Video Reviews Analogue Modelling of Fault ructures" 1. Extensional Available from Geofilms, 12 Thame Lane, Culham, Oxford OX14 3DS, UK. Price: £150 (excl. VAT) + £6 p&p; non-UK $275 + $20 p&p. Prices are for VHS cassettes; other formats available on request

Hydrocarbon exploration has revealed that asymmetrical half-grabens are the most important expression of extensional tectonics. Seismic reflection profiles which reveal these structures are of varying quality and, in all instances, the interpretation of these profiles is an unfamiliar task for explorers trained as surface geologists. Even under the most favourable circumstances outcrop studies of extensional areas do not allow the study of fault geometries at depth. Thus with little or no outcrop control and seismic profiles that often do not clearly reveal all the details, structural geologists often depend on analogue models to inspire their interpretation. This video tape is a particularly successful presentation of one of many analogue modelling approaches.

All analogue models have strengths and weaknesses. The strength of the modelling approach shown in this video is the lucidity of presentation and the sound use of materials that properly mimic the rheology of rocks. The limitation of the method is given by a variety of fixed foot wall configurations. Of course, there is good reason to believe that, in nature, the foot walls may not be fixed. On the other hand, even given a fixed foot wall configuration for the master fault, the video admirably shows how all other fault shapes change as the deformation advances. Thus within any experiment we can actually observe faults with changing foot wall configurations even though the listric master fault remains fixed.

Perhaps the greatest appeal of the video tape is its ~mind-opening' capacity. We are taught to accept what we often reluctantly observe o11 seismic reflection profiles! Of particular interest are planar faults within an overall listric fault context, the importance of crestal collapse grabens, the occurrence of forced folding and the changing dips along fault planes. The video clearly shows how some normal faults are decoupled at depth. In one instance, reverse faulting is produced within a normal faulting context.

The models are designed and presented by Ken McClay, and the user is encouraged to refer to his relevant papers (e.g. McClay and Ellis, 1987; Ellis and McClay 1988). I like to use this video in a regional geology course that uses seismic profiles and surface maps for interpretation exercises.

Petroleum geologists will find this videotape indispensable as an aid to the interpretation of complex extensional structures and to define trapping configurations in extensional provinces. The videotape may also be used for an undergraduate introduction to tectonics and for graduate courses that focus on extensional tectonics in different settings or else for courses dedicated to the structural interpretation of reflection seismic profiles.

In conclusion, the Analogue Modelling of Extensional Fault Structures is a spectacular and most welcome contribution to structural geology. The video tape will be useful to students, instructors, seismologists and petroleum geologists.

Albert W. Bally Rice University,

Houston, TX, USA

References

McClay, K. R. and Ellis P. G. (1987) Geometrics of extensional fault systems developed in model experiments Geology 15, 341-344

Ellis, P. G. and McClay K. R. (1988) Listric extensional fault systems -- results of analogue model experiments Basin Res. 1, 55-70

Analogue Modelling of Fault Structures: 2. Inversion Available from Geofilms, 12 Thame Lane, Culham, Oxford OX14 3DS, UK. Price: £150 (excl. VAT) + £6 p&p; non-UK $275 + $20 p&p. Prices are for VHS cassettes; other formats available on request

During the last decade Inversion Tectonics have been discovered and defined much more tightly. Seismic reflection profiles obtained by the petroleum industry have revealed that extensional half-graben systems are often re-activated by subsequent compression, leading to the formation of very characteristic structures which display down-dip convergence of strata in the core of anticlines and opposite up-dip convergence on the crest of anticlines. Unfortunately, modern textbooks in structural geology pay little, if any, attention to inversion structures and it is therefore most opportune to have a splendid film available that attempts to replicate inversion structures in 'sandbox-type' experiments.

Older inversion concepts were rather vague and often involved the inversion of sedimentary basins in their totality. The recently deceased Russian tectonician, V. V. Beloussov, made the inversion of geosynclines a cornerstone of his mountain-building models by invoking essentially vertical forces to explain the process. Thus Beloussov saw the Caucasus mountains of the USSR as the product of inversion. Ironically, today most geologists would agree in principle with Beloussov but they emphasize for the Caucasus the importance of the inheritance of Jurassic extensional faulting that is reactivated by Tertiary compression. Thus today a

more restricted definition would limit the term inversion specifically to the reactivation of extensional half-graben systems by subsequent compression (positive inversion) and the re-activation of compressional structures by subsequent extension (negative inversion). The petroleum industry tends to limit the term inversion exclusively to 'positive' inversion.

The analogue models that were created by Ken McClay vividly illustrate the details of inversion tectonics by re-activating listric normal faults, planar normal faults and normal faults characterized by ramp flat segments. The experiments clearly point out that both the hanging wall and the foot wall are involved in the inversion process. The models are intended as a guide to the interpretation of seismic profiles, but it is obvious that both the models and the profiles together also help to guide the interpretation of surface geological maps.

