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Ekonumi cl.in Keuangan Indonesia V o l u m e L N o m o r 3, 2002

Analisis dan Penyusunan Indeks Pengelolaan

Lingkungan Hidup Daerah Eugenia Mardanugraha Budy P. Resosudarmo

Bambang Pharmasetiawan Alin Halimatussadiyah

Anang Nugraha

K a U K u n c i : E n v i r o n m e n t a l m a n a g e m e n t - E n v i r o n m e n t a t q u a t i t y - Regional analysis

K e y W o r d : M a n a j e m e n tingtcungan l i i d u p - Kualitas tinglcungan liidup - A n a l i s i s daerali

A b s t r a c t

Environment quality as a whole should include water, air, soil and ecosystem qualities. Moreover, environment quality is also depended on non-physical things such as public opinion, regulation and quality management. This research produced one index of environment quality for a particular region. In this research kabupaten/kota is used to be a unit of region. This research also calculates the value of environment quality index of 119 kabupaten/kota in Indonesia.

To determine the index quantitatively, we used weight for every criteria and sub criteria of quality index that we create for this purpose. To estimate this weight we use AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process). The value of index is between 0 and 4. The higher value of index, the better the environment quality is in the region.

From 199 kabupaten that we use as a sample, the value of environment quality index is just between 0.025 and 1.898.

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M a r d a n u g r a h a ; Resosudarmo; Pha rmase t i awan ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

1. P E N D A H U L U A N

L i n g k u n g a n h i d u p m e r u p a k a n m a s a l a h y a n g s e l a l u t e r k a i t d e n g a n p e r k e m b a n g a n d a n k e m a j u a n z a m a n ( H e a t o n d a n R e s o s u d a r m o , 2 0 0 0 ) . S e d a p a t m u n g k i n , m a n u s i a b e r u s a h a a g a r k e m a j u a n d a n p e r k e m b a n g a n t e r s e b u t t i d a k m e r u s a k l i n g k i m g a n t e m p a t b e r l a n g s u n g n y a k e g i a t a n m a n u s i a t e r s e b u t . S a a t i n i , k e r u s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n s u d a h t e r j a d i d i d a r a t , l a u t d a n u d a r a ( W o r l d B a n k , 2 0 0 1 : d a n R e s o s u d a r m o e t . a l , 2 0 0 0 b ) . K e r u s a k a n d i l i n g k u n g a n d a r a t , m i s a l n y a e r o s i , p r o s e s d e s e r t i f i k a s i , p e r a c u n a n o l e h l i m b a h k i m i a , m e n g e r i n g n y a s u m b e r m a t a a i r , t e r c e m a m y a s u n g a i , m e n c i u t n y a h u t a n d a n m e n y u s u t n y a k e a n e k a -r a g a m a n s u m b e r d a y a a l a m h a y a t i . K e r u s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n d i l a u t a n , s e p e r t i k o n t a m i n a s i k i m i a d i l a u t a n , p e n c e m a r a n l a u t o l e h b u a n g a n k a p a l , k o t o r a n s a m p a h d a r i d a r a t a n , k e r u s a k a n t e r u m b u k a r a n g o l e h p e n g e b o m a n d a l a m m e n a n g k a p i k a n , t e r k u r a s n y a i k a n o l e h j a r i n g - j a r i n g r a k s a s a d a n p a n j a n g d a n n a i k n y a p e r m u k a a n l a u t a k i b a t p a n a s b u m i ( R e s o s u d a r m o e t . a l . , 2 0 0 0 a ) . K e r u s a k a n l i n g k u n g a n j u g a t e r j a d i d i u d a r a , s e p e r t i l a p i s a n o z o n y a n g t e r k o y a k o l e h g a s chloro fluoro carbon ( C F C ) , t e r j a d i n y a p r o s e s k i m i a w i d e n g a n g a s d i u d a r a s e h i n g g a m e n g h a s i l k a n h u j a n a s a m , m e n i n g k a t n y a s u h u b u m i a k i b a t b e r k u m p u k i y a " g a s r u m a h - k a c a " s e p e r t i C O j , SO,^ , NO„, C F C , d a n I a i n - l a i n m e n j a d i s e l i m u t y a n g m e m b a l u t b u m i i n i . W a i a u p u n p e r s o a l a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e m a k i n l a m a s e m a k i n k o m p l e k s , p e n g u k u r a n k u a l i t a s n y a s e l a m a i n i t i d a k d i l a k u k a n s e c a r a k o m p r e h e n s i f . S e l a m a i n i b e l u m a d a p e n g u k u r a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g m e n g g a b u n g k a n a n t a r a k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p u d a r a , a i r d a n t a n a h s e k a l i g u s ( W o r l d B a n k , 2 0 0 1 ) .

D e n g a n a d a n y a k e n y a t a a n s e m a k i n m e m b u r u k n y a k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p t e r s e b u t , m a k a d i b u t u h k a n a d a n y a s u a t u i n d i k a t o r u n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , k h u s u s n y a y a n g m e n y a n g k u t s u a t u d a e r a h a d m i n i s t r a t i f t e r t e n t u . K u a l i t a s L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p d a e r a h s e l a m a i n i d i n i l a i d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n a m b a n g b a t a s u n t u k i n d i k a t o r -i n d i k a t o r t e r t e n t u . J i k a i n d i k a t o r l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i s u a t u d a e r a h b e r a d a d i a t a s a m b a n g b a t a s m a k a k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n d i d a e r a h t e r s e b u t " b u r u k " d a n j i k a b e r a d a d i b a w a h a m b a n g b a t a s , m a k a d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a h w a k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n d i d a e r a h t e r s e b u t m a s u k k a t e g o r i " b a i k " . I n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r u n t u k m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s u d a r a m i s a l n y a

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Indeks Penge lo laan L ingkungan H idup

v o l u m e d a r i S u l f u r O k s i d a ( S O x ' ) , N i t r o g e n O k s i d a ( N O x ^ ) , K a r b o n M o n o o k s i d a ( C O ' ) , d a n Supended Particulate Matter ( S P M * ) . K a d a r d a r i Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( B 0 1 > ' ) , Dissolved Oxigcn ( D O * ) , E - C o l i ^ L o g a m B e r a t * d a l a m a i r u n t u k m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s a i r .

