Anais(Hari)

2006 Ministry of Health - Brazil.All rights reserved. This work may be partially or totally reproduced, provided that it mentions the source and suchreproduction is not for sales or any other commercial purpose.The technical area is responsible for copyrights of texts and images herein.The Ministry of Health - Brazil institutional collection can be accessed at the Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde of the Ministry ofHealth - Brazil: http://www.saude.gov.br/bvs

Series D. Meetings and Conferences

Circulation: 1st edition – 2006 – 500 issues

Edition, distribution and inqualification:MINISTRY OF HEALTH - BRAZILSecretariat for Health SurveillanceDepartment of Epidemiological SurveillanceEsplanada dos Ministérios, bloco G, Edifício-sede, 1° andar, sala 134ZIP: 70.058-900, Brasilia – DFE-mail: [email protected] adress: www.saude.gov.br/svs

Printed in Brazil

Catalog Record

___________________________________________________________________________________________________International Conference Rabies in the Américas (17. : 2006 Oct. : Brasilia, Brazil)

RITA XVII : Rabies in the Américas : Annals / Ministry of Health - Brazil = RITA XVII : Reunión Internacional deRabia en las Américas : Anales / Ministerio de la Salud de Brasil = RITA XVII : Reunião Internacional de Raiva nas Américas: anais / Ministerio da Saúde. – Brasilia : Ministry of Health - Brazil, 2006.

220 p. – (Series D. Meetings and Conferences)

Brasilia, Brazil, 15th-20th October / 2006 ISBN 85-334-1292-4

1. Rabies. 2. Epidemiologic Surveillance. I. Title. II. Series.

NLM WC 550_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Catalog record in the source – General-Coordination of Documentation and Information – Editora MS – OS 2006/1251

Index titles:

Portuguese: Reunião Internacional de Raiva nas Américas: AnaisSpanish: Reunión Internacional de Rabia en las Américas: Anales

MINISTRY OF HEALTH - BRAZILSECRETARIAT FOR HEALTH SURVEILLANCE

DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE

Brasilia, Brazil, 15th-20th October / 2006

Series D. Meetings and Conferences

Brasilia – DF2006

INTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNAINTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE/ COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE/ COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE/ COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE/ COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNATIONAL STEERING COMMITTEE/ COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONAL/COMITÉCIONAL/COMITÉCIONAL/COMITÉCIONAL/COMITÉCIONAL/COMITÉCIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONALCIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONALCIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONALCIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONALCIENTÍFICO INTERNACIONAL

Hilary Koprowski - Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Charles Rupprecht - Center of Diseases Control & Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Susan Nadin-Davis - Canadian FoodInspection Agency, Nepean, Ontario, Canada

Dennis Donovan - Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, Canada

Laura Robinson - Texas Department of Health, Harlinger, Texas, USA

Alan C. Jackson - Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Fernando Vargas Pino - Secretaría de Prevención y Protección a la Salud, México, D.F., México

George Baer - México, D.F., México

Dr. Diódoro Batalla Campero - National Center for Diagnostic Services in Animal Health, Mexico

Albino José Belotto - Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C USA

Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira (chairperson XVII RITA) - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

NANANANANATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE/COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE/COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE/COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE/COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO NATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE/COMITÊ CIENTÍFICO NACIONAL/COMITÉ CIENTÍFICOCIONAL/COMITÉ CIENTÍFICOCIONAL/COMITÉ CIENTÍFICOCIONAL/COMITÉ CIENTÍFICOCIONAL/COMITÉ CIENTÍFICONACIONALNACIONALNACIONALNACIONALNACIONAL

Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

Expedito Luna - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

Eduardo Hage Carmo - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

Lucia Regina Montebello Pereira - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

Marcelo Yoshito Wada - Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, Brasil

Carlos Roberto Zanetti - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil

Fumio Homna Ito - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Ivanete Kotait - Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil

Neide Yumie Takaoka - Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil

Ruben Figueroa - OPAS/Brasil, Brasília, Brasil

Neusa Maria Frazatti Gallinas - Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brasil

Marcelo Simão Ferreira - Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical, Brasil

EXECUTIVE OFFICE/COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA/COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORAEXECUTIVE OFFICE/COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA/COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORAEXECUTIVE OFFICE/COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA/COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORAEXECUTIVE OFFICE/COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA/COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORAEXECUTIVE OFFICE/COMISSÃO ORGANIZADORA/COMISIÓN ORGANIZADORA

Eunice de Lima - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Lucia Regina Montebello Pereira - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Ana Maria Lacerda Kuchembuck - Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil

Ivanete Kotait - Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil

Sabrina Mendes - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Marcelo Yoshito Wada - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Fábio Camilo - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Carlos Estênio - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Tatiana Portela - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Otávio Guimarães - Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Márcia Maria de Oliveira - Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil

Carla da Silva Goulart - Ministério da Agricultura, Brasil

SUMÁRIOCOMPENDIUM

SUMARIO

APRESENTAÇÃO / INTRODUCTION / PRESENTACIÓN ............................................................

Clinical and Epidemiological Features of Human Rabies Cases at San Lazaro Hospital, Philippines

1987 to 2006 .....................................................................................................................................

Analyze the Possible Factors of Human Rabies Epidemic in China in 2005 .........................................

Epidemiology of Human Rabies in the USA, 1980-2006 ...................................................................

Cambios del Perfil Epidemiológico de la Rabia en Brasil: Estudios Antigénicos y Genéticos .................

Control de la Rabia: 30 Años de Trabajo Intersectorial de en las Américas .........................................

Description of Human Rabies Transmitted by Wild Animals - Brazil - 1996 to 2005 .........................

Human Rabies : A Survival From the Past ............................................................................................

Clinical Experience With Purified Vero Cell Rabies Vaccine (PVRV) for Pre-Exposure Immunization

in Children ...........................................................................................................................................

Cross-Neutralization of Purified Chick Embryo Cell Culture Vaccine (PCECV) Against Non-Classical

Rabies Virus Strains ..............................................................................................................................

Evaluation of the Information System of the Program of the Rabies Epidemiological Surveillance,

Brasil - 2001 to 2005 .........................................................................................................................

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Against Thai Street Rabies Virus And Eurasian Bat Lyssaviruses

With Purified Chick Embryo Vaccine, Pepsin-Digested Erig, Human Rabies Immune Globulin and a

Human Monoclonal Antibody (MAB 17C7) .......................................................................................

Comparative Study on Immunogenicity, Safety and Tolerence of Purified Duck Embryo Vaccines

(PDEV) Manufactured in India (VAXIRAB) and Switzerland (LYSSAVAC) ............................................

Evaluation of Prophylaxis Treatment for Rabies During a Human Rabies Outbreak Due to Vampire

Bat Exposure — Turiaçú Municipalty, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2005 ....................................................

Limitations of F(AB)2 Fragments in Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis ...............................................

Evaluation of The Indexes Of Rabies Prophylaxis And Control In The State Of Amazonas - 1996

To 2005 ..............................................................................................................................................

Biopterin Deficiency In Human Rabies ................................................................................................

18

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

FIRST SESSION: “HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLFIRST SESSION: “HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLFIRST SESSION: “HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLFIRST SESSION: “HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLFIRST SESSION: “HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLOGOGOGOGOGYYYYY, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREA, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREA, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREA, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREA, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT”TMENT”TMENT”TMENT”TMENT”

SUMÁRIO / COMPENDIUM / SUMARIO

Therapy With Minocycline Aggravates Experimental Rabies In Mice ....................................................

siRNA-Directed Inhibition of Rabies Virus and Protection from Rabies Infection in Mouse Models.....

Lack of Efficacy of Ketamine Therapy in Experimental Rabies in Mice ..................................................

Antiviral Strategies Against the Lyssavirus Replication Complex: Peptides Mimicking the NH2

Terminus of the Rabies P Protein Have Antiviral Activity ......................................................................

Evaluation of Human Monoclonal Antibodies CR57 and CR4098 Against a Global Panel of Rabies

Viruses ................................................................................................................................................

Web-Based Rabies Treatment Registry With Downloadable Protocol [www.chw.org/rabies] ...........

Prevalence Study on Vampire-Bat (Desmodus Rotundus) Bites in a Rural Population Following an

Outbreak of Rabies-Related Deaths - Maranhão State, Brazil, 2005 ...................................................

Description of Human Rabies Case in Veterinary, Minas Gerais State, 2006 .....................................

Hábitos Alimenticios de la Comunidad Ñhañhü y Riesgo de Exposición a la Rabia Silvestre ...............

Manejo de Pacientes con Lesiones Graves Provocadas por Perro en Áreas con Ausencia de Casos

de Rabia Canina, en el Estado de Chiapas México ...............................................................................

Outbreak of Vampire-Bats Bites in Humans in Vila Velha-ES, 2006 ....................................................

Attacks of the Common Vampire Bats at Indigenous Villages From Northern Brazil ...........................

Anthropological Study of Rabies Outbreak in the City of Portel (PA/Amazônia/Brazil): Conceptions

and Representations of the Illness for the Family of the Victims ..........................................................

Rabies Prevention and Global Awareness ...........................................................................................

Identification of Pathogenicity Determinants of Rabies Virus (RV) and Assessment of the Role of the

Rate of Virus Replication/Transcription in Pathogenesis ........................................................................

Dominance of the Rabies Virus G Protein Carrying a Non-Pathogenic Determinant over the G

Protein Carrying a Pathogenic Determinant .........................................................................................

Consequences of the Innate Immune Response to Rabies Virus Infection .........................................

Early Spread of Rabies Virus and the Development of Immunity .........................................................

Rabies Pathogenesis and the Blood-Brain Barrier .................................................................................

Clearance of Rabies Virus from the Central Nervous System .............................................................

Host Response to European Bat Lyssavirus (EBLV) Infection, Part I: Susceptibility of Eptesicus

Fuscus to EBLV-1 Following Different Routes of Infection ..................................................................

Differences between EBLV-1 and EBLV-2 Pathogenesis: Sheep as a Model of Disease Recovery ......

SECOND SESSION: “RABIES PSECOND SESSION: “RABIES PSECOND SESSION: “RABIES PSECOND SESSION: “RABIES PSECOND SESSION: “RABIES PAAAAATHOGENESIS”THOGENESIS”THOGENESIS”THOGENESIS”THOGENESIS”

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

A New Model to Study an Alternative Pathway for Rabies Transmission .............................................

Non-Bite Transmission of Rabies Virus ..............................................................................................

Aislamiento de Virus Rabico en Glandulas Salivales de Murcielagos Insectivoros ................................

Isolation of Rabies Virus in Mice and N2A Cells from Naturally Infected Bats of the State of São

Paulo, Southern Brazil .........................................................................................................................

Investigación del Virus de la Rabia en Glándulas Salivares de Cánidos Silvestres (Cerdocyon Thous),

Infectados Naturalmente, en el Estado de Piauí, Brasil ........................................................................

Research Trends on Rabies in the FGI “Federal Centre For Animal Health” .......................................

Laboratorial Diagnostic of Rabies: Comparation between Rabies Tissue Culture Inoculation, Mouse

Inoculation and Fluorescent Antibody Tests, Using Bovine and Equine Specimens .............................

Human Rabies Transmitted by Vampire Bats: Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Rabies Virus

Isolates from Ecuador and Brazil .........................................................................................................

Molecular Epidemiological Study of Rabies Virus Isolates from Trinidad and Comparison with

Isolates from the South American Continent ......................................................................................

Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies Viruses from Domestic and Wild Mammalian of Brazil ................

Rabies in Cerdocyon Thous (Crab Eating Fox), Northeastern Brazil: Genetic Identification and Fox

Rabies Association with Dogs and Cats ..............................................................................................

Antigenic and Molecular Characterization of Positive Canine Samples to Rabies in Mexico from

1997 To 2006 ...................................................................................................................................

Antigenic Characterization of Rabid Animal Isolates, Northern Brazil, 2005 / 2006 ...........................

Molecular Analysis of the Aerial Cycle of the Rabies Virus in Mexico ..................................................

A Comparison Study of International Rabies Immunoglobulin Reference Standards ...........................

A Quantitative Indirect Elisa Test to Monitor the Effectiveness of Rabies Vaccination in Domestic and

Wild Carnivores ..................................................................................................................................

Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (CELISA) for the Detection of Anti-Rabies

Antibodies in Wildlife Sera - Development, Validation and Practical Applications .................................

Rabies Proficiency Tests: A Global Analysis of the 13 Ring Tests Performed from November 1999

to October 2004 ................................................................................................................................

Assuring the Quality of Test Results ....................................................................................................

Recent Epidemiology of Southern African Lyssaviruses .......................................................................

THIRD SESSION: “DIATHIRD SESSION: “DIATHIRD SESSION: “DIATHIRD SESSION: “DIATHIRD SESSION: “DIAGNOSTIC, CHARAGNOSTIC, CHARAGNOSTIC, CHARAGNOSTIC, CHARAGNOSTIC, CHARACTERIZACTERIZACTERIZACTERIZACTERIZATION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLTION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLTION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLTION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLTION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGOGOGOGOGY”Y”Y”Y”Y”

63

64

65

66

67

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

FOURFOURFOURFOURFOURTH SESSION: “RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLTH SESSION: “RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLTH SESSION: “RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLTH SESSION: “RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLTH SESSION: “RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLOGOGOGOGOGY AND CONTROLY AND CONTROLY AND CONTROLY AND CONTROLY AND CONTROL”””””

Epidemiological Surveillance of Rabies in Wild Animals: Road Kills from the Highways and/or Found

In Urban Areas of the Municipalities of Jacareí, Santa Branca and Salesópolis, Vale Do Paraíba -Sp,

Southeastern Brazil ..............................................................................................................................

Rabies in Wild Species in Ceará - Brazil, Epidemic and Enviroment Factors .........................................

Spatial - Temporal Variation in Rabies Specimen Submission and Positivity during a Raccoon-Rabies

Epizootic: Preliminary Results ..............................................................................................................

Effectiveness of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Manage Rabies in Striped Skunks (Mephitis Mephitis)..............

Trap-Vaccinate-Release and Rabies Management Programs to Manage Rabies Outbreaks in Striped

Skunks (Mephitis Mephitis) In Flagstaff, Arizona ...................................................................................

Rabies DNA Vaccination Through Intradermal Into Ear Pinnae, Immunochemistry Study ...................

Tracking the Attenuation and Origin of Sad Derived Attenuated Rabies Virus Vaccines .........................

ERA Vaccine-Derived Cases of Rabies in Wildlife and Domestic Animals in Ontario, Canada during

the Period of 1989 To 2004 ..............................................................................................................

Development of a Recombinant Canine Adenovirus 2 - Rabies Virus G Protein Vaccine (CAV2-RV G).....

Safety Studies of Rabies Strain ERA G 333 as a Candidate for Oral Rabies Vaccine .............................

A Benefit-Cost Analysis of the Ontario Raccoon Oral Rabies Vaccination Program .............................

The Raccoon - The Ultimate Wild Carnivore Challenge Facing Oral Rabies Vaccination .....................

Oral Vaccination of Skunks with a Canine Adenovirus Type 2-Rabies Recombinant Virus Vaccine .......

Evaluation of Two Candidate Vaccines for Oral Vaccination of Skunks against Rabies ...........................

Evaluation of Oral Wildlife Rabies Vaccination: Interpretation of Field Serology and Results of

Challenge in Captivity ...........................................................................................................................

Risk-Based Cost Modeling of Oral Rabies Vaccine Interventions for Raccoon Rabies .........................

Vampire Myths, Vampire Bats and the Tyranny of Theories ................................................................

Primer Relato de Murciélago Hematofago (Desmodus Rotundus) Infectado por el Virus de la Rabia,

Encontrado en un Centro Urbano, SP, Brasil .......................................................................................

Primera Epizootia de Rabia en Desmodus Rotundus en la Costa del Perú .........................................

Rabia en Murciélago Hematófago Diphylla Ecaudata y Desmodus Rotundus en el Estado de Piauí,

Nordeste del Brasil ..............................................................................................................................

Epidemiología de la Rabia en Chile, 1989 - 2005 ...............................................................................

FIFTH SESSION: “RABIES IN BAFIFTH SESSION: “RABIES IN BAFIFTH SESSION: “RABIES IN BAFIFTH SESSION: “RABIES IN BAFIFTH SESSION: “RABIES IN BATS”TS”TS”TS”TS”

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

107

108

109

110

111

Genetic Characterization of Brazilian Bat Rabies Viruses. Evaluation of the Pathogenicity and Cross

Protection in Mice .................................................................................................................................

Vigilancia Epidemiológica de La Rabia en Murciélagos Realizada en Brasília, DF, Brasil ............................

Rabia en Murciélagos en el Área Urbana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Identificación de

Especies y Estudios Antigénicos .............................................................................................................

Bats Rabies in the Period between 2000 - 2006, in Ribeirão Preto County, São Paulo State, Brazil ....

Bat Rabies in São José do Rio Preto, Southeast of Brazil .......................................................................

Virus Rabia en Murciélagos Hematofagos y No Hematofagos de Areas Urbanas y Rurales en el

Departamento del Valle, Colombia .......................................................................................................

Identification of Shortcommings in Rabies Control Methods of Kwazulu-Natal .....................................

Rabies Surveillance in The United States, 2005-06 ...............................................................................

Management of Illegal Introduction of Pet Carnivores: The Cases Recorded in Italy in 2005 and

2006 ....................................................................................................................................................

Quantification of Rabies Neutralizing Antibodies in Dogs from a Rabies Endemic Area in Northern

Colombia 2004 ....................................................................................................................................

Canine Rabies Elimination from the United States: An Epidemiological and Virological Perspective .......

Relato de un Caso de Rabia Canina, en el Município de Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, en

2006 .....................................................................................................................................................

Reintroducción de la Rabia Urbana en Lima Metropolitana y el Callao - Perú ........................................

Estrategia para el Control de la Rabia de los Herbívoros en el Estado de São Paulo - Brasil, 2000 a

2005 .....................................................................................................................................................

Capture and Control of Bats and Herbivorous Vaccination during an Outbreak of Human Rabies

Trasmitted by Vampire-Bats, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2005 ...................................................................

Estimated Dog Population Analysis to Perform Epidemiological Surveillance and Procedures of Dogs

Antirabies Vaccination to Enhance Tasks in State Of São Paulo, Brazil, During 1996 to 2005 ...............

Video para la Prevencion y el Control de la Rabia Paralitica Bovina ........................................................

Dinámica de la Población Canina con Dueño en Áreas Urbanas y Rurales del Estado de México,

1979-1999 ..........................................................................................................................................

SIXTH SESSION: “SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES”SIXTH SESSION: “SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES”SIXTH SESSION: “SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES”SIXTH SESSION: “SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES”SIXTH SESSION: “SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES”

SEVENTH SESSION: “STRASEVENTH SESSION: “STRASEVENTH SESSION: “STRASEVENTH SESSION: “STRASEVENTH SESSION: “STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATION”TION”TION”TION”TION”

112

113

114

115

116

117

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

135

Modelo de Prospección de Población Canina para la Planificación de Acciones Sanitarias ...................

Resultados del Proyecto Masivo de Esterilización Química con Gluconato de Zinc Neutralizado con

Arginina en Perros Machos Residentes de los Estados de: Hidalgo, México y Puebla .........................

The Impact of the Program of Ambient Health in the Control of the Urban Rabies in the City of

Recife ...................................................................................................................................................

Estudio Epidemiológico de la Encefalitis Rábica Humana en el Estado de México, 1979- 2003 .........

Relato de Caso: Avaliación de los Tratamientos Antirábicos en Personas que Tubieron Contacto con

Bovino Positivo para Rabia ...................................................................................................................

Epidemiologics Aspects about Human Rabies in Pernambuco .............................................................

Epidemiologic Control Program of Rabies in Pernambuco: Epidemiologic and Operational Aspects ...

Difficulties Faced for Professionals to Persuade Persons to Realize Prophylaxis for Rabies ................

Immunopathologic in Rabies Infection in Lines of Mice Selected for High or Low Acute Inflammatory

Reaction ...............................................................................................................................................

Aspects of Rabies Prophylaxis, Teresina Municipality, Piauí State, 2005 ..............................................

Importance of Preexposition Prophylaxis of Rabies in High-Risk Groups ...........................................

Dog’s Bite in a Veterinary Staff on Veterinary Hospital of University of Brasilia (UnB) - Case Report .......

Ecology and Management of Vampire Bat Attacks upon Human Beings in the Poor Villages from the

Amazonas State, Northern Brazil .........................................................................................................

Epidemiologic Control Program of Rabies in Pernambuco: Epidemiologic and Operational Aspects .......

Análisis Comparativa de los Programas de Control y Prevención de la Rabia en América Latina .........

Development of an Imunoperoxidase Inhibition Assay (IIA) For Rabies Antibody Detection .............

Rabies Virus Stability after Twenty Passages in Mice .............................................................................

A Collaborative Study on the Testing of Equine Antirabies Serum by a Virus Neutralization Test in

BHK- 2 1 Cells ....................................................................................................................................

Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of First Rabies Virus Isolated From Eumops Perotis Bat of

Brazil ....................................................................................................................................................

Rabies Virus Neutralizing Antibodies: Comparison of Two Evaluation Test in Cell Culture .................

Comparison of Rffit Performed in Lab-Tek and in 96-Well Microtitre Plates ........................................

The São Paulo State/Brasil Rabies Control Program, Under the Vision of Its Coordination (1996 -

2005) .................................................................................................................................................

POSTER IPOSTER IPOSTER IPOSTER IPOSTER I

136

137

139

143

144

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Heminested-RT PCR (HN RT-PCR) Evaluation in Fresh

and Decomposed Central Nervous System Samples for Rabies Diagnosis ........................................

Evaluation of the Human Antirabic Service, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 1999 To 2004 .................................

Health Education Program for Rabies, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2006 ...................................................

Influence of Different Serum-Free Media in the Rabies Virus Production .............................................

Analysis of the Last 16 Years (1990 - 2005) - Post Exposure Prophylaxis São Paulo (Brasil) State .....

Laboratorial Profile of the Rabies Diagnosis in Evandro Chagas Institute, 2003 - 2005 .......................

The Prophylaxis Profile of the Human Rabies in the State of Ceará .....................................................

Epidemiology of Human Rabies Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Relationship between Rabies Control

Strategies in Centro Sul Area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil .........................................................................

Implementación de una RT-PCR Anidada como Alternativa para la Detección del Virus de la Rabia en

Muestras Infectadas ..............................................................................................................................

The Profile of the Prophylaxis of Human Rabies in the Regional Cell of Health of Caucaia - CE ..........

Evaluation of the Anti-Rabies Reexposure Treatments in the Clinic of the Pasteur Institute of São

Paulo, Brazil ..........................................................................................................................................

Analysis of Information Related to Prophylactic Treatment against Rabies Given to Residents of

Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil .................................................................................................................

Measurement of the Immune Response to Rabies Vaccination Using a Novel and Traditional Assays ......

Principal Risk Factors for Human Rabies Transmitted by Vampire Bats, Maranhão State, Brazil, 2005 ......

Descript of Two Human Rabies Cases through Canine Transmition in the State Of Maranhão in

2006 and the Importance of Revaccinate the Dog Which Were Already Vaccinated .............................

Budgetary and Financial Resources “Versus” Human and Canine Rabies Control in the Municipal

District of Rio Branco - Acre - Brazil, From 1997 To 2002 .................................................................

Human and Canine Rabies Control Program Evaluation in the Acre State, Brazil, From 1996 To 2002 ..

Human Rabies and their Animal Exposures: Descriptive Analysis from Transmission Cycles in

Twenty Years .........................................................................................................................................

Dog Rabies Prevention Proposal by the State Health Secretary for the Counties of Rio de Janeiro ......

Acciones de Vigilancia Epidemiologica que Permiten al Estado de Baja California (Mexico) Mantenerse

por 24 Años Sin Casos de Rabia Urbana 2001-2006 ........................................................................

POSTER IIPOSTER IIPOSTER IIPOSTER IIPOSTER II

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

183

184

Contribution of Zoonosis Diagnosis Service, Unesp-Botucatu/Sp-Brazil, to Rabies Diagnosis in the

Period of 1991 to 2005 ...................................................................................................................

Rabid Bats and Pets ............................................................................................................................

Fire, Bats and the Risk of Rabies Transmisson ....................................................................................

Macroscopic and Microscopic Finding in a Bovine Rabies Case at Distrito Federal (Brazil) .................

Body Contact on Bat Species Harboring in the Same Day Roost: A Possible Way to Interspecific

Rabies Transmission among Bats .......................................................................................................

Presence of Rabies Virus in Fruitful Bat of the Species Artibeus Lituratus in Vitória-ES ........................

Immune Response to BHK-21 Cell Rabies Vaccine Produced at Instituto Butantan in Bovines ..........

