-)exports of wild sourced
live plants, all purposes, 2007-2011. Smaller
quantities (<10 000 units) of source A, O
and D were also (re-)exported.
An overview of the eight plant species that met the high volume criterion on the
basis of at least one term/unit combination is provided in Table 5.5; all high volume
trade was wild-sourced or, in the case of Appendix I cacti seeds, source code ‘D’. The
vast majority (81%) of live plants (re-)exported by the EU were Galanthus elwesii
originating in Turkey; the principal importers of live plants, as reported by the EU,
were Japan (59%), the United States (20%) and Canada (15%).
Table 5.7: Plant species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources, rounded to the nearest kg, where applicable). Excludes timber species. *indicates species that did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter [main origin, if applicable]
Galanthus elwesii II/B 1438965 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
Galanthus woronowii II/B 316315 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Pelecyphora strobiliformis* I/A 1870 seeds D (100%) Malta (>99%) Strombocactus disciformis I/A 4840 seeds D (100%) Malta (54%) Euphorbia antisyphilitica II/B 131637 wax (kg) W (100%) Germany (76%) [Mexico] Aloe ferox II/B 31671 powder (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [South Africa]
II/B 140967 extract (kg) W (100%) France (54%) [South Africa]
Cyclamen coum II/B 7950 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey] Cyclamen hederifolium II/B 4500 live W (100%) Netherlands (100%) [Turkey]
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011N
o e
xpo
rted
(mil
lio
ns)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
live
wax (kg)
powder (kg)
Millions
Exports and re-exports
76
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
veneer (kg)
chips (kg)
powder (kg)
oil (kg)
timber (kg)
extract (kg)
timber (m3)
veneer (m2)
W O
Timber
Eight term/unit combinations met the high volume threshold for timber in 2011
(Figure 5.15). The majority of timber trade comprised (re-)exports of veneer reported
in square metres; 70% was wild-sourced and 30% was pre-Convention (Figure 5.15.).
Figure 5.16 shows EU (re-)exports of veneer (m2) between 2007 and 2011, by source.
(Re-)exports decreased by 29% between 2010 and 2011, and in all years except 2008
quantities (re-)exported were below 25 000 square metres.
Figure 5.15: Quantity of timber items (re-)
exported, by term and proportion of
sources, for those terms traded at volumes
>1000 units.
Figure 5.16: EU exports of veneer reported
in square metres, by source, all purposes,
2007-2011
Seven species met the high volume criterion on the basis of at least one term/unit
combination (Table 5.8). All high-volume trade was wild-sourced or pre-Convention.
Pericopsis elata represented 70% of trade in veneer (m2), all of which was wild-
sourced, originated in the Democratic Republic of Congo and was imported by the
United States. Trade recorded as timber (m3) was predominantly pre-Convention
Cedrela odorata originating in Brazil and imported by the United States (93%). Two
species represented the majority of trade in wild-sourced extract: Bulnesia sarmientoi
(64%) and Prunus africana (36%). B. sarmientoi was primarily imported by Switzerland
(81%) and the United States was the main importer of Prunus africana extract.
Table 5.8: Timber species/term combinations for which EU-reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011 (all sources). * indicates species which did not meet the high volume criterion in 2010. Quantities were rounded to one decimal place, where applicable.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main EU (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Dalbergia nigra* I/A 4807 veneer (m2) O (100%) Spain (100%) [Unknown]
Dalbergia stevensonii* III/C 5120 timber (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Guatemala]
Pericopsis elata
II/B
1450 veneer (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [DRC]
11481.1 veneer (m2) W (100%) Spain (51%); Germany (49%) [DRC]
Cedrela odorata* III/C 11861.7 timber (m3) O (>99%) Germany (>99%) [Brazil] Prunus africana
II/B
4420.2 extract (kg) W (100%) Spain (93%) [DRC]
4289.3 powder (kg) O (92%) France (100%) [DRC] Bulnesia sarmientoi II/B 7986.1 extract (kg) W (100%) Germany (93%) [Paraguay]
4521 oil (kg) W (100%) France (64%) [Paraguay]
Guaiacum sanctum* II/B 2000 chips (kg) W (100%) Germany (100%) [Mexico]
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Qu
anti
ty (r
e-)e
xpo
rted
(m
2)
W O
Exports and re-exports
77
5; 6%
64; 75%
14; 17%
1; 1% 1; 1%
Scientific
Commercial trade
Hunting trophies
Zoological
Educational
Figure 5.17: Number and percentage of direct export transactions of wild-collected CITES species reported by candidate countries in 2011, by purpose.