D i I n d o n e s i a , d i b e b e r a p a p r o p i n s i m a u p u n k a b u p a t e n , t e r d a p a t B a d a n P e n g e n d a l i a n D a m p a k L i n g k u n g a n ( B A P E D A L ) a t a u B a d a n P e n g e n d a l i a n D a m p a k L i n g k u n g a n D a e r a h ( B A P E D A L D A ) y a n g m e n e t a p k a n a m b a n g b a t a s u n t u k s e t i a p i n d i k a t o r y a n g d i g u n a k a n s e b a g a i u k u r a n p e n e n t u k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p . B a d a n t e r s e b u t j u g a b e r t u g a s u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n k o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n b e r d a s a r k a n i n d i k a t o r -i n d i k a t o r y a n g d i t e t a p k a n d i d a e r a h n y a m a s i n g - m a s i n g .

P e n g u k u r a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n c a r a s e p e r t i i n i m a s i h m e r u p a k a n p e n g u k u r a n p a r s i a l , a r t i n y a b e l u m d a p a t m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n . K u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g d i m a k s u d m e l i p u t i k u a l i t a s a i r , u d a r a , t a n a h d a n e k o s i s t e m n y a . D i s a m p i n g i t u , k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p t i d a k h a n y a d i t e n t u k a n o l e h h a l - h a l y a n g b e r s i f a t f i s i k s a j a , t e t a p i d i t e n t u k a n j u g a o l e h h a l - h a l y a n g b e r s i f a t n o n - f i s i k , s e p e r t i o p i n i p u b l i k , r e g u l a s i d a n m a n a j e m e n d a l a m p e n g e l o l a a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p t e r s e b u t .

1 Pelepasan gas SOj ke udara yang disebabkan oleh pembakaran bahan bakar fosil (misalnya BBM) dan peleburan logam. Separo S02 tersebut di dalam atmosfer bersifat alamiah, sedangkan sisanya merupakan akibat sampingan aktivitas manusia (Rachman, 2000)

2 Berbagai senyawa yang terbentuk dari oksidanitrogen atmosferik pada kondisi energi tinggi, seperti oleh hantaman sinar kosmik pada bagian teratas atmosfer, atau oleh penyinaran atau di dalam tempat pembakaran industri/mesrn oemmbakar in emal bertekanan tinggi. Termasuk dalam jenis senyawa tersebut adalah: NO2, N O N2O4. (Rachman, 2000)

3 Gas tidak berwama yang diproduksi dari hasil pembakaran tidak sempuma, seperti dari kendaraan atau peralatan (mesin) bermotor. Dapat mematikan dalam dosis besar (Rachman, 2000)

4 Jenis debu dengan besar partikel < 2,5 pm. (Rachman, 2000) 5 Jumlah oksigen yang dibutuhkan oleh bakteri untuk mengoksidasi hampir semua zat

organik yang terlarut dan sebagian zat organik yang tersuspensi di dalam air. (Rachman, 2000)

6 Parameter (nilai) untuk memmjukkan tingkat pencemaran atau tingkat pengolahan limbah. Parameter mi bisa digimakan untuk menentukan kesesuaian suatu jenis air sebagai siunber kehidupan biota (Rachman, 2000)

7 Sejenis bakteri yang biasanya hidup di tanah dan air. Muncul dalam usus binatang dan manusia, dan dapat menimbulkan inteksi (usus) serta disentri. (Rachman, 2000)

8 Logam berat (utamanya) terdiri dari Pb (Timbal), H g (Raksa) dan C u (Tembaga).

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T u l i s a n i n i m e r u p a k a n h a s i l p e n e l i t i a n y a n g b e r t u j u a n u n t u k m e n c a r i s u a t u m e k a n i s m e y a n g m e n g h a s i l k a n s u a t u I n d e k s K u a l i t a s L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p ( I K L H ) . I n d e k s i n i d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i s u a t u s a t u a n w i l a y a h t e r t e n t u ( d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i s a t u a n y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h k a b u p a t e n ) s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h . P e n e l i t i a n i n i j u g a m e n g b i t u n g n i l a i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p u n t u k s e l u r u h k a b u p a t e n / k o t a d i I n d o n e s i a k a b u p a t e n / k o t a t e r s e b u t .

A d a t i g a h a l u t a m a y a n g d i l a k u k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i . P e r t a m a , m e n e n t u k a n p a r a m e t e r l i n g k u n g a n y a n g s i g n i f i k a n , d a l a m a r t i p a r a m e t e r y a n g m e m p e n g a r u b i k u a l i t a s d a r i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n , b a i k d a r i k u a l i t a s a i r , u d a r a , t a n a h m a u p u n e k o s i s t e m d a r i l i n g k u n g a n . K e m u d i a n m e n c a r i , m e n g u m p u l k a n d a n m e n y u s u n d a t a y a n g r e l e v a n d e n g a n p a r a m e t e r l i n g k u n g a n t e r s e b u t . K e d u a , m e n g e m ­b a n g k a n m e t o d o l o g i p e n y u s u n a n I K L H u n t u k d i j a d i k a n d a s a r d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a r i s u a t u d a e r a h . K e t i g a , m e n g b i t u n g I K L H u n t u k s e t i a p K a b u p a t e n / K o t a d i I n d o n e s i a d a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n n i l a i I K L H t e r s e b u t u n t u k b e b e r a p a d a e r a h . P e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n j a d i p e n t i n g k a r e n a s e l a m a i n i b e l u m a d a i n d e k s y a n g m e n y a t u k a n n i l a i i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r d a l a m s a t u n i l a i i n d e k s s a j a . D e n g a n a d a n y a i n d e k s i n i p e m e r i n t a h d a n m a s y a r a k a t d i b a r a p k a n d a p a t m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e c a r a m e n y e l u r u h , b a i k i t u k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n a i r , u d a r a , t a n a h , m a u p u n e k o s i s t e m , d e n g a n m e n g e t a h u i s a t u n i l a i y a n g m e r u p a k a n r e p r e s e n t a s i d a r i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p n y a .