Situation of Animal Rabies in Brazil, 2005 ...........................................................................................

Characterization of Dog and Cat Bites in Porto Alegre/Brazil in the Year of 2005 and Its Role in The

Surveillance of Rabies ..........................................................................................................................

Clinical Aspects of Rabies in Bovine in the Centro-Oeste of Brazil .....................................................

Cerebrospinal Fluid Evaluation in Bovine with Rabies ..........................................................................

Differential Diagnostic of Bovine Rabies in the West-Center Region of Brazil .....................................

First Detection of Ehv-4 in an Equine Case of Suspected Rabies in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil ..........

Descriptive Analyze of Rabies Distribution, in the Year of 2005, in Rio De Janeiro State, Brazil .........

Evaluation of Rabies Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Titres of Pets That Moves to the Europe Union

from Brazil ..........................................................................................................................................

Epidemiological Profile of the Confirmed Cases of Animal Rabies between 2000 and 2005 ...........

Evaluation of the Rabies Activities Realized In Centers of Control of Zoonosis - Brazil ......................

Dog Rabies Transmitted By a Bat in Urban Area of Teresina Municipality-Piauí State-Brazil-2006.

Reported Case ....................................................................................................................................

Chiroptera Monitoring In a Cave Northwest of Minas Gerais, 2004-2005 ......................................

The Experience of Activities of Blockade of Rabies in Bats in Botucatu - Sp, Brazil ..............................

Survellaince of Rabies in Bats in the City of Botucatu - SP ...................................................................

Rabia en Murciélagos No-Hematófagos en la Area Urbana de Caçapava, São Paulo, Brasil ...............

Course of Wild Rabies - An Alternative to Implement Actions ............................................................

Caucaia-CE: The Scenery of the Rage in The World ..........................................................................

Animal Rabies in Pernambuco from 2000 To 2005 ..........................................................................

Zoonosis Control Versus Social Pleas ................................................................................................

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

Rabies in the Northwestern Sao Paulo State, Brazil: Antigenic and Genetic Characterization of Virus

Isolates ...............................................................................................................................................

Implementación de un Sistema de Vigilancia de Rabia en Vampiros en la Costa del Departamento de

Lima - Peru .........................................................................................................................................

Eficacia a Campo del Vampiricid Gel Para el Control Selectivo Indirecto de los Murciélagos

Hematófagos (Desmodus Rotundus - E. Geoffroy, 1810) en Brasil .....................................................

A Canine Kept in Observation after Contact with a Rabies Positive “Tadarida Brasiliensis” ......................

Gray Fox Research to Support Oral Rabies Vaccination Programs in Texas: An Overview ....................

Poblaciones con Alta Consanguinidad como Factor Desencadenante de Brotes de Rabia en las

Poblaciones de Vampiros .......................................................................................................................

Vaccinating Cattle to Protect Aganist Rabies Transmission from Rabid Bat Populations en Mexico’s

Endemic Zones: An Analysis Using Economic Models of the Benefits and Cost ...................................

Population Genetic Study of Desmodus Rotundus in an Area of High Bat Rabies Incidence in Cattle,

San Luis Potosí State, Mexico .................................................................................................................

Platelia Rabies Ii: A Helpful Tool for Monitoring Raccoons Rabies Vaccination Programs by Antibodies

Titration .................................................................................................................................................

211

212

213

214

215

216

218

219

220

APRESENTAÇÃOINTRODUCTIONPRESENTACIÓN

18

APRESENTAÇÃO

A Reunião Internacional de Raiva nas Américas - RITA vem sendo, desde 1990, um dos mais importantes fóruns de

atualização científica sobre a raiva. Neste ano o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil tem a honra de sediar a XVII RITA. Participam conosco

importantes pesquisadores dos mais diversos países, além de profissionais da área da saúde, agricultura, meio ambiente, universidades,

trazendo também suas experiências de campo, na vigilância e controle da raiva.

A Comissão Científica Nacional procurou distribuir os 180 trabalhos inscritos de forma racional e objetiva, abordando os

grandes temas que compõem o estado da arte da raiva. A Comissão Organizadora trabalhou ativamente, para proporcionar toda a

infra-estrutura do evento e as atividades culturais e sociais, tornando ainda mais agradável este nosso encontro.

Agradecemos a todos que contribuíram para o êxito da XVII RITA, instituições públicas e privadas, ressaltando que a raiva

é uma doença cujo controle só será possível a partir de uma visão multidisciplinar e uma ação multiinstitucional.

Ao Comitê Científico Internacional, o nosso agradecimento pelo apoio constante.

Esperamos que todos os participantes tenham um debate proveitoso, nesses dias que se seguem.

Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira

Presidente da Comissão Científica

19

The International Meeting on Rabies in the Americas - RITA has been one of the most important forums for scientificupdating on rabies since 1990. This year, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has the honor to receive the XVII RITA. Importantresearchers, from the most diverse countries, participate with us, besides professionals from the areas of public health, agriculture,the environment and universities, also bringing us their experience on their field activities

The National Scientific Committee aimed to distribute the one hundred and eighty (180) papers submitted in a rational andobjective manner, approaching the great questions, which compose the state of the art in rabies. The Organizational Committeeworked actively to prepare the infrastructure for this event and the cultural and social activities, making your stay even more enjoyable.

Our thanks to the International Scientific Committee for the constant support.We hope all participants will take the best advantage of their stay with us

Rosely Cerqueira de OliveiraPresident of the Scientific Committee

INTRODUCTION

20

La Reunión Internacional de la Rabia en las Américas - RITA, desde 1990, constituye oportunidad singular para la actualizacióncientífica de la comunidad internacional sobre esta zoonosis. En este año el Ministerio de Salud de Brasil tiene el honor de ser sedede la XVII RITA. Participan en este evento internacional importantes investigadores de diversos países y de las diferentes áreas deespecialización: salud, agricultura, medio ambiente, universidades, entre otras, para compartir sus experiencias de campo, relacionadascon la investigación, la vigilancia epidemiológica y el control de la rabia.

La Comisión Científica Nacional procuró distribuir los 180 trabajos inscriptos, de manera racional y objetiva, alrededorde los grandes ejes temáticos que configuran el estado de la arte de la rabia. La Comisión Organizadora trabajó activamente paraproporcionar toda la infraestructura y comodidades logísticas para el desarrollo del evento científico, así como de la programacióncultural y social, en un ambiente amigable, de unión y solidaridad continental.

Gracias a todos los que contribuyeron para el éxito de la RITA XVII, tanto a las instituciones públicas como privadasparticipantes, en cuyo marco institucional ha sido posible destacar que la rabia es una enfermedad cuyo control solo será posible a partirde una visión multidisciplinaria y de una acción multinstitucional.

A la Comisión Científica Internacional, nuestras gracias por su incansable apoyo a la organización y desarrollo de la reunión.A todos los participantes anticipamos nuestro reconocimiento por su activa participación, su actitud positiva y sus valiosas

contribuciones para un eficiente abordaje de la rabia, como problema que configura los perfiles de salud de las poblaciones másvulnerables de los países de las Américas.

Rosely Cerqueira de OliveiraPresidente de la Comisión Cientifica Nacional

PRESENTACIÓN

21

FIRST SESSIONHUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLOGY, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT

22

HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIOLOGY, PROPHYLAXIS AND TREATMENT

23

FIRST SESSION

CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HUMAN RABIES CASES AT SANLAZARO HOSPITAL, PHILIPPINES 1987 TO 2006

Efren M. Dimaano 1, Stephen J. Scholand 2, Maria Theresa P. Alera 11) San Lazaro Hospital, Santa Cruz Manila, Philippines, 2) A Rabies Free World, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Maria Theresa P. Alera, MD - [email protected]

Rabies continues to be a threat in the Philippines where the disease is highly endemic. San Lazaro Hospital is thenational referral center for infectious diseases where we care for human rabies patients at our Central NervousSystem Pavilion and treat rabies exposed patients in our Animal Bite Treatment Center. From January 1987 throughJune 2006, 1,839 human rabies patients were admitted. We present results from a retrospective chart review ofthese cases. Diagnoses were made clinically by experienced physicians. Clinical features on presentation includedinspiratory spasm due to phobic stimuli (air and water) (100%), agitation (16%), and fever (9%). The youngestpatient was aged 2 while the oldest was 89. Adults outnumbered children (age <20) by 2 to 1 (66% to 34%) andmale gender predominated (69% to 31%). Our data show a clinical correlation between location of bite site andduration of incubation period. The shortest incubation was 6 days with multiple head and neck bites while thelongest incubation was 5 years with bites to the lower extremities. All patients were bitten by either unvaccinatedhouse pets or stray dogs/cats except for a few cases which revealed no history of injury. 97.05% of rabies caseswere dog related, 2.90% were cat related, and 0.05% was unknown. Of the 1,839 rabies patients, only 136(7.4%) had sought medical attention prior to disease onset. Patients largely derived from lower socioeconomicgroups with 96% considered ‘totally indigent’ and 51% unemployed. Knowledge of these clinical and epidemio-logical characteristics will help future efforts to reduce rabies suffering in the Philippines.

Phillipines

24


ANALYZE THE POSSIBLE FACTORS OF HUMAN RABIES EPIDEMIC IN CHINA IN2005

T. Qing 1, Song Miao 1, Li Hao 1, Liang Guodong 11) Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China

Dr. Tang Qing - [email protected]

To collect epidemic data from national rabies surveillance systemÿretrospect investigation on human rabies casesand patients who receive post exposure treatment, laboratory investigate the collected samples of the cases andanimal hosts of rabies, analyze all the above data occurred in 2005 in order to understand the possible factors thatcause rabies epidemic in south part of China in recent years. Human rabies case number is 2548 in 2005. 885 ofhuman cases were investigated, 60.56%, 49.04%, 96.16% have not received wound treatment, vaccination andimmunoglobulin injection respectively. Among 278 post exposure treatment cases, 86% and 45% of themshould receive vaccination and immunoglobulin, but actually only 16.92% and 10.77% of them received vaccina-tion and immunoglobulin. Among the exposed patients, 89.95% received wound treatment, 94.93% wereimmunized, and 8.56% received immunoglobulin; and 94.86% of them accomplished the full rabies post-expo-sure prophylaxis course, but 8.56% of them didn’t accomplish it. 88.50% human cases and 92% exposurepersons were bitten by dogs. Dog density is about 3.20 to 13.37 per 100 persons. Dog vaccination coverage rateis totally different in different areas, lower from 5.31% to high 75.11%. The investigation of animal host infectionof human rabies was done by both of DFA for rabies virus antigen detection and RT-PCR for rabies virus RNAdetectionÿchecked by Real-time PCR in three highest epidemic provinces and showed the rabies infectivity of theanimal host in these areas were 2.93% to 6.40%. The percentage of post-exposure prophylaxis of human rabiescases is lower. Part of the cases and the exposed patients don’t accomplish full rabies post-exposure prophylaxiscourse. Most of the cases and exposure patients were bitten by dogs. Dog density and rabies virus infectivity ofthe animal host in high epidemic areas are higher. Dog vaccination coverage is lower in most of the epidemicareas. All of these factors are related with the human rabies epidemic in China in 2005.

China

25

FIRST SESSION

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN RABIES IN THE USA, 1980-2006

Cathleen A. Hanlon 1, Alice S.Chapman, Lilian Orciari 1, Michael Niezgoda 1, Pamela Yager 1, Eric J. Mandel, John W.Krebs 1, Charles E. Rupprecht 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Cathleen Hanlon - [email protected]

Rabies is an acute, rapidly progressive, fatal viral encephalitis. In the USA, the virus is maintained in a variety ofwildlife reservoirs, including raccoons, skunks, foxes, and numerous bat species. Whereas rabies is enzooticamong wildlife, human rabies is rarely diagnosed in the USA. In addition to reviewing the last published summaryof cases from 1980 to 1996, this study examines the epidemiology of human rabies from 1997 through 2006.More than half of the cases are diagnosed postmortem, suggesting that clinical suspicion remains low even in thepresence of compatible clinical signs. Specific patterns of suspect clinical signs observed in patients (e.g. nonspe-cific prodrome lasting 3-4 days, followed by rapid onset of encephalitis) should prompt clinicians to considerrabies in the differential diagnosis even in the absence of a definite animal exposure history. A majority of humanrabies cases acquired indigenously in the USA are caused by rabies virus variants associated with insectivorousbats. Epidemiologic trends revealed among reported cases from 1980 through 2006 indicate a transmission pat-terns consistent with unrecognized encounters with bats or a dismissal of the risks from a seemingly minorencounter. To date, no patients had sought post-exposure prophylaxis prior to becoming ill, apparently as a resultof not recognizing a potential exposure. Given the hope of future experimental treatment, current epidemiologi-cal trends underscore the need for higher clinical suspicion and rapid antemortem diagnosis.

USA

26


CAMBIOS DEL PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE LA RABIA EN BRASIL: ESTUDIOSANTIGÉNICOS Y GENÉTICOS

Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira 1, Marcelo Y. Wada 1, Lucia Regina Montebello Pereira1, Rosângela Rosely Cerqueira deOliveira 1, Marcelo Y. Wada 1, Lucia R. Montebello 1, Rosângela Machado 1, Pedro Carnieli Jr 2, Juliana G. Castilho 2,Maria Luiza Carrieri 2, Ivanete Kotait 21) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira - [email protected]

El objetivo fundamental de los programas gubernamentales de control de la rabia canina está asociado al decrecimientodel número de casos de rabia en humanos, puesto que la especie canina es evidenciada como el principal reservoriodel virus de la rabia en áreas urbanas. En Brasil, de 175 casos humanos (151 transmitidos por perros) registrados en1980, disminuyeron a 17 casos (14 transmitidos por perros) en el 2003. Sin embargo, a partir de 2004 y 2005 estenúmero volvió a incrementarse a 30 y 44 casos, respectivamente (22 y 42, transmitidos por murciélagos hematófagos).Estos fallecimientos ocurrieron en la región norte y nordeste del país, en 7 municipios, en los cuales la poblaciónestaba expuesta al riesgo de agresión por murciélagos hematófagos. La disminución de los casos de rabia caninapermitió una vigilancia de la rabia de los animales silvestres, y el cambio del perfil fue identificado por la aplicaciónrutinaria de métodos de biología molecular, tales como la tipificación antigénica, utilizando un panel de anticuerposmonoclonales cedido por el CDC/Atlanta/EUA y la realización de la RT-PCR y del secuenciamiento genómico. En elciclo aéreo quedó evidente la participación del Desmodus rotundus como el más importante reservorio de la rabiasilvestre del país. La identificación de la variante (AgV3) fue realizada en diversas especies domésticas y silvestres,murciélagos del género Artibeus sp y Molossus sp. Estos aislamientos demostraron la ocurrencia frecuente despillover en nuestro medio. Las especies de murciélagos insectívoros, como Tadarida brasiliensis e Lasiurus egageneralmente presentan una variante especie-específica, identificadas como variantes 4 e 6, respectivamente. Estosciclos e otros, en los cuales hay la participación de los murciélagos insectívoros, han sido encontrados en las regionessudeste y centro-oeste del país. En la región nordeste, no obstante, hay otros ciclos silvestres mantenido por cánidosdel género Cerdocyon sp., cuyo virus tiene origen probable de cánidos domésticos, y del mono Callithrix jacchus,que se mantén entre estos animales y ocasionalmente ha infectado el hombre. Tanto el ciclo aéreo, que ocurrefrecuentemente en centros urbanos, como los silvestres terrestres, representan riesgos para la salud pública, dadaslas características sinantrópicas de los animales comprometidos, principalmente murciélagos del género Artibeus sp.y cánidos silvestres, del género Cerdocyon sp.

Brasil

27

FIRST SESSION

CONTROL DE LA RABIA: 30 AÑOS DE TRABAJO INTERSECTORIAL DE EN LASAMÉRICAS

M.C. Schneider 1, A. Belotto,1, D. Fernandes 1, F.L. Leanes, 2, M.A. Genovese 21) Pan American Health Organization, Washington DC, USA, 2) PANAFTOSA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dr. Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira - [email protected]

Los países de las Américas tienen una tradición de más de 30 años de trabajo intersectorial entre salud y agriculturaen el control de la rabia. Desde 1968 la OPS convoca a los Ministerios de Agricultura para discutir temas comunes,entre estos estuvo la decisión política de crear el “Programa Regional de Eliminación de la Rabia Transmitida porPerros en América Latina” y el Sistema de Información Regional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de la Rabia en lasAméricas (SIRVERA). Desde 1969 los países de la Región integran el SIRVERA, quien colecta información referentea la rabia humana y animal. La información recopilada se publica en boletines epidemiológicos semanales que sondistribuidos a los Ministerios de Salud y Agricultura, y al alcance público en la página electrónica de PANAFTOSA.En base a esta información, hubo una reducción del 93% en casos de rabia humana transmitidos por perros enAmérica Latina, entre 1990 y 2005 solo 11 casos. Este logro, fue uno de los temas tratados en la última ReuniónInteramericana a Nivel Ministerial en Salud y Agricultura (RIMSA 14), realizada en la ciudad de México en 2005.El número de casos humanos transmitidos por murciélagos hematófagos fue más del doble de los transmitidos porperros, entre 2004 y 2005 se detectaron 51 casos. La actuación intersectorial trabajando por el control de la rabiaes de suma importancia, para lograr la erradicación de la rabia en las Americas. Con este propósito se estáconvocando a los representantes de agricultura a participar de la próxima Reunión de Directores de ProgramasNacionales de Control de la Rabia (REDIPRA) y se está organizando una reunión intersectorial de expertos sobrerabia human transmitida por murciélagos, ambas serán realizadas en octubre de 2006. Varios países de la Regiónvienen realizando reuniones, talleres y acciones de control de brotes de rabia humana y animal de forma conjuntaentre salud y agricultura, tanto a nivel nacional como local. Se sugiere que este tipo de acción se incrementedesde el nivel internacional hasta el local.

USA

28


DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN RABIES TRANSMITTED BY WILD ANIMALS - BRAZIL -1996 TO 2005

Marcelo Yoshito Wada 1, Lucia Regina Montebello 1, Sabrina Lázaro Mendes 1, Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira 11) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Marcelo Yoshito Wada - [email protected]

Introduction. Rabies is a preventable viral zoonosis that infects the central nervous system of mammals, causingencephalopathy with a mortality rate of 100%.Human rabies transmitted by dogs are decreasing in Brazil and wildanimals are being identifying as source of human rabies. Methods. This study describes human rabies casesreported to federal level in Brazil from 1996 to 2005. There were evaluated reporting forms of the human rabiescases(HRC) and a standard questionnaire was applied during the outbreaks to collect data about signals andsymptoms. Medical records were analyzed. Results. A total of 254 HRC were reported, 34% were transmitted bywild animals, 90% by bats, 9% marmosets, 1% others species. Among HRC transmitted by wild animals, 53%were female, median age was 11 ranging from 1 to 62 years. North region contributed with 48% of the cases,southern 7% and middle west 1%. Exposure in urban area: 4%. Median incubation period from exposure date toonset of symptoms was 38 ranging from 16 to 244 days. Median evolution to death was 7 ranging from 2 to 25days. Among 30 HRC who were applied the standard questionnaire, the principal symptoms were: 90% fever, 83paralysis, 73% myalgia, 75% dysphagia, 67% dyspnea, 63% hypersalivation, 63% agitation, 63% headache,63% paresthesia, 57% pain throat, 53% abdominal distension, 53% urinary retention, 50% disorientation. Con-clusions. HRC transmitted by wild animals are being a reemergence challenge, where vampire-bats are identifiedas source of outbreaks in areas with hard access and poor knowledge. Wild animals are responsible to keep rabiesviruses in these areas and needs to create prevention and control measures, including health education, prophy-laxis for rabies and control of animals. It is important to alert physician to suspect rabies when symptoms includeparalytic disease without furious symptoms.

Brasil

29

FIRST SESSION

HUMAN RABIES : A SURVIVAL FROM THE PAST

Yolande Rotivel 1, Maryvonne Goudal 11) Institute Pasteur, Paris, France

Dr. Yolande Rotivel - [email protected]

Even in areas where canine rabies has been eliminated, human deaths still occur. As shown in Western Europe, tobe efficient, eradication of canine rabies should be at least regional, or even better global. Rabies epidemiology inanimals as well as in humans is changing. Rabies deaths after organ transplantations were only diagnosed becauseof the donor state on the patient. What if they had not been considered as potential donors? It should beconsidered that a number of human rabies cases are still unknown, even in outstanding health care systems. Inthis situation, rabies immunization, whether pre or postexposure, is the ultimate weapon. Current rabies vaccinesare safe and potent. They are getting more and more available all over the world. New concepts of preexposureimmunization associated with simple booster injections schedules validated by extensive clinical trials on the fieldas well as accurate immunological studies are bitterly needed. Moreover, preexposure immunization avoids theuse of RIG, which is both rare and costly. Preexposure immunization should also decrease the number of treat-ment failures possibly caused by the absence of RIG injection within a suitable period of time after the exposure.Potential adverse effects of RIG are also to be considered. As far as cell-culture rabies vaccines are concerned,availability is no more the major difficulty. Actually, distribution networks, knowledge of prescriptors and educa-tion of public are the true limitations. Rabies might not be eradicated as reservoirs seem to be multiple, especiallyin chiropters. Eradicating rabies in wildlife might be wrong from an ecological point of view. Lyssaviruses mightonly be controlled. In the end, what are ours goals? First, eradicate human disease; second, eradicate rabies indomestic animals, whether pets or not. The second goal has been achieved by immunization in many places. Whynot succeed in the first one?

France

30


CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH PURIFIED VERO CELL RABIES VACCINE (PVRV) FORPRE-EXPOSURE IMMUNIZATION IN CHILDREN

A. Rassouli 1, C. Weinberger 1, G. Houillon 21) Medical Affairs International, 2) Medical Affairs, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France

Dr. Anvar Rassouli - [email protected]

Introduction: Children have a high risk of exposure to rabies in countries where the disease is endemic. Pre-exposure anti-rabies vaccination offers increased protection against any type of exposure and simplifies post-exposure treatment if required, with a reduced number of doses and lowering the need for immunoglobulintreatment. Methods: Data is available from three randomized studies. Purified vero-cell rabies vaccine (PVRV,Verorab®, Sanofi Pasteur) was given intramuscularly (IM) at 2, 4 and 12 months of age, simultaneously with DTP-IPV vaccine (N=84). A similar study evaluated three intradermal (ID) injections at 2, 3 and 4 months or two IMdoses at 2 and 4 months, both with boosters at 1 and 5 years (N=235). A third study evaluated IM and IDadministration at days 0, 7, 28 and a booster at 1 year in children 5-12 years of age (N=190). Results: All infantsreceiving intramuscular PVRV at 2 and 4 months of age (two studies) had anti-rabies titres ³0.5 IU/mL 1 monthafter primary vaccination and 75-97% had titres ³0.5 IU/mL at 1 year. Seroprotection rates decreased from 100%after booster vaccination to 63.3-80% at 5 years. All children given intradermal PVRV at 2, 3, 4 months (N=117),or intramuscular PVRV at 2 and 4 months of age (n=118) were seroprotected 1 month after the last dose; GMTswere 30.6 IU/mL in the IM group and 12.0 IU/mL in the ID group. Five years after booster, 80% of children in theIM and 54% in the ID group had titers ³0.5 IU/mL, but all were seroprotected, following a second booster. Inchildren 5-12 years of age, 99% given ID, and 100% given IM vaccine had GMTs e”0.5 IU/mL at 56 days. Abooster dose at day 365 provoked a strong anamnestic response in both groups, with all children seroprotectedthroughout 3 years of follow-up. GMTs at 180 and at 365 days were higher in the children given PVRV intramus-cularly. Conclusions: PVRV administered concomitantly with DTP-IPV or DTP and OPV, was highly immunogenic,without clinically significant vaccine interactions and protected a majority of children for 5 years after boostervaccination. In young children, pre-exposure administration or four doses following a 0, 7, 28, 365 day scheduleresulted in durable protection over at least 3 years.