B. Candidate countries
1. Exports of wild-collected, native species
Croatia, Iceland, and Turkey
reported eighty-five direct export
transactions of wild-collected native
species in 2011, primarily as
commercial trade (75%)
(Figure 5.17). Montenegro did not
report any exports within their
annual report, while no wild-
sourced were reported by FYR
Macedonia in 2011. (Re-)exports
involved 11 native, wild-collected
species (Table 5.9). All trade was in
Appendix-II listed species, with three species listed in Annex A (Canis lupus, Ursus
arctos and Phocoena phocoena) and the remainder in Annex B. The majority of taxa
(Anguilla anguilla, Hirudo medicinalis, Hirudo verbana and four of the five plant species)
were exported for commercial purposes. Species of Galanthus and Cyclamen were
exported in high volumes (>1000 units) in 2011, as in previous years. In addition,
Turkey exported quantities of wild-sourced, Anguilla anguilla in excess of the high
volume threshold applied in the next section.
Table 5.9: Direct exports of wild-collected CITES species in 2011, originating in candidate countries as reported by the exporters.
Taxon App./ Annex
Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose
Ma
mm
als
Canis lupus II/A Croatia Italy 43 specimens S
Croatia United States
4 specimens S
Ursus arctos II/A Croatia
Czech Republic
3 trophies H
Croatia Denmark 1 trophy H
Croatia Germany 1 live Z
Croatia Germany 2 trophies H
Croatia Italy 6 trophies H
Croatia Italy 1 trophy T
Croatia Poland 19 teeth S
Croatia United Kingdom
1 trophy H
Croatia United States
167 teeth S
Croatia United States
2 trophies H
Phocoena phocoena
II/A Iceland Unknown 4 bones (kg) E
Exports and re-exports
78
Taxon App./ Annex
Exporter Importer Qty Description Purpose
Fis
h
Anguilla anguilla
II/B Turkey Austria 4500 meat (kg) T In
ve
rte
bra
tes
Hirudo medicinalis
II/B Turkey France 200 live (kg) T
Turkey Republic of Korea
22 live (kg) T
Hirudo verbana
II/B Turkey Germany 155.5 live (kg) T
Turkey Netherlands 50 live (kg) T
Turkey Switzerland 7.7 live (kg) T
Turkey United Kingdom
50 live (kg) T
Pla
nts
Galanthus elwesii
II/B Turkey Netherlands 5250000 live T
Galanthus woronowii
II/B Turkey Netherlands 3000000 live T
Cyclamen cilicium
II/B Turkey Netherlands 40380 live T
Cyclamen coum
II/B Turkey Netherlands 300795 live T
Cyclamen hederifolium
II/B Turkey Georgia 30 live S
2. Candidate countries’ high volume (re-)exports
Candidate countries (re-)exported high volumes of one mammal, two reptile and one
fish species in 2011 (Table 5.10). This is in addition to the wild-sourced trade in
native species (Anguilla anguilla and the four plant taxa) that exceeded the high
volume threshold and that are already highlighted in the wild-collected section.
Lycalopex griseus, originating in Argentina, was the only species re-exported by
candidate countries as wild-sourced at high volumes in 2011.
Table 5.10: Species/term combinations for which candidate countries’ reported (re-)exports exceeded 1000 units in 2011. * indicates species which did not meet the high volume threshold in 2010.
