ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)

NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics)

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM)

JUNE 2015

UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN

KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

TajukProjek : ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER (OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER)

SesiPengajian : 1 4 / 1 5

Saya NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI mengakumembenarkanLaporanProjekSarjanaMudainidisimpan di Perpustakaandengansyarat-syaratkegunaansepertiberikut:

1. LaporanadalahhakmilikUniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka.

2. Perpustakaandibenarkanmembuatsalinanuntuktujuanpengajiansahaja.

3. Perpustakaandibenarkanmembuatsalinanlaporaninisebagaibahanpertukaranantarainstitusipengajian

tinggi.

4. Silatandakan ( √ ) :

SULIT*

*(Mengandungimaklumat yang berdarjahkeselamatanataukepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktubdi dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD**

**(Mengandungimaklumatterhad yang telahditentukanolehorganisasi/badan di manapenyelidikandijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkanoleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________ (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN

PENYELIA)

Tarikh: ……………………….. Tarikh: ………………………..

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“I hereby, declared this report entitle “Analogue Electronic Trainer designed for operational amplifier” is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited in the references”

Signature: ………………………………………..

Author: NUR HASNATULAINI BINTI JALANI

Date: JUNE2015

iv

“I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion, this report is sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award Bachelor of Electronic

Engineering (Industrial Electronics)”

Signature: ………………………………………….

Supervisor Name: FARID ARAFAT BIN AZIDIN

Date: JUNE 2015

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Special dedicated to my beloved parents for their caring, understanding and encouragement

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Graceful. I would like to

express my sincere gratitude to Him for giving me the strength, health and ability to

complete my project Of “ANALOGUE ELECTRONIC TRAINER DESIGN FOR

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER” and complete this report within the given time

period.

I also would like to extend my gratitude to my supervisor, En. Farid Arafat

Bin Azidin. For his concerned, kindness, advised and helped to make sure my project

is done nicely. Without his guidance from the beginning until the completion of this

report, the progress of this project may stuck and cannot be done and documented

success.

Last but not least, greatest credit goes to my parents and my siblings for their

encouragement that make me strong when I encounter with any problems. I also

would like to thanks all my friends, especially Mohd Naqib Bin Mohd Yusof and

Ainun Naziroh Binti have been helping me directly from the beginning until the final

stage in this project. Their opinion and suggestion is very useful. May all the good

deeds that were done will be blessed by Allah.

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ABSTRACT

This project is proposed to improve the trainer on laboratory at Universiti Teknikal

Malaysia Melaka. Thus, the project is designed one base trainer for the Operational

Amplifier Circuit. The circuit covers the basic of operational amplifier which is the

inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier, subtraction

amplifier and cascade amplifier. However, the circuit board on the base trainer can

be changed to another set of analogue electronic subject which is Bipolar Junction

Transistor (BJT), and Field Effect Transistor (FET). In addition, the trainer designed

is an open board style. Therefore, the component on the board can be changed by the

user during the experiment conducted.

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ABSTRAK

Projek ini bertujuan untuk menambah baik ‘trainer’ yang digunakan dalam makmal

di Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. Oleh yang demikian, projek yang

dijalankan adalah mereka bentuk ‘base trainer’ untuk ‘Operational Amplifier’. Litar

yang di rekabentuk pada ‘Printed Circuit Board’ merangkumi beberapa asas dalam

‘Operational Amplifier’ seperti ‘inverting amplifier’, ‘non-inverting amplifier’,

‘summing amplifier’, ‘subtraction amplifier’, dan ‘cascade amplifier’. Walau

bagaimanapun ‘Printed circuit Board’ boleh di tukar kepada set analog elektronik

yang lain seperti ‘Biplolar Junction Transistor’ dan ‘Field effect Transistor’.

Tambahan pula reka ‘trainer’ yang dijalankan adalah berbentuk ‘open board

style’.Oleh yang demikian komponen pada papan boleh ditukarkan mengikut

kesesuaian pengguna dan kehendak pengguna semasa eksperiment dijalankan.

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE OF PROJECT i

REPORT VERIFICATION STATUS FORM ii

DECLARATION iii

SUPERVISOR DECLARATION iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENT ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLE xii

LIST OF SYMBOLS xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiv

I INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project background 2

1.2 Problem Statement 2

x

1.3 Objective of Project 3

1.4 Scope Project 3

1.5 Important of Work 5

1.6 Report Structure 5

II LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Ideal Operational Amplifier 7