2. M E T O D O L O G I D A N M O D E L L I N G

I K L H d i h a s i l k a n m e l a l u i s u a t u m e t o d o l o g i y a n g p a d a d a s a m y a a d a l a h m e m b e r i k a n p e n i l a i a n m e n g e n a i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h d e n g a n a n g k a n u m e r i k . D a l a m m e n g h a s i l k a n a n g k a n u m e r i k t e r s e b u t , s e c a r a t e k n i s d i l a k u k a n b e b e r a p a t a h a p p e n e l i t i a n . T a h a p p e r t a m a , m e n e n t u k a n a p a s a j a y a n g m e n j a d i k r i t e r i a d a n s u b - k r i t e r i a y a n g m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s u a t u d a e r a h . S e t i a p k r i t e r i a m e m p u n y a i s u b k r i t e r i a , d a n s e t i a p s u b k r i t e r i a m e m p u n y a i i n d i k a t o r -i n d i k a t o m y a m a s i n g - m a s i n g . P a d a t a h a p p e r t a m a i n i d i t e n t u k a n p u l a a p a s a j a y a n g m e n j a d i i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r y a n g m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s

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Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H i d u p

l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e s u a i d e n g a n s u b k r i t e r i a d a n k r i t e r i a n y a m a s i n g -m a s i n g . T a h a p k e d u a , a d a l a h m e n e n t u k a n b o b o t d a r i s e t i a p k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n p a d a t a h a p p e r t a m a . P e n e n t u a n b o b o t i n i d e n g a n s u a t u p r o s e d u r y a n g d i s e b u t d e n g a n Analytical Hierarchy Process ( A H P ) . T a h a p k e t i g a , a d a l a h m e n e n t u k a n i n t e n s i t a s d a r i i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r y a n g s u d a h d i t e n t u k a n u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g s u b k r i t e r i a d a n k r i t e r i a . S a m p a i d e n g a n t a h a p i n i , p e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n g h a s i l k j m s u a t u m e k a n i s m e u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n I K L H u n t u k s u a t u d a e r a h . T a h a p t e r a k h i r y a n g d i l a k u k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h m e m b e r i k a n p e n i l a i a n I K L H i m t u k s e t i a p k a b u p a t e n / k o t a d i I n d o n e s i a m e n u r u t k o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n d i w i l a y a h n y a m a s i n g - m a s i n g .

2.1. Tahap Pertama: Kriteria, Sub-Kriteria dan Indikator

A d a e m p a t k r i t e r i a y a n g m e n j a d i p e r t i m b a n g a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a i t u : O p i n i P u b l i k , M a n a j e m e n , R e g u l a s i d a n F i s i k . U n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g k r i t e r i a d i a t a s , a d a e m p a t s u b - k r i t e r i a y a n g d i g i m a k a n , y a i t u U d a r a , T a n a h , A i r d a n E k o s i s t e m . P e n y u s u n a n h i r a r k i f u n g s i o n a l b e r d a s a r k a n k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a d i a t a s , p e m a h d i l a k u k a n H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y p a d a s t u d i The Environmental Indices Project y a n g b e r j u d u l 'Measuring Sustainable Development in Asia: Environmental Quality Indices' ( D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 6 ) . K e e m p a t h a l y a n g m e n j a d i k r i t e r i a m a u p u n s u b k r i t e r i a a d a l a h h a l - h a l y a n g p a l i n g u m u m y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p .

H i r a r k i f u n g s i o n a l y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h s e p e r t i t e r l i h a t d a l a m G a m b a r 1 . P e n e n t u a n h i r a r k i i n i d i d a s a r k a n p a d a p e m i k i r a n b a h w a u n s u r u t a m a d a l a m l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p a d a l a h u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m . P e n g e l o l a a n k e e m p a t u n s u r u t a m a d i a t a s j u g a m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i s u a t u d a e r a h . P e n g e l o l a a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h d i k e l o m p o k k a n m e n j a d i o p i n i p u b l i k , m a n a j e m e n , r e g u l a s i d a n f i s i k . O p i n i p u b l i k m e n g e n a i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i d a e r a h n y a s e n d i r i m e r u p a k a n h a l y a n g m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n d i s u a t u d a e r a h . O p i n i p u b l i k t e r s e b u t t e r m a s u k p e n i l a i a n m a s y a r a k a t y a n g t e r m a s u k d a l a m L S M a t a u p e n i l a i a n m a s y a r a k a t u m u m y a n g b i a s a n y a p a k a r l i n g k i m g a n a t a u o r a n g - o r a n g y a n g p r i h a t i n m e n g e n a i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g d i p u b l i k a s i m a u p u n t i d a k d i m e d i a . O p i n i p u b l i k i n i t e n t u s a j a t i d a k t e r b e n t u k d e n g a n s e n d i r i n y a . K u a l i t a s d a r i m a n a j e m e n d a n r e g u l a s i s e r t a

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M a r d a n u g r a h a ; Resosudarmo ; Pha rmase t i awan ; Ha l ima tus sad i yah ; Nugraha

f i s i k d a r i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p i t u s e n d i r i m e m b e n t u k o p i n i p u b l i k m a s y a r a k a t m e n g e n a i k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n n y a .

Gambar 1 B a g a n A H P Indeks L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p

I N D E K S K U A L I T A S L I N G K U N G A N H I D U P

T U J U A N

A. O P I N I P U B L I K i I

I M A N A J E M E N \

A l . U D A R A

C R E G U L A S I D . F I S I K

n i i _ , . _ ^ .1 . I L - _ - .......J _„ii A 4 . E K 0 S I S T E M ; : B l U D A R A i ! ; B 4 E K O S I S T E M . C t . U D A R A : ' C 4 E K O S I S T E M : : D I U D A R A i D 4 E K O S I S T E M .

| A 2 . T A N A H n A 3 A I R ^ B 2 . T A N A H j [ B J A I R ^ ! C 2 T A N A H ! ;C3AIR! P 2 T A N A H i i D 4 , A I R |

I N T E N S I T A S

D a l a m G a m b a r 1 d i a t a s d a p a t d i l i h a t b a h w a h i r a r k i f u n g s i o n a l t e r d i r i d a r i d u a l e v e l . L e v e l p e r t a m a t e r d i r i d a r i o p i n i p u b i k , m a n a j e m e n , r e g u l a s i d a n f i s i k s e d a n g k a n l e v e l k e d u a t e r d i r i d a r i u d a r a - t a n a h , a i r , d a n e k o s i s t e m . L e v e l p e r t a m a d i s e b u t d e n g a n k r i t e r i a d a n l e v e l k e d u a d i s e b u t d e n g a n s u b - k r i t e r i a . D i b a w a h m a s i n g - m a s i n g s u b - k r i t e r i a t e r d a p a t i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r y a n g a k a n d i t e n t u k a n i n t e n s i t a s n y a . I n t e n s i t a s d a r i s e t i a p i n d i k a t o r m e r u p a k a n u k u r a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g s u b - k r i t e r i a d a l a m b e n t u k a n g k a n u m e r i k .

