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1 | P a g e
March 2019
Prepared by
Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck
Ecology & Infrastructure International
and
Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment
Management Authority
By
International Pty Ltd.
Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’
of native animal species in the Port Phillip
and Western Port region from 1839 to 2016
2 | P a g e
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Will Steele from Melbourne Water and Andrew Silcocks from BirdLife Australia for
extracting wildlife sighting records from their databases.
Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck (2019).
Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’ of native animal species in the Port Phillip and
Western Port region from 1839 to 2016.
Report prepared with the Port Phillip & Westernport Catchment Management Authority.
Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd.
PO Box 6031 Wantirna 3152 Victoria Australia
Tel: 0412 562 429 – E: [email protected]
www.ecologyandinfructure.com
3 | P a g e
Table of contents
Table of contents ................................................................................................................. 3
Key points ............................................................................................................................ 5
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8
2. Methods ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Sources of data ......................................................................................................... 9
2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence .................................................. 10
2.3 Reporting Areas ...................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings ............................................................................ 12
3. Results ........................................................................................................................ 13
3.1 Results by taxonomic group .................................................................................... 14
3.1.1 Fish .............................................................................................................. 14
3.1.2 Amphibians ................................................................................................... 17
3.1.3 Reptiles ........................................................................................................ 20
3.1.4 Birds ............................................................................................................. 23
3.1.5 Mammals ...................................................................................................... 26
3.2 Results by Reporting Area ...................................................................................... 29
3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands ....................................................... 29
3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw ..................................................................... 32
3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea ........................................... 35
3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong ....................................... 38
3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula ................................................................................... 41
3.2.6 Greater Melbourne ....................................................................................... 44
3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik ......................................................................... 47
3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings ......................... 50
4. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 51
4.1 Overall findings ....................................................................................................... 51
4.2 Observations of sites of record collections .............................................................. 52
4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence .................................. 53
4.4 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 54
5. References ................................................................................................................. 56
Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area ......................... 57
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Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area ............... 59
Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of reptile species by Reporting Area ..................... 60
Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of bird species by Reporting Area. ........................ 63
Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of mammal species by Reporting Area ................. 78
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 80
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Key points
1. This report shines light on the diversity and persistence of native animal species in the Port
Phillip & Western Port region.
2. It calculates the probability that each species of native fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and
mammals are persisting in areas of the region at the end of 2016.
3. It is a repeat of the same analysis undertaken at 2005-06 and therefore provides an insight
into recent trends for individual species and the taxonomic groups.
4. An important change since 2005-06 is that there has been a substantial increase in species
records due to the contributions of government agencies that manage species databases
and the public through citizen science programs.
5. There were 425,443 records of native species for 1839 to 2006. In the past decade, the
number of records has increased by more than 7-fold.
6. This report now draws on 3,079,470 records from between 1839 and the end of 2016.
7. With the influx of data, this assessment sees 627 native species now recorded as having
occurred in the region at some time since 1839.
8. In general, birds and amphibians seem to have fared the best in retaining species whereas
fish species generally show the greatest declines.
9. Each of the seven terrestrial 'Reporting Areas' has an overall persistence rate of between 71-
78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there (Table 1). Ratings for each
taxonomic group in each Reporting Area are shown in Figure 1.
Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area
Reporting Areas Number and percentage of species likely to be persisting
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Total
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands 2/15
(13%)
6/10
(60%)
11/22
(50%)
217/274
(79%)
19/34
(56%)
255/355
(72%)
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw 8/26
(31%)
10/16
(63%)
19/30
(63%)
236/291
(81%)
29/41
(71%)
302/404
(75%)
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
5/20
(25%)
13/16
(81%)
21/34
(62%)
235/279
(84%)
32/43
(74%)
306/392
(78%)
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham &
Greater Geelong
4/20
(20%)
10/13
(77%)
18/34
(53%)
284/337
(84%)
33/41
(80%)
349/445
(78%)
Mornington Peninsula 5/18
(28%)
11/13
(85%)
16/26
(62%)
225/295
(76%)
17/33
(52%)
274/385
(71%)
Greater Melbourne 18/32
(56%)
15/20
(75%)
33/39
(82%)
303/374
(81%)
29/49
(59%)
397/514
(77%)
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik 13/26
(50%)
11/14
(79%)
22/37
(59%)
228/277
(82%)
37/46
(80%)
311/400
(78%)
6 | P a g e
Figure 1: Reporting Areas within the Port Philip & Westernport CMA region and their indicative ratings of species persistence for each taxonomic group
7 | P a g e
10. This report includes a table in Section 3.2 for each of the Reporting Areas that identifies
species with low persistence ratings that are useful priorities for future professional, student
or community monitoring to ensure the ratings are as accurate as possible.
11. This study draws on existing databases and is an objective, repeatable method for
calculating the probability of a species persisting in a given area. However, there are
limitations to the methods used in this study, primarily that it doesn’t assess the health or
range of species populations. For example, a species such as the Helmeted Honeyeater can
have a small population, a confined range and be listed as a threatened species but have a
high persistence rating in that area because sightings are regularly recorded. Conversely,
some species may be relatively common in an area but if the databases do not contain
recent records of sightings then the probability of persistence can be low.
12. This analysis for the Port Phillip & Western Port region could be undertaken for local areas
across the other catchment management regions of Victoria to develop a state-wide picture
of species diversity, persistence and trends.
8 | P a g e
1. Introduction
In 2008, the Port Philip & Westernport Catchment Authority (PPWCMA) commissioned a project to
calculate the probability of persistence of native vertebrate taxa within its region (Caryl et al. 2008).
This work was commissioned to analyse the diversity and persistence of native animal species as
a component of the PPWCMA's reporting on catchment condition and for use by many
organisations working together in environmental management.
The assessment of species persistance used all records of species sightings in the region from
accessible databases including the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife (now known as the Victorian
Biodiversity Atlas or VBA), Atlas of Australian Birds from Birds Australia, the Atlas of Living
Australia and the frog census data and fish census data from Melbourne Water.
Using a series of peer-reviewed formula (McCarthy 1998; van der Ree & McCarthy 2005), the
study analysed the patterns of records of each species within seven areas of the region and
assigned each species with a probability that it persisted at the end of 2005 or 2006 (depending on
the taxonomic group).
The report found that the proportion of species that were probably extant at the end of the study
period varied significantly across taxonomic groups (Caryl et al. 2008).
In 2018, Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd was engaged by the PPWCMA to
recalculate the likelihood that species were extant using an additional 10 years of data (i.e. from
2005 or 2006 to the end of 2016). This report summarises the probability of all native vertebrate
species previously recorded in the area remaining extant at the end of 2016.
The format and structure of this report is modelled on the earlier report to facilitate comparisons
between reporting periods.
9 | P a g e
2. Methods
The methods used in this re-analysis are identical to those used in the 2005-06 analysis.
2.1 Sources of data
Records of vertebrate fauna within the PPWCMA region were obtained from:
the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas;
the Atlas of Living Australia
Melbourne Water Frog Census data;
Melbourne Water Fish Census data; and
the Birdlife Australia database.
Records were extracted from their respective data sources in April and May 2018 and were filtered
to ensure a minimum standard for all records. All records up to 31 December 2016 were used in
the analysis.
Records where species identification was tentative (e.g. identified only to genus level) or date of
observation was missing were deleted from the dataset before analysis, as were any duplicate
records. Multiple sightings of a species at a single site on the same day were recorded as a single
sighting in order to eliminate non-independence in the dataset before analysis (McCarthy, 1998).
Other records that were omitted from analysis were those where the location was obviously
incorrect (e.g. terrestrial species occurring in marine environments), and those of non-native
species that were introduced after initial European settlement (e.g. cats Felis catus). Fish were
only included in the analysis if they occurred in freshwater or used both freshwater and marine
habitats. Dingoes (Canis familiaris) were also excluded from the analyses due to the potential for
hybridisation with domestic dogs making it difficult to distinguish between the two (van der Ree,
2004). Other species that may have been wild or aviary escapees (e.g Budgerigar) were included
as it was beyond the scope of this project to inspect all records and attempt to determine the
source of the sighting behind the record. Records where subspecies were identified were typically
grouped as a single species. In marine Reporting Areas (Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay),
records of marine mammals, reptiles and fish were excluded from the analysis, meaning only
information about avian species was included for these two areas. Finally, all records were
assigned to a single Reporting Area after their location co-ordinates had been mapped using
QGIS.
The surge in citizen science programs over the past decade means that other databases of
species records may exist which may not have been added to the VBA or other readily-accessible
databases. For the future, there would be benefit in bringing such databases together so the data
is consolidated, up-to-date and easily accessible.
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2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence
Several different methods have been used to infer species persistence (Solow 1993; Burgman et
al. 1995; McCarthy 1998; Solow & Roberts 2003), and each method is sensitive to different
characteristics of the collection record (van der Ree & McCarthy 2005). For example McCarthy’s
(1998) modified version of Solow’s (1993) original formulae takes into account changes in
collection effort, which may vary over time. These methods are essentially forms of time series
analysis run on species’ presence or absence data, which are sensitive to runs of absences of
sightings in collection records. The basic idea in each of these methods being that confidence in
the continued existence of a species is greater the more recently it has been sighted, or
conversely, species are less likely to be extant if they have not been observed for an extended
duration at the end of the observation period. However, the probabilities returned by these
equations do not provide the probability that the species is extant (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005),
but rather the probability that a run of species absences at the end of an observation period would
occur by chance alone. Small P-values suggest that the observed run of absences at the end of a
recording period are unlikely to occur if the species is still extant, implying a decline in the range of
a species (McCarthy, 1998).
For the purpose of this report, the probability of a species being extant is more readily interpreted
measure than the probability that absences did not occur by chance, for which a Bayesian
formulation of Solow’s (1993) equation is required (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005). The posterior
probability of the species being extant was calculated as:
)1/(]1)/[(1
11
NtT
pN
where N is the number of times the species was recorded between time 0 and time T, and t is the
time when the species was last recorded. The prior probability of the species being extant in the
last year of recording for each taxonomic group was assumed to be 0.5. This prior probability is the
probability of the species being extant in the last year of recording prior to considering the sighting
data. P-values resulting from this formula lie between 0 and 1.0, where P = 1.0 demonstrates that
the species was certainly still extant at the end of the recording period.
The probability of persistence (P) is a score between 0 and 1.0. It is assessed for each species in each area. P of 1.0 means the species was certain to be persisting at the end of the recording period. P >0.5 means it is more likely to be extant in that area rather than extinct, and P <0.5 means it is more likely to be extinct than extant.
11 | P a g e
2.3 Reporting Areas
The following reporting areas have been selected by the PPWCMA to be used for this assessment.
These areas were selected because:
the scale of these areas was considered appropriate for this particular analysis;
Council boundaries are well-understood by communities of the region; and
the areas broadly relate to different ecological systems operating in the region today.
Figure 2: Reporting Areas
12 | P a g e
2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings
The Bayesian formula described in Section 2.2 was used to investigate the probability that each
faunal species known to have occurred within the Reporting Area was extant at the end of the
recording period (i.e. end of 2016). The probability of persistence was calculated for every faunal
species within each Reporting Area for which there were sufficient data to perform calculations;
this required a minimum of three or more independent observations per Reporting Area. Species
with fewer records than this were assigned as “inadequate records”. Inadequate records may result
from a species having a cryptic nature, making it difficult to survey and/or detect, or because the
species was transiently passing through the area and is not normally resident within the Reporting
Area. However, in a large number of cases inadequate records were likely to have occurred
because the species has gone extinct, or become so rare as to make detection unlikely.
The results for each species were then grouped taxonomically (as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds
or mammals) and by Reporting Area, allowing for different aspects of interpretation of results. Each
species was allocated to a probability band for extantness, ≥0.95, 0.94-0.75, 0.74-0.50, <0.50 and
insufficient records (too few records to enable a score to be legitimately calculated).
A species in the highest band meant that that species was almost certain to still be extant within
that Reporting Area, whereas there was a greater chance that a species in the <0.50 probability
band would be extinct rather than extant. The proportion of species within each of these bands is
presented both by taxonomic group (Section 3.1) and by Reporting Area (Section 3.2).
To generate an indicative rating of faunal health for each Reporting Area, the number of species
that are most likely to be extant within that Reporting Area (i.e. those ≥0.50) are calculated as a
proportion of the number of species that have ever been recorded within that Reporting Area
(including those species with inadequate records):
A+ = ≥90%
A = 80-89%
B = 70-79%
C = 60-69%
D = 50-59%
E = <50%
For example, a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of A+ for a particular taxonomic group has
likely retained at least 90% of the native species of that group that have ever been recorded there,
whereas a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of E has likely retained less than half of its
species.