2.2 Basic Operational Amplifier 7

2.3 Type of Training System in the Marketplace 11

2.4 Adapter 15

2.5 Traco Power 17

2.6 LM 741 18

2.7 Software 19

III METHODOLOGY 20

3.1 Project Planning 20

3.2 Gantt Chart 21

3.3 Cost Planning 22

3.4 Process Flow 23

IV RESULT AND ANALYSIS 36

xi

4.1 Prototype designed 36

4.2 Simulation result 37

4.3 Input voltage from Traco power 42

4.4 Experimental result 43

4.5 Analysis the result 48

V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 51

5.1 Conclusion 52

5.2 Recommendation 53

REFERENCES 54

APPENDICES 55

APPENDIX A 55

APPENDIX B 57

APPENDIX C 60

xii

LIST OF FIGURE

NO TITLE PAGE

Figure 1.1 Size the of trainer 4

Figure 2.1 Inverting Amplifier Circuit 8

Figure 2.2 Non-Inverting Amplifier 8

Figure 2.3 Summing Amplifier Circuit 9

Figure 2.4 Difference Amplifier Circuit 10

Figure 2.5 Cascade Operational Amplifier Circuit 11

Figure 2.6 Operational Amplifier Fundamental Trainer 11

Figure 2.7 Training system Design 12

Figure 2.8 Operational Amplifier Type-741 13

Figure 2.9 Operational Amplifier Training System 13

Figure 2.10 Trainer Design and Trainer Case 14

Figure 2.11 Adapter 15

Figure 2.12 Example trainer from ELABO Company 16

Figure 2.13 Nickel Plated banana plug male and female 16

Figure 2.14 Traco Power 17

Figure 2.15 LM 741 18

Figure 3.1 Process flow to designed base trainer 23

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Figure 3.2 Process flow to get the value of Vo from the theoretical 24

Figure 3.3 Process flow to find the Vo during experimental 25

Figure 3.4 Process flows to get the output waveform in oscilloscope 26

Figure 3.5 Design overview of trainer 28

Figure 3.6 Material Use 28

Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram 29

Figure 3.8 Import the schematic to PCB program 30

Figure 3.9 Layout the PCB 30

Figure 3.10 PCB designed have been printed 30

Figure 3.11 Laminating process 31

Figure 3.12 Development process 31

Figure 3.13 Process by using Ferric Chloride 32

Figure 3.14 Place that clear the chemical during etching process 32

Figure 3.15 The drilling process of adapter for IC 33

Figure 3.16 Cutting the PCB for adapter of resistor 33

Figure 3.17 After insert the banana in PCB 34

Figure 3.18 Check the connection of PCB 34

Figure 3.19 Circuit testing to make sure the trainer function well 35

Figure 4.1 Base trainer and adapter 37

Figure 4.2 Inverting amplifier 37

Figure 4.3 Output waveform of inverting amplifier circuit 38

Figure 4.4 Non-inverting amplifier 38

Figure 4.5 Output waveform of non-inverting amplifier in multisim 39

Figure 4.6 Summing amplifier 39

Figure 4.7 Output waveform of summing amplifier in multisim 40

Figure 4.8 Different amplifier 40

Figure 4.9 Output waveform of different amplifier in multisim 41

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Figure 4.10 Cascade Amplifier 41

Figure 4.11 Output waveform of cascade amplifier in multisim 42

Figure 4.12 Positive input voltage 42

Figure 4.13 Negative input voltage 43

Figure 4.14 The Vrms value of inverting amplifier circuit 43

Figure 4.15 Output waveform of inverting amplifier in oscilloscope 44

Figure 4.16 The Vrms value of the non-inverting amplifier circuit 44

Figure 4.17 Output waveform of non-inverting amplifier in oscilloscope45

Figure 4.18 The Vrms value of summing amplifier circuit 45

Figure 4.19 Output waveform of summing amplifier in oscilloscope 46

Figure 4.20 Vrms value of different amplifier circuit 46

Figure 4.21 Output waveform of different amplifier in oscilloscope 47

Figure 5.1 Storage of trainer and all component 52

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LIST OF TABLE

NO TITLE PAGE

Table 2.1 Pin connection in Traco Power 17

Table 3.1 Budget of trainer 22

Table 4.1 Comparison output voltage by using multisim 47

Table 4.2 Comparison output voltage by using oscilloscope 48

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LIST OF SYMBOLS

Op-Amp - Operational Amplifier

BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor

FET - Field-Effect-Transistor

PCB - printed Circuit Board

xvii

LIST OF APPENDICES

NO TITLE PAGES

APPENDIX A LM 741 Operational Amplifier 55

APPENDIX B Traco Power for DC/DC converter 57

APPENDIX C Lab Sheet 60

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Firstly, this chapter is briefly explained the background of this project. This chapter

also will cover about the problem statement. There have three problems is being

discussed in this chapter. The other parts of this chapter also discuss about the

objectives. The objective is being discussed from the rising problem. Therefore, in

order to achieve this project, the objective must be achieved. This chapter also covers

about the scope of this project. The scope is important because it’s related to the

limitations due to achieve the objectives of this project. The main purpose also stated

in this chapter. Lastly, this chapter is being discussed about the structure in this

project. There have five chapters to describe overall of this project, which are

Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4 and Chapter 5. The five chapters is being

explained about the introduction, background study, methodology, results and

recommendation respectively.

2

1.1 Project Background

Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Trainer has been designed to study the

following basic linear amplifier which is inverting amplifier, non-inverting

amplifier, summing amplifier, the difference amplifier, and cascade amplifier.