B e b e r a p a c o n t o h i n d i k a t o r a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t , u n t u k k r i t e r i a m a n a j e m e n d e n g a n s u b - k r i t e r i a u d a r a , i n d i k a t o m y a d a p a t b e r u p a a d a a t a u t i d a k n y a p r o g r a m - p r o g r a m p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t / d a e r a h t e n t a n g p e n a n g a n a n k u a l i t a s u d a r a , s e p e r t i P r o g r a m L a n g i t B i m . S e d a n g k a n u n t u k k r i t e r i a m a n a j e m e n d e n g a n s u b - k r i t e r i a a i r , i n d i k a t o m y a d a p a t b e r u p a a d a a t a u t i d a k n y a p r o g r a m - p r o g r a m p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t / d a e r a h t e n t a n g p e n a n g a n a n k u a l i t a s a i r , s e p e r t i P r o g r a m K a l i B e r s i h . I n t e n s i t a s d a r i a d a a t a u t i d a k n y a p r o g r a m l a n g i t b i m d a n p r o g r a m k a l i b e r s i h d i s u a t u d a e r a h a d a l a h p e n i l a i a n y a n g p a d a a k h i r n y a m e n e n t u k a n I K L H .

B e r i k u t i n i a k a n m e m p a k a n d e f i n i s i d a r i s e t i a p k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i .

3 3 0

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H i d u p

K r i t e r i a O p i n i P u b l i k : o p i n i m a s y a r a k a t ( p e r s , L S M ) t e n t a n g k o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i w i l a y a h n y a .

Sub K i i t e n a : U d a r a : o p i n i m a s y a r a k a t ( p e r s , L S M ) t e n t a n g k o n d i s i u d a r a d i

w i l a y a h n y a .

T a n a h : o p i n i m a s y a r a k a t ( p e r s , L S M ) t e n t a n g k o n d i s i t a n a h d i w i l a y a h n y a .

A i r : o p i n i m a s y a r a k a t ( p e r s , L S M ) t e n t a n g k o n d i s i a i r d i w i l a y a h n y a .

E k o s i s t e m : o p i n i m a s y a r a k a t ( p e r s , L S M ) t e n t a n g e k o s i s t e m d i w i l a y a h n y a .

K r i t e r i a M a n a j e m e n : p e n g a t u r a n p e l e s t a r i a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p o l e h p e m e r i n t a h y a n g m e n c a k u p p e r e n c a n a a n , p e l a k s a n a a n d a n p e n g a w a s a n p r o g r a m - p r o g r a m l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p .

Sub K r i t e r i a : U d a r a : p e n g a t u r a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h d a l a m r a n g k a

p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i u d a r a d i w i l a y a h n y a .

T a n a h : p e n g a t u r a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h d a l a m r a n g k a

p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i t a n a h d i w i l a y a h n y a .

A i r : p e n g a t u r a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h d a l a m r a n g k a

p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i a i r d i w i l a y a h n y a .

E k o s i s t e m : p e n g a t u r a n y a n g d i l a k u k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h d a l a m r a n g k a p e n j a g a a n / k e l e s t a r i a n e k o s i s t e m d i w i l a y a h n y a .

K r i t e r i a R e g u l a s i : p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t m a u p u n d a e r a h d a l a m r a n g k a m e m e l i h a r a k e l e s t a r i a n l i n g k u r i g a n h i d u p .

Sub K r i t e r i a : U d a r a : p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t d a n

d a e r a h d a l a m r a n g k a p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i u d a r a d i w i l a y a h n y a .

3 3 1

Mardanugraha ; Resosudarmo; Pha rmase t i awan ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

T a n a h : p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t d a n d a e r a h d a l a m r a n g k a p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i t a n a h d i w i l a y a h n y a .

A i r : p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t d a n d a e r a h d a l a m r a n g k a p e n g e n d a l i a n p o l u s i a i r d i w i l a y a h n y a .

E k o s i s t e m : p e r a t u r a n y a n g d i k e l u a r k a n o l e h p e m e r i n t a h p u s a t d a n d a e r a h d a l a m r a n g k a p e n j a g a a n / k e l e s t a r i a n e k o s i s t e m d i w i l a y a h n y a .

K r i t e r i a F i s i k : k o n d i s i l i n g k u n g a n y a n g d i l i h a t d a r i a s p e k f i s i k ( y a n g t e r a m a t i s e c a r a n y a t a ) .

Sub K r i t e r i a : U d a r a : k o n d i s i f i s i k u d a r a d i w i l a y a h t e r s e b u t d e n g a n m e l i h a t

i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r k u a l i t a s u d a r a a n t a r a l a i n : S O x , N O x , S P M {suspended particulate matter).

T a n a h : k o n d i s i f i s i k t a n a h d i w i l a y a h t e r s e b u t d e n g a n m e l i h a t i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r k u a l i t a s t a n a h a n t a r a l a i n : % l u a s h u t a n , % l u a s t a n a h k e k e r i n g a n , d a n p e n g g u n a a n p u p u k .

A i r : k o n d i s i f i s i k a i r d i w i l a y a h t e r s e b u t d e n g a n m e l i h a t i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r k u a l i t a s a i r a n t a r a l a i n : B O D , C O D , L o g a m B e r a t . A i r y a n g d i m a k s u d m e n c a k u p s u n g a i , l a u t d a n a i r t a n a h .

E k o s i s t e m : k o n d i s i f i s i k e k o s i s t e m d i w i l a y a h t e r s e b u t y a n g m e n c a k u p l a u t , h u t a n d a n k a w a s a n k u m u h .

2.2. Tahap Kedua: A n a l y t i c a l H i e r a r c h y Process ( A H V )

D a l a m m e n g h a s i l k a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , p e n e l i t i a n i n i m e m e r l u k a n b o b o t u n t u k k r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a - s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p . P e n e n t u a n b o b o t i n i d i h a s i l k a n d e n g a n m e n g g i m a k a n m e t o d e Analytic Hierarchy Process ( A H P ) . A H P m e r u p a k a n m e t o d e u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n u k u r a n k u a n t i t a t i f d a l a m p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n s e s e o r a n g a t a u a k u m u l a s i d a r i p e n d a p a t

3 3 2

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H i d u p

b e b e r a p a o r a n g . M o d e l p e n g a m b i l a n k e p u t u s a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n A H P a d a l a h b e r d a s a r k a n s u a t u h i r a r k i f u n g s i o n a l t e r t e n t u . A H P m e n g g u n a k a n p e r s e p s i s e s e o r a n g a t a u b e b e r a p a o r a n g y a n g d i a n g g a p p a k a r . D a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i p i l i h p a k a r y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r m e n g e r t i m a s a l a h l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p . P a d a d a s a m y a , A H P m e m p a k a n s u a t u p r o s e s y a n g m e m b e r i k a n p e n i l a i a n n u m e r i k u n t u k p e r s e p s i s e s e o r a n g . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , p a k a r b e r t i n d a k s e b a g a i p e n e n t u b o b o t p a d a k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a t e r s e b u t .