France

31

FIRST SESSION

CROSS-NEUTRALIZATION OF PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO CELL CULTURE VACCINE(PCECV) AGAINST NON-CLASSICAL RABIES VIRUS STRAINS

Claudius Malerczyk 1, Noël Tordo 2, Thomas Müller 31) Novartis Vaccines, Marburg, Germany, 2) Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, 3) Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany

Dr. Claudius Malerczyk - [email protected]

Background: Human rabies remains an invariably deadly disease, accounting for an estimated 55,000 deathsannually. While the majority of human cases occur in Africa and Asia after exposure to classical rabies virus(RABV), in Europe and Australia deaths have occurred after exposure to bat transmitted non-classical rabies strainslike European bat lyssavirus (EBL1 and EBL2) and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABL). Undoubtedly, modern tissueculture vaccines like PCECV convey protection against RABV via pre-exposure prophylaxis, or in combination withpassive immunization via post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). A serum level of 0.5 IU/mL antibody concentration, asdetermined by a virus neutralizing test (e.g. rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test, [RFFIT]) is regarded as ad-equate for offering protection against RABV. Objective: The question remains to what extent protection againstABL and EBL virus variants exists and whether there is a correlation between the RVNA concentration againstclassical rabies strain and these non-classical rabies virus strains. Methods: To answer these questions, a cross-neutralization study was carried out, using sera from a clinical trial with PCECV administered in a PEP regimen. Aset of 100 sera was selected to cover the range between 0.5 IU/mL and 500 IU/mL. A RFFIT was performed todetermine the neutralizing antibody concentrations against classical RABV CVS-11 challenge strain as well as ABL,EBL1 and EBL2. Results: The RVNA concentrations against CVS-11 correlate well with RVNA concentrationsagainst ABL, EBL1, and EBL2. For all strains, a positive close correlation was seen: The higher the RVNA concen-tration against CVS-11, the higher the RVNA concentration against the respective bat strain. While, for EBL1 theresults were a little lower compared to CVS-11 (less than a log-scale), results were almost identical for CVS-11,EBL2 and ABLV. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that after vaccination with PCECV adequate virus neutraliz-ing antibody concentrations against the non-classical rabies virus strains ABL, EBL1, and EBL2 are achieved in themajority of cases. Against these virus strains a virus neutralizing antibody concentration of equal to or above 0.5IU/mL as obtained by standard RFFIT using the classical RABV CVS-11 is indicative for adequate protection.

Germany

32


EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATION SYSTEM OF THE PROGRAM OF THE RABIESEPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE, BRASIL - 2001 TO 2005

L.R. Montebello 1, Rosely C. Oliveira 1, M.L.N.S. Arsky 1, V.L.C. Silva 1, W.G. Almeida11) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Dr. Lúcia Montebello - [email protected]

Information system is decentralized in 5.560 counties of the country. It has purpose of subsidizing the process ofdecision. Municipality is the instance responsible for feeding the data-base and execution of the actions andservices. This system captures early alterations that may happen in morbi-mortality of the disease in certain área.It allows to analyze the covering of activities developed by the epidemiological surveillance. Objective: To de-scribe the system, evaluate its qualitative, quantitative attributes, usefulness, propose recommendations. Meth-odology: descriptive study, historical series 2001 - 2005. They were used for comparative analysis of systems:rabies program data-base; SINAN (System of Agraves Information); SIM (System of Mortality Information), Tabwin;Epi-Info;”Guidelines for Evaluation Systems of surveillance .Results: It is useful,, esteems magnitude of the prob-lem (people, time, place), determines tendencies groups and risk factors. Addresses surveillance actions, controland prevention opportunely. Qualitative attributes: the system is complex, involves many professionals; notifica-tion record possesses many fields; little flexible for changes; the acceptability by professionals is high. Quantita-tive attributes: it is sensitive; captures cases early; positive representativeness; identifies cases; it is opportune tocompulsory and immediate notification up to 72 hours,as well as, the control actions and prevention; detectsoutbreaks and evaluates impact of the control measures. Conclusion: Is important to establish appropriate strate-gies for quality improvement of data ( personnel development) .Otimizes the opportunity and the representative-ness turning it better, the diagnosis suspicion (detection of the viral circulation) ; to revise fields notificationrecord; to establish gold pattern for validation of data; to clean SINAN data-base ; to stimulate the operationaltechnical capacity to follow up the several SUS (Unique Health System) information systems ; to proposeinterinstitucional plan of joint action for the control surveillance ( wild cycle), to stimulate scientific research.

Brasil

33

FIRST SESSION

POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PEP) AGAINST THAI STREET RABIES VIRUSAND EURASIAN BAT LYSSAVIRUSES WITH PURIFIED CHICK EMBRYO VACCINE,PEPSIN-DIGESTED ERIG, HUMAN RABIES IMMUNE GLOBULIN AND A HUMANMONOCLONAL ANTIBODY (MAB 17C7)

Boonlert Lumlertdacha 2, Joshua Self 2, Cathleen Hanlon 2, Susan Sloan 1, William Thomas 1, Donna Ambrosino 1,Charles E. Rupprecht 21) University of Massachusetts Medical School, Jamaica Plain, MA, USA, 2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Boonlert Lumlertdacha - [email protected] / [email protected]

Questions remain about the utility of locally produced immune globulins in PEP against newly described lyssaviruses,and classical rabies viruses in severe exposure settings. The objective of this experiment was to compare theefficacy of different biologicals in an experimental animal PEP model. Syrian hamsters were infected with rabiesvirus isolated from a Thai dog (TRV), Irkut virus (IKV), or Aravan virus (ARV). Six hours later, we used thefollowing vaccine and biologicals: Purified Chick Embryo Cell Culture Vaccine (PCECV, RabAvert, Chiron Vac-cines); Purified and pepsin-digested rabies immune globulin of equine origin (ERIG) and of human origin (HRIG),both manufactured by the Thai Red Cross, as well as an experimental human monoclonal antibody (Mab 17C7).Animals were divided into the following groups with 9 animals in each and received: 1) intramuscular doses ofPCECV alone, on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28 (Essen protocol); 2) ERIG; 40 iu/kg, on day 0 alone; 3) HRIG; 20 iu/kg, onday 0 alone; 4) ERIG and PCECV/Essen; 5) HRIG and PCECV/Essen; 6) Mab 17C7 20 iu/kg, on day 0 alone; 7)Mab 17C7 and PCECV/Essen; 8) Negative control group, with no PEP. Animals infected with IKV experienced100% mortality, regardless of group. The majority (89-100%) of ARV and TRV-infected animals succumbed, withthe exception of groups 6 and 7. However, ARV and TRV groups given Mab 17C7 alone, or Mab 17C7 plusvaccine, demonstrated protection of 89-100%. We conclude that Mab 17C7 may be of greater efficacy than thebiologicals used in the first experiments. We repeated the experiments after TRV infection using the same EssenPCECV regimens, but repeated the ERIG, by adding another dose on day 3, or on day 7. These animals demon-strated an improved survival rate of 83-100%, in comparison to the first experiment which showed no survivalfrom TRV infection. Different manufacturing methods of RIG result in variable biological properties. We suggestthat a second application of equine RIG fractions 3-7 days after the initial application on day 0 may result inincreased protection. Such suggestions may be of particular importance when pepsin-digested fragments ofimmune globulin are used, especially in severe exposures.

USA

34


COMPARATIVE STUDY ON IMMUNOGENICITY, SAFETY AND TOLERENCE OFPURIFIED DUCK EMBRYO VACCINES (PDEV) MANUFACTURED IN INDIA(VAXIRAB) AND SWITZERLAND (LYSSAVAC)

B.J. Mahendra 1, S.N. Madhusudana 2, D.H. Aswath Narayana 1, G. Sampath 3, S.S. Dutta 4, S. Manjula 5, K. Muhamuda2, G.M. Venkatesh, M.K. Sudarshan 1, Gangaboriah 11) Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, India, 2) National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India

3) Institute of Preventive Medicine, Hyderabad, India 4) Pasteur Institute, Kolkata, India 5) Cadila Healthcare ltd, Ahmedabad, India

Dr. Madhusudana Shampur - [email protected]

Rabies and rabies prophylaxis is a major health concern in Asian Countries. In India alone 20,000 people die ofrabies and nearly 8 million people undergo post exposure prophylaxis due to animal bites. Recently, the produc-tion and use of Semple vaccine has been discontinued. Consequently, there is a huge demand for modern rabiesvaccines. In this context the introduction of a purified duck embryo vaccine (PDEV) manufactured in India withtechnology transfer from Berna Biotech, Switzerland is a welcome step. This study was done to assess the safety,immunogenicity and tolerance of PDEV manufactured in India (VaxiRab) in comparison to that manufactured atSwitzerland (Lyssavac). Healthy volunteers from three centers (Bangalore, Hyderabad and Kolkata) were recruitedfor the study. One hundred and twelve persons were administered VaxiRab and 109 were administered Lyssavacby intramuscular route using Essen regimen. The subjects were followed for 6 months and adverse reactions wererecorded. Antibody titers were estimated by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) on days 0 (beforevaccination) 14, 30, 90 and 180 post vaccination. None of the subjects had neutralizing antibody titers on day 0.All subjects in both the groups developed adequate titers by day 14. Both the groups had more than adequatetiters on day 180.The Geometric mean titers on different days for VaxiRab was 10.3, 14.3, 7.3 and 3.7 IU/ml andfor Lyssavac was 10.9, 15.1, 10.2 and 5.3 IU/ml respectively. There was no significant difference between thetiters on days 14 and 30 but the titers with Lyssavac were significantly higher on days 90 and 180 (P <0.0001).The total adverse reactions to VaxiRab were 13% that was significantly lower when compared to Lyssavac thatwas 18.5% (P<0.02). To conclude, this study has shown that PDEV (VaxiRab) manufactured in India is highlyimmunogenic, safe, well tolerated and comparable to PDEV (Lyssavac) manufactured at Switzerland. This vaccinealong with other modern vaccines will go a long way in meeting the ever-increasing demand for safe andeffective rabies vaccines in India and other Asian countries.

Índia

35

FIRST SESSION

EVALUATION OF PROPHYLAXIS TREATMENT FOR RABIES DURING A HUMANRABIES OUTBREAK DUE TO VAMPIRE BAT EXPOSURE — TURIAÇÚ MUNICIPALTY,MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL, 2005

Marcelo Yoshito Wada 1, Henrique Jorge dos Santos 2, Mildes Mendes Pereira 2, Jakeline Trinta Rios 2, José OrlandoMartins 2, Manuel Cláudio Hipólito 3, Francisco Noélio Fernandes 3, Graciléia do Livramento Domingues 3, RoselyCerqueira de Oliveira 11) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil 2) Departamento de Epidemiologia da Secretaria Estadual, MA,

Brasil 3) Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Turiaçú, MA, Brasil


Introduction. Rabies is a preventable viral zoonosis that infects the central nervous system of mammals, causingencephalopathy with a mortality rate of 100%. During 2004 and 2005, a reemergence of human rabies outbreakstransmitted by vampire bat were identified in Amazonic Region, including Pará and Maranhão State from Brazil.Following seventeen deaths due to human rabies in Turiaçú municipality, Maranhão State, Brazil, an investigationwas conducted to evaluate control and prevention measures. Methods. This study describes prophylaxis for rabiesadopted in this municipality from September to December, 2005. Active-case-finding of aggressions by vampire-bats was conducted in health facilities and the community. Person who was bitten by vampire-bat until one yearand lived in areas with difficult access received prophylaxis. Using excel, it was created a standard sheet toaccomplish complete prophylaxis. Results. A total of 17 human rabies case-patients were identified in two ruralcommunities; none(0%) had received pre-exposure prophylaxis(PRE) or pos-exposure prophylaxis(POS) for rabiesor immunoglobulin at an opportune time. A total of 696 persons realized prophylaxis, 80%PRE and 20%POS.Among POS, persons who were bitten by vampire-bats 73%, dogs 13%; marmoset 5%; cats 3%; ignore 3%,1% other species. Persons who have done complete POS were 54% and PRE 68%. Over than 2,530 doses ofvaccine were applied to attend at least 38 localities of Turiaçú municipality. Conclusions. This large outbreak wasdue to vampire bat bites. The population was informed about risks associated with bat exposure, offered PEP, andencouraged to promptly report any contact with bats. This study demonstrate the importance of PRE for preven-tion, and the need for prompt reporting and standardized treatment of bat exposure/bites with human diploid cellvaccine and the alert for surveillance to monitor the prophylaxis, because the tax of release of treatment was high.

Brasil

36


LIMITATIONS OF F(ab)2 FRAGMENTS IN RABIES POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS

R. Franka 1, C. A. Hanlon 1, J.S. Self 1, C. E. Rupprecht 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Richard Franka - [email protected]

Modern post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) using effective biologicals relies upon neutralization of rabies virions bypassive antibody administration and further clearance of rabies virus (RABV) through induced active immunity. Tominimize adverse effects from heterologous immune serum products, some equine immune globulins have beenrefined by digestion to F(ab)2 fragments. These fragments effectively neutralize RABV in cell culture, however,their use in relevant animal models has demonstrated significant limitations in efficacy. The objective of our studywas to uncover mechanisms underlying the limited efficiency of F(ab)2 fragments, using a Syrian hamster model.We studied the dynamics of a dog/coyote RABV variant spread and the effect of PEP with immune serum (HRIG- human immune globulin, or F(ab)2 fragments of equine immune globulin) alone or in combination with HDCVvaccine, using a standard scheme for PEP in this animal model. In control animals (no PEP), RABV reached thelumbar portion of the spinal cord by day 4 postinfection (p.i.) and the brain by day 6 p.i., with animals succumbingon days 10 - 14 p.i. after virus inoculation into the gastrocnemius muscle. Use of vaccine alone was unable to limitthe spread of RABV. Despite neutralizing antibodies detected as early as day 6 p.i. (5th day of PEP), all vaccine-only animals succumbed to infection at the same time as controls. However, HRIG given as a single dose on day1 p.i. had a long biological half life (15 days), retarded RABV spread, and resulted in protection in 14 of 15animals. Conversely, F(ab)2 fragments had a significantly shorter biological half life (8h) and only partially ham-pered RABV spread. Virus reached the spinal cord and brain 12 - 22 days p.i. Vaccine improved survivorship whenused in combination with immune globulin. Clearly, early passive immunization with effective immune globulins,having an adequate biological half life in circulation, is a critical part of PEP.

USA

37

FIRST SESSION

EVALUATION OF THE INDEXES OF RABIES PROPHYLAXIS AND CONTROL INTHE STATE OF AMAZONAS - 1996 TO 2005

A.C.R Campos 1, N.R. Reinehr 11) Fundação de Vigilância em Saúde, Manaus, AM, Brasil

Dr. Ana Cristina Campos - [email protected]

Rabies is a zoonosis transmitted to humans by inoculation of the virus from infected animals, and preventivemeasures to assist people exposed to the virus are very costly. Urban rabies is still a grave problem in public health,and dogs are the main source of disease infection. This work describes the improvement obtained by the State ofAmazonas in the last ten years in human-rabies control and prophylaxis with respect to the indexes used by theBrazilian Ministry of Health. The epidemiological study was divided into two groups: Vigilance of human rabiesand vigilance of canine rabies. Seven indexes were evaluated in total. We considered an improvement wheneverthe distance between the observed index and the pre-established target was reduced. For the vigilance of humanrabies, there was a decrease in the rate of abandonment of treatment from 26.5% to levels close to zero, and anincrease from 54.0% to 100.0% in the number of the municipalities with trained professionals and human anti-rabies vaccine available to the public. For the vigilance of canine rabies, there was an increase from 4.8% to87.1% in the number of municipalities that kept minimum vaccination coverage in two consecutive years; from14.5% to 91.9% in the number of municipalities with annual anti-rabies vaccination equal to or greater than theestablished target; from 1.6% to 62.9% in the number of municipalities that sent dog samples for laboratoryanalysis, and zero cases of canine rabies in 2004 and 2005. During the period of the study, there was a constantimprovement in the indexes due to a more intense production of educative material for public awareness, to anincrease in the number of professional trainings, and to the annual supervision of 80% of the municipalities in theState of Amazonas.

Brasil

38


BIOPTERIN DEFICIENCY IN HUMAN RABIES

R.E. Willoughby, T. Maier, C.E. Rupprecht, W.J. Rhead, K. Hyland, G.F. Hoffmann, J. Hoyer - Medical College of Wisconsin,Wisconsin, USA, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,Horizon Molecular Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany)

Dr. Rodney Willoughby, MD - [email protected]

Rabies is a highly neurotropic and universally fatal infection in man. Pathogenesis is distinctive with severe symp-toms with little neuronal loss or inflammation, followed by loss of encephalogram (EEG) amplitude and sometimesshock. An American survived rabies in 2004 using an improvised protocol. Deficiencies in coenzyme Q10 andcerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) were noted during her convalescence. A German patientdeveloped rabies from transplanted organs. The improvised treatment protocol was modified for his immunedeficiency. He died after 56 days with low brain electrical activity and low intracranial blood flow, without simul-taneous edema by neuroimaging. He received coenzyme Q10 but developed severe BH4 deficiency, retrospec-tively present from the second week of rabies. BH4 is an essential cofactor for synthesis of monoamine neu-rotransmitters (NT) and nitric oxide (NO). Both patients had severe declines in NT metabolites but not NOmetabolites reflecting BH4 deficiency in CSF. Central but not peripheral nervous system symptoms of rabiesoverlap with congenital BH4 deficiencies. NT loss may explain EEG loss and adrenal medullary failure, while NOloss reduces brain flow to 10-50% of normal. BH4 can be supplemented orally, and may directly and specificallyremedy the biochemical pathogenesis of rabies. NO may extend brain injury acutely, so BH4 supplementationmust follow clear proof of deficiency, preferably in animal studies and formal clinical trials.

USA

39

FIRST SESSION

THERAPY WITH MINOCYCLINE AGGRAVATES EXPERIMENTAL RABIES IN MICE

A.C Jackson 1, J. Owen, C.A. Scott 1, S.C. Weli 1, J.P. Rossiter 11) Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Dr. Alan C. Jackson - [email protected]

Minocycline is a tetracycline-derivative with anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties, and the drug hasbeen shown to have beneficial effects in neurodegenerative models and in experimental reovirus encephalitis. Inthis study minocycline improved the viability of CVS-infected embryonic mouse cortical and hippocampal neuronsin vitro using trypan blue exclusion. To investigate the potential in vivo neuroprotective effects of minocycline,two-day-old ICR mice were inoculated in the right hindlimb thigh muscle with the attenuated SAD-D29 strain ofrabies virus and they received daily subcutaneous injections of either 50 mg/kg minocycline or vehicle (PBS).Infected minocycline-treated mice experienced an earlier onset of neurologic signs and greater mortality (83%vs. 50%) than those receiving vehicle (p=0.002 and p=0.003, log rank test). Immunohistochemical analysis ofrabies virus antigen distribution was performed at early time points and in moribund mice. There was no signifi-cant difference between the numbers of infected neurons in regional brain areas in the two treatment groups.There was more apoptosis (p=0.01) and caspase 3 immunostaining (p=0.0008) in the midbrains of mice treatedwith vehicle than with minocycline, consistent with a neuroprotective role of neuronal apoptosis. Reduced infil-tration of CD3+ T-cells was observed in the pons/medulla of moribund mice that received minocycline therapy(p=0.008), suggesting that the anti-inflammatory actions of minocycline may intensify the neurologic disease.These findings indicate that minocycline has important detrimental effects in the therapy of experimental rabies,and empirical therapy with minocycline should be approached with caution in human rabies and possibly otherviral encephalitides until more experimental data become available.

Canada

40


siRNA-DIRECTED INHIBITION OF RABIES VIRUS AND PROTECTION FROM RABIESINFECTION IN MOUSE MODELS

Rongliang Hu 1, Shoufeng Zhang 1, Anthony R. Fooks 2, Zhong Li 1, Qingzhu Li 1, Ye Liu 1, Fei Zhang 1, Jinzhong Li 3,Quan Liu 1, Zhengfang Fu 41) Academy of Military Medical Science, China, 2) Veterinary Laboratories Agency¨CWeybridge, Surrey, UK, 3) Department of

Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, USA, 4) College of Veterinary Medicine, University of

Georgia, Athens, USA

Dr. Professor Rongliang Hu - [email protected]

Rabies virus is lethal to humans once the virus reaches the brain via axonal retrograde transport where active virusreplication occurs. At this stage death is an inevitable outcome of infection. One possible therapeutic interventionis to stop virus replication at the site of exposure, and prevent the virus from penetrating the peripheral nervoussystem. Inhibition of the virus replication at the biting site may delay the incubation period or stop the occurrenceof rabies. RNAi would be an efficient strategy to prevent the virus replication at the exposure site. In this study, atotal of nine siRNA molecules directed to the glycoprotein and the nucleoprotein RNA were designed, synthe-sized in oligo form and cloned into plasmid pSilencer2.1-U6-Hygro. The recombinant plasmids were transfectedinto BHK-21 cells, the cells were screened under hygromycin B and individual cell clones were established.Inhibition effect of the transformed BHK-21 cells on rabies virus replication was observed in different cell cloneswith variations of inhibition efficacy from 10-99%. Two siRNA transformed cell clones were demonstrated to havethe ability to inhibit about 95% and 99% of 1000 TCID50 rabies virus CVS-11 replication. The transformed celllysate, the transient transfection with a high amount of the recombinant plasmids harboring the siRNA, and thecorresponding in vitro synthesized siRNA molecules exhibited the same inhibitory characteristics to rabies virus inBHK-21 cells. Injection of the siRNA expression plasmids against the glycoprotein, rather than against the nucle-oprotein, delayed the appearance of clinical signs, with the increasing of amount of plasmids, the infection wasstopped, 60% mice were protected when the amount of plasmids reached 300ìg/mice. This study indicated thatin a murine model, siRNAs can interrupt rabies virus spread and prevent the virus from penetrating the peripheral/central nervous system and subsequently prevent the virus from reaching the brain.

China

41

FIRST SESSION

LACK OF EFFICACY OF KETAMINE THERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL RABIES IN MICE

C.A .Scott 1, S.C. Weli 1, A.C. Jackson1) Queen’s University at Kingston, Canada

Dr. Alan C. Jackson - [email protected]

Ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was recommended as a thera-peutic option for the management of rabies on the basis of studies performed by Tsiang and co-workers at InstitutPasteur in Paris. Recently, a patient survived rabies in Milwaukee, and ketamine was included in the therapeuticregimen. We found no benefit of ketamine on the viability of CVS-infected mouse embryonic neurons from thecerebral cortex and hippocampus as assessed by trypan blue exclusion. In this study, mice were inoculatedintracerebrally or in the right hindlimb footpad with CVS and treated with ketamine (60 mg/kg) or vehicle (PBS)intraperitoneally every 12 hours. Mice inoculated intracerebrally or in the hindlimb footpad that received ketamineor vehicle showed no difference in the time of onset or progression of disease (log rank test, p=0.30 and 0.54,respectively) or in the mortality rate (p=0.50 and 0.53, respectively). Mice inoculated in the hindlimb footpadshowed similar numbers of infected neurons between treatment groups on days 3-6 post-inoculation (p.i.), asdemonstrated by immunohistochemistry (p>0.05). On day 5 p.i. viral infectivity assays showed a similar amountof infectious virus in the brain and spinal cord of mice that received either treatment. In moribund mice inoculatedin the footpad, there was no difference in the number of infected neurons in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus,while there were more infected neurons in the midbrain of mice treated with ketamine as compared to vehicle(p=0.0009). Mice inoculated intracerebrally also showed no difference in the numbers of infected neuronsbetween treatment groups (p>0.05). Furthermore, there were similar amounts of infectious virus in the brain atday 5 p.i. Histopathological analysis of intracerebrally inoculated mice showed neuronal apoptosis and a loss ofpyramidal neurons in the hippocampus with both treatments and no significant difference between the groups(p>0.05). These findings do not support a role for excitotoxicity in rabies virus infection. Further experimentalstudies are necessary to determine the efficacy of ketamine before it becomes a standard therapy for humanrabies

Canadá

42


ANTIVIRAL STRATEGIES AGAINST THE LYSSAVIRUS REPLICATION COMPLEX:PEPTIDES MIMICKING THE NH2 TERMINUS OF THE RABIES P PROTEIN HAVEANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

G. Castel 1, S. Mehouas 1, E. Réal 1, C. Jallet 1, M. Mavrakis 2, RWH Ruigrok 2, N. Tordo 11) Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, 2) Institut de Virologie Moléculaire et Structurale & EMBL Outstation Grenoble, France

Dr. Noel Tordo - [email protected]

Despite the remarkable publication of Willoughtby et al. (N Engl J Med. 2005, 352:2508-14) the therapeuticapproach against rabies has been largely neglected up to now in comparison to more conventional tools like post-exposure vaccination and immunotherapy. However, the rather long incubation period of rabies (2 months inaverage) could be advantageously used to develop antiviral strategy. Our approach consists in targeting thedifferent components of the lyssavirus replication complex (L-P polymerase and N-RNA template). Because of thestrong conservation of these targets, we prospect at designing large spectrum antiviral drugs interfering with thereplicase of lyssaviruses as well as other Negative Strand RNA Viruses (NSRV). Using suitable assays we arescreening inhibitors by two complementary experimental approaches: (1) A random approach taking advantage ofhigh throughput technologies (2-hybrid ; phage display, minireplicons) to discover molecules interacting andinhibiting the polymerase activity (presented to the RITA XVI - Ottawa) (2) A cognitive approach by investigatingthe structure/function relationships and interactions within the replication complex.The latter approach has beenapplied to the P phosphoprotein. P is important in positioning L onto the N-RNA template as well as in keeping Nsoluble (N°) and ready for proper viral RNA encapsidation. The N terminus of P is particularly interactive, involvedin both L binding (residues 1-19) and N° binding (residues 4-40). It was thus designed as a promising target forantiviral strategy aiming at destabilizing the replication complex. Plasmids encoding the first 42 (P42) and 60 (P60)residues of P were co-transfected in vT7-BHK-21 cells together with a rabies minigenome encoding luciferase.Their inhibitory effect on luciferase expression was evaluated and both peptides exhibited an interesting inhibitorypotential. This inhibitory effect of P60 was however stronger and longer lasting that of P42. Specific inhibition onviral encapsidation, transcription, replication and production have been analysed. The results will be discussed inlight of the P structure/function relationships. This strategy is applicable more largely to other NSRV either on thesame or on other targets.