13 | P a g e
3. Results
A total of 3,079,740 records of 627 species were made within the PPWCMA area between 1839
and the end of 2016. A full account of the probability of persistence of each species within each of
the seven reporting areas is given in Appendices 1 to 5.
In all tables of results, the results from the 2005-06 analysis are provided along with the 2016
results, with the latter always highlighted in light blue.
The first obvious difference between the 2005-06 and 2016 analyses was the increase in the total
number of records of wildlife, from 437,845 to over 3 million records. The probable reason for this
major increase is recent targeted surveys as part of various planning investigations by local and
state government and a proliferation of citizen science survey programs. A positive consequence
of this effort is a greater reliability in the results of the analysis.
The second major difference is the increase in the number of species recorded as having occurred
in the region, which increased from 504 to 627. This increase is likely due to a combination of:
splitting of some species into multiple species;
the arrival of new species into the area either as vagrants, deliberate introductions or
releases of pets;
first records of species being added to the databases for the area; and
potential misidentifications.
It would be a potentially-informative analysis to investigate the new species and attempt to discern
the source or cause of the new detection.
The results for each taxonomic group and Reporting Area are provided in Sections 3.1 and 3.2
respectively. The detailed results for each species are included in the appendices.
14 | P a g e
3.1 Results by taxonomic group
3.1.1 Fish
A total of 8,248 records of 38 species of freshwater fish were utilised for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1863 and the end of 2016),
compared with 5,106 records of the same 38 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1863 and 2006).
Table 2: Analysis of native freshwater fish species records within each Reporting Area
Reporting Area No. of records
No. of species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 167 15 1
(7%) 1
(7%) 6
(40%) 7
(47%) 13% E
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1,183 25 11 4 1 6 3
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 1,534 26 3
(12%) 4
(15%) 1
(4%) 14
(54%) 4
(15%) 31% E
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 797 20 3
(15%) 2
(10%) 8
(40%) 7
(35%) 25% E
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 599 20 2
(10%) 2
(10%) 12
(60%) 4
(20%) 20% E
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 805 18 1
(6%) 4
(22%) 9
(50%) 4
(22%) 28% E
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 1,223 32 17 5 2 5 3
Greater Melbourne (2016) 2,436 32 6
(19%) 7
(22%) 5
(16%) 12
(38%) 2
(6%) 56% D
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 1,425 26 12 1 3 2 8
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 2,060 26 6
(23%) 4
(15%) 3
(12%) 6
(23%) 7
(27%) 50% D
TOTAL (2005-06) 5,106 38
TOTAL (2016) 8,248 38
15 | P a g e
Figure 3: Locations of 2006-2016 fish records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region
16 | P a g e
Figure 4: Number of native fish species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands
Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw
Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater
Geelong
MorningtonPeninsula
Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik
No
. of
spec
ies
reco
rded
as
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
area
20
16
>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant
<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records
17 | P a g e
3.1.2 Amphibians
A total of 19,140 records of 20 species of amphibians were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared
with 10,547 records of 17 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2005).
Table 3: Analysis of native amphibian species records within each Reporting Area
Reporting Area No. of
records No. of
species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 298 10 9 1
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 344 10 6
(60%)
4 (40%)
60% C
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 2914 16 10
(63%)
2 (13%)
4 (25%)
63% C
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 3944 16 12
(75%) 1
(6%)
2 (13%)
1 (6%)
81%
A
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 3431 13 9
(69%) 1
(8%)
2 (15%)
1 (8%)
77% B
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1196 13 9
(69%)
2 (15%)
1 (8%)
1 (8%)
85% A
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2
Greater Melbourne (2016) 4283 20 12
(60%)
3 (15%)
2 (10%)
3 (15%)
75% B
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 3028 14 10
(71%)
1 (7%)
2 (14%)
1 (7%)
79% B
TOTAL (2005-06) 10,547 17
TOTAL (2016) 19,140 20
18 | P a g e
Figure 5: Locations of 2006-2016 amphibian records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region
19 | P a g e
Figure 6: Number of native amphibian species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016
0
5
10
15
20
Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands
Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw
Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater
Geelong
MorningtonPeninsula
Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik
No
. of
spec
ies
reco
rded
as
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
area
20
16
>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant
<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records
20 | P a g e
3.1.3 Reptiles
A total of 10,604 records of 45 species of reptiles were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2016), compared with
8,116 records of 40 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2005).
Table 4: Analysis of native reptile species records within each Reporting Area
Reporting Area No. of
records No. of
species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 304 22 2
(9%) 2
(9%) 7
(32%) 6
(27%) 5
(23%) 50% D
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 893 30 12
(40%) 6
(20%) 1
(3%) 4
(13%) 7
(23%) 63% C
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 2,082 34 19
(56%) 1
(3%) 1
(3%) 10
(29%) 3
(9%) 62% C
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 1,515 34 12
(35%) 4
(12%) 2
(6%) 12
(35%) 4
(12%)
53% D
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1,074 26 8
(31%) 4
(15%) 4
(15%) 8
(31%) 2
(8%) 62% C
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 1,671 37 18 6 4 3 5
Greater Melbourne (2016) 2,533 39 21
(54%) 8
(21%) 3
(8%) 3
(8%) 4
(10%) 82% A
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 1,885 34 13 7 1 9 4
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 2,203 37 20
(54%) 1
(3%) 1
(3%) 11
(30%) 4
(11%) 59% D
TOTAL (2005-06) 8,116 40
TOTAL (2016) 10,604 45
21 | P a g e
Figure 7: Locations of 2006-2016 reptile records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region
22 | P a g e
Figure 8: Number of native reptile species in each probability band in each Reporting Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands
Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw
Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater
Geelong
MorningtonPeninsula
Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik
No
. of
spec
ies
reco
rded
as
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
area
20
16
>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant
<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records
23 | P a g e
3.1.4 Birds
A total of 3,021,381 records of 463 species of birds were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared
with 399,800 records of 396 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2006).
Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area
Reporting Area No. of
records No. of
species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating
≥0.95 (Almost certain
to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 96,318 274 188
(69%) 26
(9%) 3
(1%) 23
(8%) 34
(12%) 79% B
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 47,806 253 170 18 9 11 45
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 245,997 291 209
(72%) 19
(7%) 8
(3%) 22
(8%) 33
(11%) 81% A
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 31,625 241 161 21 8 6 45
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 153,289 279 194
(70%) 33
(12%) 8
(3%) 15
(5%) 29
(10%) 84% A
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 517,075 337 259
(77%) 18
(5%) 7
(2%) 23
(7%) 30
(9%)
84% A
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 115,886 295 199
(67%) 19
(6%) 7
(2%) 27
(9%) 43
(15%) 76% B
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 163,968 328 220 21 10 13 64
Greater Melbourne (2016) 1,644,783 374 270
(72%) 25
(7%) 8
(2%) 28
(7%) 43
(11%) 81% A
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 60,603 246 145 35 8 12 46
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 182,695 277 203
(73%) 18
(6%) 7
(3%) 20
(7%) 29
(10%) 82% A
Port Phillip Bay (2005-06) 6,496 283 48 63 41 46 85
Port Phillip Bay (2016) 53,110 305 194
(64%) 23
(8%) 18
(6%) 22
(7%) 48
(16%) 77% B
Western Port (2005-06) 6,015 258 16 50 35 77 80
Western Port (2016) 12,228 278 132
(47%) 31
(11%) 15
(5%) 50
(18%) 50
(18%) 64% C
TOTAL (2005-06) 399,800 396
TOTAL (2016) 3,021,381 463
24 | P a g e
Figure 9: Locations of 2006-2016 bird records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region
25 | P a g e
Figure 10: Number of bird species in each probability band in each Reporting Area
0
75
150
225
300
375
Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands
Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw
Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater
Geelong
MorningtonPeninsula
Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik
No
. of
spec
ies
reco
rded
as
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
area
20
16
>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant
<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records
26 | P a g e
3.1.5 Mammals
A total of 20,097 records of 61 species of mammals were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1839 and end of 2016), compared
with 14,276 records of 49 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1839 and end of 2006).
Table 6: Analysis of native mammal species records within each Reporting Area
Reporting Area No. of
records No. of
species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 1,174 34 6
(18%) 8
(24%) 5
(15%) 9
(26%) 6
(18%) 56% D
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1,264 39 12 11 4 7 5
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 2,459 41 19
(46%) 9
(22%) 1
(2%) 8
(20%) 4
(10%) 71% B
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 1,443 38 6 12 6 6 8
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 1,836 43 21
(49%) 8
(19%) 3
(7%) 6
(14%) 5
(12%) 74% B
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 1,795 41 30
(73%) 1
(2%) 2
(5%) 4
(10%) 4
(10%) 80% A
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 2,133 33 11
(33%) 3
(9%) 3
(9%) 11
(33%) 5
(15%) 52% D
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 3,995 40 15 5 1 11 8
Greater Melbourne (2016) 4,437 49 21
(43%) 6
(12%) 2
(4%) 12
(24%) 8
(16%) 59% D
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 4,185 45 19 7 3 12 4
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 6,263 46 24
(52%) 7
(15%) 6
(13%) 7
(15%) 2
(4%) 80% A
TOTAL (2005-06) 14,276 49
TOTAL (2016) 20,097 61
27 | P a g e
Figure 11: Locations of 2006-2016 mammal records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region
28 | P a g e
Figure 12: Number of native mammal species in each probability band in each Reporting Area
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands
Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw
Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea
Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater
Geelong
MorningtonPeninsula
Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik
No
. of
spec
ies
reco
rded
as
occ
urr
ing
in t
he
area
20
16
>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant
<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records
29 | P a g e
3.2 Results by Reporting Area
This section summarises the results for each of the seven Reporting Areas in the Port Phillip & Westernport region.