Seismically documented inversions are contained in Section 33 of the A A P G Atlas Seismic Expression of Structural Styles (Bally, 1983), which shows a number of examples of inverted half-graben features. More recently seismically documented inversions have been reported and described from north-western Europe (e.g. Cooper and Williams, 1989), California (e.g. Oldow et aL, 1989, p. 209) and Indonesia

222 Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1992, Vol 9, April

(Letouzay, 1990). Inversions have, so far, received little attention in North America even though petroleum geologists have long recognized that many structures in California are indeed inversion structures. As inversion structures are particularly characteristic of oblique convergence regimes, many of them have been erroneously interpreted as 'flower structures'. The programme even shows 'pseudo flowers' that occur entirely within a dip-slip regime.

The film is equally interesting for what it does not adequately replicate. In many 'inversion-infested' areas, one can observe on reflection seismic profiles widespread and tightly spaced sets of listric normal faults that are limited only to the up-dip converging layers that allow the inversion to be dated. These sets of 'synsedimentary mini-listrics' often cover wide areas and they are not only limited to the crest of inversion anticlines. We are dealing with an as yet poorly understood accommodation to the inversion process. As these features are clearly not duplicated by Ken McClay's experiments, one has to conclude that associated with inversion structures there are additional deformation mechanisms that may play a role. The point is that analogue models that explain so many observations are useful only if used with moderation and if they do not lead to uniquely model-driven interpretations. Any deviation from the analogue model should be carefully noted and used for a new problem definition.

In summary, Analogue Modelling of Inversion Fault Structures is a short and superb film, not only for petroleum explorers, but at an introductory level because of its clear exposition that will make a complex topic more easily

Video reviews/book review understood. It also will fulfil a very useful role in the more advanced instruction of structural geology, simply because the concept is not adequately treated in modern textbooks of structural geology. Finally, the film is particularly helpful in any course devoted to the structural interpretation of reflection seismic profiles.

Albert W. Bally Rice University,

Houston, TX, USA

References Bally, A. W. (Ed.) (1983) Seismic Expression of Structural Styles,

Am. Assoc. Petrol. GeoL Studies GeoL No. 27, 3, 3.33-12 Cooper, M. A. and Williams G. D. (Eds.) (1989) Inversion

Tectonics, Spec. PubL GeoL Soc. London No. 44, Blackwell, Oxford, 375 pp

Letouzey, J. (1990) Fault reactivation, inversion and fold thrust belt. In: Petroleum and Tectonics in Mobile Belts (Ed. J. Letouzay), Editions Technip, Paris, pp. 101-128

Oldow, J. S., Bally, A. W., Av6 Lallemant, H. G. and Leeman, W. P. (1989) Phanerozoic evolution of the North American Cordillera; United States and Canada. In: The Geology of North America - An Overview (Eds. A. W. Bally and A. R. Palmer), Geological Society of America, pp. 139-232

Book Review Nor th Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs m II A. T. Buller. E. Berg, O. Hjelmeland, J. Kleppe, O.Torsaeter and J. O. Aasen (Eds) Graham a n d T r o t m a n ; 1990; ISBN 1 85333 283 6 This publication is a sequel to the North Sea Oil and Gas Reservoirs book published in 1987. Both are published papers of the proceedings of conferences held in Trondheim, Norway, by the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH).

The objectives of the 1989 conference, which were broadly similar to those of the previous conference, were: (a) to bring together those engaged in various geoscientific and reservoir engineering aspects of North Sea oil and gas reservoirs in one forum; (b) to demonstrate wherever possible the interdependence of the various disciplines and specializations; (c) to promote innovative, synergistic approaches to research and development programmes aimed at North Sea conditions; and (d) to reflect current trends in reservoir sciences. Naturally there was no place for specialist parallel sessions in a conference aimed at encouraging interdisciplinary integration and awareness. From my review of this book it would appear that these objectives were well achieved.

The book contains reviews of five oil and gas fields, averaging 20 pages per review, and 30 technical papers, averaging over 10 pages per paper. It is a very comprehensive book, well illustrated with many full colour diagrams.

The Forties, Fulmar, Tyra, Gullfaks and Snorre fields are reviewed. Each review covers both reservoir geology and reservoir engineering aspects and all except the review of Snorre give the production history of the field. Problems in defining the reservoir geology and predicting production rates and reserves are covered and the integrated multidisciplinary approach to resolving these problems is shown. In particular, the papers show how the geological model is used to predict

reservoir performance and how reservoir performance, including production monitoring surveys, are fed back to update the geological models.

The 30 technical papers cover all aspects of reservoir appraisal and development. They are divided broadly into three sections, each with a keynote address. The first session covers seismic aspects, from current technology such as the use of seismic attributes, to research technology such as Xwell seismic. It also covers the fracturing and deformation of reservoir rocks, production logging and includes two more field studies on Frigg and Ekofisk. The second session is essentially devoted to fluid flow within the reservoir with a keynote address on the quantitative determination of pore structure and its link to fluid flow. A field study on Ekofisk EOR is included in this section. The final session's keynote address is on pseudofunctions as a key to the practical use of reservoir descriptions. Topics covered include connectivity within the reservoir, with papers on a number of software tools available to help model this, and geostatistics and stochastic modelling as an aid to describing the reservoir heterogeneities.

The book is most valuable to any geoscientist or engineer involved in the downhole end (reservoir description) of oil or gas production and covers well the gap which often exists between geoscience and engineeering in field development.

Peter Dromgoole Development Geophysics

BP Explorat ion Company, London, UK

Mar i ne and Pe t ro leum Geo logy , 1992, Vol 9, Ap r i l 223