43

FIRST SESSION

EVALUATION OF HUMAN MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES CR57 AND CR4098AGAINST A GLOBAL PANEL OF RABIES VIRUSES

I. V. Kuzmin 1, W.C. Weldon 1, A.B.H. Bakker 2, W. E. Marissen 2, C.E. Rupprecht 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 2) Crucell Holland BV, Netherlands

Dr. Ivan Kuzmin - [email protected]

A cocktail of human anti-rabies virus (RV) monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) CR57 and CR4098, manufactured byCrucell Holland BV (The Netherlands), was previously shown to neutralize a panel of RV representatives, pre-dominantly of New World origin. A linear epitope at the aa position 226-231 of the RV glycoprotein (G) wasidentified as a binding site for CR57, whereas aa position 336 has been implicated in the binding site for CR4098.In the present study we extended the virus panel with representatives of major RV lineages circulating world-wide; generated partial G sequences to cover the CR57 binding site; and performed modified rabies rapid fluores-cent focus inhibition tests for individual MAbs and the cocktail. The majority of the RVs were neutralized byindividual MAbs. The CR57 binding site was conserved as well, with 0 to 1 amino acid substitutions. A fewexceptions to these observations were obtained. A south-central skunk RV isolate (1 critical amino acid substitu-tion at position 226) was incompletely neutralized by this Mab. Furthermore, two RV, a North American Eptesicusfuscus-Myotis-associated RV and a Sri Lanka dog/cow RV, were not neutralized by the CR57 MAb. Both these RVheld no substitutions within the 226-231 site, indicating that other parts of the G glycoprotein can indirectlyinfluence the binding of this Mab. Non-conserved substitutions at aa 336 or 338 led to incomplete neutralizationby MAb CR4098, confirming the critical role of aa 336 in the conformational binding site of CR4098. When theextended RV panel was tested by the MAb cocktail, all RVs tested to date were neutralized.

USA

44


WEB-BASED RABIES TREATMENT REGISTRY WITH DOWNLOADABLE PROTOCOL[WWW.CHW.ORG/RABIES]

R.E. Willoughby 1, J. Hayes 1, S. Sather 1, B. Medina 1, P. Overholt 11) Medical College of Wisconsin and Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

Dr. Rodney Willoughby, MD - [email protected]

BACKGROUND: Rabies is rapidly and universally fatal for 50,000 people each year. Survival from rabies is soextraordinary that proof of therapeutic efficacy requires only 2-3 survivors. We reported the first survivor of rabieswithout receipt of prophylaxis in 2004. We then received calls and emails by medical staff and families seekingaccess to the Milwaukee protocol (MP). Most communications involved multiple time zones that required 2-3days to fully complete, and were too late. Publication of MP [NEJM (2005) 352:2508] markedly reduced urgentcontacts, but there is published skepticism of MP and frequent requests for clarification. We have further experi-ence with MP and new laboratory findings to share. AIM:(1) Expedite availability and updating of MP (2) Provideonline, real-time access to a Rabies Treatment Registry (RTR). METHODS: MP is updated as online Adobe Acro-bat© document. RTR supports web entry and real-time survival statistic. Data are restricted to age, country,laboratory confirmation of rabies, treatments including individual MP drugs, and simple outcome of survival. Wecan censor (hackers) or correct data with auditable record. RTR is capable of future online queries of outcomesorted by drugs of interest. RESULTS: We recommend no MP before diagnosis is confirmed. Uses of MP includedadvance planning by intensivists pending confirmatory diagnosis, actual rabies care, and trial design. Ketamineworries many. Of 4 known MP attempts, only 2 are registered. Both included full MP plus immunologic boosting.Unregistered MP attempts occurred despite frequent communication during care of rabies patients. CONCLU-SIONS: Slow accrual severely limits current usefulness of online MP and RTR, despite online open-science format.

USA

45

FIRST SESSION

PREVALENCE STUDY ON VAMPIRE-BAT (DESMODUS ROTUNDUS) BITES IN ARURAL POPULATION FOLLOWING AN OUTBREAK OF RABIES-RELATED DEATHS -MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL, 2005

L.V. de Knegt 1, E.I.M. Renoiner 1, W.N. Araújo 1, M.Y. Wada 1, M.A.B. Almeida 1, H.J. Santos 2, M.G. Lirio 3, J.M.T. Rios4, D.L. Hatch 51) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF Brasil 2) Superintendência de Epidemiologia, MA, Brasil 3) Departamento

de Vigilância Epidemiológica, MA, Brasil 4) Departamento de Zoonoses, MA, Brasil, 5) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Leonardo Víctor de Knegt - [email protected]

Background: Rabies is a vaccine-preventable viral encephalitis with a 100% mortality rate. Prior to 2004, in Brazilthe disease was mainly caused by rabid domesticated carnivores; Since 2004, vampire-bat bite became theleading cause. After six rabies deaths due to suspected vampire-bat exposure occurred between July and Septem-ber 2005 in the Alto Turi Region, Maranhão State, an investigation was conducted to determine risk factors forvampire-bat exposures. Methods: Using a cross-sectional study design, interviews were conducted with heads-of-households in three areas of Alto Turi; information on selected behaviors, vampire-bat bite(s), housing, andvaccination was collected. Results: Interviews were completed in 174 residences (participation rate=100%).Vampire-bat bite(s) were reported by 87 (42%) of 205 family members during their lifetime; the foot was themost common location (86%). No person with vampire-bat exposure reported being vaccinated. Factors associ-ated with vampire bites included a residence with an open, unscreened area (“jirau”) for food preparation (Preva-lence Ratio [PR]=3.3;95% Confidence Interval [95%CI]=1.4-7.9;p=0.001), residing <5 kilometers frompastureland (PR=4.5;95%CI=1.1-17.4;p=0.008), sleeping in hammocks (PR=1.6;95%CI=1.1-2.3;p=0.007)or without bednets (PR=1.9;95%CI=1.1-3.1;p=0.02). Bats captured at residences using mist nets were identi-fied as vampire-bats (Desmodus rotundus). Conclusions: Lack of vaccination was due to several factors, such asvampire-bat bites common in the population, limited access and inadequate use of vaccine by health staff.Vampire-bats normally feed on sylvatic mammals, but encroaching human settlement in these remote areas mayhave changed the epidemiology of disease. Because rabies may occur up to one year after exposure, rabiesantiserum and five doses of Vero-cell rabies vaccine was administered to residents with vampire-bat bite(s) in theprior year. To prevent rabies in persons without exposure in last year; three doses of vaccine was administered.Health education was conducted about risk of contact with unvaccinated mammals, and bednets were distributed.

Brasil

46


DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN RABIES CASE IN VETERINARY, MINAS GERAISSTATE, 2006

T.L.Chamone 1, M.B. Gontijo 1, F. L. Lemos 1, P.P. Botelho 1, F.J. Silva 2, M.Y. Wada 3, A B. Miranda 41) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde MG,Brasil, 2) Gerência Regional de Saúde São João Del Rei, MG,Brasil, 3) Secretaria de Vigilância em

Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil 4) Hospital Eduardo de Menezes, MG, Brasil

Dr. Talita Leal Chamone - [email protected]

Introduction: Minas Gerais (MG) state has been presenting cases of rabies in dispersed herbivores for whole theState. In 2006, a human rabies case occurred in a veterinary transmitted by a herbivores. Objective: To describeclinical and epidemiological aspects of the human rabies case in this veterinary. Methods: A descriptive study wasdone, including an epidemiological investigation of the case. Members of the family were interview and medicalrecords were analyzed. Results: On 15 May, 2006, the SES-MG was reported of a suspected human rabies caseinterned at the reference hospital of the state. The suspected case was a male, 27 years, coming from the area ofthe Campo das Vertentes municipality, MG. He was a veterinary who rendered their services in farms of the area.In February, 2006, there were registered rabid herbivorous confirmed by laboratorial tests and this veterinary wasresponsible to attend these animals. The patient hadn’t pre-exposure prophylaxis or pos-exposure prophylaxis. On07 May, 2006, the patient presented headache, parasthesis where had exposure with herbivores (finger). Hedeveloped mental confusion and depression of the level of conscious. He was sedated in Ramsay 6 with ketamineand midazolam, it was administered anti-viral and support treatment was offered. Clinical evolution includeintense poliuria, hiponatremy and episodes of arrhythmias heart that were controlled with medication. The deathhappened on 26 May, 2006, due to attack heart. The case was confirmed by PCR in fragments of hair and saliva.Genetic sequence was performed and demonstrated variant compatible with Desmodus rotundus. There was alsoconfirmed by fluorescent antibody test in fragments of the central nervous system. Conclusions: This investigationshowed the high importance of pre-exposure prophylaxis in professionals who has high possibility to infect byrabid animals. Otherwise if persons had exposure to rabid suspect animals, they have to realize pos-exposureprophylaxis.

Brasil

47

FIRST SESSION

HÁBITOS ALIMENTICIOS DE LA COMUNIDAD ÑHAÑHÜ Y RIESGO DEEXPOSICIÓN A LA RABIA SILVESTRE

J.C.Lozano-Olivo 1, E. Meraz-Romero, 1, 2, J. Bautista-Urbano 1, J.I. Olave-Leyva1, 3, S. Soto-Simental 1, L. A Gómez-Mendieta.4, A González-Origel.4, Z. Arellano-Balderrama, 1, A Aguilar-Setién 5, M. Jiménez-Pérez 1, M. Hernández-SanAgustín 1, A L. Pereira-Suárez. 1, J. Ocampo-López. 1, J. A Montaño-Hirose 11) Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, México 2) Ganadería, Colegio de Postgraduados

en Ciencias Agrícolas, Mexico 3) Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico 4)

Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Mexico 5) Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico

Dr. Juan A. Montaño - [email protected]

El pueblo ñhañhü conserva costumbres de sus antepasados, como alimentarse de animales silvestres. Se cazancon trampas, y ocasionalmente, cuando de regreso a casa se encuentran con un animal lo cazan a mano con laayuda de recursos que tengan o encuentren disponibles en el momento, como una bolsa de mandado, una pala,una piedra o un palo. La caza la realizan en la noche. Aunque no se han notificado casos de rabia en humanos enla región, sí se ha identificado en zorrillos. Por ello existe el riesgo de exposición a la rabia, debido a sus hábitosalimenticios relacionados con la captura, sacrificio y preparación de los animales. La comunidad ñhañhü habitadesde el Valle de Toluca, en México, hasta la Sierra Gorda, pasando por el Valle del Mezquital. El Valle delMezquital abarca 27 municipios. En algunos de ellos se inició la colecta de datos sobre los hábitos alimenticios delos ñhañhüs, en base a un muestreo simple aleatorio. Hasta el comento se han completado la cuota de encuestascalculada para el municipio de Santiago de Anaya. Además, se han colectado datos de comunidades no ñhañhüs.Para obtener el número de encuestas a aplicar por comunidad, se utilizó la siguiente fórmula (Taro Yamane, 1967):ni = n (Ni/N) donde: ni = número de encuestas a ser aplicadas n = número de encuestas propuestas por elinvestigador. Ni = número de unidades experimentales en la muestra (casas/municipios). N = total de de unidadesexperimentales en el área de estudio. El consumo de zorrillo en las casas en Santiago de Anaya, fue de 62 (54%)y las casas donde no se consume fueron 53 (46%). En la región la gente lo consume esporádicamente. Losresultados muestran que los hábitos alimenticios de la comunidad ñhañhü presentan un riesgo de exposición a larabia, cuya evaluación debe ser completada con monitoreo de la fauna silvestre.

México

48


MANEJO DE PACIENTES CON LESIONES GRAVES PROVOCADAS POR PERRO ENÁREAS CON AUSENCIA DE CASOS DE RABIA CANINA, EN EL ESTADO DECHIAPAS MÉXICO

Raul Betanzos Lopez 1, Hermilo Dominguez Zarate 1, James Gomez Montes 1, Luz Maria Yanez Gamboa 11) Secretaria de Salud, Chiapas, Mexico

Dr. Raul Betanzos Lopez - [email protected]

Manejo de pacientes con lesiones graves provocadas por perro en áreas con ausencia de rabia canina, en el Estadode Chiapas México. Introducción. Hace dos décadas la incidencia de rabia canina en Chiapas registraba niveles depositividad superiores al 75%; situación que mantenía alto riesgo de transmisión a los humanos y por endeelevada demanda de tratamientos. El trabajo sanitarista sostenido durante las recientes décadas, ha favorecido unaevolución notablemente satisfactoria del programa rabia en las principales ciudades de la entidad; destacan dentrode las actividades: las elevadas coberturas de vacunación antirrábica canina, capacitación del personal operativo yla participación de la sociedad organizada. ha medida que disminuyo la positividad en perros, ha disminuido demanera importante el inicio de tratamientos a razón de 7% en estas regiones; situación que ha permitido uncriterio conservador en el manejo de lesiones graves. Objetivos. Describir el impacto favorable de la correctaaplicación de los lineamientos normativos para la prevención de la rabia y manejo de pacientes con lesionesgraves. Método. El presente trabajo comprende el estudio de 28 pacientes con mordedura de perro en diversaspartes del cuerpo; 11 femeninos y 17 masculinos, promedio de edad de 22 años, se les practicó lavado exhaustivo,debridación de tejido necrótico y sutura. Un paciente fue amputado del dedo pulgar, 19 requirieron de cirugíaplástica, se manejaron con antibióticos y en ningún caso se manejo tratamiento antirrábico. Los casos son residentesde localidades con ausencia de rabia y en todos se realizó estricta vigilancia del animal agresor. Resultados. Lascondiciones de ausencia de rabia en las localidades de los 28 pacientes estudiados, el plan terapéutico empleadofue de medidas generales de las lesiones y atención quirúrgica especializada en 19 casos; simultáneamentemanejo médico de los casos, observación estricta del animal agresor durante 10 días a partir de la fecha deagresión. En ningún caso se utilizó terapia antirrábica. Conclusión. Las heridas causadas por animal identificado,vacunado y habitante de áreas con ausencia de rabia, deben ser suturadas de primera intención previo lavadomecánico y debridación del área, posteriormente manejadas con antibióticos vía sistémica, este plan terapéuticofavorece un mejor resultado cosmético y menor porcentaje de complicaciones.

México

49

FIRST SESSION

OUTBREAK OF VAMPIRE-BATS BITES IN HUMANS IN VILA VELHA-ES, 2006

Virgínia Teixeira do Carmo Emerich 1, Carla Cavalcanti Teixeira Oliver 1, Augusto Marchon Zago 2, Luiz Carlos BarbozaTavares 3, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 41) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Vila Velha, ES, Brasil, 2) Secretaria da Saúde, ES, Brasil, 3) Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária

Florestal do Espírito Santo, SES, ES, Brasil 4)Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Carla Cavalcanti - [email protected]

Introduction: Bats are related with rabies transmission since last century. In Brazil, an effective control of rabies indomestical animals have contributed for a decline in human rabies cases, but in 2004—2005 occurred outbreaksof human rabies transmitted by vampire-bats in Amazonic region, demonstrating the importance of bats on rabiestransmission. In an urban area of Vila Velha municipality, Espirito Santo State, there were identified bites inhumans between January—March, 2006. Methods: A descriptive study was done using a questionnaire to de-scribe the outbreak and active search was performed. Capture and control of vampire-bats was realized using afog net and vampiricide anticoagulant. Prophylaxis was offered to persons who were bitten by bats. Healtheducation was done. Results: There were identified ten bites in humans, being in five different residences in abuffer of twenty to fifty meters located in the edge of the river Aribiri. All patients received prophylaxis for rabiesand related bites during the night, while they were sleeping. All of them were bitten on the foot and related thatthey left windows opened or slept outside of the house. Residences are done with mansory with holes in thefloor, wall and roof. Around three kilometers from the houses was identified a cave where there were captured 28vampire-bats (Desmodus rotundus) and five were treated with vampiricide and 23 were sent for rabies diagnosisand all were negative. A vaccination of domestic animals were performed. Conclusions: The cave is being moni-tored. An inquiry to identify bites was implemented as routine. Education health is important, mainly to look forassistance when bite occurs. After capture and control of vampire-bats, there wasn´t any other bites in humans.All actions to prevent human rabies cases were conducted at opportune time and no human rabies cases occurs.

Brasil

50


ATTACKS OF THE COMMON VAMPIRE BATS AT INDIGENOUS VILLAGES FROMNORTHERN BRAZIL

Wilson Uieda 1, Rômulo Henrique da Cruz 2, Marina Albuquerque 2, Pedro Carneiro Junior 21) Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil; 2) Departamento de Saúde Indígena, Fundação

Nacional de Saúde

Dr. Wilson Uieda - [email protected]

Recent outbreaks of human rabies (2004 and 2005) transmitted by the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus took placein the Amazonian region and involved poor people from Pará and Maranhão states. Similar outbreaks involvingindigenous people are not known in Brazil, but there is an unpublished and unconfirmed report of rabies in twoyoung native Apinajés, apparently transmitted by D. rotundus, in Tocantins state in 1998. On the other hand,attacks by vampire bats upon indians were already reported several times. In March 2005, we started a survey onthe occurrence of attacks at Brazilian indigenous villages and we verified that they are concentrated in the Ama-zonian region. Until March 2005, 356 natives from the states of Tocantins (60.4%), Rondônia (31.1%), Pará(4.8%), Roraima (3.4%) and Amapá (0.3%) were bled at least once in their life. No data from other Brazilianstates was obtained. Between July and November 2005, an aggression outbreak occurred at three Kaiapó villagesin the Municipalities of Ourilândia do Norte and São Felix do Xingu (Pará), where more than 200 natives were bledby vampires. Between December 2005 and May 2006, vampire bats were netted at seven indigenous villages ofAltamira and Anapú, but their attacks were observed only at the Arara, Xipaia and Kaiapó villages. At a Kaiapóvillage, where many aggressions were frequently observed, the population growth of D. rotundus must be relatedto cattle raising by the natives themselves. Many cows rested every night at the village and this could haveallowed bats to get food from both sources: cows and humans. Later, when the cattle was taken off the village,natives turned the main blood source to vampires. This situation is well known on outbreaks of aggressions and ofrabies on humans by D. rotundus at small and poor villages in Latin America.

Brasil

51

FIRST SESSION

ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDY OF RABIES OUTBREAK IN THE CITY OF PORTEL (PA/AMAZÔNIA/BRAZIL): CONCEPTIONS AND REPRESENTATIONS OF THE ILLNESSFOR THE FAMILY OF THE VICTIMS

P.M. Bezerra 11) Universidade Federal do Pará / Universidade Federal da Amazônia / FIOCRUZ, AM, Brasil

Dr. Patrícia Bezerra - [email protected]

All the epidemic phenomenon lived deeply has a construction of the motive now empirical, now science, nowthe interaction of these factors. The cognitive knowledge of the family resident in the margins of the riverAcutipereira in Portel city of Pará they attacked by the most greatest outbreak of human rabies (15 cases con-firmed) it recorded and accompanied in the word, is the objective of this work. The approach utilized was ofqualitative character, interviews do not structured, with collection of narratives the which were carried out join totwo family (a couple) of six of the victims and other two more family of different communities after entreaty bythe community in what play to the dialogue with the researcher about the subject of the research. The concep-tions of the motives of these family they are of the order of the divine: when consider the outbreak as a punish-ment by a fisherman of the community it to killed a boto in the locality; an action man-made harmful: where anew timber it evacuate poison in the waters of the Acutipereira river; of the nature attributing to a “very strong”wind that contaminated the bats; mystic being the vector bat the one that strip the blood and afterwards kills. Theempirical knowledge of an phenomenon epidemic it is prominent in the measure that influences the mobilizationof efforts in the prevention. The identification of the cultural cause is part of the process therapeutic. That initialwork this inserted in a research of bigger carriage than is being carried out by the researcher join to the master’sin Health, Society and Endemic Disease in the Amazônia (UFPA/UFAM/FIOCRUZ).

Brasil

52


RABIES PREVENTION AND GLOBAL AWARENESS

D.J. Briggs 11) Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA

Dr. Deborah J Briggs - [email protected]

Rabies is a very neglected totally preventable disease with the highest case fatality rate of any infectious diseaseknown to man and 45 to 60 % of all human deaths occur in children. Unfortunately, rabies continues to receivevery little attention on a global scale. Even the progress made to reduce, and in some cases eliminate, caninerabies from countries in Latin America has not received the international attention that it should have received.The reasons for the lack of international attention have always focused on the fact that the responsibility for rabiescontrol is split between human health professionals and agricultural entities and the failure of governments indeveloping countries to recognize and support rabies prevention programs, both of which have lead to a lack ofsupport and funds from international organizations. Although these are valid points, it is time for all of us in therabies community to join together globally and devise a different strategy for increasing global awareness of rabiesfocusing on the fact that rabies can be totally eliminated from the animal population. Rabies has many uniquefeatures that make its elimination a challenge but by using these challenges as a focal point for awareness we candramatically increase global attention and consequently increase funding support for its elimination. Through thehelp of WHO, we are proposing a ‘World Rabies Day’ wherein students of veterinary medicine will join forceswith rabies experts in canine rabies endemic countries to increase the awareness of rabies throughout the world.The strategy for moving this program forward is already underway in several countries. Additionally, the rabiescommunity needs to utilize the fact that rabies is a disease of children and that by eliminating rabies in the caninepopulation rabies in the human population, especially in children will also decrease.

USA

53

FIRST SESSION

SECOND SESSION RABIES PATHOGENESIS

54


55

SECOND SESSION

IDENTIFICATION OF PATHOGENICITY DETERMINANTS OF RABIES VIRUS (RV)AND ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLE OF THE RATE OF VIRUS REPLICATION/TRANSCRIPTION IN PATHOGENESIS

Milosz Faber 1, Rojjanaporn Pulmanausahakul, Amy Papaneri, Marie-Luise Faber 2, Jianwei Li, Matthias J. Schnell, andBernhard Dietzschold 21) Molecular Targenting Technologies, Philladelphia, PA, USA, 2) Thomaz Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Milosz Faber - [email protected]

We derived a recombinant clone, SB0, of the highly pathogenic silver-haired bat-associated RV strain (SHBRV)that completely mimics the pathogenic phenotype of SHBRV and is the first infectious clone of a street RV. In vitroand in vivo experiments showed that SB0 has an increased ability to spread from cell to cell and to penetrate cellsfaster than the highly attenuated SN0 strain. This suggests that the more pathogenic RVs escape the host re-sponses by a faster virus uptake and virus spread. Phenotypic analysis of chimeric RVs assembled from SB0 and theRV vaccine strain SN0 demonstrated that, although RV pathogenicity is a multigenic trait involving different RVencoded proteins and transcriptional elements, the RV G and M protein both play a predominant role in the abilityof SB0 to invade the CNS from a peripheral site. Analysis of chimeric RVs also revealed that the RV G proteindetermines the neuroinvasiveness of a RV by facilitating fast virus entry and efficient virus spread via interactionwith the RV M, and by regulating viral transcription/replication together with the RV M. Our data show that thepathogenicity of an RV correlates inversely with the rate of virus growth and viral transcription / replication invitro, supporting the concept that the replication of an RV must be tightly regulated so that it can accomplish acomplete life cycle.