3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands
Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of
records No. of
species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6
Fish (2016) 167 15 1
(7%)
1 (7%)
6 (40%)
7 (47%)
13% E
Amphibians (2005-06) 298 10 9 1
Amphibians (2016) 344 10 6
(60%)
4 (40%)
60% C
Reptiles (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6
Reptiles (2016) 304 22 2
(9%) 2
(9%) 7
(32%) 6
(27%) 5
(23%) 50% D
Birds (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60
Birds (2016) 96,318 274 188
(69%) 26
(9%) 3
(1%) 23
(8%) 34
(12%) 79% B
Mammals (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10
Mammals (2016) 1,174 34 6
(18%) 8
(24%) 5
(15%) 9
(26%) 6
(18%) 56% D
TOTAL (2005-06) 5,425 304
TOTAL (2016) 98,307 355
30 | P a g e
Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Black Bream Blue-spot Goby Broad-finned Galaxias Flat-headed Gudgeon Mountain Galaxias Tamar River Goby Yelloweye Mullet
Tree Dragon/Jacky Dragon Black Rock Skink Bearded Dragon Glossy Grass Skink Eastern Brown Snake
Arctic Jaeger Australasian Bittern Australian Little Bittern Australian Owlet-nightjar Blue Petrel Broad-billed Prion Brown Gerygone Brown Songlark Budgerigar Cockatiel Diamond Firetail Eastern Grass Owl Gould's Petrel Helmeted Honeyeater Kerguelen Petrel Large-billed Scrubwren Lewin's Honeyeater Little Button-quail Little Lorikeet Long-toed Stint Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper Osprey Pectoral Sandpiper Restless Flycatcher Salvin's Prion Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel White-faced Storm Petrel Wood Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater
Eastern Pygmy-possum Mountain Brushtail Possum Rufous-bellied Pademelon Southern Forest Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Swamp Antechinus
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Estuary Perch Flatback Mangrove Goby Macquarie Perch River Blackfish Southern Pigmy Perch Spotted Galaxias
Victorian Smooth Froglet Spotted Marsh Frog Growling Grass Frog Southern Toadlet
Southern Water Skink Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink Common Long-necked Turtle / eastern Long-necked Turtle Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink
Baillon's Crake Orange-bellied Parrot Eurasian Skylark Greater Sand Plover Hooded Robin White-capped Albatross Pink-eared Duck Richard's Pipit Australian Reed Warbler
Long-nosed Potoroo Grey-headed Flying-fox Gould's Wattled Bat Yellow-bellied Glider Leadbeater's Possum Platypus Little Forest Bat Lesser Long-eared Bat Large Forest Bat
31 | P a g e
Red-kneed Dotterel Australian Spotted Crake Northern Giant-Petrel Noisy Friarbird House Crow White-shouldered Triller Grey-headed Albatross Black Kite White-fronted Tern Barking Owl Brush Bronzewing Long-billed Corella Fairy Prion Cape Petrel
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Tupong White's Skink Metallic Skink Tiger Snake Delicate Skink Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard Southern Grass Skink White-lipped Snake
Black-tailed Godwit Jacky Winter Clamorous Reed Warbler
White-footed dunnart Sugar Glider New Zealand Fur-seal Feathertail Glider
32 | P a g e
3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw
Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of records
No. of species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 1183 25 11 4 1 6 3
Fish (2016) 1534 26 3
(12%) 4
(15%) 1
(4%) 14
(54%) 4
(15%) 31% E
Amphibians (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1
Amphibians (2016) 2914 16 10
(63%)
2 (13%)
4 (25%)
63% C
Reptiles (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4
Reptiles (2016) 893 30 12
(40%) 6
(20%) 1
(3%) 4
(13%) 7
(23%) 63% C
Birds (2005-06) 47,806 253 170 18 9 11 45
Birds (2016) 245,997 291 209
(72%) 19
(7%) 8
(3%) 22
(8%) 33
(11%) 81% A
Mammals (2005-06) 1,264 39 12 11 4 7 5
Mammals (2016) 2,459 41 19
(46%) 9
(22%) 1
(2%) 8
(20%) 4
(10%) 71% B
TOTAL (2005-06) 52,194 355
TOTAL (2016) 253,797 404
33 | P a g e
Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Australian Mudfish Chinook Salmon Mountain Galaxias Western Carp Gudgeon
Dendy's Toadlet Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Plains Froglet Smooth Frog
Bearded Dragon Common Scaly-foot Cunningham's Skink Eastern Water Skink Marbled Gecko Southern Grass Skink Spencer's Skink
Antarctic Prion Arctic Tern Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Australasian Figbird Australian Little Bittern Australian Painted Snipe Australian Ringneck Banded Stilt Black Bittern Black-tailed Godwit Budgerigar Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Fuscous Honeyeater Gilbert's Whistler Great Knot Grey-tailed Tattler Helmeted Guineafowl Letter-winged Kite Little Curlew Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper New Zealand Fantail Orange-bellied Parrot Oriental Pratincole Pacific Golden Plover Purple-crowned Lorikeet Red Knot Short-tailed Shearwater Singing Bushlark Spectacled Monarch Tawny Grassbird Western Gerygone White-breasted Woodswallow
Brush-tailed Phascogale Eastern False Pipistrelle Eastern Quoll White-footed dunnart
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Pouched Lamprey Southern Pigmy Perch Common Galaxias Short-headed Lamprey River Blackfish Black Bream Estuary Perch Broad-finned Galaxias Ornate Galaxias Macquarie Perch
Common Spadefoot Toad Victorian Smooth Froglet
Southern Water Skink Black Rock Skink Highland Copperhead Bougainville's Skink
Richard's Pipit Clamorous Reed Warbler White-shouldered Triller Song Thrush Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Black-faced Woodswallow Terek Sandpiper King Quail Whimbrel White-browed Woodswallow
White-striped Freetail Bat New Holland Mouse Platypus Swamp Antechinus Common Bent-wing Bat Broad-toothed Rat Gould's Long-eared Bat Mountain Brushtail Possum
34 | P a g e
Yelloweye Mullet Long-finned Eel Tamar River Goby Australian Smelt
Magpie Goose Plains-wanderer Baillon's Crake Zebra Dove Stubble Quail Dollarbird Peaceful Dove Broad-billed Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Red-capped Plover Red-necked Avocet Pied Butcherbird
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Murray Cod
Glossy Grass Skink Black-tailed Native-hen Banded Lapwing Noisy Friarbird Diamond Dove Helmeted Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Black Kite Scarlet Honeyeater
Water Rat
35 | P a g e
3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea
Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of
records No. of
species No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of
species ≥0.50 Indicative
rating ≥0.95 (Almost certain
to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7
Fish (2016) 797 20 3
(15%) 2
(10%) 8
(40%) 7
(35%) 25% E
Amphibians (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1
Amphibians (2016) 3944 16 12
(75%) 1
(6%)
2 (13%)
1 (6%)
81% A
Reptiles (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4
Reptiles (2016) 2,082 34 19
(56%) 1
(3%) 1
(3%) 10
(29%) 3
(9%) 62% C
Birds (2005-06) 31,625 241 161 21 8 6 45
Birds (2016) 153,289 279 194
(70%) 33
(12%) 8
(3%) 15
(5%) 29
(10%) 84% A
Mammals (2005-06) 1,443 38 6 12 6 6 8
Mammals (2016) 1,836 43 21
(49%) 8
(19%) 3
(7%) 6
(14%) 5
(12%) 74% B
TOTAL (2005-06) 37,343 348
TOTAL (2016) 161,948 392
36 | P a g e
Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Australian Grayling Chinook Salmon Estuary Perch Scary's Tasmangoby Silver Perch Spotted Galaxias Yelloweye Mullet
Plains Brown Tree Frog Bearded Dragon Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard
Australasian Gannet Australian Little Bittern Australian Pratincole Banded Stilt Black-browed Albatross Black-chinned Honeyeater Black-faced Cormorant Black-faced Monarch Blue-breasted Fairywren Blue-faced Honeyeater Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Dollarbird Fluttering Shearwater Forest Kingfisher Gilbert's Whistler Grey-crowned Babbler Masked Owl Pacific Gull Plumed Whistling Duck Rufous bristlebird Shy Albatross Singing Bushlark Southern Emu-wren Superb Parrot White-browed Babbler White-browed Treecreeper White-fronted Tern White-headed Pigeon Wood Sandpiper
Common Dunnart Eastern False Pipistrelle Freetail Bat (eastern form) Long-nosed Potoroo Southern Brown Bandicoot
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Broad-finned Galaxias Southern Pigmy Perch Common Galaxias Ornate Galaxias Macquarie Perch Twospine Blackfish Flat-headed Gudgeon Murray Cod
Brown Toadlet Southern Toadlet
Striped Legless Lizard Eastern Small-eyed Snake Red-bellied Black Snake McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Grassland Earless Dragon Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink White-lipped Snake Mountain Dragon Southern Grass Skink Delicate Skink
Richard's Pipit Red-whiskered Bulbul Eurasian Skylark Large-billed Scrubwren Lewin's Honeyeater Bush Stone-curlew Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Eastern Koel Eastern Whipbird Emu Glossy Ibis Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater Crested Tern
Eastern Bettong Southern Myotis White-striped Freetail Bat Eastern Quoll Platypus Gould's Long-eared Bat
37 | P a g e
Satin Bowerbird
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Australian Smelt Yarra Pigmy Perch
White's Skink White-winged Tern Song Thrush Diamond Dove Barn Owl Scarlet Honeyeater Letter-winged Kite Black-eared Cuckoo
Common Bent-wing Bat Little Red Flying-fox Greater Glider
38 | P a g e
3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong
Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of
records No. of
species No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of
species ≥0.50 Indicative
rating ≥0.95 (Almost certain
to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5
Fish (2016) 599 20 2
(10%) 2
(10%) 12
(60%) 4
(20%) 20% E
Amphibians (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2
Amphibians (2016) 3431 13 9
(69%) 1
(8%)
2 (15%)
1 (8%)
77% B
Reptiles (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3
Reptiles (2016) 1,515 34 12
(35%) 4
(12%) 2
(6%) 12
(35%) 4
(12%) 53% D
Birds (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34
Birds (2016) 517,075 337 259
(77%) 18
(5%) 7
(2%) 23
(7%) 30
(9%) 84% A
Mammals (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5
Mammals (2016) 1,795 41 30
(73%) 1
(2%) 2
(5%) 4
(10%) 4
(10%) 80% A
TOTAL (2005-06) 61,906 401
TOTAL (2016) 524,415 445
39 | P a g e
Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Broad-finned Galaxias Estuary Perch Short-headed Lamprey Yelloweye Mullet
Plains Froglet Metallic Skink Murray River Turtle Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard Spencer's Skink
Arctic Tern Australian Bustard Australian Little Bittern Beautiful Firetail Black-breasted Buzzard Black-browed Albatross Black-faced Woodswallow Black-winged Petrel Brown Booby Brown Gerygone Brown Honeyeater Common Diving-Petrel Forest Raven Grey Falcon Hooded Plover House Crow Letter-winged Kite Little Friarbird Major Mitchell's cockatoo Malleefowl Orange Chat Oriental Plover Pied Butcherbird Red-backed Kingfisher Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Splendid Fairywren Wandering Tattler White-cheeked Honeyeater White-fronted Honeyeater
Common Dunnart Eastern free-tailed Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Swamp Rat
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Macquarie Perch Flat-headed Gudgeon Blue-spot Goby Freshwater Catfish Scary's Tasmangoby Pouched Lamprey Common Galaxias Tupong Ornate Galaxias Chinook Salmon Black Bream Tamar River Goby
Common Spadefoot Toad Brown Toadlet
Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard Southern Water Skink White's Skink Mountain Dragon Southern Grass Skink Eastern Small-eyed Snake Bearded Dragon Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Grassland Earless Dragon Black Rock Skink Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor
Richard's Pipit Stilt Sandpiper Singing Bushlark Northern Shoveler Hudsonian Godwit Gilbert's Whistler Square-tailed Kite Oriental Pratincole Clamorous Reed Warbler Australian Ringneck White-faced Storm Petrel Common Cicadabird Greater Sand Plover
Long-nosed Potoroo Eastern False Pipistrelle Eastern Barred Bandicoot Lesser Long-eared Bat
40 | P a g e
Song Thrush White-browed Babbler Australian Pratincole Southern Giant-Petrel Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Yellow Wagtail Northern Giant-Petrel Little Curlew Plumed Whistling Duck Regent Honeyeater
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Southern Pigmy Perch Australian Smelt
Red-bellied Black Snake Lowland Copperhead
Grey-crowned Babbler Peaceful Dove Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Western Gerygone Plains-wanderer
Eastern Quoll White-striped Freetail Bat
41 | P a g e
3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula
Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of
records No. of
species No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of
species ≥0.50 Indicative
rating ≥0.95 (Almost certain
to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4
Fish (2016) 805 18 1
(6%) 4
(22%) 9
(50%) 4
(22%) 28% E
Amphibians (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1
Amphibians (2016) 1196 13 9
(69%)
2 (15%)
1 (8%)
1 (8%)
85% A
Reptiles (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3
Reptiles (2016) 1,074 26 8
(31%) 4
(15%) 4
(15%) 8
(31%) 2
(8%) 62% C
Birds (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53
Birds (2016) 115,886 295 199
(67%) 19
(6%) 7
(2%) 27
(9%) 43
(15%) 76% B
Mammals (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6
Mammals (2016) 2,133 33 11
(33%) 3
(9%) 3
(9%) 11
(33%) 5
(15%) 52% D
TOTAL (2005-06) 24,992 331
TOTAL (2016) 121,094 385
42 | P a g e
Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Chinook Salmon Flatback Mangrove Goby Short-headed Lamprey Western Carp Gudgeon
Plains Froglet
Green Turtle Marbled Gecko
Antarctic Petrel Australian Little Bittern Azure Kingfisher Barking Owl Black-faced Monarch Black-tailed Godwit Blue-winged Kookaburra Buller's Albatross Channel-billed Cuckoo Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Diamond Dove Dollarbird Eastern Whipbird Fiordland Penguin Great Frigatebird Hooded Robin Kerguelen Petrel King Quail Light-mantled Albatross Little Friarbird Noisy Friarbird Northern Rockhopper Penguin Orange-bellied Parrot Pied Butcherbird Pomarine Jaeger Red-necked Avocet Rockhopper Penguin Ruff Salvin's Prion Snow Petrel Southern Whiteface Speckled Warbler Square-tailed Kite Striated Grasswren Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Western Gerygone Western Wattlebird Whimbrel White-faced Storm Petrel White-headed Pigeon White-shouldered Triller Wonga Pigeon Yellow Wattlebird
Bush Rat Chocolate Wattled Bat Eastern Pygmy-possum Leopard seal Little Red Flying-fox
43 | P a g e
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Broad-finned Galaxias Blue-spot Goby Tupong Common Galaxias Spotted Galaxias Southern Pigmy Perch Black Bream Tamar River Goby Macquarie Perch
Peron's Tree Frog Southern Grass Skink Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Delicate Skink Bougainville's Skink Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon Eastern Small-eyed Snake McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Lowland Copperhead