P e m b o b o t a n d i l a k u k a n d u a t a h a p . T a h a p p e r t a m a a d a l a h d e n g a n m e m b a n d i n g k a n s u a t u s u b k r i t e r i a d e n g a n s u b k r i t e r i a - s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g l a i n n y a d a l a m s a t u k r i t e r i a y a n g s a m a . T a h a p k e d u a a d a l a h m e m b a n d i n g k a n s u a t u k r i t e r i a d e n g a n k r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a y a n g l a i n n y a . B o b o t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n a d a l a h b e r u p a n i l a i y a n g j u m l a h n y a s a m a d e n g a n s a t u i m t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g t a h a p . D a l a m m e l a k u k a n p e m b o b o t a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e A H P , d i b a n d i n g k a n d e r a j a t k e p e n t i n g a n s u a t u k r i t e r i a d e n g a n k r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a l a i n n y a d a n s u a t u s u b k r i t e r i a d e n g a n s u b k r i t e r i a - s u b k r i t e r i a l a i n n y a y a n g b e r a d a p a d a s a t u k r i t e r i a . D e r a j a t k e p e n t i n g a n i t u d i w a k i l i o l e h s u a t u n i l a i y a n g m e m p u n y a i p e r i n g k a t 1 - 9 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ) .

B o b o t d i p e r o l e b d e n g a n c a r a m e n y e b a r k a n k u e s i o n e r k e p a d a p a r a p a k a r l i n g k u n g a n , u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n p e n i l a i a n m e n g e n a i d e r a j a t k e p e n t i n g a n d a r i k r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a - s u b k r i t e r i a . J a w a b a n d a r i m a s i n g - m a s i n g k u e s i o n e r d i o l e h d e n g a n m e n g g u n k a n p r o g r a m expert choice u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h b o b o t . D a l a m p r o g r a m expert choice, d i t a m p i l k a n p u l a t i n g k a t i n k o n s i s t e n s i s e s e o r a n g d a l a m m e n g i s i k u i s i o n e r . S e m a k i n k e c i l t i n g k a t i n k o n s i s t e n s i d a l a m p e n g i s i a n k u i s i o n e r s e m a k i n b a i k . Expert Choice m e n t a r g e t k a n n i l a i y a n g l e b i h k e c i l d a r i 0 , 1 u n t u k k u i s i o n e r y a n g d i a n g g a p k o n s i s t e n .

S e l e n g k a p n y a , l a n g k a h - l a n g k a h y a n g d i p a k a i u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h b o b o t t e r s e b u t a d a l a h :

1 . M e n g u m p u l k a n k u e s i o n e r y a n g d i s e b a r k a n k e p a k a r l i n g k u n g a n d a n m e m a s u k k a n h a s i l n y a s a t u p e r s a t u k e d a l a m p r o g r a m expert choice u n t u k d i l i h a t t i n g k a t i n s o n s i s t e n s i n y a u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g l e v e l / t i n g k a t p a d a h i r a r k i m a u p u n t i n g k a t i n k o n s i s t e n s i s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n .

3 3 3

Mardanugraha ; Resosudarmo ; P h a r m a s e t i a w a n ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

2 . M e n y e l e k s i k u e s i o n e r . J i k a t i n g k a t i n k o n s i s t e n s i s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n d a r i s e b u a h k u e s i o n e r t e r l a l u b e s a r , y a i t u d i a t a s 0 , 3 m a k a , k u e s i o n e r t e r s e b u t t i d a k d i g i m a k a n d a l a m p e r b i t u n g a n b o b o t i n d i k a t o r .

3 . M e m p e r b a i k i k u e s i o n e r y a n g t e l a h d i s e l e k s i , s a m p a i m e m p e r o l e h t i n g k a t k o n s i s t e n s i y a n g c u k u p b a i k , a r t i n y a m e n d e k a t i n i l a i 0 , 1 .

4 . M e n g b i t u n g b o b o t k r i t e r i a / s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g d i h a s i l k a n u n t u k s e t i a p k u e s i o n e r .

5 . M e n g b i t u n g r a t a - r a t a d a r i b o b o t y a n g d i h a s i l k a n d a r i s e t i a p k u i s i o n e r s e b a g a i b o b o t k r e t e r i a / s u b k r i t e r i a a k h i r .

D i s a m p i n g m e n d a p a t k a n b o b o t u n t u k s e t i a p k r i t e r i a d a n s u b -k r i t e r i a , d i p e r l u k a n p u l a b o b o t u n t u k i n d i k a t o r y a n g m e r i n c i s e t i a p s u b k r i t e r i a y a n g t e l a h d i t e n t u k a n . P e n e n t u a n b o b o t i n d i k a t o r y a n g s p e s i f i k i n i s e h a r u s n y a d i l a k u k a n p u l a o l e h p a k a r y a n g b e n a r - b e n a r m e n g e r t i s p e s i f i k a s i s e t i a p i n d i k a t o r d e n g a n c a r a y a n g s a m a d e n g a n m e n e n t u k a n b o b o t k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a s e p e r t i y a n g t e l a h d i j a b a r k a n d i a t a s . N a m u n , d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i p a k a r t i d a k d i m i n t a u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n b o b o t d a r i i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r t e r s e b u t . H a l i n i d i s e b a b k a n k a r e n a i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r y a n g d i g u n a k a n s a n g a t b a n y a k , s e h i n g g a p r o s e s p e m b o b o t a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n m e t o d e A H P a k a n s a n g a t s u l i t u n t u k d i l a k u k a n d a n m e m a k a n w a k t u y a n g l a m a . D a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i , s e t i a p i n d i k a t o r d i b e r i b o b o t y a n g s a m a d e n g a n s a t u p e r j u m l a h i n d i k a t o r y a n g d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g s u b k r i t e r i a . I n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o r i n i d a p a t d i c a r i d a t a n y a u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g d a e r a h , k e m u d i a n d i t e n t u k a n i n t e n s i t a s n y a u n t u k p a d a a k h i r n y a m e n g h a s i l k a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p .