USA

56

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

DOMINANCE OF THE RABIES VIRUS G PROTEIN CARRYING A NON-PATHOGENICDETERMINANT OVER THE G PROTEIN CARRYING A PATHOGENIC DETERMINANT

Marie-Luise Faber 1, Milosz Faber 2, Jianwei Li, Amy Rice, Jeffrey Mattis, Koon Yan Pak, Matthias Schnell, BernhardDietzschold 11) Thomaz Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA, 2) Molecular Targenting Technologies, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Marie-Luise Faber - [email protected]

RV G protein is not only the major RV antigen responsible for induction of protective immunity but also the majorcontributor to RV pathogenesis. Several rabies virus (RV) vaccine strains containing aspartic acid (Asp) or glutamicacid (Glu) instead of arginine (Arg) at position 333 of the RV glycoprotein (GAN) are apathogenic in immunocom-petent mice. This makes these variants suitable as live-attenuated vaccines. A recombinant RV carrying twoidentical Arg333’!Glu333 G genes (SPBNGAN-GAN) over-expressed the RV G and conferred protective immunityin a variety of animals, superior to that of a RV variant carrying only a single GAN protein (SPBNGAN). A majorproblem with the use of live attenuated RV vaccines is reversion to the pathogenic phenotype. It has been shownthat a Asn194’! Lys194 mutation in G (GAK) was solely responsible for the emergence of the pathogenic pheno-type. To investigate whether the presence of two G genes can actually increase the possibility for reversion topathogenicity, we constructed RVs that contain both the GAN and GAK gene (SPBNGAN-GAK or SPBNGAK-GAN). Additionally, we constructed a RV containing two GAK genes (SPBNGAK-GAK). While SPBNGAK-GAKwas pathogenic, both SPBNGAN-GAK and SPBNGAK-GAN were non-pathogenic after i.c. infection of adult mice.This indicates that the non-pathogenic phenotype determined by GAN is dominant over the pathogenic pheno-type associated with GAK. Most interestingly, virus growth and RV RNA transcription/replication rates weresignificantly higher in SPBNGAN- as compared to SPBNGAK-infected neuroblastoma cells. In cells infected withSPBNGAN-GAK or SPBNGAK-GAN, virus growth kinetics and RV RNA transcription rates were similar to thoseseen SPBNGAN-infected cells, indicating that the pathogenicity of RV correlates inversely with its transcription/replication rate. From these data we conclude that an rRV carrying two identical attenuated G genes is not onlymore immunogenic but also exhibits a lower risk for reversion to the pathogenic phenotype.

USA

57

SECOND SESSION

CONSEQUENCES OF THE INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO RABIES VIRUSINFECTION

Marzena Fabis 1, Timothy W. Phares 1, Hilary Koprowski 1, D. Craig Hooper 11) Thomas Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Marzena Fabis - [email protected]

Infection with pathogenic rabies virus (RV) is generally associated with the development of neurological disease.However, there are a number of avirulent RV strains, such as CVS-F3, that do not cause disease in immunocom-petent animals. Attenuated RV spread to the CNS tissues of normal mice but are efficiently cleared when thefollowing occur: 1/ an innate immune response by CNS resident cells; 2/ RV-specific adaptive immunity whichoriginates in the periphery; 3/ increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability; and 4/ accumulation of theappropriate effectors of adaptive immunity in the CNS tissues. The innate immune response, which is essential toattract immune effectors into the CNS tissues, can be triggered by virus infection or by the consequences of theRV-specific immune response including enhanced BBB permeability and immune cell invasion. Elements of theinnate, ICAM-1, IP-10, MCP-1,aresponse that are triggered by the infection include TNF, and RANTES. While theelevated expression of theseb, MIP-1aMIP-1 pro-inflammatory mediators does not cause disease in CVS-F3infected mice, it is expected that they could contribute to the induction of immune-mediated disease if theyattract inappropriate effectors into the CNS tissues. To determine if this is the case mice immunized with antigensassociated with myelin were infected with CVS-F3. Immunization of mice with these antigens generally causesthe development of an autoimmune disease resembling multiple sclerosis, experimental allergic encephalitis(EAE). CVS-F3 infection increases the incidence and severity of EAE in conventional mice. Moreover, when miceare immunized with myelin antigens they rarely develop severeadeficient in TNF- -/-aEAE. Infection with CVS-F3overcomes this deficit and myelin-immunized TNF- mice then develop EAE with the incidence and severity ofnormal mice. We conclude that infection with rabies virus drives a CNS pro-inflammatory response that is essentialto attract RV-specific immune effectors into the tissues and clear the virus. However, this comes with an increasedrisk of drawing immune effectors with other specificities into the CNS tissues and causing, for example, CNSautoimmunity. Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI09706.

USA

58

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

EARLY SPREAD OF RABIES VIRUS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY

Rhonda B. Kean 1, Timothy W. Phares 1, Anirban Roy 1, Mikhail Prosniak 1, Hilary Koprowski 1, D. Craig Hooper 11) Thomas Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Rhonda Kean - [email protected]

While considered highly neurotrophic, most rabies viruses (RV) replicate in non-neuronal tissues in vivo, includingat the site of infection. Certain virus strains, such as those associated with silver-haired bats (SHBRV) have anenhanced capacity to replicate in non-neuronal cells in vitro that may be relevant to their infectivity in vivo. Forexample, virus spread to non-neuronal tissues such as the spleen and lymph nodes may either positively ornegatively impact the development of anti-viral immunity. To provide insight into the relationships betweenpathogenesis, the spread of RV to different sites and the development of immunity, we compared these param-eters in mice infected with attenuated, vaccine RV strains versus highly pathogenic isolates. Mice were infectedeither intra-muscularly (gastrocnemius) or intra-nasally and various tissues collected for RT-PCR analysis of rabiesnucleoprotein and glycoprotein mRNAs at time intervals from 24 to 72 hours afterwards. Parameters of immunityincluding RV-specific T cell reactivity and antibody titers were also assessed. Nucleoprotein mRNA of all RVtested, whether pathogenic in conventional mice or not, becomes detectable in the CNS tissues ofimmunocompromised mice as early as 24 hours post infection for pathogenic strains and 48 hours for apathogenicvariants. However, nucleoprotein mRNA also appears in spleen and lymph node over a similar time period. Studiesof cell subsets isolated from the spleens of RV-infected mice identify the cells positive for nucleoprotein mRNA asnon-T cells, likely dendritic or B cells. We consider that this is likely to be relevant to the development of antiviralimmunity as, regardless of the pathogenicity of the virus, nucleoprotein specific T cells can be detected in lymphnodes 48 hours after infection. The failure of these cells to respond to viral glycoprotein suggests that they arespecific for newly synthesized nucleoprotein rather than the intact virus. We speculate that the peripheral replica-tion of viral proteins in lymphoid organs is important in the early development of anti-viral immunity and this doesnot differ significantly between different virus isolates. Supported by National Institutes of Health Grant AI09706.

USA

59

SECOND SESSION

RABIES PATHOGENESIS AND THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER

D.C .Hooper 1, T.W. Phares 1, H. Koprowski 1, A. Roy 11) Thomas Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Craig Hooper - [email protected]

Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis of infected individuals generally fails once clinical evidence of the infectionappears. In animal models the development of clinical signs of rabies infection is associated with the spread of thevirus to the CNS. While all rabies viruses can invade the CNS tissues of mice, only attenuated, vaccine strains ofthe virus are efficiently cleared by rabies virus-specific immune mechanisms. In addition, the CNS inflammatoryresponse associated with the clearance of attenuated rabies viruses from CNS tissues is not seen in mice infectedwith pathogenic isolates. These observations suggest that there may be a selective deficit in the development ofimmunity to pathogenic rabies viruses. To establish whether this is the case we compared the development ofimmunity to a highly pathogenic rabies virus isolate associated with the silver-haired bat, SHBRV-17, with anattenuated, laboratory strain CVS-F3. Measures of innate as well as peripheral anti-viral immunity are comparableor higher in SHBRV-17 infected mice by comparison with CVS-F3 infected animals at the time virus clearancebegins in the latter. However, immune effectors including CD4 T cells and B cells fail to invade the CNS tissues ofSHBRV-17 infected mice and clear the virus. Moreover, the enhanced blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability seenin the cerebellum when CVS-F3 is cleared from CNS tissues does not develop in SHBRV-17 infected animals.Adoptive transfer experiments reveal that immune cells from SHBRV-17 infected mice are fully functional as theycan clear CVS-F3 from the CNS tissues of immunocompromised recipients. We conclude that as a consequenceof SHBRV-17 infection the BBB becomes refractory to the permeability changes associated with immune effectordelivery to CNS tissues and virus clearance. We speculate that once the capacity to “open” the BBB has been lost,conventional post-exposure prophylaxis will fail. Further understanding of the mechanism utilized by the immuneresponse to enhance BBB permeability and how this can be inhibited is necessary to develop treatment ap-proaches to clear rabies virus after it has reached CNS tissues. Supported by National Institutes of Health GrantAI09706.

USA

60

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

CLEARANCE OF RABIES VIRUS FROM THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Timothy Phares 1, Anirban Roy 1, Hilary Koprowski 1, D. Craig Hooper 11) Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA, USA

Dr. Timothy Phares - [email protected]

Infection of humans with rabies virus (RV) is generally lethal in the absence of post-exposure prophylaxis consist-ing of both the administration of rabies-specific virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) and active rabies immuniza-tion. Passively transferred antibodies contribute to recovery from infection by neutralizing RV while active immu-nization, in addition to providing the stimulus for long-term production of more RV-specific antibody likely hassome additional therapeutic effect. We believe that an active RV-specific immune response is required to deliverimmune effectors to infected tissues and clear the virus, which is expected to be particularly difficult if the virushas spread to nervous tissue where it is protected from immune effectors by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To testthis hypothesis we have studied the clearance of the apathogenic RV, CVS-F3 from the CNS. Like other avirulentRV, CVS-F3 spreads to the CNS of normal adult mice before it is cleared without sequelae by the naturallydeveloping immune response. Clearance follows the CD4 T cell-dependent increase in the permeability of theBBB. Interestingly, the increase in BBB permeability allows only molecules smaller that antibodies to infiltrate CNStissues and occurs several days prior to peak serum levels of rabies-specific antibody. Moreover, the reduction invirus replication in the CNS tissues begins after restoration of BBB integrity. The onset of BBB permeability isassociated with the appearance of T and B cells in the CNS -lightktissues and the clearance of virus with theexpression of high levels of chain mRNA in the CNS. Furthermore, the passive administration of VNA does notclear RV from the CNS of mice lacking B cells. These data argue that the in situ production of VNA is more criticalfor the clearance of RV from the CNS rather than the leakage of serum antibody from the circulation into CNStissues. We speculate that this may also be the case for the clearance of RV from other tissues. Supported byNational Institutes of Health Grant AI09706.

USAl

61

SECOND SESSION

HOST RESPONSE TO EUROPEAN BAT LYSSAVIRUS (EBLV) INFECTION, PART I:SUSCEPTIBILITY OF EPTESICUS FUSCUS TO EBLV-1 FOLLOWING DIFFERENTROUTES OF INFECTION

A. Vos 1, N. Johnson 2, T. Mueller 3, L. Neubert 1, I. Kaipf 4, K. Mansfield 2, C. Freuling 3, R. Franka 5, A. Denzinger 4, C.E.Rupprecht 5, A.R. Fooks 21) Impfstoffwerk Dessau - Tornau GmbH, Rosslau, Germany, 2) Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom,

3) Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Wusterhausen, Germany, 4) Zoological Institute, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany, 5)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.

Dr. Adriaan Vos - [email protected]

The rabies situation in Europe has changed dramatically in the past 25 years. As a result of oral vaccination,terrestrial rabies due to genotype 1 Lyssavirus (RABV) has been eradicated from large areas of Europe. Mean-while, two other lyssaviruses have been identified in many European countries: European Bat Lyssavirus type 1 and2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2). Unfortunately, only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural EBLV-hosts,insectivorous bats, to EBLV is available. As part of an ongoing project to investigate the host response to EBLV-infection, a preliminary study to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an EBLV-1 infection inEptesicus fuscus was studied. The following groups were investigated; Group 1: negative control (mouse brainsuspension) - i.m., n=7; Group 2: i.n., 10 3.2 MLD50, n=7; Group 3: i.c., 10 3.2 MLD50, n=6; Group 4: i.m. 103.2 MLD50, n=7; Group 5: p.o. 10 3.2 MLD50, n=7; Group 6: i.m. 10 2.2 MLD50, n=7. The animals wereobserved for 90 days post-infection. Blood - and saliva samples were collected from all animals on a monthly andweekly basis. At the end of the study, tissues were collected from all animals and examined for the presence ofviral antigen. The results indicated that the pathogenesis of EBLV-1 in their natural hosts differs markedly fromRABV in terrestrial wildlife. For example, no mortality in the p.o. and i.n. inoculated animals was observed, butalso 2 of 6 bats inoculated i.c. did not succumb to infection. Furthermore, only two surviving animals, one in eachi.m.-inoculated group, had detectable levels of virus neutralizing antibodies. Limited virus shedding was demon-strated in the saliva by virus isolation and PCR in some animals. We conclude from this preliminary study thatEBLV-1 is transmitted predominantly by the bite of an infected bat, possible other routes of (horizontal) transmis-sion does not seem to be of any relevance.

Germany

62

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN EBLV-1 AND EBLV-2 PATHOGENESIS: SHEEP AS AMODEL OF DISEASE RECOVERY

Sharon M. Brookes 1, Robert Klopfleisch 2, Thomas Muller 2, Derek M. Healey 1, Jens Teifke 2, Elke Lange 2, JanetteKliemt 2, Nicholas Johnson1, Christopher Finnegan 1, Linda Johnson 1, Volker Kaden 2, Aian Vos 3, Anthony R. Fooks 11) Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Surrey, UK, 2) Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Germany, 3) Impstoffwerk Dessau Tornau, Germany

Dr. Sharon Brooks - [email protected]

European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs) have been known to cross the species barrier from their native bat host to otherterrestrial mammals. EBLV type-1 has been shown to infect humans, sheep and a stone marten in the field. Othersusceptible animals include cats, dogs, foxes and rodents following ‘natural’ peripheral inoculation under experi-mental conditions. EBLV type-2 appears to be less virulent both in bats and in its ability to spill-over in to otherspecies; two human cases and experimentally infected rodents only. Our studies have confirmed EBLV-1 and -2susceptibility in sheep (Ovis ammon) following direct introduction of virus to the central nervous system. Notably,mild clinical disease was also observed in those peripherally exposed to virus via the intramuscular (IM) route.However, 75% of animals infected with EBLV-1 and 100% of those that had received EBLV-2 developed rabiesclinical signs and then recovered, this re-occurred between 4-70 dpi during the 94-day observation period. Thedisease pathogenesis scenario also varied substantially between the two viruses. EBLV-1 resulted in per-acuteclinical signs that were suggestive of motor neurone involvement, the induction of an antibody response and lessinflammatory infiltrate and antigen in the brain in comparison to that in EBLV-2 infected sheep. The latter involveda more protracted development of disease that was behaviour orientated, however, the virus neutralising antibodyresponse was not evident and there was more viral antigen and inflammation in the brain than that of EBLV-1. Itis clear that a high infectious dose is required to establish EBLV infection under experimental conditions (>5.0logs/ml), the infectious dose in field cases remains unknown. EBLVs represent a low but real risk to human andanimal health across Eurasia where the hazard is high if exposure goes untreated.

U.K.

63

SECOND SESSION

A NEW MODEL TO STUDY AN ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY FOR RABIESTRANSMISSION

Silvana R. Favoretto 1, 6, Marilene F. Almeida2, 6, Luzia F. A . Martorelli 2, 6, Caroline C. Aires 3, 6, Marcelo B. Labruna4, Débora R. V. Sacramento 5, 6, Edison L. Durigon 6 Hilary Koprowski 71) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil 2) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Município de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 3) Museu de Zoologia,

Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 4) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 5) Genomic Engenharia

Molecular Ltda 6) Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 7) Thomas Jefferson University, PA, USA

Dr. Silvana Regina Favoretto Lazarini - [email protected]

During the last years, countries as the USA, Finland, Australia, Mexico, Chile and Canada have been describedseveral humans cases that were not possible to detect the rabies transmission way or the possible transmitteranimal. The question concerns the link between bats and rabies victim in the absence of skin lesions attributableto a bat bite or without documented history of it. In Brazil, besides one rabies virus maintained by dog populationand an arboreal cycle transmitting the rabies directly to humans by marmosets, there are different epidemiologicalcycles with several chiropteran species acting as reservoirs and/or transmitters. Considering these questions, wedeveloped a protocol for the study of alternatives pathways of rabies transmission with a multidisciplinary profes-sional team and the utilization of the appropriated facilities. This project considers the possible transmission ofrabies to several animal specie including humans by a different way involving the presence of the ectoparasites asa vector in this process. Literature data’s showed that ticks from Ornitodorus Order are found as ectoparasites ofdifferent bats species in the Americas. This protocol included the utilization of the ticks, dipterous and batscaptured in their habitat and maintained in laboratory Nowadays, the standardization of molecular techniques havebeen developed having in mind the presence of controls to detect ectoparasites genes and also mammals’ genes.Different methods for RNA extraction are also tested.

Brasil

64

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

NON-BITE TRANSMISSION OF RABIES VIRUS

A.R. Fooks 1, N. Johnson 1, R. Phillpotts 2, A. Vos 3, T. Müller 4, C. E. Rupprecht 51) Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK, 2) Defense, Science and Technology Laboratory, UK, 3) Impfstoffwerk Dessau Tornau GmbH,

Streetzerweg, Germany, 4) Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Germany, 5) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Tony Fooks - [email protected]

A Scottish bat conservationist developed rabies and subsequently died from infection caused by a bat variant ofrabies virus: European bat lyssavirus type-2 (EBLV-2). The source of this infection and the means of transmissionhave not been confirmed, although contact with infected saliva from a bat by the ‘small bite hypothesis’ was themost probable route of exposure. We have further tested the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly rabies virusand EBLV-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route. Mice were challenged via direct introduction of lyssavirusinto the nasal passages. Two hours after intranasal challenge with a mouse-adapted strain of rabies virus (Chal-lenge Virus Standard), viral RNA was detectable in the tongue, lung and stomach. We have also observed thatgenomic RNA was detectable within non-CNS tissue including the tongue, bladder, and stomach of naturallyinfected Daubenton’s bats. All of the mice challenged with CVS by direct intranasal inoculation developed diseasesigns by 7 days post-infection. Two of five mice challenged by direct intranasal inoculation of EBLV-2 also devel-oped disease between 16 and 19 days post-infection. Mice challenged through aerosol exposure were highlysusceptible to infection with CVS but not EBLV-2 by inhalation. In a second study, 1 of seven bats (Eptesicusfuscus) that was used as an experimental control in a pathogenesis study became sick and died whilst beinghoused in a unit alongside bats infected with EBLV-1. The dead bat was not in direct contact with the infected batsthereby eliminating the bite route as a source of transmission in this case, and suggesting cryptic transmission.These data support the hypothesis that under rare circumstances, lyssaviruses can be transmitted by non-bitetransmission.

U.K.

65

SECOND SESSION

AISLAMIENTO DE VIRUS RABICO EN GLANDULAS SALIVALES DE MURCIELAGOSINSECTIVOROS

Federico Gury Domen 1, Fernando Beltran 11) Instituto de Zoonosis Louis Pasteur, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Dr. Federico Gury Dohmen - [email protected]

La rabia urbana fue controlada a partir del año 1981, mediante los programas de prevención y control de la rabiallevados a cabo en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y alrededores, pero a partir de 1990 adquirió una real importanciaepidemiológica el ciclo aéreo debido a la presencia de casos positivos en murciélagos insectívoros y por el aumento delnúmero de contactos con o sin mordeduras con el hombre y los animales domésticos. La especie predominante fueTadarida brasiliensis y en menor grado, Lasiurus cinereus y Lasiurus borealis. La prevalencia observada en la ciudad deBuenos Aires para estas especies es cercana al 3 %. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la presencia de virus rabico, sutitulo en glándulas salivales, caracterización antigénica y el riesgo probable de transmisión por contacto con animalesdomésticos y el hombre. En el estudio realizado se seleccionaron 26 muestras positivas en cerebro correspondientes alperíodo 1999-2005 en el que se produjeron 20 contactos con y sin mordeduras para realizar aislamientos por inoculaciónintracerebral en ratones lactantes de 1 a 3 días a partir de sus glándulas salivales. También se escogieron 20 muestrasnegativas en cerebro como lote testigo. Las tipificaciones se realizaron utilizando un panel de 19 anticuerpos monoclonalesdirigidos contra la nucleoproteína viral cedidos por el CDC de Atlanta, Georgia (USA); se usaron como testigos cepas delas variantes 2-4-6-ERA y DR19, como así también improntas de cerebro normal. Los resultados obtenidos mostraronun alto porcentaje de aislamientos (76,9%) en glándulas salivales, con un título promedio de 4.02 (expresado como -Log DL50). En un lote de muestras positivas en cerebro y glándulas salivales, se compararon sus títulos promedio,siendo sus valores 4.75 y 3.81 respectivamente. En el lote testigo negativo no pudo aislarse virus en glándulas salivales.Los virus aislados correspondieron principalmente a las variantes 4 para Tadarida brasiliensis, 6 para Lasiurus cinereus yborealis y sus respectivas subvariantes. Para concluir, de la comparación de ambos lotes de murciélagos al igual que enotros animales, la diseminación siempre se produce desde el cerebro hacia las glándulas salivales. Los títulos hallados encerebros no fueron muy altos, o bien por las condiciones en que fueron enviadas las muestras o probablemente por unainfección con título bajo, lo que permitiría en la mayoría de los casos, la diseminación hacia las glándulas salivalesdeterminando su aislamiento en las mismas. El riesgo probable de transmisión expresado como el Nº de contactos/Nºde murciélagos positivos en sus glándulas, fue del 50% para el período en estudio, indicando que de un lote de 20 deaislamientos positivos en glándulas, solo 10 ejemplares pudo estar en condiciones de transmitir la enfermedad.

Argentina

66

RABIES PATHOGENESIS

ISOLATION OF RABIES VIRUS IN MICE AND N2A CELLS FROM NATURALLYINFECTED BATS OF THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO, SOUTHERN BRAZIL

K.C. Scheffer 1, M.L. Carrieri 1, H.C.P. Santos 1, I. Kotait 1, F.H. Ito 21) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP Brasil 2) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Karin Corrêa Scheffer Ferreira - [email protected]

The Diagnostic Rabies Section of the Pasteur Institute, São Paulo-SP, received 4,393 bats from the State of SãoPaulo, in the period of 2002-2003. Classified into vampires, frugivorous, and insectivorous, and 10 distinct genera,82 bats were positive for rabies by the Fluorescent Antibody Test. Viral isolation from different tissues was per-formed in mice and in N2A cells, by inoculating 20% (weight/volume) suspensions prepared from brain, salivarygland, tongue, urinary bladder, kidneys, stomach, pectoral muscle, brown fat, lung, heart, and genital tract. Therabies-positive mice brains were submitted to a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Antigenic typing revealedthat viruses were divided into two groups: viruses common to Desmodus rotundus vampire bats and fruit-eatingArtibeus sp, sharing the antigenic variant 3 (AgV3); and viruses from insectivorous bats presented profiles of AgV4 and 6. Another group of viruses from insectivorous bats was not compatible with the isolates defined by theMabs panel. The results of viral isolation were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test, appliedfor the positive (scored = 1) and negative (scored = 0) results. Significant results were found when brain materialsof the vampire and frugivorous bats were compared to heart, urinary bladder, kidney, pectoral muscle, genitaltract, and stomach. The salivary gland was significant when compared to kidney, and stomach, using á = 0.05 andP<0.001. Similarly, specimens from the insectivorous bats were significant with P<0.001, when results of brainwere matched with those of the lung, tongue, heart, urinary bladder, kidney, brown fat, pectoral muscle, genitaltract, and stomach. For the vampire and frugivorous bats, the submission of brain, salivary gland, lung, tongue,and heart were the most adequate for viral isolation in N2A cells, and for the insectivorous bats, the brain, salivarygland, brown fat, lung, and urinary bladder were the most suitable.

Brasil

67

SECOND SESSION

INVESTIGACIÓN DEL VIRUS DE LA RABIA EN GLÁNDULAS SALIVARES DECÁNIDOS SILVESTRES (CERDOCYON THOUS), INFECTADOS NATURALMENTE,EN EL ESTADO DE PIAUÍ, BRASIL

Romualdo Oliveira Spindola 1, João Pereira da Silva 1, Rosangela Cavalcante de Carvalho 1, Vânia Maria Alves Carvalho1, Samira M. Achkar 2, Juliana Galera Castilho 2, Rodrigo Stefani Ceretta 2, Ivanete Kotait 21) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil, 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Romualdo Spíndola - [email protected]

La reducción de la rabia en el perro, en Brasil, ha derivado en una mayor atención de las acciones de vigilanciaepidemiológica de esta enfermedad en mamíferos silvestres, particularmente en murciélagos y en cánidos. En elnordeste del país, el ciclo de la rabia en cánidos viene manteniéndose desde hace algunos años, habiendo sido lossilvestres responsables de varias muertes humanas. En el 2005, en el Estado de Piauí, fueron identificados variosanimales, de la especie Cerdocyon thous, infectados con el virus de la rabia. La amplia distribución de esta especieanimal en Brasil, los hábitos sinatrópicos de estos animales y la evidente asociación entre la rabia de los cánidosdomésticos y silvestres, ya relatada por pesquisadores del Instituto Pasteur, con base en estudios antigénicos ygenéticos, evidencian ser un nuevo desafío para los profesionales de la salud pública. A través de laimmunofluorescencia directa y del aislamiento viral en ratones y células N2A, se investigó la presencia del virus dela rabia en glándulas salivares (sublingual y submandibular) en especimenes de Cerdocyon thous, naturalmenteinfectados con el virus de la rabia. La positividad fue del 27,3% en las glándulas sublinguales y del 80% en lassubmandibulares, destacándose la importancia epidemiológica de estos animales en el mantenimiento de la rabiaen la región y la necesidad de estudios que avizoren el establecimiento de uno programa de vacunación oral paralos cánidos silvestres de la región.