Eurasian Skylark Richard's Pipit White-capped Albatross Satin Bowerbird Rufous Songlark Clamorous Reed Warbler Little Egret Horsfield's Bushlark Rainbow Bee-eater Grey-tailed Tattler Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Black-tailed Native-hen Osprey Grey-crowned Babbler Common Cicadabird Black-browed Albatross White-backed Swallow Common Tern Spotted Quail-thrush Southern Fulmar Blue Petrel Australian Owlet-nightjar Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Great-winged Petrel Wandering Albatross Arctic Tern White-headed Petrel
New Holland Mouse White-striped Free-tailed Bat White-striped Freetail Bat Common Bent-wing Bat Gould's Long-eared Bat Gould's Wattled Bat Little Forest Bat Feathertail Glider Southern Forest Bat Agile Antechinus
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Murray Cod River Blackfish Dwarf Galaxias Yelloweye Mullet
Victorian Smooth Froglet Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog
Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Common Scaly-foot Eastern Brown Snake Tiger Snake
Song Thrush Eastern Osprey Cockatiel Masked Woodswallow Restless Flycatcher Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Hutton's Shearwater
Large Forest Bat Water Rat Common Wombat Dusky Antechinus
44 | P a g e
3.2.6 Greater Melbourne
Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of records
No. of species
No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50
Indicative rating ≥0.95
(Almost certain to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 1223 32 17 5 2 5 3
Fish (2016) 2436 32 6
(19%) 7
(22%) 5
(16%) 12
(38%) 2
(6%) 56% D
Amphibians (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2
Amphibians (2016) 4283 20 12
(60%)
3 (15%)
2 (10%)
3 (15%)
75% B
Reptiles (2005-06) 1,671 37 18 6 4 3 5
Reptiles (2016) 2,533 39 21
(54%) 8
(21%) 3
(8%) 3
(8%) 4
(10%) 82% A
Birds (2005-06) 163,968 328 220 21 10 13 64
Birds (2016) 1,644,783 374 270
(72%) 25
(7%) 8
(2%) 28
(7%) 43
(11%) 81% A
Mammals (2005-06) 3,995 40 15 5 1 11 8
Mammals (2016) 4,437 49 21
(43%) 6
(12%) 2
(4%) 12
(24%) 8
(16%) 59% D
TOTAL (2005-06) 173,364 453
TOTAL (2016) 1,658,472 514
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Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Murray Hardhead Trout Cod
Smooth Frog Western Banjo Frog Plains Brown Tree Frog
Highland Copperhead leatherback sea turtle Metallic Skink Spencer's Skink
Antarctic Prion Bar-shouldered Dove Black-browed Albatross Black-chinned Honeyeater Black-faced Woodswallow Bridled Tern Brown Honeyeater Common Koel Eclectus Parrot Forest Kingfisher Forest Raven Greater Sand Plover Green Rosella Grey-faced Petrel Hudsonian Godwit Lemon-bellied flyrobin Letter-winged Kite Light-mantled Albatross Little Curlew Little Shearwater Oriental Plover Oriental Pratincole Pomarine Jaeger Radjah Shelduck Red-eared Firetail Salvin's Prion Scarlet-chested Parrot Shy Albatross Slender-billed Prion Soft-plumaged Petrel Sooty Shearwater Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel Southern Whiteface Superb Fruit-Dove Tasmanian Scrubwren Wandering Albatross White-breasted Woodswallow White-browed Babbler White-throated Nightjar Wonga Pigeon Yellow-throated Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner
Black Flying-fox Mountain Brushtail Possum New Zealand Fur-seal Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Southern Myotis Swamp Antechinus White-footed dunnart Yellow-bellied Glider
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<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Silver Perch Dwarf Galaxias Blue-spot Goby Black Bream Yarra Pigmy Perch Flat-headed Gudgeon Yelloweye Mullet Large Mouth Goby Common Galaxias Long-finned Eel Freshwater Catfish Australian Smelt
Common Spadefoot Toad Plains Froglet
Grassland Earless Dragon Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor
Richard's Pipit Song Thrush Tawny Grassbird Australian Little Bittern Little Button-quail Clamorous Reed Warbler Superb Parrot White-headed Petrel Red-vented Bulbul Arctic Tern Spotted Quail-thrush Sooty Owl Eastern Barn Owl Yellow Wagtail Pilotbird Great Skua Singing Bushlark Regent Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Common Cicadabird Plains-wanderer Hooded Plover Buff-breasted Sandpiper White-headed Pigeon Brown Treecreeper White-throated Gerygone Pale-headed Rosella
Gould's Long-eared Bat Brush-tailed Phascogale Gould's Wattled Bat New Holland Mouse Long-nosed Bandicoot Eastern Quoll Eastern Bettong Eastern Barred Bandicoot Dusky Antechinus Fat-tailed Dunnart Common Bent-wing Bat Broad-toothed Rat
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Sea Mullet Australian Mudfish Chinook Salmon Golden Perch Tupong
Lesueur’s Frog Haswell’s Froglet Dendy's Toadlet
Eastern Small-eyed Snake Bougainville's Skink Common Scaly-foot
Red-backed Kingfisher Southern Emu-wren Red-whiskered Bulbul White-fronted Tern Speckled Warbler White-fronted Honeyeater Orange-bellied Parrot Short-tailed Shearwater
Southern Forest Bat Little Forest Bat
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3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik
Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik Reporting Area
Taxonomic group No. of
records No. of
species No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of
species ≥0.50 Indicative
rating ≥0.95 (Almost certain
to be extant)
0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to
be extant)
0.50-0.74 (Likely to be
extant)
<0.50 (Likely to be
extinct)
Insufficient records
Fish (2005-06) 1425 26 12 1 3 2 8
Fish (2016) 2060 26 6
(23%) 4
(15%) 3
(12%) 6
(23%) 7
(27%) 50% D
Amphibians (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2
Amphibians (2016) 3028 14 10
(71%)
1 (7%)
2 (14%)
1 (7%)
79% B
Reptiles (2005-06) 1,885 34 13 7 1 9 4
Reptiles (2016) 2,203 37 20
(54%) 1
(3%) 1
(3%) 11
(30%) 4
(11%) 59% D
Birds (2005-06) 60,603 246 145 35 8 12 46
Birds (2016) 182,695 277 203
(73%) 18
(6%) 7
(3%) 20
(7%) 29
(10%) 82% A
Mammals (2005-06) 4,185 45 19 7 3 12 4
Mammals (2016) 6,263 46 24
(52%) 7
(15%) 6
(13%) 7
(15%) 2
(4%) 80% A
TOTAL (2005-06) 70,111 364
TOTAL (2016) 196,249 400
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Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)
Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment
Blue-spot Goby Chinook Salmon Freshwater Catfish Long-finned Eel Murray River Rainbowfish Trout Cod Yelloweye Mullet
Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon Gray's Blind Snake Murray River Turtle Tussock Skink
Arctic Jaeger Australasian Gannet Australian Bustard Black-breasted Buzzard Brolga California Quail Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Common Koel Crimson Chat Diamond Dove Dusky Grasswren Letter-winged Kite Little Button-quail Magpie Goose Pacific Robin Plains-wanderer Red-backed Kingfisher Red-necked Avocet Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Southern Whiteface Splendid Fairywren Star Finch Western Wattlebird Western Yellow Robin Whiskered Tern White-backed Swallow White-breasted Woodswallow White-cheeked Honeyeater Zebra Dove
Eastern Bettong Eastern free-tailed Bat
<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment
Mountain Galaxias Black Bream Australian Bass Golden Perch Australian Smelt Murray Cod
Common Spadefoot Toad Brown Brown Toadlet
Spencer's Skink Highland Copperhead Little Whip Snake Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Large Striped Skink Bougainville's Skink Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Broad-shelled Turtle Southern Grass Skink White-lipped Snake White's Skink
Helmeted Honeyeater Channel-billed Cuckoo Song Thrush King Quail Australasian Bittern Freckled Duck Richard's Pipit Grey-crowned Babbler Australian Ringneck Budgerigar Black-chinned Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Banded Lapwing Blue-breasted Fairywren
Southern Myotis Dusky Antechinus Eastern False Pipistrelle Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Eastern Quoll Gould's Long-eared Bat Large Forest Bat
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Black-tailed Native-hen Emerald Dove Bush Stone-curlew White-shouldered Triller White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike
0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings
Tupong Broad-finned Galaxias Short-headed Lamprey
Lesueur’s Frog
Cunningham's Skink Horsfield's Bushlark Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Red-chested Button-quail Rufous Songlark White-throated Honeyeater Peaceful Dove Speckled Warbler
Broad-toothed Rat Southern Brown Bandicoot White-striped Free-tailed Bat Eastern Horseshoe Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Southern Forest Bat
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3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings
The following table provides an overall summary for each Reporting Area. Remarkably, it shows that each Reporting Area has a similar overall
persistence rate of between 71-78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there.
It should be noted that the overall indicative rating is significantly influenced by the persistence rates for birds because there is a high number of bird
species compared to the other taxanomic groups.
Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area
(Note: the number preceded by the plus symbol shows the increase in species since the 2005-06 analysis)
Reporting area Total number of species recorded as occurring in the
Reporting Area
Number of species with probability score ≥0.5
Proportion of species with probability score ≥0.5
Overall indicative rating
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 304 172
Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 355 (+51) 255 (+83) 72% B
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 355 265
Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 404 (+49) 302 (+37) 75% B
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 348 252
Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 392 (+44) 306 (+54) 78% B
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2005-06) 401 310
Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2016) 445 (+44) 349 (+39) 78% B
Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 331 242
Mornington Peninsula (2016) 385 (+54) 274 (+32) 71% B
Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 453 338
Greater Melbourne (2016) 514 (+61) 397 (+59) 77% B
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 364 265
Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 400 (+36) 311 (+46) 78% B
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4. Discussion
4.1 Overall findings
In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, and indeed across all regions of Australia, there are many
government bodies, non-government organisations, researchers, community groups, landholders
and others working to contribute to the science and understanding of our natural enviroment and to
stabilise and improve its condition. This analysis and report is a contribution to the improved
science and understanding of this region's biodiversity.
The main findings from this analysis are:
The 3,079,470 records that were accessed and analysed in this report were significantly more
than the 425,443 records that formed the basis of the 2005-06 report. The additional records
were collected just between 2005 and 2016, and represent a massive increase in the
collection and curation of field data. There were also an additional 87 new species recorded
within the Port Phillip & Western Port region, bringing the total to 627.
There has been a massive increase in the number of sightings of wildlife and reporting of
these into government databases. Some of these databases take records without any
verification (i.e. ALA) while others scrutinise and validate records before adding them to the
database (e.g. VBA). The recent rise in interest in citizen science projects and monitoring by
community groups has further increased the number of records. Based on this increase in
surveys and reporting, it is likely that some databases will include erroneous records, including
species mis-identifications, even if the record is scrutinised before inclusion in the database.
The analysis in this report should therefore be used with caution and with understanding of the
limitations for tracking the status of individual species. Nevertheless, this analysis is useful at
identifying overall trends for species in taxonomic groups and broad areas.
Fish species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 13% (Bass Coast,
South Gippsland & Islands) and 56% (Greater Melbourne) of species still likely to be occurring
in any of the Reporting Areas.
Amphibian species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 60% (Bass Coast,
South Gippsland & Islands) and 85% (Mornington Peninsula) of species still likely to be
occurring across the Reporting Areas.
Reptile species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 50% (Bass Coast,
South Gippsland & Islands) and 63% (Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw) of species still likely to be
occurring across the Reporting Areas except for the Greater Melbourne area which has
retained 82% of its species.
Bird species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 64% (Western Port) and
84% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea and Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and
Greater Geelong) of species still likely to be occurring across the Reporting Areas.
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Mammal species appear to have persisted relatively poorly in the Bass Coast, South
Gippsland & Islands (56%), Mornington Peninsula (52%) and Greater Melbourne (59%)
Reporting Areas but relatively well in the other areas with between 71% (Casey, Cardinia &
Baw Baw) and 80% (Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges &
Nillumbik) of species still likely to be occurring.
All of the Reporting Areas have had a similar overall result with between 71% (Mornington
Peninsula) and 78% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea, Moorabool, Melton,
Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik) of the total species recorded
there likely to be persisting.
4.2 Observations of sites of record collections
Records of species have been collected from across the region as illustrated in the map below.
There appears to be a higher concentration of records in urban and coastal areas which may
reflect the emergence of citizen science records and the accessibility of these areas for citizens to
observe and record the occurrence of species.
Conversely, there appears to be a lower concentration of records in rural and forested areas where
there is a lower level of access for collection of records and generally less urban development-
generated requirement for surveying.
Figure 13: Records for all taxa throughout the PPWCMA region
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4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence
Declines in terrestrial vertebrate fauna across Australia have resulted from a combination of factors
including habitat loss, modification and fragmentation, exotic diseases, the effects of pesticides,
competition with introduced herbivores and predation by introduced predators.
In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, habitat loss and fragmentation are considered to have
been important factors in species losses but various other factors have also been at play and have
impacted taxonomic groups and individual species in different ways.
The major threats to fish biodiversity may be flow modification, destruction of habitats, invasion by
exotic species and pollution (including eutrophication and sedimentation).