Taxon App./ Annex
Qty Description Main source (%)
Main (re-)exporter (%) [main origin, if applicable]
Lycalopex griseus* II/B 1500 skins W (100%) Turkey (100%) [Argentina]
Testudo graeca II/A 3555 live C (100%) Turkey (100%)
Testudo hermanni* II/A 9400 live C/D (100%) FYR Macedonia (91%) Anguilla anguilla II/B 10900 live O (100%) Croatia (100%) [France]
Non-CITES trade
79
VI. Non-CITES trade
Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 provides for the control of trade in some species
that are not listed in the Appendices to CITES; such species may be listed in Annexes
A, B or D. Monitoring of trade in these species is entirely dependent on reporting by
EU Member States. As such, candidate country trade is not included in this section.
A. Imports
Three Annex A or B taxa were imported in 2011, the majority of transactions
consisting of live Trachemys scripta elegans imported for scientific purposes
(Table 6.1).
Table 6.1. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex A and B species in 2011. All trade was direct.
Annex Taxon Importer Exporter Source Purpose Qty Term
Mammals A Hystrix
cristata Austria Namibia W P 1 trophy
Birds B Oxyura
jamaicensis Italy Mexico W P 6 skins
Reptiles
B Trachemys scripta elegans
Denmark United States W S 200 live
Germany Turkey C P 1 live
Germany United States C P 1 live
Germany United States F S 96 live
EU imports of Annex D animal taxa principally comprised reptile skins and skin
products, the majority of which were reported without a source specified; as in 2010,
the primary reptile species in trade were Homalopsis buccata, Elaphe carinata and E.
radiata (Table 6.2). Trade in live animals was recorded for birds (2 species), reptiles
(13 species), amphibians (7 species) and fish (2 taxa), with trade in Physignathus
cocincinus and Pterapogon kauderni at levels in excess of 5000 individuals.
Large volumes of Annex D dried plants and plant derivatives were also imported,
the majority of which were wild-sourced and a notable proportion reported without
a source specified (Table 6.2). The principal plant taxa in trade were Arctostaphylos
uva-ursi, Harpagophytum procumbens and Harpagophytum spp. Trade was principally
for commercial purposes or reported without a purpose specified.
Imports: mainly reptile skins and skin products, dried plants and plant derivatives of Annex D species. Exports: primarily live, captive bred Columba livia exported for commercial purposes.
Non-CITES trade
80
Table 6.2. EU-reported imports of non-CITES Annex D species in 2011.
Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)
Birds
Crax alector 87 feathers
Syrmaticus reevesii 1900 feathers
Hypargos niveoguttatus 8 live
Cosmopsarus regius 8 live
Reptiles
Physignathus cocincinus 7826 live
Rhacodactylus auriculatus 61 live
Rhacodactylus ciliatus 203 live
Rhacodactylus leachianus 39 live
Zonosaurus karsteni 18 live
Ctenosaura quinquecarinata 24 live
Teratoscincus scincus 300 live
Tribolonotus gracilis 508 live
Tribolonotus novaeguineae 87 live Elaphe carinata 4 live
5622 plates
944 plates (m2)
100180 skins
14 small leather products
Elaphe radiata 194 live
7869 plates
316 plates (m2)
90058 skins
2520 small leather products
Enhydris bocourti 1014 skins
Homalopsis buccata 2500 large leather products
15 live
4572 plates
47 plates (m2)
2621 skin pieces
207026 skins
520 small leather products
Ptyas korros 6 live
Lapemis curtus 523 plates
402 plates (m2)
5289 skins
Amphibians
Phyllomedusa sauvagii 255 live
Cynops ensicauda 75 live
Pachytriton labiatus 150 live
Paramesotriton chinensis 152 live
Tylototriton asperrimus 125 live
Tylototriton kweichowensis 350 live
Tylototriton verrucosus 200 live
Fish
Pterapogon kauderni 28 derivatives
5250 live
Pterapogon spp. 21 live
Plants Dasylirion longissimum 1807 live
Arisaema sikokianum 25 live
Non-CITES trade
81
Taxon Quantity Term (Unit)
Plants (cont.)