2.3. Tahap Ketiga: Intensitas Indikator

S e t e l a h k i t a m e n d a p a t k a n b o b o t d a r i k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r - i n d i k a t o m y a , p e r l u d i c a r i d a t a y a n g c o c o k d e n g a n i n d i k a t o r -i n d i k a t o r y a n g t e l a h d i t e t a p k a n s e b e l u m n y a .

D a t a y a n g d i g u n a k a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i a d a l a h D a t a D a s a r U m u m ( D D U ) , D a t a D a s a r T e k n i s ( D D T ) s e r t a P r o g r a m J a n g k a M e n e n g a h ( P J M ) d a r i s e t i a p k a b u p a t e n / k o t a d i I n d o n e s i a . D e n g a n

3 3 4

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H i d u p

d e m i k i a n , d a p a t d i p e r o l e b i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p u n t u k s e t i a p k a b u p a t e n / k o t a d i I n d o n e s i a .

A d a p i m f o r m a t b e n t u k k e l u a r a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n i n t e n s i t a s d a r i m a s i n g - m a s i n g i n d i k a t o r b e r d a s a r k a n d a t a y a n g t e r s e d i a a d a l a h s e b a g a i t e r l i h a t d i Tabel 1 .

Tabel 1 B e n t u k F o r m a t K e l u a r a n I n t e n s i t a s I n d i k a t o r

Nama daerah kabupaten/ kota

Indikator'

1 2 3 4 5 297 1 SB K S SB K B 2 B SB K S B K 3

312 SK K S SK B K

K e t e r a n g a n :

S B = S a n g a t B a i k B = B a i k S = S e d a n g K = B u r u k S K = S a n g a t B u r u k

2.4. Tahap Keempat: Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup (IKLH) Daerah

I n t e n s i t a s d a r i i n d i k a t o r y a n g m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h d i u k u r d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n a n g k a n u m e r i k 1 y a n g b e r a r t i " s a n g a t b u r u k " , 2 y a n g b e r a r t i " b u r u k " , 3 y a n g b e r a r t i " b a i k " d a n 4 y a n g b e r a r t i " s a n g a t b a i k " . A n g k a 0 d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e m b e r i k a n i n t e n s i t a s p a d a i n d i k a t o r y a n g d a t a n y a t i d a k t e r s e d i a u n t u k k a b u p a t e n / k o t a t e r t e n t u , s e m e n t a r a d a t a d i k a b u p a t e n / k o t a l a i n t e r s e d i a .

9 Indikator 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, ,297 sesuai dengan penjelasan detinisi indikator pada Tabel Indikator I N D E K S K U A L I T A S L I N G K U N G A N H I D U P (IKLH) dalam laporan akhir "Analisis dan Penyusunan Tipologi Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup Daerah".

3 3 5

Mardanugraha ; Resosudarmo; Pha rmase t i awan ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

S e t e l a h i t u , n i l a i - n i l a i y a n g t e l a h d i p e r o l e h t a d i d i s u b s t i t u s i k a n k e d a l a m p e r s a m a a n l i n i e r y a n g m e n g g a b u n g k a n s u b k r i t e r i a - s u b k r i t e r i a i m t u k s u a t u k r i t e r i a d e n g a n m a s i n g - m a s i n g b o b o t n y a . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n a d a 4 n i l a i y a n g a k a n d i h a s i l k a n u n t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g k r i t e r i a . K e e m p a t n i l a i i n i d i s u b s t i t u s i k a n l a g i k e d a l a m s u a t u p e r s a m a a n y a n g m e n g g a b u n g k a n k r i t e r i a - k r i t e r i a u n t u k m e n g h a s i l k a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h . P r o s e s p e r b i t u n g a n i n i d a p a t d e n g a n m u d a h d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n b a n t u a n microsoft excel.

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n c a r a p e r b i t u n g a n i n i , m a k a n i l a i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g a k a n d i h a s i l k a n a d a l a h n i l a i n u m e r i k d a r i 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 4 . S e m a k i n t i n g g i n i l a i i n d e k s m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i k a b u p a t e n / k o t a t e r s e b u t s e m a k i n b a i k .

H a s i l d a r i p e n e l i t i a n i n i d i j a b a r k a n d a l a m b a g i a n i n i . P e m b a h a s a n d a r i h a s i l d i l a k u k a n u n t u k m e m p e r j e l a s i n t e r p r e t a s i d a r i h a s i l p e r b i t u n g a n .

3.1. Hasil Perhitungan Bobot Kriteria / Sub-kriteria

D a r i 1 3 k u e s i o n e r y a n g m a s u k h a n y a 7 k u e s i o n e r y a n g t i n g k a t i n k o n -s i s t e n s i n y a d i b a w a h 0 , 3 . B e r d a s a r k a n 7 k u e s i o n e r y a n g d i k u m p u l k a n d a r i p a r a p a k a r y a n g b e r a s a l d a r i u n i v e r s i t a s , L S M , p e m e r i n t a h d a n p e r s , d i h a s i l k a n b o b o t u n t u k k r i t e r i a d a n s u b k r i t e r i a . U n t u k l e v e l p e r t a m a , j u m l a h d a r i b o b o t - b o b o t t e r s e b u t n i l a i n y a s a m a d e n g a n s a t u . U n t u k m a s i n g l e v e l k e d u a , p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g k r i t e r i a , j u m l a h d a r i k e e m p a t b o b o t t e r s e b u t j u g a s a m a d e n g a n s a t u . H a s i l i n i p a d a a k h i r n y a d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n e n t u k a n n i l a i d a r i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p . P e r h i t u n g a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p m e n g i k u t i f u n g s i -f u n g s i s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

3. H A S I L D A N P E M B A H A S A N

T = 0.025 * 0 + 0.267 * A/ + 0.213 * /? + 0.295 * F ( 1 )

O = 0.294 *U\ + 0.120 * n + 0.403 * / I I + 0.183 * £1 ( 2 )

M = 0.310* (72 - h 0.135 * 72 + 0.380* /12 + 0.175 * E 2 (3)

336

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H idup

/? = 0.332*U3 +0.181*73+ 0.317*.43+ 0.170*7:3 ( 4 )

F = 0.288 * (74 + 0.217 * 74 + 0.347 * A 4 + 0.148 * E 4 ( 5 ) d i m a n a

T = i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p

O = i n d e k s k u a l i t a s o p i n i p u b l i k

M = i n d e k s k u a l i t a s m a n a j e m e n

R = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s r e g u l a s i

F = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s f i s i k

U 1 , T 1 , A 1 , E l = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s o p i n i p u b l i k u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m y a n g n i l a i n y a d i t e n t u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r o p i n i p u b l i k u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m .