The greatest threats to amphibian populations may be changes in landscape structure that results
in decreased wetland area and density, increased wetland isolation, and decreased wetland
vegetation or forest cover. Many amphibian populations are patchily distributed at local scales and
the ability of amphibians to disperse can be significantly restricted because of infrastructure such
as roads, buildings and fences. Waterbodies in proximity to humans are often limited in their
suitability for amphibians for a variety of reasons such as their being stocked with exotic fish,
having inappropriate hydrological regimes, receiving contaminated runoff (i.e. fertilisers, sediment,
pesticides, heavy metals) or having depleted vegetation. Chytrid fungus is also likely a significant
contributor to amphibian declines.
On the whole, reptiles do not respond well to urbanisation, but the diversity of species within reptile
taxa means that some species are affected by human-modified landscapes more than others.
Generalist species with broad habitat requirements can persist in small habitat patches and
corridors of native vegetation but species with more specific habitat requirements may be less
likely to persist. A reduction in the density of resources, such as hollow bearing trees, affects the
persistence of species which depend on such resources. The wide-ranging movements of some
species combined with the sun-basking habits of reptiles make them particularly susceptible to
accidental or deliberate death by humans and traffic. Species of snakes may be more likely to be
adversely affected by direct human intervention through deliberate killing or removal of ‘nuisance’
individuals in urban areas.
Whilst species of birds haven’t suffered the same losses from the Australian continent as observed
in mammals, the impact of European settlement on bird fauna may be more significant than is
generally acknowledged. Ground-dwelling and ground-foraging species are particularly sensitive to
the degradation of ground vegetation, over-grazing by livestock, destruction of the litter layer
through prescriptive burning and soil-erosion; each of which removes cover for protection from
predators as well as diminishing the availability of nesting sites and food resources.
One of the greatest impacts of human settlement in Australia on native fauna has been on
mammals. Of these, it is small-to-medium sized ground-dwelling mammals that have been most
affected in terms of range reduction and declining species abundance, largely attributable to the
conversion of Australia’s natural habitats to pastoral and agricultural lands and the use of forests
for timber products as well as the introduction of exotic predators such as cats and foxes.
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4.4 Limitations
This report is based on data contained within the VBA and ALA and several other biological
records databases. The data contains biases that need to be considered before accepting
apparent trends in the status of species.
For example, variations in the effort of record collecting within and between databases may
confound analysis of trends in the distribution and abundance of species. The annual recording
rate of mammals within the VBA varied considerably between 1839 and 2016, with a peak in the
late 1980s coinciding with a period of detailed fauna surveys conducted in the outer suburbs of
Melbourne by the Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research (van der Ree, 2004) and then
anotherr major peak in the past decade with the surge of citizen science progtams. In addition,
records are entered into the different databases in a variety of ways; incidental sightings tend to
form the bulk of VBA and ALA records, whereas fish data from the Melbourne Water Fish Census
are from systematic surveys by qualified biologists, which are repeated at the same locations over
various time periods. Records from organised surveys will be more regular than those submitted by
encounters from the general public, though may be less frequent across all Reporting Areas.
There are also likely to be biases in the databases related to human population density; probability
values for more sparsely populated rural areas may be more conservative because there is a
greater chance that a species remains undetected. As the public becomes more aware about the
conservation status of species, some more common species may be less frequently reported in
favour of more ‘novel’ sightings. Following on from this, species surveys by zoological consultants
may bias record collection towards species that are often associated with land ear-marked for
development, or those that have protected status, as legislation increasingly demands priority
species be targeted during planning processes.
The development and application of improved survey techniques used by consultants, researchers
and enthusiastic volunteers may have biased sightings records as we are now able to detect
species which would previously have been impossible. For example, ultrasonic call detectors for
identifying species of insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera) have been developed since the 1970s,
coinciding with an apparent range expansion of several bat species (van der Ree & McCarthy,
2005). Similarly, camera-trapping is now probably one of the most commonly used techniques to
survey wildlife and mammals in particulalr, and cameras are becoming cheaper, smaller, more
reliable and easily deployed, significantly increasing the use of this technology across numerous
user-groups (Meek and Fleming 2014).
As the formula used to infer persistence is inherently biased towards more recent records, several
species that were recorded as highly likely to persist within a Reporting Area may have been
based on a single isolated sighting recorded within the last year of the observation period.
However, the inference that collection effort has become more frequent and effective in recent
decades increases the likelihood that any documented range changes in the past few decades are
real, and not a sampling effect. See van der Ree & McCarthy (2005) for more thorough discussion
on the biases associated with the formulae used to infer species persistence.
It is impossible to be certain that the lack of a record of a species in these databases represents an
actual absence on the ground (van der Ree, 2004), as the absence of a species cannot be
55 | P a g e
‘proven’. It therefore remains possible that some species, particularly those that occur at very low
densities, or are highly cryptic and elusive, may be wrongly determined to be absent. These
species may persist in small and/or isolated habitats that have escaped high-intensity disturbance
(McKinney, 2002). Rediscovery of animals previously thought to be extinct has occurred frequently
during the past few decades as the level of field research and biological survey throughout
Australia has increased along with the development of appropriate sampling procedures. However,
while there is the potential for misclassifying the status of common but cryptic species, it is unlikely
that a significant number of species classed as endangered will be found to be abundant (Recher
& Lim, 1990). More frequently, rare fauna will not be listed as additional data are required before a
decision can be reached about their status.
Not all species range contractions are the result of increased human activity and many species are
on the periphery of their natural range in the greater Melbourne area, therefore it remains unclear
whether fluctuations in the distribution of these species are naturally occurring or caused by
anthropogenic factors. The effect of natural range change precludes our ability to assess the
impact of urbanisation as their historical distribution may have been unrelated to the expansion of
human settlement. It also should be remembered that not all species that show a decline are at
considerable conservation risk, as they may still be abundant elsewhere in the greater geographic
region, but restricted in distribution by climate or habitat (Recher & Lim, 1990).
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5. References
Burgman, M. A., R. C. Grimson, and S. Ferson. 1995. Inferring threat from scientific collections.
Conservation Biology 9:923-928.
Caryl, F., R. van der Ree, and K. Holland. 2008. An assessment of the conservation status of
terrestrial fauna across Melbourne. A report for the Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment
Management Authority. Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens
Melbourne., Melbourne.
McCarthy, M. A. 1998. Identifying declining and threatened species with museum data. Biological
Conservation 83:9-17.
Solow, A. R. 1993. Inferring extinction from sighting data. Ecology 74:962-964.
Solow, A. R., and D. L. Roberts. 2003. A nonparametric test for extinction based on a sighting
record. Ecology 84:1329-1332.
van der Ree, R., and M. A. McCarthy. 2005. Inferring persistence of indigenous mammals in
response to urbanisation. Animal Conservation 8:309-319.
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Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area
Bas08 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2005-06) Bas16 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2016) Cas08 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2005-06) Cas16 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2016) Mac08 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) Mac16 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) Moo08 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2005-06) Moo16 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2016) MP08 – Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) MP16 – Mornington Peninsula (2016) UM08 – Greater Melbourne (2005-06) UM16 – Greater Melbourne (2016) Yar08 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2005-06) Yar16 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2016)
PP08 – Port Phillip Bay (2005-06)
PP16 – Port Phillip Bay (2016)
WP08 – Western Port Bay (2005-06)
WP16 – Western Port Bay (2016)
Note: The raw data for fish from the 2005-06 analysis was not found during the preparation of this 2016 report, so the probability of persistence of fish to the end of 2006 was re-calculated using the VBA
data (with the assumption that the fish sightings to the end of 2006 in the Melbourne Water Fish Atlas had now been entered into the VBA).
Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16
Black Bream Acanthopagrus butcheri IR IR 0.21 0.14 0.23 0.47 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.00 0.23 0.15
Tamar River Goby Afurcagobius tamarensis IR IR 1.00 0.40 IR 0.48 IR 0.30 1.00 0.94
Yelloweye Mullet Aldrichetta forsteri IR 0.87 0.38 IR IR IR IR 0.50 0.74 1.00 0.21 IR IR
Long-finned Eel Anguilla reinhardtii 0.95 0.39 0.44 0.34 IR IR
Silver Perch Bidyanus bidyanus IR IR 0.01 0.00
Murray Hardhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis IR IR
Twospine Blackfish Gadopsis bispinosus 0.95 0.24
River Blackfish Gadopsis marmoratus 0.63 0.38 1.00 0.10 0.87 0.89 1.00 0.93 0.70 0.58 0.85 0.89 1.00 0.76
Broad-finned Galaxias Galaxias brevipinnis IR IR 1.00 0.21 0.05 0.01 IR IR 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.68
Common Galaxias Galaxias maculatus 0.46 1.00 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.08 1.00 0.22 1.00 0.98
Mountain Galaxias Galaxias olidus IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.00
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Ornate Galaxias Galaxias ornatus 0.78 0.29 1.00 0.14 1.00 0.43 0.98 0.93 1.00 1.00
Spotted Galaxias Galaxias truttaceus 0.40 0.28 1.00 0.88 IR IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.97 0.98 0.90
Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00
Pouched Lamprey Geotria australis 0.19 0.01 0.21 0.13 1.00 0.96 0.95 1.00
Western Carp Gudgeon Hypseleotris klunzingeri IR IR IR IR
Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis IR IR IR IR
Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.40 0.60 0.54 0.96 0.99 0.72 0.44
Golden Perch Macquaria ambigua 0.30 0.88 0.96 0.73 0.74 0.23
Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica 0.48 0.41 0.45 0.33 0.30 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.56 0.48 0.90 0.98 1.00 0.98
Estuary Perch Macquaria colonorum 0.07 0.04 0.21 0.14 IR IR IR IR 0.89 0.78 IR 0.85
Australian Bass Macquaria novemaculeata 0.00 0.89 0.44 0.21
Murray River Rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis IR IR
Short-headed Lamprey Mordacia mordax 1.00 0.07 IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.72
Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus 0.93 0.56
Flatback Mangrove Goby Mugilogobius platynotus IR 0.37 0.32 0.91 IR
Southern Pigmy Perch Nannoperca australis 0.46 0.39 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.19 0.97 0.85 1.00 0.80
Yarra Pigmy Perch Nannoperca obscura 1.00 0.73 0.04 0.03
Australian Mudfish Neochanna cleaveri IR IR 0.63
Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha IR IR IR IR 0.48 0.45 IR IR 0.78 0.69 IR IR
Flat-headed Gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps IR 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.17 0.98 0.99
Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena 0.94 0.96 IR IR 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.99
Tupong Pseudaphritis urvillii 0.77 0.61 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.85 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.74 0.60 0.51
Blue-spot Goby Pseudogobius olorum IR IR 0.39 0.91 0.33 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.73 0.00 IR IR
Large Mouth Goby Redigobius macrostoma 0.35 0.22
Australian Smelt Retropinna semoni 1.00 0.44 0.95 0.71 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.26
Freshwater Catfish Tandanus tandanus 0.12 0.70 0.36 IR IR
Scary's Tasmangoby Tasmanogobius lasti IR IR 0.12
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Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area
Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16
Plains Froglet Crinia parinsignifera IR 0 1 IR IR 0.4
Common Froglet Crinia signifera 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Smooth Frog Geocrinia laevis IR IR
Victorian Smooth Froglet Geocrinia victoriana 1 0.47 0.98 0.18 0.61 1 0.69 1 0.91 0.74 1 1 1.00 1
Western Banjo Frog Limnodynastes dorsalis IR
Southern Bullfrog Limnodynastes dumerilii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Striped Marsh Frog Limnodynastes peronii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.91 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1
Spotted Marsh Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 1 0.12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Southern Brown Tree Frog Litoria ewingii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.95 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1
Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Litoria fallax IR 1 IR 0.71 1.00 1 IR
Lesueur's Frog Litoria lesueuri 0.83 0.87 0.00 0.89 IR 0.53 0.86 0.74
Plains Brown Tree Frog Litoria paraewingi IR IR IR IR
Peron's Tree Frog Litoria peronii IR 1 0.28 1 1 1 0.48 1 1 1.00 1
Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis 0.55 0.22 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Verreaux's Tree Frog Litoria verreauxii verreauxii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1
Common Spadefoot Toad Neobatrachus sudelli 0.16 0.01 1 1 1 0 1.00 0.09 0.00 0
Haswell's Froglet Paracrinia haswelli 1 0.67 0.97 1.00 1 1.00 0.53
Brown Toadlet Pseudophryne bibronii 1 1 0.00 0.02 0 1.00 0.9 0.73 0.3
Dendy's Toadlet Pseudophryne dendyi IR 0.62
Southern Toadlet Pseudophryne semimarmorata 1 0.05 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.04 1
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Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of reptile species by Reporting Area
Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16
Bearded Dragon
Pogona barbata IR IR IR 0.52 IR IR 0.04
Black Rock Skink
Egernia saxatilis IR IR 0.95 0.00 0.51 0.98 0.79 0.35 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00
Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard
Tiliqua nigrolutea 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.92 0.48 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Bougainville's Skink
Lerista bougainvillii IR 0.42 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.96 IR 0.06 0.97 0.63 0.10 0.20
Broad-shelled Turtle
Chelodina expansa IR 0.83 0.38
Common Long-necked Turtle / eastern Long-necked Turtle
Chelodina longicollis 1.00 0.06 1.00 1.00 0.47 1.00 0.48 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00
Common Scaly-foot
Pygopus lepidopodus IR IR 0.91 0.55 IR 0.73
Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard
Tiliqua scincoides IR 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98
Cunningham's Skink
Egernia cunninghami IR IR 0.88 1.00 0.33 0.96 0.94 0.99 1.00 0.51
Delicate Skink
Lampropholis delicata 1.00 0.53 0.43 0.94 0.05 0.46 1.00 0.01 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.00
Eastern Brown Snake
Pseudonaja textilis IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97
Eastern Small-eyed Snake
Cryptophis nigrescens 0.48 0.95 0.13 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.53 0.24 0.89 0.54 1.00 0.98
Eastern Three-lined Skink
Bassiana duperreyi 1.00 0.83 0.56 1.00 0.80 0.96 0.01 1.00 0.86 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.92
Eastern Water Skink
Eulamprus quoyii IR
Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink
Lampropholis guichenoti 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00
Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon
Intellagama lesueurii 0.68 0.95 IR IR
Glossy Grass Skink
Pseudemoia rawlinsoni IR IR 0.56 0.74 0.03 1.00 0.92 0.76 0.59 0.92 0.92 0.97
Grassland Earless Dragon
Tympanocryptis pinguicolla IR 0.07 0.55 0.26 0.08 0.02
Gray's Blind Snake
Indotyphlops braminus IR
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Green Turtle Chelonia mydas IR
Highland Copperhead