Arisaema spp. 25 live
Arnica montana 3973.2 dried plants (kg)
Othonna clavifolia 150 live
Othonna retrorsa 100 live Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 83653.09 dried plants (kg)
10843 leaves (kg) Gentiana lutea 3000 dried plants (kg)
4 dried plants
14812 roots (kg)
Dalbergia retusa 1 sawn wood
Lycopodium clavatum 12000 dried plants (kg)
Menyanthes trifoliata 7350 leaves (kg) Cetraria islandica 606 derivatives (kg)
145 dried plants (kg)
10386 leaves (kg) Harpagophytum procumbens 1560 live (kg)
53000 medicine (kg)
Harpagophytum spp. 32700 dried plants (kg)
14500 live (kg)
11000 medicine (kg)
66891 roots (kg)
Selaginella lepidophylla 8000 dried plants (kg)
B. (Re-)exports
EU Member States reported the export or re-export of five non-CITES taxa listed in
the EU Annexes (Table 6.3). The majority comprised live, captive-bred Columba livia
(Rock Dove) directly exported for commercial purposes: 23 595 birds were exported
in 2011, more than double the 10 118 exported in 2010.
Table 6.3. EU-reported (re-)exports of non-CITES species in 2011.
Annex Taxon Origin (Re-exporter) Source Purpose Qty Term
Mammals
A Hystrix cristata Unknown (Austria) O E 7 hairs
Unknown (United Kingdom)
O T 1 carving
Birds A Bubulcus ibis Germany C Z 6 live
A Columba livia Spain C T 23595 live
Reptiles
B Chrysemys picta Unknown (Germany) O P 1 live
B Trachemys scripta elegans
Hungary (United Kingdom)
C P 1 live
United States (Germany)
U P 1 live
Unknown (Netherlands)
O P 2 live
France U P 1 live
No (re-)exports of Annex D specimens were recorded, but EU Member States are not
required to report on exports of Annex D specimens.
Annex
82
Annex A – CITES purpose and source codes
Purpose of trade
Code Description
B Breeding in captivity or artificial propagation
E Educational
G Botanical gardens
H Hunting trophies
L Law enforcement/judicial/forensic (e.g. evidence for use in court, specimens for training)
M Medical (including biomedical research)
N Reintroduction or introduction into the wild
P Personal
Q Circuses and travelling exhibitions
S Scientific
T Commercial / Trade
Z Zoos
Source of specimens
Code Description
A Annex A plants artificially propagated for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C plants artificially propagated in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof
C Annex A animals bred in captivity for non-commercial purposes and Annexes B and C animals bred in captivity in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof
D Annex A animals bred in captivity for commercial purposes and Annex A plants artificially propagated for commercial purposes in accordance with Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006, as well as parts and derivatives thereof
F Animals born in captivity, but for which the criteria of Chapter XIII of Regulation (EC) No 865/2006 are not met, as well as parts and derivatives thereof
I Confiscated or seized specimens14
O Pre-Convention specimens1
R Specimens originating from a ranching operation
U Source unknown (must be justified)
W Specimens taken from the wild
14
To be used only in conjunction with another source code.
Annex
83
Annex B – Glossary of terms
Term Definition
Annex A/B/C/D species Species listed in the Annexes to the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations
Appendix-I/II/III species Species listed in the CITES Appendices
Article Refers to an article in the CITES Convention text
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CITES-listed Species listed in one of the Appendices to CITES
EU European Union
Member States The 27 countries that were Member States of the European Union in 2011
Source The source of the species in trade, whether it be from the wild, captive-bred, pre-Convention, etc. A full list of sources is provided in Annex A.
Species For simplicity, the term “species” may be used to refer to a list of species and sub-species
Wildlife Trade Regulations European Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 and subsequent updates
Annex C – Conversion factors
Converted from Converted to
Grams; milligrams Kilograms (kg)
Millilitres Litres (l)
Centimetres Metres (m)
Pairs Whole values [1 pair = 2 items]
Sides Whole skins [2 sides = 1 skin]
Timber (including logs, sawn wood, veneer etc) in kilograms
Cubic meters (m3) [calculated using the mid-point of the range of specific weights provided in the CITES Identification Manual (Vales et al., 199915)].
Annex D – Country name abbreviations
Full name Abbreviated name
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Venezuela
Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC
Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of China Hong Kong, SAR
Lao People’s Democratic Republic Lao PDR
The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedonia
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland United Kingdom
United Republic of Tanzania Tanzania
United States of America United States
15
Vales, M. A., Clemente, M. & García Esteban, L. (1999) Timber identification. In CITES Identification Manual: Flora. CITES
Secretariat, Switzerland.