Brasil

THIRD SESSION DIAGNOSTIC, CHARACTERIZATION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY

70

DIAGNOSTIC, CHARACTERIZATION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY

71

THIRD SESSION

RESEARCH TRENDS ON RABIES IN THE FGI “FEDERAL CENTRE FOR ANIMALHEALTH”

S. Rybakov 1, K. Gruzdev 1, A. Metlin 11) Federal Centre for Animal Health, Russia

Dr. Sergey Rybakov - [email protected]

Rabies is constantly endemic in many regions of the Russian Federation and rabies cases in different species ofwild, farm and domestic animals appear every year. In the year of 2005 more than five thousand animal rabiescases were recorded. The FGI “Federal Centre for Animal Health” (FGI ARRIAH) is an all-Russia research centrein rabies and it conducts animal rabies monitoring, diagnosis, epidemiological studies, improvement of rabiesdiagnostic techniques, evaluation of rabies vaccine safety and potency and investigation of genetic characteristicsof the field isolates and vaccine strains of rabies virus. Because the live attenuated oral rabies vaccine aimed at theprevention of rabies in wild animals as well as inactivated rabies vaccines for domestic and farm animals areproduced in the FGI ARRIAH, centre conducts studies on efficacy and safety of anti-rabies vaccines. The followingtechniques are used for the laboratory diagnosis of rabies: fluorescent antibody test (FAT), mice inoculation test,virus isolation in cell cultures, ELISA, latex agglutination, histological and immunohistochemical technologies. Thepolymerase chain reaction followed by the PCR-product sequencing is used for the genetic studies. A rabiesdiagnostic kit in FAT was developed consisting of all the components needed for carrying out the test includingpositive and negative controls. Direct liquid-phase FAT method for rabies diagnosis in brain samples conserved informalin have been developed and patented recently. In the framework of the Finnish-Russian collaborationprogramme to control rabies in wild animals, we have studied the molecular and biological characteristics of 40field isolates from different parts of Russia, Finland, Estonia. Thus, the work focused on diagnostic methodsimprovement, epidemiology, prevention and control of rabies is carried out in the FGI ARRIAH.

Rússia

72


LABORATORIAL DIAGNOSTIC OF RABIES: COMPARATION BETWEEN RABIESTISSUE CULTURE INOCULATION, MOUSE INOCULATION AND FLUORESCENTANTIBODY TESTS, USING BOVINE AND EQUINE SPECIMENS

Adolorata Ap. Bianco Carvalho 1, Eduardo Rigo Deberaldini 1, Marli Francisca C. Santos 1, Roseli Mendes Resende 1, IFumio Honma Ito 21) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil, 2) Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho - [email protected]

The fluorescent antibody test (FAT) has proven to be a fast and most accurate microscopic test available for theroutine diagnosis of rabies. For being not infallible (false-negative and false-positive results may occur), theWHO’s current recommendation is to use it in parallel with the mouse inoculation test (MIT), but nowadaysresearchers are seeking other modern systems to replace the MIT. For this purpose, the rabies tissue cultureinoculation test (RTCIT), using mouse neuroblastoma cells is recommended by the French National ReferenceCenter for Rabies. In countries like Brazil, due to many technical and economic limitations, the MIT is still themost widely used test, but claims to replace the MIT are increasing. The proposal of the present work is tocompare the sensitivity of RTCIT and MIT, using bovine and equine specimens, and to assess the test characteristicand the safety of the RTCIT. A total of 358 brain specimens rabies positive were used (12 samples originally FAT-weakly positive). The brain suspensions were inoculated, in parallel, intracerebrally into mice and in neuroblas-toma cells. RTCIT was performed using g of DEAE-D for 1mL of medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum,m153.5x105cells/mL, viral suspensions diluted at 10-2 and an antinucleocapside conjugate solution 1:25; incubationin a 34oC chamber incubator with 5% CO2, for 96h. The sensitivity of the tests was determined and theagreement values were established by using the KAPPA indicator: MIT X RTCIT 98,32%; RTCIT X FAT 96,37%;MIT X FAT 96,37%. The results showed a great agreement between the MIT X RTCIT, suggesting that the RTCITtest can be comparable to MIT in routine conditions, especially for evaluation of FAT-weakly positive samples. Theadvantage of the RTCIT resides in the fact that results are obtained within two or four days, as compared to 30days in the MIT.

Brasil

l

73

THIRD SESSION

HUMAN RABIES TRANSMITTED BY VAMPIRE BATS: ANTIGENIC AND GENETICCHARACTERIZATION OF RABIES VIRUS ISOLATES FROM ECUADOR AND BRAZIL

Juliana G. Castilho 1, Elizabeth Salbé Travassos da Rosa 2, Aníbal Mantilla 3, Ekaterina Durymanova 1, Maria LuizaCarrieri 1, Ivanete Kotait 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP Brasil 2) Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, Pará, Brasil 3) Instituto Nacional de Higiene Leopoldo

Izquieta Perez, Quito, Ecuador

Dr. Juliana Galera Castilho - [email protected]

Since 2004, the main transmitter of human rabies in Latin America has been the vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus).According to data from PANAFTOSA/OPAS, 145 deaths by rabies were registered in the region between 2004and 2005. Of these, 98 (67.6%) were caused by transmission by vampire bats (46 in 2004 and 52 in 2005). Thehighest number of cases during this period (64) occurred in Brazil. Ecuador registered two cases in 2005, in PastazaProvince. Deaths by rabies in other countries with continued deforestation in the Amazon region were alsoreported. These deaths were confirmed by laboratory diagnosis or by an epidemiological link with aggression byvampire bats in populations living in vulnerable dwellings in areas where the animal population was small. Thesefactors constitute the characteristics of risk areas. The main objective of this study is to compare and classify theantigenic and genetic characterization of the 29 human rabies-virus isolates from different areas of the Amazonregion. Two isolates were from Ecuador and 27 from Brazil (11 from the municipalities of Carutapera, GodofredoViana and Turiaçu in Maranhão State and 16 from the municipalities of Portel, Viseu and Augusto Corrêa in ParáState). All the samples were submitted to antigenic typing using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies providedby CDC Atlanta, USA, and were characterized as antigenic variant 3 (AgV3), which is compatible with the variantfrequently isolated from Desmodus rotundus. The partial N gene (nt 105-1477) of the 29 isolates was sequenced.The sequences were aligned with homologous sequences derived from GenBank using the CLUSTAL/W methodand used to build a neighbor-joining distance tree with the K-2-P model. The 29 human isolates were geneticallygrouped into the Desmodus rotundus cluster, which was divided into three subclusters. Two subclusters werecomposed of isolates from Brazil; one of these subclusters was composed of isolates from different municipalities(Carutapera, Godofredo Viana, Turiaçu, Viseu and Augusto Corrêa), and the other isolates from the municipalityof Portel. The third subcluster consisted of isolates from Ecuador. The results of this study show that the isolatesbelong to the same rabies cycle as that in the vampire bat D. rotundus. However, the division of subclusters forvariant AgV3 suggests that there are geographic differences between isolates obtained over a short period oftime.

Brasil

74


MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF RABIES VIRUS ISOLATES FROMTRINIDAD AND COMPARISON WITH ISOLATES FROM THE SOUTH AMERICANCONTINENT

D.A. Marston 1, C. Ezeokoli 2, A. Velasco-Villa 3, L.A. Orciari 3, L.M. McElhinney 1, A. Newaj-Fyzul 2, J.D. Watkins 2, S.Titus 2, J. Ryan 2, C.E. Rupprecht 3, A.R. Fooks 11) Veterinary Laboratories Agency, UK, 2) The University of the West Indies, Trinidad and Tobago - 3) Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, Atlanta, GA,USA

Dr. Denise Marston - [email protected]

The island of Trinidad provides an interesting platform to study sporadic outbreaks of rabies in domestic livestockin the apparent absence of canine rabies. Here, we describe a molecular epidemiological study of a discrete panelof rabies isolates from an outbreak in livestock in Trinidad between 1997 and 2000. During the outbreak, one of51 vampire bats tested for rabies by FAT was confirmed positive, implicating this vector in disease transmission.However, since the early 1970’s, intensive trapping and testing of vampire bats failed to detect rabies virus by FAT,raising the possibility that the initial bat vector in this outbreak was from a neighboring country on mainland SouthAmerica. Venezuela and Guyana are Trinidad’s closest neighbors with Venezuela being only 9 miles south ofTrinidad at the closest point. Using partial N gene sequence, we have successfully compared the Trinidad outbreakisolates with isolates from neighboring countries. Our phylogenetic data supports the hypothesis that the outbreakwas due to a bat rabies variant, likely to be from vampire bats. In addition, the phylogenetic data suggests therewere two independent foci, one being closely associated with isolates from Guyana.

U.K.

75

THIRD SESSION

MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RABIES VIRUSES FROM DOMESTIC AND WILDMAMMALIAN OF BRAZIL

Leda Maria Silva Kimura 1, Joeler Vargas Dantas Jr 2, Wlamir Correa Moura 3, Ivanete Kotait 4, Victor Augustus Marin 2,Paulo Eduardo Brandão 41) Laboratório de Biologia Animal da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 2) Instituto Nacional de

Controle de Qualidade em Saúde- Fundação Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brasil 3) Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil 4)

Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Dr. Leda Maria Silva Kimura - [email protected]

Rabies is one of the most feared zoonosis, once it always results in the death of the affected patient, what makesrabies morbidity equal to its mortality. Furthermore, economic losses due to rabies epidemics in cattle, the eco-nomic impact in agrobusiness derived from decreased milk and meat production and implications in public healthmust also to be taken into account. Using classic and traditional techniques, the present research aimed to studythe molecular diversity of rabies virus strains from domestic and wild animals that circulate in different Brazilianregions (North, Northeastern, Southeastern, South and Center-Western) comparing the strains amongst them andwith strains from a municipality from Rio de Janeiro State (Porciúncula) based on the gene coding for the nucle-oprotein. The RT-PCR was applied to 32 samples of central nervous system tissue of rabies-suspected animals,showing an agreement of 100% with the classic tests, allowing a positive diagnosis even in decomposed samples.Thirteen out of these 32 samples were submitted to partial sequencing resulting in the expected groups of rabiesvirus variants, i. e., antigenic variants 2, 3, fixed strains and marmoset strains. A regional pattern was foundregarding the variant 3 of rabies virus. Data obtained from DNA sequencing allow a better understanding of themolecular diversity of the rabies virus strains circulating in the regions under study, a fundamental step for thegeneration of information to be used in the molecular epidemiology of rabies, as the determination of sources ofinfection, origins of outbreaks and phylogeographic relationships among rabies virus strains from different species.KEY WORDS - Rabies, RT-PCR, diagnosis, molecular epidemiology.

Brasil

76


RABIES IN CERDOCYON THOUS (CRAB EATING FOX), NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL:GENETIC IDENTIFICATION AND FOX RABIES ASSOCIATION WITH DOGS ANDCATS

Pedro Carnieli Junior 1, Willian de Oliveira Fahl 1, Juliana Galera Castilho 1, Rafael de Novaes Oliveira 1, Eduardo Eizirik2, Rodrigo S. P. Jorge 3, Ronaldo G. Morato 3, Romualdo O. Spíndola 4, Lindenberg M. Machado 5, José E. Úngar de Sá6, Enock L. V. da Silva 7, Maria Luiza Carrieri 1, Ivanete Kotait 1.1) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, Brasil 2) Faculdade de Biociências - Pontificia Universidade Católica, RS, Brasil 3) CENAP/IBAMA,São

Paulo, SP, Brasil 4) Fundação Municipal de Saúde, Teresina, PI, Brasil 5) Laboratório de Apoio Animal, PE, Brasil 6) LACEN - BA, Brasil 7)

LACEN - SE, Brasil

Dr. Pedro Carnieli - [email protected]

According to data of the Ministry of Health/Brazil, rabies in wild animals has presented a gradual increase,particularly in bats and wild-canids, and these last animals have been responsible for 7,9% of the human deathscaused by wild animals from 1986 to 2006. Regarding wild-canids, it is noteworthy, in Brazil; the identification ofspecies has been carried out in a subjective and empirical way, according to which two species stand out:Cerdocyon thous and Pseudalopex vetulus. The main objectives of this study have been to genetically identify thewild-canids involved in the cycle of rabies in the northeast of Brazil, as well as establish a connection between therabies of these animals and that of cats and dogs, by the genetic characterization of the isolated viruses in theregion. The genetic sequencing of 570 nucleotides of the mitochondria DNA, extracted from the brain of wild-canids suspected of being infected with the rabies virus, has been analyzed and the specie of the animal could beidentified. The generated genetic sequences, when compared with others of the Pseudalopex and Canis genera,have allowed the identification of the species of the analyzed animals as being Cerdocyon thous. The sequencingof 1390 nucleotides of gene N of the rabies virus, obtained from 30 samples of the central nervous system ofCerdocyon thous, 15 of dogs and 5 of cats, all of which from the northeast of Brazil, have originated two clusters,one of dogs and cats and another one of Cerdocyon thous. Also, different subclusters have been formed withinthe two clusters, which confirm the existence of regional groupings of the rabies virus among the wild-canids ofthe northeast of Brazil, as well as among dogs and cats. It has also been observed, in the tree of generatedidentity, that a dog was segregated in the Cerdocyon thous cluster. Seeing that the two animals belong to thesame geographical area, it is possible to suggest that the dog had been infected by a wild animal, which ultimatelyreveals the connection between the rabies of dogs and that of wild-canids, as well as the need to adopt specificmeasures of control of rabies in wild species.

Brasil

77

THIRD SESSION

ANTIGENIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF POSITIVE CANINESAMPLES TO RABIES IN MEXICO FROM 1997 TO 2006

A. Meléndez Félix 1, 2, I.L. Padilla Medina 1, R.A. Trejo Rodríguez 1, M. Gómez Sierra 1, G. Hernández-Rodríguez 1, D.Martínez Solís 1, A. Carrera Terrazas 1, A. García Guerrero1, A. Sandoval Borja 1, B. Escamilla Ríos 1, I. Animas Vargas 1,O. Hernández Monter 1, I.F. Villaseñor Ruíz 1 J.C. Gudiño Rosales 1, F. Vargas Pino 3 G. Zúñiga Bermúdez 2 & R.M. Ribas-Aparicio 2.1) Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos, Secretaría de Salud, México, 2) Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto

Politécnico Nacional, Mexico, 3) Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico.

Dr. Alejandra Meléndez Félix - [email protected]

Since 1990 The Secretary of Health in Mexico carry out massive dog rabies vaccination campaigns to eliminate thiszoonosis in the domestic canine population and to reduce with it the risk of transmission to human beings.Millions dose of the antirabic vaccine are applied every year, increasing annually (7.1 in 1990 up to 16.1 in 2005).Thus, the reduction of canine rabies cases is significant, from 3045 in 1990 to 125 in the 2005. In 1996 thelaboratory works began with the antigenic characterization by using a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies kindlyprovided by the Rabies Section of rabies of the Centers Disease Control and Prevention of the United States(CDC). At the moment 287 dog samples are identified as positive to rabies with the following variants: V-1, V-3,V-7, V-9 and V-11. The persistence of cases of canine rabies in some places of the country, in spite of beingobserved in smaller scale, determines the necessity of an accurate identification by means of genetic approachessuch as sequencing analysis of the 3´semivariable region of the N gene. Our results agree with the presence ofthe lineages D5, D6 and D8, previously reported by de CDC. A politomy was observed in a group of 61 viralstrains that have circulated in the Valley of Mexico from 1999 to the date, mainly at the east area, and involvingtwo cases of human rabies. Four rabies strains isolated from dogs and a pig segregated independently, all of themcoming from the municipalities of Ecatepec and Teotihuacan. Another homogeneous group involved dog samplescoming from the center-south of Puebla and Tlaxcala suggesting that these viral strain circulated in this area from1999 to 2004.

México

78


ANTIGENIC CHARACTERIZATION OF RABID ANIMAL ISOLATES, NORTHERNBRAZIL, 2005 / 2006

L.M.N. Casseb 1, T.F. Barbosa 1, A.S. Pereira 1, H.C. Peixoto 2, A.L. Begot 3, R.J.S. Lima 3, M.M. Souza 4, P.F.C. Vasconcelos1, E.S. Travassos da Rosa 11) Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ministério da Saúde, PA, Brasil 2) Universidade Federal da Agricultura da Amazônia, AM, Brasil 3) Núcleo

de Doenças Endêmicas, PA, Brasil 4) Laboratório Central de Saúde Pública, RO, Brasil

Dr. Elizabeth Salbé T. da Rosa - [email protected]

IIntroduction: The identification of the antigenic variants of rabies virus furnish important information on the originof the circulating rabies virus in a determined region and, in consequence, the existing cycles and the involvedspecies on them. Aiming to extend the knowledge of the epidemiology of the rabies in northern Brazil, weincorporated the technique of antigenic characterization for the laboratorial diagnosis of the rabies. Objective: Todetermine the epidemiologic profile of the animal rabies in northern Brazil, during the period of January 2005through July 2006. Method: A total of 31 rabies virus isolates from wild and domestic animals were used forantigenic characterization as follows: 22 dogs (13 from Pará and 9 from Rondônia); two cats, a swine, and 6 batsall of them from Pará State. The Indirect Imunofluorescence Assay (IIFA) was performed using a panel of mono-clonal antibodies against the rabies virus nucleoprotein (produced by CDC/Atlanta, USA). Results: All 22 dogisolates and one cat sample were identified as Variant 2, strain commonly found among dogs; the other feline, theswine strain and the 6 bat rabid samples (3 vampires and 3 non-hematophagous) were identified as Variant 3,whose reservoir is the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus. Conclusions: These results suggest that in thenorthern region of Brazil the antigenic variant 2 continues to be the prevalent in dogs; the other strains wereantigenically characterized as belong to the variant 3 (from vampire bats). It is interesting that the swine and catstrains coming from the municipality of Augusto Corrêa, northeastern region of Pará State, where an importantbat-transmitted rabies outbreak was reported in 2005. The genetic characterizations of all studied strains are ongoing and should complement this study. Financial support: IEC/SVS/MS

Brasil

79

THIRD SESSION

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF THE AERIAL CYCLE OF THE RABIES VIRUS IN MEXICO

A Meléndez-Félix, 1, 2, I.L. Padilla-Medina 1, R.A Trejo-Roíguez 1, M Gómez-Sierra 1, G. Hernández-Rodriguez, 1, D.Martínez Solís 1, A Carrera-Terrazas 1, A García-Guerrero1, A Sandoval-Borja, 1 B. Escamilla-Ríos 1 I. Animas-Vargas 1,O Hernández-Monter 1, I.F. Villaseñor-Ruíz, 1, J.C. Gudino-Rosales 1, F. Vargas-Pino 3, G. Zúñiga Bermúdez, 2 & R.M.Ribas-Aparicio 21) Instituto de Diagnostico Y Referencia Epidemiológicos, México, DF, México, 2) Escuela Nacional de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto

Politécnico Nacional, México 3) Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico

Dr. Alejandra Meléndez Félix - [email protected]

At present in Mexico the bats cause more than 50% of human rabies being a serious problem of public health, aswell as the transmission to terrestrial animals mainly to the bovine livestock causing considerable economic lossesat national level. In this work, samples coming from diverse states and species of our country were analyzed andfound infected by different reservoirs from the aerial cycle, through their antigenic identification with a panel ofeight monoclonal antibodies, and the nucleotide sequencing of the 3' semivariable region (267pb) of the N gene.The phylogenetic analysis showed 7 different groups belonging to the antigenic variants V-11, V-9, V-6, V-5 andV-8. A homogeneous phylogenetic group of hematophagous bats was identified as V-11 (Desmodus rotundus)coming from cattle and chiropters at the near states to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico between 2002 and 2005,contrasting with a small subgroup of the same variant in this area from the period 2003 to 2004. Another phylo-genetic group also isolated from cattle, segregated in independent form as V-8 coming from the coast of thePacific in 2005, this group had a narrow genetic relationship with atypical viral strains identified by genetic charac-terization, as well as with the group of rabies strains V-3 from bats hematophagous coming from the countrysoutheast, in spite of being identified antigenically as skunk strains. And finally a group of rabies strains frominsectivorous bats characterized as V-6 and V-9 of diverse domestic points. The information generated in thisstudy has been carried out at the Rabies Laboratory of the InDRE in collaboration with other laboratories andinstitutions in order to establish patterns of the rabies virus dissemination in areas of high risk in Mexico to helpnational authorities the implementation of appropriate strategies that allow them to maintain a system of activesurveillance.

México

80


A COMPARISON STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL RABIES IMMUNOGLOBULINREFERENCE STANDARDS

Susan Moore 1, Teri Ricke 11) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

Dr. Susan Moore - [email protected]

International rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) standards are used throughout the world to provide a means of ensur-ing uniformity in the potency determination RIG products used for prophylaxis, individual vaccine response ordisease diagnosis by expressing the level of rabies antibody present in a serum sample international units (IU/mL).The first International Standard for anti-rabies serum (IARS) of equine origin was replaced in 1984 by the WHOInternational Standard for Rabies Immunoglobulin of human origin (WHO RIG 1). This preparation was evaluatedat six international laboratories using the RFFIT and assigned at potency of 59 IU. In 1993, due to dwindling supplyof WHO RIG 1, a replacement preparation was evaluated at nine international laboratories using both the MNTand RFFIT and was approved by WHO as the second International Standard for Rabies Antibodies (WHO RIG 2).The mean potency was determined from the RFFIT data to be 30 IU/mL. In the United States, the most recentcomparison of the two WHO RIG standards was in 1997 at three laboratories (FDA, CDC, and KSU) and at thattime WHO RIG 1 was estimated to have lost approximately 2.5% of its potency versus WHO RIG 2. Currentlynew RIG products for prophylaxis are being evaluated by rabies serologic methods using these internationalstandards. The importance of consistent and accurate assignment of IU/mL values cannot be overstated. Todetermine whether any further change in potency had occurred since 1997, a repeat potency comparison of thetwo WHO RIG standards was performed at KSU. Results of indicate the relative potency of WHO RIG 1 is nowdecreased by an average of 14%. A decreased potency was verified by another neutralization method (FAVN).Assignment of IU/mL values to RIG preparations based on the lower potency WHO 1 would affect the calculateddose per kg. Though potency differences between the two WHO standards should be evaluated by another inter-laboratory study, based on these findings there is need of a standardized approach for the evaluation of RIGproducts, not only for choice of international standard, but also in the complete testing protocol used.

USA

81

THIRD SESSION

A QUANTITATIVE INDIRECT ELISA TEST TO MONITOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OFRABIES VACCINATION IN DOMESTIC AND WILD CARNIVORES

A. Servat.1, M. Feyssaguet 2, I. Blanchard 2, F. Boue 1, F. Cliquet 11) Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches sur la Rage et la Pathologie des Animaux Sauvages, Nancy, France 2) Bio-Rad, Marnes-La-

Coquette, France

Dr. Alexandre Servat - [email protected]

This review reports a new ELISA test to measure the level of rabies anti-glycoprotein G antibodies after vaccina-tion. The PLATELIA RABIES II kit was evaluated on defined populations of samples of dog, cat and fox origin. Foreach target species, serums from naïve, unvaccinated and vaccinated animals were tested. PLATELIA RABIES IIresults were compared to those obtained using the reference FAVN test (for dogs and cats) and to a published inhouse ELISA test (for foxes). PLATELIA RABIES II test demonstrated to be highly specific whatever the speciesconsidered (more than 98%) using a cut-off value of 0.5 EU/mL. The indexes of sensitivity ranged between 92.4and 94.5 for fox samples, and reached 83% for domestic carnivores population. Data collected by testing fieldsamples populations revealed that the rate of false negative results ranged between 8.9 and 11.1 % and that therate of false positive results ranged between 1 and 2 % for dog and cat population. Inter-laboratory trial studyrevealed that the performance of the kit is highly reproducible. The PLATELIA RABIES II test would be a goodcandidate for the routine detection of rabies antibodies not only in domestic carnivores (in the frame of interna-tional trades and follow up of the efficiency of dogs mass parenteral rabies vaccination) but also in foxes for thefollow up of rabies oral vaccination campaigns.