Austrelaps ramsayi IR 0.39 IR 0.01 0.00
Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Varanus varius 1.00 0.93 0.87 1.00 IR IR IR 0.40 0.77 0.95 0.58 0.30 1.00 1.00
Large Striped Skink
Ctenotus robustus 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 1.00 0.85 IR 0.07
leatherback sea turtle
Dermochelys coriacea IR
Little Whip Snake
Parasuta flagellum 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.83 1.00 0.84 0.22 0.02
Lowland Copperhead
Austrelaps superbus 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.53 0.94 0.48 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00
Marbled Gecko
Christinus marmoratus IR 0.57 1.00 0.73 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00
McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink
Anepischetosia maccoyi 0.89 0.12 0.89 0.98 0.81 0.06 0.56 0.21 1.00 0.25 1.00 0.97 0.00 1.00
Metallic Skink
Niveoscincus metallicus 1.00 0.51 0.44 1.00 0.05 IR 0.91 1.00 IR IR 0.93 0.99
Mountain Dragon
Rankinia diemensis 0.95 0.23 0.16 0.01 0.31 1.00
Murray River Turtle
Emydura macquarii IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 IR
Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard
Aprasia parapulchella IR
Red-bellied Black Snake
Pseudechis porphyriacus 0.97 0.84 0.00 0.01 0.51 0.50 IR 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.07 0.96
Southern Grass Skink
Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii 1.00 0.60 IR 0.45 0.26 0.73 0.02 1.00 0.00 0.01 0.91 0.00 0.38
Southern Water Skink
Eulamprus tympanum 0.65 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.00 0.14 0.00 0.57 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00
Spencer's Skink
Pseudemoia spenceri 0.00 IR 0.19 1.00 IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.00
Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar 0.03 0.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.97
Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Tiliqua rugosa IR IR 0.43 0.94 0.35 0.08 IR 0.28
Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink
Lissolepis coventryi 0.50 0.10 0.77 0.84 0.80 0.52 0.87 0.79 0.95 0.04
Tiger Snake
Notechis scutatus 1.00 0.52 0.96 1.00 0.01 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon
Amphibolurus muricatus IR IR 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.95 0.89 0.33 0.15 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00
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Tussock Skink
Pseudemoia pagenstecheri 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR
Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink
Saproscincus mustelinus 0.97 0.03 0.96 1.00 0.00 0.08 0.54 0.13 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99
White-lipped Snake
Drysdalia coronoides 0.93 0.60 0.92 0.92 0.89 0.10 0.11 0.98 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.99 0.79 0.40
White's Skink Egernia whitii 1.00 0.50 0.66 0.80 0.83 0.52 0.11 0.00 0.98 0.99 0.77 0.99 0.84 0.41
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Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of bird species by Reporting Area
Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 PP08 PP16 WP08 WP16
Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthagenys rufogularis
1.00 0.85 0.76 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.82 0.95 1.00 0.32 1.00
Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.68 1.00
Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.36 0.87 IR 0.98
Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 1.00 0.26 1.00
Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.70 1.00
Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides 0.74 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR IR 0.07 0.01
Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza uropygialis
0.89 0.60
Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 0.05 1.00
Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.70 0.98
Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.94 1.00
Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae
1.00 0.75 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.87 IR 0.07 IR IR
Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis
0.01 1.00
1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
IR
Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.92 IR 0.00 0.94 0.81
Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 0.80 1.00 0.64 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.36 0.97 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.64 0.64
Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus IR IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR 0.54
Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis
0.00
0.00
0.00
IR
Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea / Ceyx azureus
0.97 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 0.95 IR 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR IR IR IR
Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99
IR
Dusky Grasswren Amytornis purnelli
IR
Striated Grasswren Amytornis striatus
IR
Chestnut Teal Anas castanea 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00
Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata
0.08 0.00 IR
Grey Teal Anas gracilis 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.82 1.00
Garganey Anas querquedula
IR IR
Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.56 0.86
Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00
Australasian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae 0.76 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00
0.00 IR 1.00
Black Noddy Anous minutus
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Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata 0.99 0.85 IR 0.07 0.12 1.00 0.16 0.78 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 IR 0.81
Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00
Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.00
Western Wattlebird Anthochaera lunulata
IR 0.82
IR
Yellow Wattlebird Anthochaera paradoxa
IR IR
0.83
Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia
0.58 0.35 0.55 0.39
IR 0.19 0.88 1.00
Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.48 0.93
Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi 0.29 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.81 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.02 IR 0.12
Southern Whiteface Aphelocephala leucopsis
0.89 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR IR
IR IR IR
Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus IR 0.95 0.50 0.98 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.96 IR 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.98 0.83 0.97 0.31 0.08
Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 0.02 1.00
Great Egret Ardea alba 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00
Eastern Cattle egret Ardea ibis 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.27 1.00
Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia IR 1.00 IR 0.80 0.97 0.97 1.00 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.86 0.91
0.15
Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta 0.71 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.37 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00
White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.37 1.00 0.92 0.99
Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea
IR 1.00 IR
IR 0.81 IR 0.41
Wedge-tailed shearwater Ardenna pacifica / Puffinus pacificus
IR IR
IR IR
Short-tailed Shearwater
Ardenna tenuirostris/ Puffinus tenuirostris
0.89 1.00
IR IR
0.74 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.96 0.72
0.94 1.00
0.90 1.00
Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis
IR IR
IR IR
Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 0.38 1.00
1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.42 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.59 1.00
Black-faced Woodswallow Artamus cinereus
0.00 IR 0.76
IR
IR
Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.01 1.00
White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus
IR
IR 0.83 IR IR IR IR
Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus IR 0.94 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.01 1.00 0.78 0.67 IR 0.99 0.33 0.82
White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus IR 0.93 1.00 0.04 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.99 0.46 0.22
Hardhead Aythya australis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.39 0.92
Australian Ringneck Barnardius zonarius
IR IR 0.77 IR 0.03
0.68 1.00 0.30 0.04 0.17 0.02 IR 0.16
Musk Duck Biziura lobata 0.93 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 1.00
Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.88 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.11 0.01 0.49 0.99 IR 0.68
Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius
0.14 0.03 0.06 0.95
0.96 0.97 IR 0.47
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Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.13 1.00
Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 IR 0.94
Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris
0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR IR
Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.60 1.00
Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis pallidus 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.49 0.90 0.72 0.86
Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus
1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR IR
Striated Fieldwren Calamanthus fuliginosus
1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 IR 1.00
1.00
Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Calamanthus pyrrhopygius / Hylacola pyrrhopygia
0.38 0.79 IR
0.97 1.00
IR IR 0.92
0.83 0.59
IR 1.00
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata 0.96 1.00 0.08 0.90 0.74 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00
Sanderling Calidris alba 0.66 0.98
IR 1.00 IR 0.97 0.91 0.98
0.74 1.00 0.42 0.98
Red Knot Calidris canutus 0.26 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00
0.87 1.00
0.71 1.00 0.04 0.73
Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.80 1.00 0.02 1.00
Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus
0.00
Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos IR IR
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.09 1.00
Little Stint Calidris minuta
1.00 0.96
IR IR
Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.86 1.00 0.39 1.00
Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta
IR
1.00 1.00 0.76 0.92
IR 0.98
Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris 0.79 0.93 IR IR 1.00 1.00
IR 1.00
0.02 1.00 0.15 0.02
California Quail Callipepla californica
IR
Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.08 IR 0.38
Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii
IR
Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.56 1.00
Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.96 1.00 0.66 1.00
Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica
IR 0.41
Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.82 1.00 0.86 0.98
Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii IR 0.00
0.26 0.06
IR
0.98 1.00 0.64 0.20
Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus IR 0.92
0.64 0.75
0.93 0.64 0.91 0.79
Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus 0.21 1.00 0.43 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00
Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus
IR
IR
IR IR
Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.89 1.00
White-backed Swallow Cheramoeca leucosterna
IR 0.81 0.40 0.86 0.78 0.77 0.20 IR 1.00
IR IR IR IR IR
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Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida IR 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.82 1.00 0.42 0.97
White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus
0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97
0.85 1.00
Silver Gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.00
Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.79 0.89
Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.69 1.00
Black-eared Cuckoo Chrysococcyx osculans
IR 0.97 0.97 0.74 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 IR 0.84
IR
Brown Songlark
Cincloramphus cruralis / Megalurus cruralis
IR
0.85 0.89 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.59 0.98 1.00 1.00
0.49 0.98
0.82 1.00
0.25 0.70
Spotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma punctatum
1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.24 0.11 0.03 0.97 0.98 IR IR IR IR
Swamp Harrier Circus approximans 0.45 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.92 1.00
Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis IR 0.95 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.92 IR 0.97 IR 0.98
Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 1.00 0.93 0.98
Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus
1.00 IR
IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00
0.89 1.00
1.00
White-browed Treecreeper Climacteris affinis
1.00 0.90 IR
Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops
1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00
Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus
IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.41 0.38 1.00
Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Climacteris picumnus vitoriae
0.00 0.04
0.12
0.25
0.84
Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.12 1.00 0.95 1.00
White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela
IR
1.00 IR IR 0.40 0.78 1.00
Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.82 1.00
White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina papuensis
IR 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 0.92 IR 0.92 1.00 0.48 IR IR
Common Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris
0.22 1.00
0.05 0.29 0.17 IR 0.27 0.94 1.00
White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos
IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaea 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96 0.11 0.87
Little Crow Corvus bennetti
IR 0.83
1.00 1.00
IR
Australian Raven Corvus coronoides 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.62 1.00
Little Raven Corvus mellori 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.66 1.00
House Crow Corvus splendens
0.08
IR
Forest Raven Corvus tasmanicus
0.84
IR
IR
IR
Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.79 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.99 0.11 0.91
Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora 0.34 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.98 0.10 1.00 IR 0.86
Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis
0.44
1.00
IR IR IR 1.00
1.00
IR
67 | P a g e
Australian Magpie Cracticus tibicen 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 1.00 0.66 1.00
Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.87 1.00
Black Swan Cygnus atratus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97 1.00
Blue-winged Kookaburra Dacelo leachii
IR
Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.48 0.99 0.88 1.00
Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.02 0.00
Cape Petrel Daption capense IR 0.40
IR 0.83
IR 0.91 IR 0.16
Rufous bristlebird
Dasyornis (Maccoyornis) broadbenti
IR
Plumed Whistling Duck Dendrocygna eytoni
IR
0.30 0.69 1.00 IR 0.85
Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 0.52 0.72 0.98
Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus IR 0.94
IR 1.00 IR 0.99
IR IR
Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora
0.03 0.00
Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans
0.55 0.35 IR IR
0.40 0.19 IR 0.00
Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae
0.67 1.00 IR 0.26
1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.86 1.00
Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus
IR
Little Egret Egretta garzetta 0.80 1.00 0.11 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.22 1.00
White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae 0.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83 1.00
Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris 0.08 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.72 1.00
Letter-winged Kite Elanus scriptus
IR IR IR 0.70 IR IR IR IR IR IR
IR 0.15
Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.66 1.00 0.10 0.93
Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis
IR
1.00
Galah Eolophus roseicapilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00
Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.90 IR 1.00
Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis
IR
White-fronted Chat Epthianura albifrons 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.97
Orange Chat Epthianura aurifrons
IR
Crimson Chat Epthianura tricolor
IR IR
Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus 0.73 0.01 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.68 0.96 0.92 0.97 IR 0.58
Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis
1.00 1.00
0.04
0.78 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 IR 1.00
0.56
Common Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus
0.04 IR IR IR
Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome
IR IR
IR IR
68 | P a g e
Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi
IR
Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus
IR
IR IR IR
Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri
IR IR
Little Penguin Eudyptula minor 0.30 1.00
0.12 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00
0.86 1.00 0.92 1.00
White-throated Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis
0.90 1.00 0.83 0.92 0.93 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.92 0.99
Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis IR 1.00 1.00 0.30 IR IR 0.76 0.96 IR IR 0.98 0.97 0.83 0.99
IR
King Quail Excalfactoria chinensis 0.97 0.94 0.07 0.01
IR 0.79 0.91 0.06 0.01 IR IR IR IR
Brown Falcon Falco berigora 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.94 0.99
Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.59 1.00 0.35 1.00
Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos
IR IR
Australian Hobby Falco longipennis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.90
Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.95 1.00
Black Falcon Falco subniger 0.67 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.88 0.95 0.43 0.94 0.66 0.86
Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.64
Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel
IR IR
Great Frigatebird Fregata minor
IR IR IR 1.00
IR IR
Eurasian Coot Fulica atra 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 0.92 1.00
Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides IR IR
IR 0.29 IR IR
0.89 0.95 0.75 0.73
Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii 0.59 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.61 0.98 0.38 0.98
Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa 0.69 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 1.00 0.93 1.00
Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.78
Grey-backed Storm-Petrel Garrodia nereis
IR IR
Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica IR 1.00 0.09 0.97 0.04 1.00
0.98 1.00
IR 1.00 IR 1.00
Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata
0.65 IR 0.59 0.93 0.98 IR IR 0.95 0.92
IR
Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis
IR
Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida
0.30 IR 0.87 0.95 0.53
0.98 0.94 1.00 0.70
Zebra Dove Geopelia striata
0.17
IR
Western Gerygone Gerygone fusca
IR IR 0.88 IR 0.70
IR 0.82 0.96 IR 1.00
Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki
IR 0.02 1.00
IR
1.00 1.00 IR 1.00
White-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivacea
IR 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.99 IR 0.42 0.95 1.00
Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum
IR IR 0.91 0.01
IR
Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Gliciphila melanops IR 1.00 1.00 0.89 IR 0.30 0.96 0.91 IR IR IR 0.88 IR 0.55
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Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 0.45
Purple-crowned Lorikeet
Glossopsitta porphyrocephala / Parvipsitta porphyrocephala
IR 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
IR 0.91 0.99 1.00
0.58 1.00
IR 0.98
Little Lorikeet
Glossopsitta pusilla / Parvipsitta pusilla
IR
0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.96 1.00
0.81 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.99 1.00
0.21 0.58
IR IR
Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 0.86 1.00
Painted Honeyeater Grantiella picta
0.96 0.86 IR 0.99
IR 0.99
Brolga Grus rubicunda
0.83 0.97 1.00 1.00
IR 0.91
IR 0.96 1.00
South Island oystercatcher Haematopus finschi
IR
Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuligino 0.81 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 1.00
0.96 1.00 0.94 1.00
Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris 0.76 1.00 IR 0.89 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 1.00 1.00 0.37 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.99
Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00
Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea IR IR
0.64 0.30
IR IR 0.14 0.79
Black-breasted Buzzard Hamirostra melanosternon
IR IR
IR
Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 IR 1.00 0.35 0.98
Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 0.16 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus 0.44 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.73 0.99 0.03 0.93
Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 1.00 0.99 1.00
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 0.46 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.86 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00
Australian Little Bittern Ixobrychus dubius
IR IR
IR
IR IR
0.00
Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis
IR
Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus
0.96 0.87
0.97 0.96 0.95 0.86 0.82 0.74
White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii
0.08 0.00
1.00
1.00 IR
1.00
0.47
IR
White-winged Triller Lalage tricolor 0.08 0.83 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.75 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.73 0.55 IR IR
Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus IR 1.00 1.00
IR 0.97 0.78 1.00 1.00
0.40 1.00 0.68 1.00
Pacific Gull Larus pacificus 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.54 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00
Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor 0.37 0.90 0.71 0.97 0.57 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.77
Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata
IR IR
Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca
1.00 1.00 IR 0.91
IR IR IR 1.00 1.00
IR IR
Lewin's Rail Lewinia pectoralis 0.83 0.93 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.00 0.72
Yellow-faced Honeyeater
Lichenostomus chrysops / Caligavis chrysops
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
IR 0.99
0.72 1.00
Fuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscus
1.00 IR 0.96 0.99 0.93 0.99 IR 1.00 0.98 0.99
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White-eared Honeyeater
Lichenostomus leucotis/Nesoptilotis leucotis
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.94
0.96 1.00
Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops IR 0.96 0.83 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.97 1.00 IR 0.81 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.68
Helmeted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix 0.50 IR 0.72 0.67
IR 0.00
IR IR
Yellow-plumed Honeyeater
Lichenostomus ornatus / Ptilotula ornata
IR
0.42 1.00
IR 0.99
1.00 0.99
IR
IR
White-plumed Honeyeater
Lichenostomus penicillatus / Ptilotula penicillata
0.94 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.46 1.00
0.84 1.00
Singing Honeyeater
Lichenostomus virescens / Gavicalis virescens
1.00
1.00 IR 1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR 1.00
0.95 1.00
0.85 1.00
Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta
IR
IR
Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus
IR 0.39 0.48 1.00
1.00 1.00
IR 0.98 IR IR
Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus
IR 0.02 IR IR
Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica
IR 0.00
IR
IR
Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 0.65 1.00
1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00
0.90 1.00 0.11 1.00
Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa
0.55 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.95 1.00
0.96 1.00 IR 0.96
Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax
1.00 IR
IR 0.98 IR IR
Major Mitchell's cockatoo Lophochroa leadbeateri
IR IR
IR IR 0.98 0.88
Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura
IR 1.00 IR 0.98 0.04 0.00 IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00
IR IR
Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris IR IR
IR IR
IR IR
Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus IR IR
0.30 0.09 IR 0.94 IR
0.42 0.74 IR 0.00
Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli
0.02
IR 0.25 1.00 IR 1.00
IR 0.98 0.45 0.07
Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus 0.60 0.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.31 0.08
Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00
Blue-breasted Fairywren Malurus pulcherrimus
IR
0.30
Splendid Fairywren Malurus splendens
0.88
IR 1.00 1.00
IR
Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula
IR
Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.92 1.00
Bell Miner Manorina melanophrys IR 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96
IR
Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00
Rufous Songlark
Megalurus mathewsi / Cincloramphus mathewsi
IR 0.96 0.88 0.82
0.96 0.95
0.11 0.01 IR 0.98
0.90 0.64
IR IR
IR IR
Tawny Grassbird Megalurus timoriensis
IR
0.00
Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata 0.21 0.00 0.99 0.97 IR 0.98 0.90 0.82 IR IR 0.24 0.92 0.53 0.98 0.75 0.64 IR 0.33
Lewin's Honeyeater Meliphaga (Meliphaga) lewinii
IR 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.01
IR 1.00 1.00 1.00
White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis
0.68
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Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris 0.71 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.62 0.40 0.82 0.75
Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis
IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.21
White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.92 0.62 1.00
Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus IR IR IR IR 0.99 IR 1.00
0.78 0.99 IR 0.17
Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00
0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00
Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus
IR 0.86 0.93 0.90 1.00 1.00 IR 0.02 0.97 1.00 0.79 0.82 IR IR
Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.64 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.14 1.00
Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans 0.25 0.60 0.93 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.05 0.01
Lemon-bellied flyrobin Microeca flavigaster
IR
Black Kite Milvus migrans
0.10 IR 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.96 0.96
1.00
Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans IR IR IR IR 0.42 IR 1.00 0.00 IR 0.18 IR 0.24 0.66
Horsfield's Bushlark Mirafra javanica
1.00 0.85
1.00
1.00 IR 0.02 1.00
0.50
1.00
Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis
1.00
IR
IR IR IR 0.94 0.86 0.99
Cape Gannet Morus capensis
0.04 0.00
Australasian Gannet Morus serrator 0.21 1.00
IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR 0.85 1.00 0.49 1.00
Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava
IR 0.19 1.00 0.10
Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.26 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.84 0.17 0.03
Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta
IR 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR 0.71 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.41 0.20
Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula
1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.84 IR IR
Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta
IR IR 0.73 0.68
IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.94 1.00
Star Finch Neochmia ruficauda
IR IR
Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.48 1.00
Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster IR 0.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.86 0.63
1.00 0.83 0.21 0.02
Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysostoma 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.96 0.87
Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella
IR 0.96
IR 1.00 IR 1.00
Scarlet-chested Parrot Neophema splendida
IR
Yellow-throated Honeyeater Nesoptilotis flavicollis
IR
Southern Boobook Ninox boobook 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.65 0.50 0.12 0.02
Barking Owl Ninox connivens IR 0.26 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.95 1.00 IR IR 0.97 1.00 0.95 0.98
IR IR
Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae
0.77 1.00
1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.98 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR IR IR
Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis 0.43 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.90 1.00
0.86 1.00 0.66 1.00
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Little Curlew Numenius minutus
IR IR IR 0.25
IR IR
0.80 0.69
Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 0.12 1.00 IR 0.03 IR 1.00
IR
0.52 0.97 0.03 0.97
Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris
IR
Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.45 0.97
Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus IR IR IR 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.55 0.98 IR IR IR IR
Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.74
Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus
0.11 IR
Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscata
IR
Crested Bellbird Oreoica gutturalis
0.98 1.00
Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.80 0.93 IR 0.92
Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis 0.39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00 0.32 0.92
Gilbert's Whistler Pachycephala inornata
IR IR IR 0.21 0.00
Olive Whistler Pachycephala olivacea 0.56 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR IR
Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 0.91 IR 0.93
Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.29 0.96 0.13 0.03
Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila belcheri
0.33 0.88 IR IR
0.67 0.47 0.08 0.84
Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata IR IR
0.89 0.76 IR IR
0.58 0.33 0.37 0.13
Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini IR IR
IR IR 0.02 IR
0.73 0.58 0.12 0.97
Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur IR 0.34
0.86 0.95 IR 0.97
0.96 0.89 0.33 0.06
Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata IR IR
Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea
IR IR
Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus
0.62
Osprey Pandion haliaetus IR IR
0.25 1.00 IR 0.09
0.21
0.75
Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.20 1.00
Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.75 1.00
Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus
IR 0.14 0.94 0.75 0.98 0.71 0.65 0.32 IR IR IR IR
White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina
IR
IR 0.03 IR IR 0.97
0.01 1.00 IR IR
Common Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix IR 0.86
IR 0.44 0.96 IR 0.87
0.85 0.57 0.13 0.02
Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus 0.03 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.01 1.00
Fairy Martin Petrochelidon ariel 0.77 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 IR 1.00 0.01 0.89
Tree Martin Petrochelidon nigricans 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 IR 1.00
Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 0.09 0.64 0.41
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Red-capped Robin Petroica goodenovii
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.94 0.99 0.87 1.00
Pacific Robin Petroica multicolor
1.00
IR
Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.91 0.96
Pink Robin Petroica rodinogaster 0.72 0.82 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.96 IR IR
Rose Robin Petroica rosea IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 0.31 0.08
Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus
IR IR
Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.96 1.00
Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens 0.86 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 0.73 1.00 IR 1.00
0.96 1.00 0.91 1.00
Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.69 1.00
Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.91 1.00
Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus
1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75
IR 1.00
Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor
IR IR
Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 0.05 1.00
Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans
0.30 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.30 0.98
Noisy Friarbird
Philemon (Tropidorhynchus) corniculatus
0.04
IR 0.61 IR 0.92
1.00
IR 1.00 0.99
0.75 1.00
Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis
IR IR IR 1.00 0.76 IR 0.98
Ruff Philomachus pugnax
0.35 0.79 IR IR 0.87 0.96
IR 0.84
Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca
IR IR IR
Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata
IR IR IR
White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris niger
IR IR
IR
New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.90 1.00
Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus 0.87 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.20 0.98
Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.91 0.79
Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.51 1.00
Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus
0.83 0.49
Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus
IR
Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.09 1.00
Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00
1.00
Striped Honeyeater Plectorhyncha lanceolata
IR 0.99
Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus IR 0.96 IR 0.82 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 IR 0.97 1.00 1.00
1.00 0.66 0.98 IR IR
American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica
IR
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Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00
0.98 1.00
0.98 1.00 0.23 0.97
Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 1.00 0.90
0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 0.59 0.96
0.68 1.00 0.08 0.00
Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.95 0.30 0.84
Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 0.78 0.95 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.39 0.15
Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.81 0.97
Princess Parrot Polytelis alexandrae
1.00
Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus
IR 0.95
Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii
IR IR 0.95 0.88
0.25 0.01
White-browed Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus
IR IR 0.19 0.07
IR
Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis
0.87 0.70 IR IR 0.67 0.51 0.87 0.11 0.92 0.23 0.14 0.04 0.78 0.65 IR IR
Australasian Swamphen Porphyrio melanotus
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.84 0.97
Australian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea IR 0.02 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.28 0.91
Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla
0.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.92 0.98 1.00 0.84
Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis IR 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.02
Red-rumped Parrot
Psephotus (Psephotus) haematonotus