Annex
84
Annex E - Valuation methodology overview
On the basis of the species coverage, level of detail, consistency of the dataset and probable
comparability to EU prices, the “Declared U.S. Dollar Value” data from the United States
CITES Annual Reports were used as the basis for calculations of the value of EU imports of
CITES-listed species. The United States is a major importer and exporter of CITES-listed
species and therefore Customs data included price data for a high number of CITES species
in trade. Using EU importer-reported trade data derived from the CITES Trade Database,
the United States price data were extrapolated to calculate the value of EU reported imports
of CITES-listed animals.
United States price data used
The Declared U.S. Dollar Value is the amount in U.S. dollars declared by the trader at the
point of export from or import to the United States. The Declared U.S. Dollar Value data for
cleared items (Status = “CL”) provided in the United States CITES Annual Reports for the
years 2007-2011 were used. Both import and export price data were included in the analysis.
On account of limited price data, the vast majority of plants were excluded from the analysis
(with the exception of two families with robust enough price data); it is hoped that plant
price datasets can be improved in the future to address this issue.
Data for animals were standardised to comply with CITES accepted codes (for further
information on CITES codes for terms, sources and units, see
http://www.cites.org/eng/notif/2011/E019A.pdf). Units and source codes were converted
or grouped (in the cases of some sources) to allow for more meaningful analysis. All sources
and purposes were included in the analysis.
Price per taxon per year (2007-2011) was corrected for inflation by using a conversion factor
(see http://www.usinflationcalculator.com/) to express prices as estimates of U.S. dollars in
2011.
The median USD price for each family/unit/source/term combination was calculated.
Family-level price data were used so that median prices would be based on a higher number
of records, thus providing a more robust price estimate. Furthermore, calculations done at
the family level provided value data for a higher proportion of trade records in EU importer
data.
EU importer data
Trade data were extracted from the CITES Trade Database to determine trade volumes as
reported by EU importers in 2011. All terms, sources and purposes were included.
Calculating value of EU imports
To estimate the monetary value of EU imports of CITES-listed animal species, the median
price value for each family/unit/source/term combination was multiplied by the EU
reported trade volume.
Annex
85
Where the family median was based on a small number of records within the United States
price dataset (<5 records) or where price data were unavailable for a
family/unit/source/term combination (e.g. because the United States had not traded in the
taxon in question), proxy values were used. An example of typical proxy would be using the
median price for the order/source/unit/term combination or the same family/unit/term
combination but for trade in a similar but different source. For those commodities where a
suitable proxy could not be found (e.g. there was no comparable proxy with enough price
records to make it valid), trade was deleted.
The price dataset initially included 558 010 relevant price records for animal species. Median
price values were subsequently calculated for 1 638 family/unit/source/term combinations.
The final EU importer data used included 7 040 trade records, with less than 200 records
with no price data available.
Considerations
A number of assumptions were made in order to undertake the calculations for this report:
- Only price data from United States “cleared” imports and exports were used, which
were then extrapolated to estimate the value of EU imports. However, in reality there
will be price differences between countries for the same species and there will be
differences in the quality of products, leading to price differences However, it is
important to note that the estimate of financial value of the trade in EU imports of
CITES-listed animals is only an approximation of the actual earnings at one stage in
the market chain.
- The calculations focus only on animals, as no price data were available for plants,
with the exception of two tree families. Furthermore, records were deleted if no price
data were available or if no adequate proxy was identified. Therefore, calculations
are likely to be an underestimate of total value of legal imports of CITES species to
the EU.
- Family-level price data and proxy data used for price calculations may not always
reflect the true price of a species.
- The price for any given species/commodity may vary according to size of animal,
shipment size, variety (e.g. rare breeds) – such detail is not captured in the CITES
trade data. To account for these differences, a median price was used. In addition, an
initial analysis of the data used in this report indicated that median shipment sizes
were comparable between the two datasets.
- In future, it is intended to refine the methodology to further verify assumptions and
to identify a suitable price dataset and methodology for plants.