France

82


COMPETITIVE ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAYS (CELISA) FOR THEDETECTION OF ANTI-RABIES ANTIBODIES IN WILDLIFE SERA - DEVELOPMENT,VALIDATION AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Christine Fehlner-Gardiner 1, M. Kim Knowles 1, Andrea Clark 1, Lise Murphy 1, Natalia Barkar 1, Lindsay Elmgren 1,Alexander Wandeler 11) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Dr. Christine Fehlner-Gardiner - [email protected]

We previously reported the development of a competitive ELISA for the detection of anti-glycoprotein (G) anti-bodies in wildlife sera (Laboratory Techniques in Rabies, 4th Ed., WHO, 1996). The basis of this assay is theinhibition of binding of a peroxidase-labelled, G-specific, neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb) to immobilizedERA virus by antibodies present in animal serum. Initial validation experiments showed very good agreementbetween cELISA and rabies serum neutralization assays (RSNA) on fox and skunk serum samples. The sensitivityand specificity of the rabies G cELISA were found to exceed 98% when compared against results from RSNA. Atthe time it was assumed that this level of specificity and sensitivity would apply to any sera tested in the rabies GcELISA, regardless of source. This assumption was not upheld in the case of raccoon sera, where both sensitivityand specificity were significantly decreased. The discordance in results between cELISA and RSNA was reproduc-ible and could not be overcome by changing the assay format, the affinity or specificity of the competing mAb orthe nature of the coating antigen (whole virus vs. recombinant protein). Based on these observations, we havemade numerous changes to the rabies G cELISA as originally reported, including improved antigen preparationmethods, the introduction of species-specific control sera, implementation of test acceptance criteria and estab-lishment of species-specific cut-off values for positive samples. In addition to the rabies G cELISA test improve-ments, we have developed cELISAs for the detection of nucleoprotein (N)- and phosphoprotein (P)-specificantibodies in serum. These assays for G-, N- and P-specific antibodies are being utilized in studies of immuneresponse to rabies vaccines in both wildlife and laboratory animals and in viral protein epitope mapping studies.Aspects of the development and validation of the three cELISAs, and their practical applications will be discussed.

Canadá

83

THIRD SESSION

RABIES PROFICIENCY TESTS: A GLOBAL ANALYSIS OF THE 13 RING TESTSPERFORMED FROM NOVEMBER 1999 TO OCTOBER 2004

M. Wasniewski 1, A. Servat 1, F. Cliquet 11) Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, Nancy, France

Dr. Marine Wasniewski - [email protected]

For many years, quarantine confinement has proven to be an efficient method against rabies introduction in rabiesfree territories, however it was unsatisfactory for animal health and for the owner. Between 1993 and 2000, manyrabies free countries have alleviated their quarantine measures and adopted a scheme requiring a rabies vaccina-tion followed by a serological control. This alternative measure allows to guarantee the safety of free movementsof pets and preserves the rabies free status of the countries. For laboratories willing to carry out the rabiesserological controls, the European Commission decided to establish a system of community approval of suchlaboratories in order to guarantee an effective control system. The European Commission has designated a Com-munity Reference Institute to coordinate the approval of the laboratories. The main task of this institute is toorganize rabies proficiency tests for laboratories already agreed or willing to be agreed to perform rabies serologi-cal controls. These proficiency tests allow to determine the performance of individual laboratories for specific testsand to evaluate the laboratories’ continuing performance. We have conducted a global analysis of the rabiesproficiency tests performed from November 1999 to October 2004 (representing 13 tests and 315 appraisals). Aspecific analysis for each criterion (specificity, intralaboratory repetability and consistency, interlaboratory consis-tency) has also been performed for this period. The data obtained from these studies are highly satisfactory.Indeed after 13 rabies proficiency tests, 95,9 % of laboratories obtained satisfactory results and 98,74% ofparticipating laboratories succeeded for their first participation in rabies proficiency tests whatever the OIE pre-scribed method used (RFFIT or FAVN test). It should be noted that failures obtained during the 13 tests have neverbeen attributed to the specificity but to a lack of intra-laboratory consistency. The data obtained from these studieswill be presented and discussed.

France

84


ASSURING THE QUALITY OF TEST RESULTS

C. Gordon 11) Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA

Dr. Chandra Gordon - [email protected]

Most laboratories have long held the opinion or misconception that monitoring the accuracy and precision of theirtest results by the inclusion of a positive and negative control standard was the best means of verifying the‘quality’ of the laboratory’s work. This approach has well become an antiquated system due to the varyingcomplexities and ease of modifying current test methodologies in use. Not only should control standards becertified reference materials that are traceable to a known international standard but just as equally as importantis the ability of the laboratory to record this date in order to detect trends or subtle shifts over time. Mostlaboratories will use statistical techniques such as control charts relying on the two standard deviation bench markto determine the success or failure of their work. Accessing the quality of the test results must be a moreencompassing approach not just limited to monitoring the standards results, but should also include participationin inter-laboratory comparison or proficiency testing program, assessment for the competency of personnel,review of patient results against known medical history, and replicate tests using the same or different testmethodologies for conformation of results.

USA

85

THIRD SESSION

RECENT EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SOUTHERN AFRICAN LYSSAVIRUSES

Louis H. Nel 1, J. Randles, J. T. Paweska, W. Markotter, P. Coetzee, C. T. Sabeta1) University of Pretoria, South Africa

Dr. Louis Nel - [email protected]

All four lyssavirus genotypes known to be present in Africa have been isolated from South Africa in the year 2006.These are: (1) Duvenhage virus (genotype 4), isolated from a human fatality for the first time in 36 years; (2)Mokola virus (genotype 3), isolated from a dog and cat for the first time since 1998; (3) Lagos bat virus (genotype2) continually isolated from Epomophorus fruit bats and from incidental terrestrial animals during the past 3 years;(4) Rabies virus (genotype 1) - with two virus biotypes being endemic in mongooses and in canines (domestic andwildlife), respectively. In the case of dog rabies, the virus continues to radiate into new geographical areas or hostsand the disease have reached serious epidemic proportions in two large geographical areas, viz. the adjacentprovinces of Kwazulu-Natal and Eastern Cape and to the north, in the Limpopo province (during 2006). Corre-spondingly, there has been a drastic increase in the cases of human fatalities. Analyses of the abovementionedviruses will be presented and the implications of findings will be discussed.

África do Sul

FOURTH SESSION RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL

88

RABIES IN TERRESTRIAL WILDLIFE: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL

89

FOURTH SESSION

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE OF RABIES IN WILD ANIMALS: ROAD KILSFROM THE HIGHWAYS AND/OR FOUND IN URBAN AREAS OF THEMUNICIPALITIES OF JACAREÍ, SANTA BRANCA AND SALESÓPOLIS, VALE DOPARAÍBA -SP, SOUTHEASTERN BRAZILM.C.A.M. Souza 1, R.N. Oliveira 2, F.H. Ito 3, J.J. Ferrari 41) Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, SP, Brasil. 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 3) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária

e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 4) Secretaria Municipal de Agricultura, Jacareí, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria Conceição A. M. Souza - [email protected]

Rabies in wild animals has been a constant danger to man and domestic animals. In 2005, vampire-bat-transmit-ted human rabies numbered 44 cases in Northern and Northeastern states of Brazil, although canine rabies hasdecreased drastically in late years. In some Northeastern states, wild canids are important reservoirs for rabies, butfew cases are diagnosed at rabies diagnostic laboratories. In this work, 52 road kills from the vicinity of the city ofJacareí, Santa Branca, and Salesópolis, located at the Paraíba do Sul River Valley, in the state of São Paulo werecollected and submitted for rabies diagnosis, during the period of January 2004 to April 2006. The wildlifecollected were represented by Chiroptera (56.0%), Marsupials (28.7%) and wild canids (15.3%). Brain fragmentsand the non-nervous tissues were submitted to the direct Fluorescent Antibody (dFA) test, mouse inoculation test(MIT), and Reverse Trancriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique. None of the materials exam-ined by these techniques have been found positive for rabies although rabies in herbivores is still prevalent in theVale do Paraíba. It has been suggested the need to apply a continuous rabies surveillance program to wild animals,since the region has had great topographic modifications in the last years puts at risk the health of population. Keywords: Epidemiology of rabies, Wildlife. Vampire bats. Marsupials. Road kills, Rabies diagnosis.

Brasil

90


RABIES IN WILD SPECIES IN CEARÁ - BRAZIL, EPIDEMIC AND ENVIROMENTFACTORS

David Caldas 11) Secretaria de Saúde, Ceará, Brasil

Dr. David Caldas - [email protected]

INTRODUCTION: The wild Rabies is an important challenge in the area of the Health in Ceará for the significantoccurrence of cases, variety of the affected species, space distribution in several areas, climate and ecologicalunits . OBJECTIVE: It was intended to analyze in the period from 1990 to 2005 the occurrence of cases related tothe animals and humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Collected data of the records VE-7, Reports of the Programof Control of the Rabies in Ceará and of the Institute of Research and Economical Strategy of Ceará. RESULTS: Inthe analyzed period happened 179 cases in foxes, 29 in marmmosets and from 2001 to 2005, seven cases inraccoons. From 1990 2005 14 cases of human Rabies originating from wild cycle were registered, 10 formarmmosets, 3 for bats and one for raccoon. Ceará is divided in 33 geographical microregions, 11 units ecologicalunits and 05 climatic types. The Rabies in foxes has been happening in all the areas of the state, however they areevidenced with larger tendency in areas of high altitude and humid forests, mountainous and climate tropicalhumid and warm. Detaching the metropolitan area of the capital Fortaleza and the south of the state. The casesof Rabies in marmmosets, as well as the humans, originated by these species has a predominance in coastal areasof the state, that corresponds an extension of 543km, in the Solid of Baturité, where it prevails humid forests,mountainous characterized by climate tropical humid and warm. In humans the largest concentration of cases wasin the period from 1991 to 1998 (13 cases), in most of them as much the victim as the families they ignored therisk of the transmission of Rabies for these species, fact that generated the absence of the search of the medicalattendance. CONCLUSION: Before this epidemic and environmental picture Ceará comes as a vulnerable areaand high risk for occurrence of cases of animal Rabies among carnivorous wild and urban, primates marmmosets,bats and herbivores and accidentally the man for the absence of an environmental education

Brasil

91

FOURTH SESSION

SPATIAL - TEMPORAL VARIATION IN RABIES SPECIMEN SUBMISSION ANDPOSITIVITY DURING A RACCOON-RABIES EPIZOOTIC: PRELIMINARY RESULTS

T.P. Algeo 1; B.M. Bjorklund 1; X. Wang 2; D. Hennigan 2; K. Von Hone 3; M.D. Chandler 1; D.M. Grove 4; A. Robbins5; D.J. Wilda 1; C.E. Rupprecht 6; D. Slate 11) USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 2) Massachusetts Department of Public Health Laboratory Institute, 3) Yarmouth Division of

Natural Resources/Barnstable County Rabies Task Force, 4) Cape Wildlife Center, 5) Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary

Medicine, 6) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Timothy P. Algeo - [email protected]

Raccoon-variant rabies was detected on the ocean side of the Cape Cod Canal for the first time in March 2004,after ten years of rabies-free status, while raccoon rabies spread throughout the remainder of Massachusetts.Despite attempts to control the rabies epizootic through an extensive trap-vaccinate-release program, followed bymultiple oral rabies vaccination campaigns, raccoon variant rabies spread to the extreme end of Cape Cod, andwas detected there in 2006. Cape Cod municipalities, The Massachusetts Department of Public Health, andUSDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services engaged in enhanced rabies surveillance to track the spread of rabies down theCape. During March 2004-December 2005, raccoon rabies suspect submissions ranged from 3-74/month, andskunk submissions ranged from 0-25/month. Rabies among Cape Cod raccoons submitted for testing rangedfrom 18-67%/month. We characterize the Cape Cod rabies epizootic by presenting preliminary data on spatial-temporal variation in rabies surveillance results, quantify rabies surveillance efforts, and plan to improve uponexisting rabies surveillance strategies through use of a direct rapid immunohistochemical test in collaboration withCDC and MADPH to optimize the use of available resources.

USA

92


EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL RABIES VACCINE TO MANAGE RABIES IN STRIPEDSKUNKS (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS)

Krista Wenning 1, David Bergman 1, Dennis Slate 1, Charles Rupprecht 2, Chad Heuser 1, Barbara Worgess 3, ElisabethLawaczeck 4, Mark Weissinger 11) USDA/APHIS/WS, 2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 3) Coconino County Health Department, USA

4) Arizona Department of Health Services, USA

Dr. Krista Wenning - [email protected]

Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) has been under field investigation in the United States for use in raccoons (Procyonlotor), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) and coyote (Canis latrans) since 1990. However, there is no licensedoral vaccine that is immunogenic in striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) for use in the United States. A multi-agency coalition consisting primarily of USDA-APHIS-WS, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, theCoconino County Health Department, and the Arizona Department of Health Services initiated a field study to testthe effectiveness of the Raboral V-RG® oral vaccine in striped skunks. This was the first field trial of its kindtargeting striped skunks. In April of 2005, 1,875 coated sachet baits containing Raboral V-RG® vaccine weredistributed by hand at a density of 75 baits per km2 throughout the vaccine study area in Flagstaff, Arizona. Cagetrapping began 5 weeks post-baiting and 12 striped skunks were captured from the vaccine study site: 11 hadrabies titers of 0.04 International Units (IU) and 1 had a titer of 0.05 IU. All animals were confirmed negative forrabies using the dFA test. Results from this study will aid in the development of an effective oral vaccine for usewith striped skunks.

USA

93

FOURTH SESSION

TRAP-VACCINATE-RELEASE AND RABIES MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS TOMANAGE RABIES OUTBREAKS IN STRIPED SKUNKS (MEPHITIS MEPHITIS) INFLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA.

David Bergman 1, Mark Weissinger 1, Elisabeth Lawaczeck 2, Barbara Worgess 3, Krista Wenning 11) USDA/APHIS/WS, 2) Arizona Department of Health Services, 3) Coconino County Health Department

Dr. David Bergman - [email protected]

A bat variant of the rabies virus, common in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), occurs throughout the state ofArizona. In 2001, a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was infected with a bat variant causing an unprecedentedrabies outbreak in Flagstaff, Arizona. By the end of 2001, this rare spillover had infected 19 skunks and was thefirst documented event of a bat variant of the rabies virus being transmitted and maintained in skunks. A multi-agency coalition consisting of USDA-APHIS-WS, the Arizona Department of Health Services, Coconino CountyHealth Department, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and others responded to this outbreak byinitiating a trap-vaccinate-release (TVR) campaign for striped skunks in the area. Approximately 300 striped skunkshave been vaccinated during the ongoing campaign. There were no reported rabies cases in terrestrial wildlifeconsistent with the big brown bat variant for 3 years following the initial TVR campaign. However, the spilloverreoccurred in late 2004 when 5 striped skunks and 1 gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were reported positivefor the bat variant of rabies. Additionally, 1 striped skunk, 1 domestic cat (Felis cattus) and 1 gray fox werereported positive in 2005. At present, several rabies management programs, including the TVR campaign, are inplace to manage rabies outbreaks in striped skunks.

USA

94


RABIES DNA VACCINATION THROUGH INTRADERMAL INTO EAR PINNAE,IMMUNOCHEMISTRY STUDY

E. Tesoro Cruz 1, R. Calderón Rodríguez, R. Hernández González, A. Pérez, F. Blanco Favela, A. Aguilar Setién1) Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico, DF, Mexico

Dr. Emiliano Tesoro Cruz - [email protected]

Domestic animal rabies (especially dogs) has been controlled in industrialized countries using traditional parenteralvaccination, but wild animal rabies has been more difficult to control due to host inaccessibility. It has, thus, remainedan important problem for the public health. Cats are considered company animals and they may transmit rabies tohumans. In fact, in Quintana Roo, Mexico, in 2004, a case of a human death was reported when a wild cat bit a child.The diagnostic was confirmed postmortem by the Reference Laboratory of Ministry of Health (INDRE, SSA), and theautopsy confirmed an encephalitis caused by the rabies virus belonging to the antigenic variant V-3, which correspondsto a bat specific variant. The DNA vaccine against rabies consists of a mammalian expression vector pCl-neo, into whicha glycoprotein-encoding rabies gene from a Mexican isolation was inserted (pGQH), previously reported by Tordo. TheGfp is a reporter plasmid that express a fluorescent green protein and it was used in this experiment. Different inocu-lation routes for DNA vaccines have been explored, but efficacy varies with the used animal model and inoculationroute. In this work, only one dose of pGQH was administrated ID-EP to cats, in order to know the neutralizingantibodies titers and to study if dendritic cells were involved in the immune response in a cat. Five female one year oldcats were used in this experiment, all were inoculated through the ID-PO route. Three of 5 received 100 mg of pGQH,one received 100 mg of GFp. and one more received 100 ml of PBS. Sera samples from cats (1, 2, 3, and 5) wereobtained on days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180. Virus neutralizing antibody titers (VNAb) were determined inall sera, using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and the results were expressed in International Units perml. The fourth cat was sacrificed at 72 h, after GFp was delivered and different organ samples were taken (ear, spleen,lung, liver, and cervical and popitleo ganglions) to study the green protein fluorescence expression, and also dendriticcells detection, using CD1A antibodies. VNAb titers from cats 1, 2 and 3 were >1.5 IU on day 15, >6 IU 4 monthslater, and finally >3 IU six months later. The fifth cat, negative control, lacked anti-rabies antibodies. Fluorescent greenprotein was detected in ear, spleen, and cervical ganglion, and DCs were evidenced in ear and cervical ganglion. TheID-EP was revealed as an excellent route to deliver DNA vaccines. The success of the ID-EP route could be due torepresent a vast vascular draining site, also the DCs participation are implicated, setting up the possibility that detectedDCs could arrive to nearer ganglions and trigger the immune response.

México

95

FOURTH SESSION

TRACKING THE ATTENUATION AND ORIGIN OF SAD DERIVED ATTENUATEDRABIES VIRUS VACCINES

L. Geue 1, S. Schares 1, J. Kliemt 1, M. Beckert 1, B. Hoffmann 1, C. Freuling 1, R. Zanoni 2, D. Marston 3, L. McElhinney3, A. Fooks 3, T. Müller 11) Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany, 2) Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3) Veterinary

Laboratories Agency, Surrey, UK

Dr. Thomas Muller - [email protected]

All attenuated rabies virus vaccines except the vaccinia rabies glycoprotein recombinant vaccine (VRG) used fororal vaccination of wildlife descend from a common ancestor; the Street Alabama Dufferin (SAD) field strain ofrabies virus isolated in North America in 1935. However, after more than 30 years only scant information isavailable on how the numerous attenuated SAD derivatives can be genetically distinguished from each other andwhat the genetic basis for their attenuation is. In a recent project, we aimed at the complete nucleotide sequenc-ing of 4 commercially available SAD vaccine viruses currently licensed in Germany. By further including other SADderivatives such as the original SAD Bern, the ERA and a SAD 1-3670 Wistar strain originating from 1975, 1978and 1965, respectively, and a SAD Bern strain currently used in the Czech Republic, it allowed us for the first timeto track down the attenuation of SAD derivatives on a genetic basis. Whereas the SAD1-3670 Wistar and ERAstrain differ by single mutations in the N-, P-, G- and L-gene, the ERA strain and the original SAD Bern strain sharestill a higher sequence homology. Interestingly, the SAD1-3670 Wistar and the SAD Bern strain both were aproblem for sequencing of the M-G and G-L intergenic region. Cloning of the respective parts of the genome intoE.coli and subsequent sequencing revealed that both strains were not genetically ‘pure’ virus strains but consist ofat least two different virus variants. The largest attenuation step happened to occur between SAD Bern and thecurrently widely used SAD vaccine viruses with considerable nucleotide mutations and amino acid exchanges inthe N-, P- and partially in the G- gene and leader sequence (LDR). Phylogenitic analysis gave surprising insightsinto the derivation of SAD B19, SAD P5/88, SAD VA1, and SAG2. Two commercially available vaccine viruseswere identified as not being the designated SAD strains.

Germany

96


ERA VACCINE-DERIVED CASES OF RABIES IN WILDLIFE AND DOMESTICANIMALS IN ONTARIO, CANADA DURING THE PERIOD OF 1989 TO 2004

Christine Fehlner-Gardiner 1, Susan Nadin-Davis 1, Frances Muldoon 1, Janet Armstrong 1, Peter Bachmann 2, AlexanderWandeler 11) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, ON Canada, 2) Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Trent University, Peterborough,

ON Canada

Dr. Christine Fehlner-Gardiner - [email protected]

A vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of Ontario, Canada began in 1989.During the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus ERA-BHK21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. Animals recov-ered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. Immunore-activity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that discriminate between ERA and rabies virus variants known tocirculate in Ontario, and molecular genetic analyses were used to identify animals infected with ERA. Nine casesof ERA variant rabies were identified over the 16 year period of study; these did not appear to stratify by species,year of discovery, or location of capture. ERA positive animals were found across the province in eight counties, allof which had been baited in the year of case discovery. Four red foxes, two raccoons, two striped skunks and onebovine calf were among the positive cases discovered. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of the partial N genesequences generated from these isolates indicated that these nine cases were due to infection with the ERAvariant. Nucleotide sequencing of the glycoprotein genes and alignment of their predicted amino acid sequenceswith those of two laboratory stock ERA viruses revealed the mutation of residue 120 from arginine to histidine inall but one isolate. At present, the significance of this mutation is unclear. Our data demonstrate that the ERAvaccine distributed in Ontario carried residual pathogenicity, however, there does not appear to be any evidenceof establishment of ERA in wildlife populations over the 16 years studied. These results are consistent withprevious reports of the rare detection of ERA vaccine-induced rabies, as well as with laboratory studies of ERApathogenicity.

Canadá

97

FOURTH SESSION

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECOMBINANT CANINE ADENOVIRUS 2 - RABIES VIRUS GPROTEIN VACCINE (CAV2-RV G)

Bernhard Dietzschold 1, Jianwei Li 1, Milosz Faber 1, Amy Papaneri 1, Marie-Luise Faber 2, James P. McGettigan, MatthiasJ. Schnell 11) Thomaz Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA, 2) Molecular Targenting Technologies, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Bernhard Dietzschold - [email protected]

Rabies vaccines based on live attenuated rabies viruses or recombinant pox viruses expressing the rabies virus (RV)glycoprotein (G) hold the greatest promise of safety and efficacy, particularly for oral immunization of wildlife.However, while these vaccines induce protective immunity in foxes, they are less effective in other animals, andsafety concerns have been raised for some of these vaccines. Because canine adenovirus 2 (CAV2) is licensed foruse as a live vaccine for dogs and has an excellent efficacy and safety record, we used this virus as an expressionvector for the RV G. The recombinant CAV2-RV G produces virus titers similar to those produced by wild-typeCAV2, indicating that the RV G gene does not affect virus replication. Comparison of RV G expressed by CAV2-RV G with that of vaccinia-RV G recombinant virus (V-RG) revealed similar amounts of RV G on the cell surface.A single intramuscular or intranasal immunization of mice with CAV2-RV G induced protective immunity in adose-dependent manner, with no clinical signs or discomfort from the virus infection regardless of the route ofadministration or the amount of virus.

USA

98


SAFETY STUDIES OF RABIES STRAIN ERA G 333 AS A CANDIDATE FOR ORALRABIES VACCINE

D. Bankovsky 1, G. Safonov 11) Pokrov Biologics Plant, Vladimir, Russia

Dr. Denis Bankovskiy - [email protected]

Russia is the historically unsuccessful country on rabies. The most important role in rabies distribution have wildcarnivorous (foxes, raccoon dogs) and stray dogs and cats. ORV campaigns spent now have not led to reductionof number of rabies cases. The reasons of it are not only insufficient quantity of spread baits in the limitedterritories, but also that applied rabies strains are not safe and have a residual virulence. The given fact can be thereason of occurrence of vaccinal rabies in areas of carrying out of oral vaccination. The experiences on safetystudying of strain ERA G 333 for some species of animals have been carried out. 10 foxes, 10 polar foxes, 8 dogs,5 kittens, 20 guinea-pigs, 30 adult mice, 30 young mice, 72 newborn mice were exposed to rabies strain ERA G333 which past 10 passages into BSR cells. Foxes, arctic foxes and dogs received virus intracerebraly and intramus-cularly. Kittens were infected intramuscularly. Three routes of virus introduction have been used in guinea-pigs:intracerebral, intramuscular and subcutaneous. Adult mice were infected intracerebraly, young mice and newbornmice were infected intracerebraly, intramuscularly and subcutaneously. All animals except newborn mice survivedduring 60 days after virus inoculation. Newborn mice died after all used routes of introduction. Thus, ERA G 333innocuous for foxes, arctic foxes, dogs, cats, guinea-pigs, adult and young mice in our study after different routesof introduction. The given strain is safe and can be used in further immunogenicity studying.