U 2 , T 2 , A 2 , E 2 = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s m a n a j e m e n u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m y a n g n i l a i n y a d i t e n t u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r m a n a j e m e n u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m .

U 3 , T 3 , A 3 , E 3 = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s r e g u l a s i u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m y a n g n i l a i n y a d i t e n t u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r r e g u l a s i u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m .

U 4 , T 4 , A 4 , E 4 = I n d e k s k u a l i t a s f i s i k u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m y a n g n i l a i n y a d i t e n t u k a n b e r d a s a r k a n i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r f i s i k u d a r a , t a n a h , a i r d a n e k o s i s t e m .

3.2. Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah

U n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s f i s i k l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g a d a p a d a s e t i a p k r i t e r i a , i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r m e n g i s i n i l a i - n i l a i U 4 , A 4 , T 4 , d a n E 4 p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 5 ) . U n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s r e g u l a s i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g a d a p a d a s e t i a p k r i t e r i a , i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r m e n g i s i n i l a i - n i l a i U 3 , A 3 , T 3 , d a n E 3 p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 4 ) . U n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s m a n a j e m e n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g a d a p a d a s e t i a p k r i t e r i a , i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r m e n g i s i n i l a i - n i l a i U 2 , A 2 , T 2 , d a n E 2 y a n g a d a p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 3 ) . U n t u k m e n i l a i k u a l i t a s o p i n i p u b l i k l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p , y a n g a d a p a d a

3 3 7

Mardanugraha ; Resosudarmo ; P h a r m a s e t i a w a n ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

s e t i a p k r i t e r i a , i n t e n s i t a s i n d i k a t o r m e n g i s i n i l a i - n i l a i U l , A l , T l , d a n E l y a n g a d a p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 ) .

S e t e l a h m e n d a p a t k a n n i l a i - n i l a i p a d a p e r s a m a a n ( 2 ) s a m p a i ( 5 ) i m t u k m a s i n g - m a s i n g k a b u p a t e n , m a k a h a s i l a k h i r u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h p e r i n g k a t k a b u p a t e n a d a l a h d e n g a n m e m a s u k k a n n i l a i t e r s e b u t k e d a l a m p e r s a m a a n ( 1 ) . H a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n a k h i r , y a i t u h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n b e r d a s a r k a n p e r s a m a a n ( 1 ) m e r u p a k a n h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n y a n g m e n g h a s i l k a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h . P r o s e s p e r h i t u n g a n i n i d a p a t d e n g a n m u d a h d i l a k u k a n d e n g a n b a n t u a n microsoft excel.

D e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n c a r a p e r h i t u n g a n i n i , m a k a n i l a i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g d i h a s i l k a n a d a l a h d a r i 0 s a m p a i d e n g a n 4 . S e m a k i n t i n g g i n i l a i i n d e k s m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i k a b u p a t e n / k o t a t e r s e b u t s e m a k i n b a i k . D a r i 1 1 9 k a b u p a t e n y a n g d i o b s e r v a s i d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i , n i l a i i n d e k s y a n g d i h a s i l k a n h a n y a b e r k i s a r a n t a r a 0 , 0 2 5 s a m p a i 1 , 8 9 8 . H a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n i n i m a s i h m e n g a b a i k a n k r i t e r i a o p i n i p u b l i k k a r e n a b e l u m a d a d a t a i n d i k a t o r o p i n i p u b l i k t e r s e b u t .

3.3. Analisis Indeks Kualitas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah

S e b a g a i g a m b a r a n , d i b a w a h i n i d i j a b a r k a n s u a t u a n a l i s i s d e s k r i p s i y a n g m e n g a i t k a n i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h d e n g a n k e a d a a n p e r e k o n o m i a n . A n a l i s i s d i b a t a s i p a d a t i g a p r o p i n s i y a i t u J a w a T e n g a h , J a w a T i m u r d a n R i a y . P a d a Tabel 3 d a p a t d i l i h a t n i l a i m a k s i m u m d a n m i n i m u m I n d e k s L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p d i p r o p i n s i R i a u , J a w a T e n g a h d a n J a w a T i m u r . S e d a n g k a n i n d i k a t o r e k o n o m i y a n g d i g u n a k a n a d a l a h p r o d u k D o m e s t i k R e g i o n a l B r u t o ( P D R B ) y a n g n i l a i - n i l a i n y a u n t u k t a h u n 1 9 9 5 , 1 9 9 6 d a n 1 9 9 7 d a p a t d i l i h a t d a l a m Tabel 2 d i b a w a h i n i .

T a b e l 2 P D R B D a e r a h R i a u , J a w a T e n g a h , d a n J a w a T i m u r

Propinsi Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) 1995 1996 1997

Riau 18.783.299 19.796.810 20.249.411 Jawa Tengah 39.013.953 41.862.204 42.952.583 Jawa Timur 57.040.504 61.752.469 64.857.662

3 3 8

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H idup

T a b e l 3 j N i l a i T e r t i n g g i d a n T e r e n d a h i n d e k s L i n g k u n g a n H i d u p D a e r a h R i a u ,

J a w a T e n g a h , d a n J a w a T i m u r

Propinsi Nilai Tertinggi Nilai Terendah Kabupaten Nilai Kabupaten Nilai

Riau indragiri Hulu 0,189 Indragiri Hilir 0,060 )awa Tengah Cilacap 0,447 Pekalongan 0,131 Jawa Timur Kediri 1,268 Ponorogo 0,180

K e d u a t a b e l d i a t a s m e n u n j u k k a n h u b u n g a n y a n g p o s i t i f d i m a n a u n t u k p r o p i n s i y a n g P D R B n y a p a l i n g t i n g g i , y a i t u J a w a T i m u r m a k a i n d e k s l i n g k u n g a n n y a j u g a p a l i n g t i n g g i . S e d a n g k a n u n t u k p r o p i n s i R i a u y a n g P D R B n y a p a l i n g r e n d a h i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p n y a j u g a m e n u n j u k k a n n i l a i y a n g p a l i n g r e n d a h . N a m u n d e m i k i a n n i l a i - n i l a i i n d e k s d i a t a s m a s i h t e r g o l o n g r e n d a h . M i s a l n y a u n t u k J a w a T i m u r , n i l a i m i n i m u m i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p n y a m a s i h j a u h b e r a d a d i b a w a h s a t u ( 0 , 1 8 0 ) . H a l i n i m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a k e p e d u l i a n t e r h a d a p l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i J a w a T i m u r t i d a k m e r a t a u n t u k s e t i a p k a b u p a t e n .