0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.74 1.00
IR 0.16
Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.21 0.04
IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata
IR IR
White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii
0.64 0.45 0.12 0.01
IR 0.28 0.24 0.04
Gould's Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera IR IR
Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera
0.56 0.34
0.09 0.01
Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma macroptera gouldi
IR
Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis
IR
Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis
IR IR
Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus
IR IR
Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.63 0.46 IR IR 0.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00
IR IR
Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis
IR
IR IR
Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes
IR IR IR IR
Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia
1.00
IR 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.57 1.00
1.00 1.00 IR 0.74
Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni
1.00 0.72 IR 1.00
IR 0.12 0.01
White-fronted Honeyeater Purnella albifrons
IR IR 0.63
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Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer
0.02
Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus
0.00
0.57
IR
Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus
0.99 1.00
IR 0.15 0.79 1.00
Speckled Warbler
Pyrrholaemus sagittatus / Chthonicola sagittata
0.90 0.97
1.00 1.00
IR IR IR 0.60
0.93 0.71
IR IR
Red-necked Avocet Recurvirostra novaehollandiae IR 1.00 0.43
1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00
IR 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00
Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.21 1.00
New Zealand Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa
IR
Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.54 1.00
Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.42 0.16
Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis
IR IR 0.92 0.14 0.79
0.33 0.85
IR 0.88 IR 0.16
Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae
1.00
IR IR IR 1.00
0.00
White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.95 1.00
Tasmanian Scrubwren Sericornis humilis
IR
Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis magnirostra IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.09 0.00
0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00
Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris
1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.01 1.00 IR 0.38
Australasian Figbird Sphecotheres vieilloti
IR IR
Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus
IR IR
Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella
1.00 0.93 1.00
IR IR 0.88 IR 0.95 0.96 1.00 IR 0.50
Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura guttata
IR IR 0.93 1.00 1.00
IR 0.86 IR 0.87
Red-eared Firetail Stagonopleura oculata
IR
Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus
IR
Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus
IR IR IR IR
Arctic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus IR IR
1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.96 1.00
IR 0.91 1.00 0.28 0.07
Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus
IR 0.96 IR IR
IR
IR 0.98 IR 0.06
Great Skua Stercorarius skua
IR 1.00 0.35 0.15
0.39 0.15 0.54 0.33
Common Tern Sterna hirundo
1.00 1.00 0.47 0.22 1.00 1.00
0.59 1.00 0.77 0.43
Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea IR IR
IR IR IR 0.45 0.47 0.02
IR 0.71 0.47 0.23
White-fronted Tern Sterna striata IR 0.12
IR IR 0.92 0.89 1.00 0.08 0.59
0.86 1.00 0.73 0.15
Little Tern Sternula albifrons IR 1.00
1.00 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 1.00
0.40 1.00 0.58 0.64
Fairy Tern Sternula nereis 0.91 1.00
1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.63 1.00
0.89 1.00 0.84 1.00
Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.01 0.77 1.00
IR
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Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella
IR IR 0.32 0.07
IR 0.33
Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR
0.12 1.00 IR 0.57 1.00 0.99 0.12 0.02 IR 0.71
Black Currawong Strepera fuliginosa
0.83
Pied Currawong Strepera graculina 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00
IR
Grey Currawong Strepera versicolor 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.56 IR 1.00
Black Honeyeater Sugomel nigrum
IR 0.94
IR 0.77
Brown Booby Sula leucogaster
IR
IR 0.92 IR IR
Spectacled Monarch Symposiachrus trivirgatus
IR
Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.91 0.83
Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah
IR
Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.21 1.00 IR 0.96
Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata
IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.98 IR 1.00
Buller's Albatross Thalassarche bulleri
IR
IR
Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri
0.03
Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta 0.24 1.00
IR
IR 1.00 IR
0.50 0.99 0.86 1.00
Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross
Thalassarche chlororhynchos
IR
0.34
IR IR
IR IR
Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 0.29 0.10
0.42 0.17
Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris IR 0.80
IR IR IR 0.17 IR IR
0.20 1.00 0.66 0.08
White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi
0.00
0.00
IR
Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii 0.83 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.90 1.00 0.77 1.00
Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica
0.51 IR
Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis 0.98 1.00
IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.51 0.36
0.90 1.00 0.93 0.97
Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.71 1.00
Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.74 1.00
Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus macleayii
IR IR
IR IR
Red-backed Kingfisher Todiramphus pyrrhopygius
IR IR 0.76 0.57 IR IR
Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.98 0.03 0.98
Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis IR 1.00 IR 0.51 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 IR 0.32 0.52 0.50
Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus
0.82 IR 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.79 0.97
Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00
Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes IR 1.00 IR IR 0.90 1.00
0.02 IR 0.96
0.26 1.00 0.01 1.00
Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes
IR IR
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Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00
0.55 1.00
Wandering Tattler Tringa incana
IR
Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 0.90 1.00 1.00
0.99 1.00 0.89 1.00
Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 1.00 1.00
0.24 1.00 IR IR
Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis
0.59 0.39
0.32 0.10
Song Thrush Turdus philomelos
0.00
0.51
0.07 0.52
0.00
0.01
0.01
Red-chested Button-quail Turnix pyrrhothorax
IR 0.83 0.98 0.96
IR 0.92 IR 0.62
Painted Button-quail Turnix varius 0.89 0.88 0.99 0.89 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.91 0.81 0.83 0.99 1.00 0.73 0.98 IR 0.99
Little Button-quail Turnix velox IR IR IR 0.83 0.94 0.98
0.00
IR
IR IR
Barn Owl Tyto alba
1.00 0.90 IR 0.61 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.92 1.00 1.00 IR 0.77
IR
Eastern Barn Owl Tyto javanica / Tyto delicatula 0.69 0.96 0.98 0.88 0.72 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.96 0.05 0.66 0.87 0.74 0.33 0.92 0.64
Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris
IR
1.00 0.88
IR IR
Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae
0.47 1.00 IR IR 0.87 0.76 0.91 0.75 0.40 0.81
Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa
0.91 1.00
0.56 0.04 1.00 1.00
Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles 0.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00
Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor IR 0.92 1.00 0.52 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 0.29 0.11 0.86 0.54 0.93
Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 0.71 0.89 0.05 0.00 0.75 1.00
0.91 0.97
0.59 1.00 0.01 0.00
Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.76 IR 0.31
Silvereye Zosterops lateralis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.39 1.00
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Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of mammal species by Reporting Area
Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16
Feathertail Glider Acrobates pygmaeus IR 0.74 0.74 0.95 0.85 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.62 0.33 0.00 0.97 0.86 1.00
Agile Antechinus Antechinus agilis 0.37 0.84 0.99 1.00 0.34 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.98 0.38 0.08 0.95 0.97 1.00
Swamp Antechinus Antechinus minimus IR IR IR 0.06 IR
Dusky Antechinus Antechinus swainsonii 0.54 1.00 0.92 0.77 0.49 1.00 0.87 0.74 0.25 0.06 0.92 0.09
New Zealand Fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri 0.73 IR
Australian Fur-seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus 1.00 1.00 1.00
White-striped Freetail Bat Austronomus australis 0.00 0.07 0.68 0.02 1.00
Eastern Bettong Bettongia gaimardi IR 0.01 IR 0.01 IR IR
Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus IR IR 0.92 1.00 0.71 1.00 IR IR 0.58 0.97 0.91 1.00
Gould's Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii 0.08 0.00 0.71 0.93 0.69 1.00 0.18 1.00 0.30 0.24 1.00 0.00 0.97 1.00
Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio IR 0.76 1.00 0.78 0.80 1.00 0.57 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83
Spot-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus IR 0.97 0.87 0.88 0.79 IR IR IR 0.98 0.93 0.67
Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus IR IR 0.18 0.08 0.56 0.03 0.01 IR 0.37
Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis IR IR IR IR 0.18 0.00 0.19
Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri IR 0.22 0.99 1.00 0.07 1.00
Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster 0.03 0.75 0.83 0.67 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.97 IR 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx IR
Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus 0.69 0.82 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.98 0.19 0.88 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.53
Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus 0.32 0.75 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
Broad-toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus 0.38 0.15 IR 0.17 0.00 0.51
Common Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii IR 0.13 1.00 0.62 0.60 1.00 IR 0.07 0.31 0.08 0.04 1.00
Freetail Bat (eastern form) Mormopterus norfolkensis IR
Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Mormopterus planiceps IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 0.34
Eastern free-tailed Bat Mormopterus ridei IR IR
Southern Myotis Myotis aelleni IR 0.06 IR IR 0.45 0.03
Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi 0.04 0.39 0.02 0.93 0.57 1.00 0.32 0.43 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.90 0.89 1.00
Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi 0.46 0.18 IR 0.39 0.73 0.84 0.08 0.00 0.96 0.37
Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus IR 0.38 0.83 0.01 0.55 0.39 1.00 0.98 0.83 1.00 0.05 0.94
Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii 0.71 0.82 0.47 0.20 IR 0.02
Long-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasuta IR 0.91 0.75 1.00 0.47 0.92 0.75 0.99 0.09 0.01 0.79 1.00
Greater Glider Petauroides volans 0.99 1.00 0.86 0.73 0.99 1.00 0.67 1.00
Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis IR 0.06 0.95 1.00 IR 0.96 1.00
Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps 0.81 0.69 0.99 1.00 0.79 1.00 0.35 1.00 0.00 0.97 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00
Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00
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Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 0.21 0.85 0.97 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 0.99 1.00
Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus 0.83 0.00 IR 0.00
Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus 0.89 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00
Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus 0.14 0.83
New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00
Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto IR
Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus 0.07 0.00 0.92 0.82 0.77 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.55 0.89 0.00 1.00 0.63 0.98
Little Red Flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus IR 0.65 IR IR 0.88
Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes 0.00 0.97 0.48 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 IR IR 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.00
Swamp Rat Rattus lutreolus 0.89 0.98 0.88 1.00 IR IR 0.11 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.02 0.97
Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus IR 0.58
Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus flaviventris 0.95 0.79
Inland Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens balstoni IR 0.86 1.00
Eastern Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens orion IR 0.93 IR 0.76
Fat-tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata 0.88 0.76 0.96 1.00 0.21 0.08
White-footed dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus 0.50 IR 0.00 0.85 IR 0.21 0.90
Common Dunnart Sminthopsis murina IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.93
Short-beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus 0.97 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
White-striped Free-tailed Bat Tadarida australis 0.88 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.52 0.56
Rufous-bellied Pademelon Thylogale billardierii IR IR
Mountain Brushtail Possum Trichosurus cunninghami IR IR 0.90 0.38 0.59 0.87 0.97 1.00 IR IR 0.98 1.00
Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula 0.43 0.94 0.94 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00
Large Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoni 0.80 0.48 0.29 0.84 0.12 1.00 0.02 1.00 IR 0.50 0.47 1.00 1.00 0.49
Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus IR 0.86 0.82 0.88 0.83 0.54 1.00 IR 0.36 0.78 0.57 0.04 0.74
Little Forest Bat Vespadelus vulturnus 0.00 0.38 0.22 0.87 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.05 0.32 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.78
Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus 0.95 0.87 0.97 1.00 0.57 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.69 0.72 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00
Black Wallaby Wallabia bicolor 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area .......... 5
Table 2: Analysis of indigenous freshwater fish species records within each Reporting
Area. .................................................................................................................................. 14
Table 3: Analysis of indigenous amphibian species records within each Reporting Area .... 17
Table 4: Analysis of indigenous reptile species records within each Reporting Area .......... 20
Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area ................................ 23
Table 6: Analysis of indigenous mammal species records within each Reporting Area ...... 26
Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South
Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area ................................................................................... 29
Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland &
Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ................................ 30
Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw
Baw Reporting Area ........................................................................................................... 32
Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw
Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................ 33
Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume,
Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area ................................................................................. 35
Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell &
Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ........................... 36
Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton,
Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area ................................................................ 38
Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham &
Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ................. 39
Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula
Reporting Area ................................................................................................................... 41
Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting
Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................................ 42
Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne
Reporting Area ................................................................................................................... 44
Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in
order to improve the accuracy of the rating ........................................................................ 45
Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and
Nilumbik Reporting Area .................................................................................................... 47
Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting
Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................................ 48
Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area ........................ 50