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Analysing Syntax 1. Lesson 8B. Sentences. Sentences, like the morphology of individual words, can be analysed using trees to illustrate their phrase structure In order to be able to analyse a sentence you need to understand the main grammatical categories. Grammatical categories. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Analysing Syntax 1
Lesson 8B
Sentences
Sentences, like the morphology of individual words, can be analysed using trees to illustrate their phrase structure
In order to be able to analyse a sentence you need to understand the main grammatical categories
Grammatical categories Nouns (N)
dog, cat, apple, park etc. Determiners (Det.)
a, the, this, that etc. Verbs (V)
walk, come, go Adjectives (A)
big, black, hairy etc. Adverbs (Adv)
quickly, slowly etc. Pronouns (PRO)
he, she etc. Prepositions (P)
in, on, under, over etc.
Categories and trees
Words have to be attached to their grammatical category
dog the walks hairy park quickly in the
N Det V A Adv PN Det
Putting words in order
words combine to form phrases
phrases combine to form sentences
What kind of phrases are there?
Types of phrase
Noun phrase Verb phrase Prepositional phrase Adverb phrase Adjective Phrase
Phrases Each sentence contains
a subject and a predicate
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
Syntactically these correspond to:a noun phrase and a verb phrase
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
The top of the tree So the tree for any sentence (S) should start
like this:
This means that every sentence is made up of a noun phrase and a verb phrase
S
VPNP
The bottom of the tree What we need to do is to connect:
the structureat the topof the tree
TOthe words of the sentenceat the bottom of the tree
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
Connecting top and bottom
You need to start at the bottom of the tree and build more phrases on to the categories. These phrases could be:
Noun phrases Adverb phrases Prepositional phrases Adjective phrases
What about? The dog ?
The park?
Noun phrase (NP) A name is a noun and it attaches to a noun phrase
Romeo
NP
N
A simple noun phrase (NP) Determiner (Det.) + Noun (N) = Noun Phrase (NP)
the dog the park
Det
NP
N
NP
Det. N
Prepositional Phrase (PP)
Preposition + NP = Prepositional Phrase (PP)
in + =
the park in the park
NP
Det N
P PP
P NP
Det N
Adverb Phrase (Adv.P) When there is just one adverb, it
attaches to an Adverb Phrase (Adv.P)
quickly
Adv
Adv.P
Adjective Phrase (AP) A single adjective attaches to an
Adjective Phrase (AP)
hairy
A
AP
More on adjectives Adjectives are often found in sentences
as modifiers of nouns:the hairy dog
modifier of noun
In this case they form part of a more complex noun phrase …
More complex noun phrases … and they are analysed like this:
the hairy dog
Det
NP
NA
AP
Inserting the phrases
The subject NPis easy to insert……………….……………… but the VP is more difficult
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
AP
First you attach the Verb
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
AP
Then you attach the AdvP
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
AP AdvP
Then you attach the PP
the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
AP AdvP NP
PP
What a complete tree looks like
a sentence divides into a noun phrase ……………….. and a verb phrase
these attach to
phrases or
and categories categories
attach to words the hairy dog walks quickly in the park
S
VPNP
Det A N V Adv P Det N
AP AdvP NP
PP
How to analyse the syntactic structure of a simple sentence
It’s a bit like decorating a Christmas tree:
Write S NP + VP at the top Write the words of the sentence at the bottom Write the categories above the words Where necessary put the categories into phrase
structures (NP, Adv,P, AP, PP) Attach the phrase structures to the main NP and
VP
Ambiguous sentencesThese sentences look the same but theyhave a different meaning
The man hit the intruder with a stick The man hit the intruder with a wooden leg
They should have a different syntacticstructure. Where is the difference going to be
Disambiguating
With a wooden leg and with a stick areboth prepositional expressionsBUT …… with a wooden leg is about the intruder
so it is attached to the noun with a stick is about how he hit the
intruder so it is attached to the verb
Different structure
hit the intruder with a wooden leg
attached to NP
hit the intruder with a wooden leg
D N P D A N
PP
NP
NP
AP
NP
VP
V
hit the intruder with a stick
attached to VP
hit the intruder with a stick
D N P D N
NP
PPNP
VP
V
Juliet loves Romeo
Romeo loves Juliet
N N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
He loves carrots
He loves carrots
PRO N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
The lamb followed Mary
The lamb followed Mary
Det N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
N
The cat killed the mouse
The cat killed the mouse
Det N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
N Det
Jack killed the giant
Jack killed the giant
N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
N Det
She solved the mystery
She solved the mystery
N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
PRO Det
Beavers build dams
Beavers build dams
N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
N
Beavers build dams
Beavers build dams
N
NP
V
NP
S
VP
N