I n t e r v a l n i l a i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p p a d a k a b u p a t e n -k a b u p a t e n a t a u k o t a - k o t a d a l a m s u a t u p r o p i n s i d a p a t m e n u n j u k k a n a p a k a h d i p r o p i n s i t e r s e b u t k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p m e r a t a a t a u k u r a n g m e r a t a . K u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g m e r a t a p a d a s e t i a p p r o p i n s i d a p a t t e r c e r m i n d e n g a n s e m a k i n s e m p i t n y a i n t e r v a l a n t a r a n i l a i m a k s i m u m d a n n i l a i m i n i m u m d a r i i n d e k s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h . K u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g b a i k u n t u k s u a t u p r o p i n s i t e n t u s a j a a k a n t e r c e r m i n d e n g a n t i n g g i n y a n i l a i d a r i i n d e k s k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h .

4. K E S I M P U L A N D A N S A R A N

4.1. Kesimpulan

K u a l i t a s l i n g k i m g a n h i d u p d a e r a h t i d a k d a p a t h a n y a d i t e n t u k a n o l e h k o n d i s i f i s i k l i n g k u n g a n s u a t u d a e r a h s a j a . K u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s u a t u d a e r a h j u g a h a r u s m e m p e r t i m b a n g k a n a s p e k n o n f i s i k d a r i l i n g k u n g a n t e r s e b u t . F i s i k d a r i l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a p a t d i k a t a k a n b a i k j i k a m e l a l u i s u a t u p r o s e s p e r b a i k a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n p r o s e s u n t u k

3 3 9

Mardanugraha ; Resosudarmo ; Pha rmase t i awan ; Ha l imatussad iyah ; Nugraha

m e n d a p a t k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g b a i k j u g a h a r u s d i p e r h i t u n g k a n d a l a m m e n e n t u k a n k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p . R e g u l a s i , M a n a j e m e n d a n O p i n i P u b l i k m e r u p a k a n a s p e k n o n - f i s i k y a n g m e n e n t u k a n p r o s e s u n t u k m e m p e r o l e h k u a l i t a s l i n g k i m g a n h i d u p y a n g b a i k .

K e p e r d u l i a n p i h a k - p i h a k y a n g t e r k a i t d a l a m p e n g e l o l a a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d a e r a h , b a i k p e m e r i n t a h m a u p u n m a s y a r a k a t , d i n i l a i m a s i h s a n g a t k u r a n g . H a l i n i t e r c e r m i n p a d a m a s i h r e n d a h n y a n i l a i i n d e k s l i n g k u n g a n p a d a m a s i n g - m a s i n g k a b u p a t e n / k o t a d i I n d o n e s i a . M e n u r u t h a s i l p e r h i t u n g a n d a l a m p e n e l i t i a n i n i , i n d e k s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p y a n g t e r t i n g g i 1 , 8 9 8 u n t u k s e l u r u h k a b u p a t e n d i I n d o n e s i a a d a l a h d a n y a n g t e r e n d a h 0 , 0 2 5 a d a l a h d a r i n i l a i t e r t i n g g i 4 .

4.2. Saran

D e n g a n d i p e r o l e h n y a n i l a i - n i l a i i n d e k s l i n g k u n g a n y a n g m a s i h t e r m a s u k r e n d a h u n t u k k a b u p a t e n - k a b u p a t e n d i I n d o n e s i a s e c a r a k e s e l u r u h a n , s e m u a p i h a k t e r u t a m a p e m e r i n t a h d i h a r u s k a n u n t u k l e b i h m e m u s a t k a n p e r h a t i a n n y a k e p a d a k i n e r j a p e n g e l o l a a n l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p d i d a e r a h y a n g d i w a k i l i o l e h e m p a t k r i t e r i a u t a m a y a i t u f i s i k , m a n a j e m e n , r e g u l a s i , d a n o p i n i p u b l i k

P e n e l i t i a n i n i m e n y a r a n k a n u n t u k d i a d a k a n n y a p e n e l i t i a n l a n j u t a n d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n b o b o t - b o b o t y a n g t e r s e d i a a t a u m e n g g u n a k a n b o b o t - b o b o t b a r u y a n g m e l i b a t k a n p e m i k i r a n l e b i h b a n y a k p a k a r u n t u k m e n g u k u r k u a l i t a s l i n g k u n g a n h i d u p s e c a r a l e b i h o b j e k t i f u n t u k s e t i a p k a b u p a t e n .

5. D A F T A R P U S T A K A

B a d a n P e n g e n d a l i a n D a m p a k L i n g k u n g a n . ( 1 9 9 9 ) . Himpunan Peraturan

Tentang Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan.

. ( 1 9 9 9 ) . Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 41

tahun 1999 tentang Pengendalian Pencemaran Udara.

B r o d j o n e g o r o , B a m b a n g P . S . ( 1 9 9 2 ) . AHP. J a k a r t a : P u s a t A n t a r

U n i v e r s i t a s S t u d i E k o n o m i , U n i v e r s i t a s I n d o n e s i a .

H a r v a r d U n i v e r s i t y : T h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l I n d i c e s P r o j e c t . ( 1 9 9 6 ) . Measuring Sustainable Development in Asia: Environmental Quality Indices.

3 4 0

Indeks Pengelo laan L ingkungan H i d u p

H e a t o n , G . a n d B . P . R e s o s u d a r m o . ( 2 0 0 0 ) . T e c h n o l o g y a n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l P e r f o r m a n c e : L e v e r a g i n g G r o w t h a n d S u s t a i n a b i l i t y . D . P . A n g e l a n d M . R o c k ( e d s . ) , A s i a ' s Clean Revolution: Industry, Crowth and the Environment, U n i t e d K i n g d o m : G r e a n l e a f P u b l i s h i n g .

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