The IC 741 used to design the basic circuit of op-amp. The base trainer

designed is an open board style. The component was designed as a portable

plug in component with its adapter. There have two input voltage which is +/-

15V and +/- 12V. +/- 15V get from the Traco power with high efficiency up

to 81%. And +/- 12V get from designed a voltage regulator. In addition the

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) in this trainer can be changed to another circuit

board which is Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) circuit and Field Effect

Transistor (FET) circuit. This base trainer design is user friendly for students,

lecturers and technicians.

1.2 Problem Statement

The existing trainer used for analogue electronic experiment in the

laboratory is fixed with one design for one trainer. In addition, the value of

the resistors is fixed and cannot be changed by the lecturer because the

designer with a mounted component. Besides, the set of the component of the

trainer easily damage and technicians face a problem to replacing it. It will

take a long time to open the trainer, disordering the damage component, and

soldering of the new component. Delay times to replacing the new

component, students sometimes do not have a trainer to do experiment and

students had to share the trainer with another group to do the experiment.

Other than that, the trainer needs a lot of space in storing for three sets of

laboratory experiment for an analogue electronic subject.

3

1.3 Objective of Project

The aim of this project is to design analogue electronic trainers for

operational amplifier. In order to achieve that, the following objectives need

to be achieved.

1.3.1 To develop a multi design of analogue electronic operational amplifier

circuit. The circuit design covers four basic operational amplifier

which is inverting amplifier and non-inverting amplifier that include

the summing amplifier, difference amplifier and also cascade

amplifier.

1.3.2 To model a trainer that is user friendly and can be replace the

component easily when its malfunction. The value of the component

like resistor can be changed by the lecturer during the experiment

conducted. When the component is damaged, technician, no need to

take for a long time to replacing the component because this trainer

used the plug-in model.

1.3.3 To reduce the space in storing for 3 sets of laboratory experiment

which are bipolar junction transistor, field-effect transistor and

operational amplifier with using one base training system. In addition,

the laboratory shows the good management and organized.

1.4 Scope of Project

Based on the objective, this project produced hardware of an analogue

electronic trainer that are divided into three parts which are designed for base

trainer, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) for operational amplifier circuit designed

and the component adapter to pick and place all the component needed during

the experiment. Therefore, in order to complete the designed for base trainer

4

and the circuit designed, there has two software are used which is MultiSim

software to simulate the circuit design for operational amplifier and Proteus

Software to design and construct the PCB. PCB board is applied for all the

circuit implementation. The PVC material has been chosen for the prototype

design. The size of the trainer is 23cm wide, 30cm length and 8.5 cm height.

The figure below is the size of the base trainer and the trainer design.

Figure 1.1: Size of the trainer

1.5 Importance of Work

The purpose of this project is to design an open board style for the

operational amplifier circuit. The operational amplifier circuit design

included inverting amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, summing amplifier,

difference amplifier and cascade amplifier. This project also proposes to

design a base trainer that can be applied to Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT),

Field Effect Transistor (FET) and Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) during

the experiment in lab sessions.

30cm

23cm 18cm

29cm

5

1.6 Report Structure

Chapter 1: Describes as a background, problem statement, objectives, scope

project, and the importance of this project.

Chapter 2: Project’s background is discussed. The information about the project

from different resources is discussed in this chapter.

Chapter 3: Describes the methodology of this project, which includes the design

specification and procedure form in the flow chart process.

Chapter 4: Presents the simulation and measurement results. The results

obtained are analyzed and discussed.

Chapter 5: The last chapter concludes the report and recommendations for the

further work are given.

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is the background study that related to this project include of getting

knowledge and previous research work. The background study of this project is from

the books, articles, catalogue, journal, and website. This chapter will discuss about

the knowledge of operational amplifier. Besides, it also discusses about the

characteristic and the connection for LM 741. Other than that, this chapter also

discusses about the software that's being used to conduct this project. In addition, this

chapter also discusses the past training system designed that already in the

marketplace. The discussion includes the characteristic of the training system from

difference designer, and the experiment that can be conducted by their design trainer.

Lastly, this chapter also discusses about the adapter that are used for connection

between the components on the board experiment.

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2.1 Ideal operational amplifier

Operational Amplifier is a very high gain differential amplifier with high

input impedance and low output impedance. The input impedance is infinite

condition which is no current flows into either input of the operational amplifier.

While, for the output impedance is zero condition. The operational amplifier can use

for any voltage to drive any load impedance. In addition, the bandwidth is in fine

condition. When the input difference is zero, the output voltage must be zero.

2.2 Basic operational Amplifier

Operational Amplifier contains two input terminals and one output terminal.

The two input terminals are labelled positive and negative, which is non-inverting

and inverting, respectively.

2.2.1 Inverting Amplifier

As an inverting amplifier, the resistor is connected to the inverting input as

shown in the figure below, with output voltage. 𝑅𝑓 and 𝑅1correspond to the feedback

and input resistances, respectively.

𝑉0 = −𝑅𝑓

𝑅1𝑉1 (2.0)