Rússia

99

FOURTH SESSION

A BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS OF THE ONTARIO RACCOON ORAL RABIESVACCINATION PROGRAM

Christopher Nunan 1, Stefanie Shwiff, Rick Rosatte1) Peterborough, ON, Canada

Dr. Christopher Nunan - [email protected]

Continuing with the work begun with last year’s presentation of the costs and benefits of the red fox Oral RabiesControl program, we now turn our attention to the other rabies control program in Ontario that deals with theinflux of raccoon rabies from the United States. The two programs are profoundly different. In comparison to theendemic fox rabies outbreak, raccoon rabies is invading the province. This resulted in researchers using differentstrategies to deal with the invading disease. Following detection of each case of raccoon rabies the animal wasdispatched, the brain was sent to Ottawa for examination and confirmation and the site was surrounded byconcentric rings of depopulation, trap- vaccinate-release and oral rabies baiting. Since it first entered the province,rabies has not spread as quickly nor has it spread as far, nor has as many cases been detected as had beenpredicted from experiences in the northern United States. This has been not attributed to quick and decisiveaction by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. This paper will discuss the benefits and costs of this approachto rabies control.

Canadá

100


THE RACCOON - THE ULTIMATE WILD CARNIVORE CHALLENGE FACING ORALRABIES VACCINATION

D. Slate1, C. Rupprecht 2, B. Dietzschold 3, D. Donovan 41) USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, NH, USA, 2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. USA, 3) Thomaz Jefferson

University, Philladelphia, PA, USA, 4) Ontario Ministry of Natural resources, Trend University, Canada

Dr. Denis Slate - [email protected]

Oral rabies vaccination successes have been documented for red foxes in Europe and Canada and gray foxes andcoyotes in the United States. While specific ORV successes can be identified for raccoons, myriad factors point todaunting challenges for virus containment and elimination. Extrinsic factors such as translocation and intrinsicfactors such as population structure, density and dynamics are among several variables that must be considered informulating control strategies. A more comprehensive understanding of inter-specific interactions among meso-carnivores such as skunks, foxes and raccoons may be important to developing more effective rabies controlstrategies. In addition, a better understanding of the independent or interaction effects of the timing, pattern anddensity for bait distribution; the spatial-temporal habitat preferences of raccoons and nontarget competitors forbaits; and the contribution of natural and human-made features to the “barrier” effect in preventing rabies spreadare also important in strategy development and refinement. While developing and implementing effective rac-coon rabies control represents a complex multivariate challenge, the immediate emphasis should remain on themost obvious limiting factors to long-term success. Clearly, field performance data for currently available oralvaccine and baits point to the need for improved or new technology for long-term success. Delay in requisitelaboratory and field testing toward full implementation of new or improved technology could impede progress inreal time such that public support could weaken for raccoon rabies control programs, or more broadly for ORV.We identify and discuss the complex of potentially important variables and the critical needs to better ensure long-term success for raccoon rabies control.

USA

101

FOURTH SESSION

ORAL VACCINATION OF SKUNKS WITH A CANINE ADENOVIRUS TYPE 2-RABIESRECOMBINANT VIRUS VACCINE

C.E. Rupprecht 1, C.A. Hanlon 1, J. Self 1, J. Blanton 1, L. Greenberg 1, M.L. Faber 2, J.A. Mattis 2, K.Y. Pak 2, J. Li 3, M.Faber 3, B. Dietzschold 31) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2) Molecular Targenting Technologies, Philladelphia, PA, USA, 3)

Thomaz Jefferson University, Philladelphia, PA, USA

Dr. Charles Rupprecht - [email protected]

From a continental perspective, skunks (Order Carnivora, Family Mephitidae) are important rabies reservoirs through-out North America. Unlike other significant mesocarnivores, such as raccoons, foxes, and coyotes, biologicals fororal rabies vaccination (ORV) have not been licensed for skunks. The objective of this experiment was to test theinnocuity and effectiveness in skunks of a canine adenovirus type 2 recombinant virus vaccine (CAV2R), express-ing the rabies virus glycoprotein. Animals consisted of 36 captive-bred, unvaccinated adult striped skunks (Mephi-tis mephitis). All animals were negative for evidence of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) prior to studyinclusion, with 6 groups of six animals per group. In all cases, the experimental vaccine or placebo volume was 1ml. Negative control skunks received parental CAV2 vaccine per os. Two groups received CAV2R per os (108 or109 TCID50). Two groups received an experimental recombinant rabies virus vaccine (SPBNGASGAS) developedby reverse genetics per os (108 or 109 TCID50). One group received CAV2R by the intramuscular (IM) route (108TCID50). All animals remained well, regardless of group. Approximately 5 weeks post-vaccination, skunks wereinfected IM with a street rabies virus of skunk origin. Within 1 week post-challenge of rabies virus, all animals haddeveloped detectable rabies VNA, with the exception of controls, and 1-2 animals each in the groups receivingthe lower doses of SPBNGASGAS and CAV2R, respectively. The challenge phase is ongoing, and survivorship datawill be updated ad hoc. Beyond this preliminary proof of concept of ORV using CAV2R, future research shouldinclude comparative safety testing, the potential ability for intra-specific transmission, the evaluation of minimaleffective doses per os, and efficacy via baits, as well as extension to other significant target species.

USA

102


EVALUATION OF TWO CANDIDATE VACCINES FOR ORAL VACCINATION OFSKUNKS AGAINST RABIES

J. Self 1, J. Blanton 1, C. Hanlon 1, J. Maki, D. Grosenbaugh, CE. Rupprecht. 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Joshua S. Self - [email protected]

The striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is the second leading animal diagnosed with rabies in the USA. A potentialcontrol measure for rabies in wildlife is vaccination through the distribution of baits containing vaccine. At present,there is a need for a safe and effective vaccine for skunks. A vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) recombinant virusvaccine is licensed for programs targeting wildlife, such as raccoons, gray foxes, and coyotes. However, inconsis-tent oral efficacy has been demonstrated with this vaccine in skunks. In this study, the oral efficacy of a highlyattenuated rabies virus recombinant vaccine, constructed via reverse genetics, and designated SPBN-GASGAS,was compared with that of the V-RG vaccine in skunks. Three groups of six animals received 1.5 ml of either V-RG (108.0 TCID50), SPBN-GASGAS (107.3 TCID50), or a placebo (phosphate buffered saline) in the oral cavitywhile under sedation. Six weeks later, the skunks were inoculated with street rabies virus (salivary gland homoge-nate from a naturally infected skunk from California) administered intramuscularly in the right and left massetermuscle (0.5 ml each site). The majority of the V-RG vaccine recipients developed rabies virus neutralizing anti-bodies by two weeks post-vaccination. In contrast, none in the SPBN-GASGAS group demonstrated antibody untilseven days post challenge when three of the six animals demonstrated an apparent anamnestic response alongwith all the V-RG vaccinated animals. At the first definitive signs of rabies, animals were sedated and euthanized.Three of six skunks in the SPBN-GASGAS group and one of six in the V-RG group developed clinical signs andwere euthanized. Rabies was confirmed by the direct fluorescent antibody test. In view of earlier studies thatproduced conflicting outcomes, these data require further corroboration, but add to a growing body of evidencesupporting both the needs and opportunities involved towards the development of a safe and effective oral rabiesvaccine for skunks.

USA

103

FOURTH SESSION

EVALUATION OF ORAL WILDLIFE RABIES VACCINATION: INTERPRETATION OFFIELD SEROLOGY AND RESULTS OF CHALLENGE IN CAPTIVITY

Cathleen A. Hanlon 1, Craig B. Swope1, Jason Suckow 1, Michael Niezgoda 1, William Weldon, Jesse Blanton, JoshuaSelf 1, Dennis Slate 2, Charles E. Rupprecht 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. USA, 2) USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, NH, USA

Dr. Cathleen Hanlon - [email protected]

In the USA, the area considered enzootic for raccoon rabies overlaps with a large and dense human populationalong the eastern seaboard, along the Appalachian Mountains and inland to Ohio. Beyond prevention efforts,including public education and human rabies post-exposure prophylaxis, oral rabies vaccination is a major tactic forwildlife rabies control. As part of the continuing evaluation of the oral rabies vaccination baiting program intendedfor free-ranging raccoons, animals from baited areas of Pennsylvania and unbaited areas in Michigan were live-trapped and transferred to captivity for rabies virus challenge studies. All 20 sero-negative (<0.05 IU/ml), rabies-naïve raccoons succumbed to rabies. A group of seven raccoons were considered low-positive (0.05-0.10 IU/ml)on the basis of rabies virus neutralizing antibody serology at the time of capture. Upon challenge 4-6 months later,3/7 (43%) survived lethal rabies virus inoculation. Among a medium-positive (>0.10-0.45) rabies antibody group,6/11 (55%) survived challenged. The highest level of survivorship (8/11, 83%) was achieved among a group ofraccoons with rabies antibody titers > 0.45 IU/ml at the time of capture, 4-5 months prior to challenge. Allanimals demonstrated a drop in detectable antibody levels during the period when they first arrived and the startof challenge. An overall survivorship of 63% (19/30) was observed among raccoons from all sero-positive groups(low-, med-, and high-). The determination of rabies virus neutralizing antibody levels is a valuable tool for theassessment of oral wildlife rabies vaccination efficacy, as it is an estimate of “herd immunity”. Many factors affectantibody levels in a free-ranging population. A critical consideration is the timeliness of sample collection asantibody kinetics from oral vaccination may lead to a narrow window of detection. The presence of antibodyindicates a reasonable probability of immunity to a lethal rabies virus challenge and, conversely, a lack of rabiesvirus neutralizing antibody suggests a very high (but not absolute) susceptibility.

USA

104


RISK-BASED COST MODELING OF ORAL RABIES VACCINE INTERVENTIONS FORRACCOON RABIES

Sergio Recuento 1, Millicent Eidson, Bryan Cherry, Glen Jonson1) New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA

Dr. Sergio Recuenco MD, DrPH - [email protected]

Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) is a potentially effective but costly strategy currently used to control raccoon rabies.Due to high costs, ORV for raccoon rabies in the U.S. has been limited to epizootic areas, with few and briefattempts to use ORV in enzootic areas, leaving extensive raccoon rabies regions without any ORV intervention.The number of rabid terrestrial animals in New York State (NYS) was modeled with a Poisson regression includingland elevation, land use type, human population density, presence of large rivers/lakes, major roads, year, ecoregion,and proximity to ORV areas as covariates for the model. Several cost scenarios for ORV application in raccoonrabies enzootic and epizootic regions were modeled in NYS to obtain the total cost of ORV baits per scenario andpotential savings compared with uniform ORV baiting strategies. These cost scenarios modeled application ofORV baits at different densities according to levels of risk defined by the observed number of raccoon rabies casesper km2, and the expected number of cases per km2 using estimates calculated with a Poisson model, at thecensus tract level. Use of these differential bait densities is projected to result in lower bait purchase costs thanuniform baiting, for both the NYS enzootic region and the Long Island epizootic zone. The proportion of savingsfor the NYS enzootic region could be as much as 29.57% (cost scenario based on expected number of cases perkm2). The proportion of savings for the Long Island epizootic zone could be as much as 38.9% (cost scenariobased on expected number of cases per km2). Cost savings are contingent on the assumption that risk-basedapplication of bait is at least as effective in controlling rabies as uniform baiting.

USA

105

FOURTH SESSION

FIFTH SESSION RABIES IN BATS

106

RABIES IN BATS

107

FIFTH SESSION

VAMPIRE MYTHS, VAMPIRE BATS AND THE TYRANNY OF THEORIES

Christopher Nunan 11) Peterborough, ON, Canada

Dr. Christopher Nunan - [email protected]

Previously, I have indicated that the vampire legends came out of the East to “infect” a very susceptible Europe.But now, we are faced with a dilemma-where did the East get its vampires. Authors have previously lookedtowards a variety of gods, demons and devils (for example: Kali) to explain vampire legend origins. I suggest asimpler explanation- the myths began with Eastern explorers returning from bat infested areas of the globeVampire bats had a profound effect upon early European explorers of Mid-America, from Columbus onward. Butvampire bats are native only to Mid-America. How then could these bats begin the Eastern vampire mythos? Workby previous researchers in various fields has suggested that, unlike the standard North American Land BridgeTheory of human settlement/evolution in North America, people were visiting North, Central and South Americausing ships long before the land Bridge theory suggests they were on the landmass. It is these explorers who Isuggest were encountering vampire bats and returning with the beginnings of the vampire legends. The theory of“pre-Columbian oceanic transport” is gaining acceptance. Hopefully, the vampire story will add to the growingbody of evidence being amassed by the diffusionists.

Canadá

108

RABIES IN BATS

PRIMER RELATO DE MURCIÉLAGO HEMATOFAGO (DESMODUS ROTUNDUS)INFECTADO POR EL VIRUS DE LA RABIA, ENCONTRADO EN UN CENTROURBANO, SP, BRASIL

Claudia Ferraz 1, Samira M. Achkar 2 e Ivanete Kotait 21) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses - Ubatuba/SP, 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Samira Achkar - [email protected]

Los murciélagos hematófagos son, en la actualidad, los principales reservorios del virus de la rabia en nuestromedio, particularmente el Desmodus rotundus (vampiro común). Es reconocido, internacionalmente, que estEanimal además de causar grandes pérdidas económicas directas, como transmisor de la rabia a los herbívoros,ocasiona pérdidas originadas del ataque per. se: anemia, disminución de peso, depreciación del cuero e infeccionessecundarias. Desde el año 2004, según relatos de los Coordinadores Nacionales de los Programas de la Rabia enlos países de la América Latina, ellos son, también, los principales transmisores de la rabia a los humanos, enespecial en la región de la Amazona. Otro aspecto importante esta relacionado a los animales de estimación(perros y gatos) que, en áreas urbanas consideradas controladas, presentan rabia que, a los estudios antigénicos ygenéticos, revelan infección por la variante Desmodus rotundus (AgV3). Como espécimen del genero Artibeus sphan sido, con frecuencia, encontrados con la AgV3, perros y gatos, por contacto con los murciélagos frugívoros,de hábitos sinantropicos. En mayo del 2006, uno morador de la región central de Ubatuba, encontró en el áreaexterna de su residencia, un murciélago caminando en el piso, a las diez de la mañana. El Centro del Control deZoonosis, al atender la denuncia, verificó que el murciélago estaba inquieto, procuraba esconderse y, durante sucaptura, dio señales de agresividad. El animal fue encaminado al Laboratorio de Diagnostico del Instituto Pasteur,que lo identificó como Desmodus rotundus. Cuando fueron realizadas las pruebas clasicas de diagnóstico de rabiapor imnufluorescencia directa y aislamiento viral, las dos resultaron positivas. Este es el primer relato de Desmodusrotundus, infectado por el virus de la rabia, encontrado en un centro urbano, del que los autores tienen conocimiento.La identificación de espécimen de Desmodus rotundus, infectados por el virus de la rabia, és frecuente en áreasrurales, en abrigos naturales y artificiales. En áreas urbanas, todavía su identificación es rara, pero ya fue encontradoen centros de algunas capitales del BrasilSalvador, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro y Recife), con resultadosnegativos a las pruebas diagnósticas.

Brasil

109

FIFTH SESSION

PRIMERA EPIZOOTIA DE RABIA EN DESMODUS ROTUNDUS EN LA COSTA DELPERÚ

Jorge Gómez-Benavides 1, Andrés Velasco-Villa 2, Ana Escudero-Quintana 3, Adelia Cahuina 4, MagaliChun 4, MerySalvador 4, Iván Vargas 4, Mónica Villanueva 5, Luis Suarez 1, Charles Rupprecht 21) Direction of Epidemiology of Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru, 2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA, 3)

Direction of Health II Lima Sur, Peru, 4) Direction of Health III Lima, Peru, 5) Centre Anti Rabies of Lima - Direction of Health V, Lima, Peru

Dr. Jorge Luis Gomez Benavides - [email protected]

Introducción: A pesar de la amplia distribución del Desmodus rotundus, en el Perú, generalmente los brotes derabia se presentaron en la selva. La Cordillera de los Andes, ha sido una barrera natural para el desplazamiento dela rabia silvestre a la costa. En los valles costeros se ha identificado al D. rotudus, por más de 30 años, pero laprimera epizootia de rabia en vampiros fue notificada en julio del 2004, en el valle del Río Mala, a 80 Km al surde Lima, cuando se detecta un mono Cebus apella y un vampiro con VAg 3. Objetivo: describir la epizootia derabia y alertar sobre el desplazamiento accidental de vampiros a la ciudad de Lima. Métodos Se revisaron losinformes de las epizootias de rabia silvestre desde julio 2004 hasta julio 2006. Resultados Se determinó que elmono fue desplazado de la selva y había permanecido en el valle por más de 3 años, había mordido a una niña el18/04/04, no evidenciaba signos de rabia, la IFD fue negativa, la prueba biológica fue positiva, iniciándose vacunaVERO 54 días después de la exposición. Actualmente, la niña está saludable. No se identificaron más personasexpuestas al mono. En el valle, había mordeduras por murciélagos en el ganado, pero no se informó de muerte deganado. Se realizó captura de murciélagos, encontrándose que los túneles de canales de regadío era un lugar idealpara refugios de vampiros. Desde mayo del 2004 hasta julio del 2005, se han presentado 25 casos de rabia (18vampiros, 1 murciélago frugívoro, 4 monos, 1 gato y 1 can) distribuidos en forma dispersa en los valles costeros deMala y Chancay y en Lima Metropolitana, 8 causaron mordeduras de personas y 17 fueron capturados por vigilancia.En 1 can, 2 monos y 2 vampiros se encontró VAg relacionado con vampiros. Conclusión Se reporta por primeravez una epizootia de rabia en D. rotundus en 2 valles de la costa peruana, con desplazamiento accidental delreservorio infectado a la ciudad de Lima y transmisión a canes y monos.

Peru

110

RABIES IN BATS

RABIA EN MURCIÉLAGO HEMATÓFAGO DIPHYLLA ECAUDATA Y DESMODUSROTUNDUS EN EL ESTADO DE PIAUÍ, NORDESTE DEL BRASIL

Juliana G. Castillo 1, Rosangela Cavalcante 2, Antonio Augusto Santana 3, Wellington L.G.Alencar Rosa 3, Maria LuizaCarrieri 1, Ivanete Kotait 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2) Laboratorio de Patología Animal, Teresina, PI, Brasil, 3) Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Rural,

Teresina, PI, Brasil


La fauna de los murciélagos brasileños está constituida por cerca de 150 espécies y representa, aproximadamente,30% de las especies de mamíferos existentes en Brasil. De estas especies, solamente tres (3) poseen hábitoshematofágicos: el Desmodus rotundus - murciélago hematófago común, que se alimenta preferentemente delos mamíferos; el Diaemus youngii - que prefiere las aves - y el Diphylla ecaudata - que se alimenta de aves yocasionalmente de mamíferos. Sin embargo el Desmodus rotundus es considerado el principal reservorio silvestredel virus de la rabia en nuestro medio, rarísimos son los aislamientos de este virus en las otras dos especies. Enel año 2004, el Laboratorio de Patología Animal (ADAPI/Teresina) después del diagnóstico de la rabia, en dosespécimenes de murciélagos hematófagos (uno Desmodus rotundus y otro Diphylla ecaudata), por las técnicasde inmunofluorescencia directa y aislamiento viral, encaminó las muestras al Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo,donde fueron realizados estudios antigénicos y genéticos. La tipificación antigénica, a través de lainmunofluorescencia indirecta con el panel de anticuerpos monoclonales del CDC/Atlanta/USA resultó, en losdos aislados, Variante Antigénica 3 (AgV3), compatible con la variante frecuentemente aislada de Desmodusrotundus. El estudio genético fue realizado por secuenciamento, a partir de una región de 249pb, correspondienteal gen de la nucleoproteína. Las secuencias finales de 165 nucleótidos de la 3’ terminal del gen N, localizadasentre los nucleótidos 1318 y 1482 fueron aliñadas con secuencias homólogas presentes en el GenBank. Elanálisis filogenético demostró que los aislados presentaron 99,3% de identidad entre ellos y segregaron juntamentecon otros aislados de murciélagos hematófagos (Desmodus rotundus), de diferentes regiones del Brasil. Este esel primer aislamiento del virus de la rabia en Divilla ecaudata, en Brasil, desde 1934, cuando fue aislado en elsur del país (Estado de Santa Catarina). Los análisis antigénico y filogenético sugieren que las especies hematófagasco-habitan los mismos abrigos.

Brasil

111

FIFTH SESSION

EPIDEMIOLOGÍA DE LA RABIA EN CHILE, 1989 - 2005

Myriam Favi Cortés 1, Luis Rodríguez Aguayo 1, Carla Espinosa Martínez 11) Instituto de Salud Pública, Ministerio de la Salud, Santiago, Chile

Dr. Myriam Favi Cortés - [email protected]

Introducción - La importancia de los animales silvestres en la trasmisión de la rabia en Chile fue reconocida en elaño 1985,cuando se detectó por primera vez rabia en murciélagos insectívoros de la especie Tadarida brasiliensis.A partir de entonces el patrón epidemiológico de la rabia en Chile se ha caracterizado por una endemia enquirópteros algunos casos en animales domésticos y un caso humano cuya fuente de infección fueron murciélagosinsectívoros. Objetivo Describir la evolución que ha tenido la rabia en Chile entre los años 1989 al 2005, medianteun estudio epidemiológico de tipo retrospectivo Método Se utilizaron los datos existentes (39751 registros),incorporándolos al programa Excel, utilizando tablas dinámicas de éste para resumir o cruzar la información, yStatgraphics versión 5.0 y Stata versión 6.0 para las pruebas de hipótesis. Resultados La distribución porcentual deltotal de murciélagos positivos por regiones en el periodo estudiado fue especialmente alta para las Regiones:Metropolitana,VIII y V (zona centro sur del país) .La especie Tadarida brasiliensis es la que obtuvo el mayorporcentaje de positividad en comparación con especies como Laciurus spp,Myotis chiloensis e Histiotus macrotus.Se detectó una inesperada tendencia creciente de la proporción de murciélagos positivos en el período estudiadousando test de Mann-Kendall (p= 0.024). Además, usando la prueba exacta de Fisher para los 17 años estudiados,se verificó que el muestreo de murciélagos por captura (Vigilancia) rindió una proporción bajísima de animalespositivos en comparación con lo observado en las muestras recibidas por sospecha de Rabia. Tal diferencia resultóaltamente significativa con la única excepción del año 1990 (p=0.736). Los meses con mayor proporción demurciélagos positivos correspondieron al período: Octubre-Marzo.

Chile

112

RABIES IN BATS

GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BRAZILIAN BAT RABIES VIRUSES.EVALUATION OF THE PATHOGENICITY AND CROSS PROTECTION IN MICE

E. M. S. Cunha 1, A.F.C. Nassar 1, C.S.H. Lara 1, E.C.M. Villalobos 1, T. Itou 3, T. Sakai 3, Y. Shoji 3, F.H. Ito 21) Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 3)

College Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan

Dr. Elenice Maria Sequetin Cunha - [email protected]

The N-protein of twenty-three bat-rabies viruses was genetically sequenced. Four lineages were identified: thoserelated to the vampire bats and insectivorous bats 1, 2, and 3. The insectivorous bats lineage 1 was from theEptesicus furinalis; lineage 2 included isolates from Molosssus spp, and the lineage 3, from the Nictinomopslaticaudatus. The identity among viruses of the lineages 1, 2, and 3 were greater than 99%, 97% and 99%,respectively. Vampire bat lineages were represented by three isolates from Desmodus rotundus; five from theArtibeus lituratus and Artibeus planirostris; two from insectivorous bats, and two from unidentified species. Thepathogenicity of five bat isolates and one dog isolate were assessed in mice through intracerebral (IC) andintramuscular (IM) inoculation. All the isolates inoculated via IC were pathogenic, provoking death in 4 - 14 days.Mice inoculated with 500 ICLD50 with same isolates via IM showed varying death rates: 60.0% (D. rotundus);50.0% (dog and N. laticaudatus); 40.0% (A. lituratus); 9.5% (M. molossus), and 5.2% (E. furinalis). Theseisolates were submitted for the cross protection test using a commercial vaccine of veterinary use, by vaccinatingthe mice subcutaneously and administrating one or two shots, and challenged through IC and IM routes. Micereceiving two shots and challenged intracerebrally were protected against all the isolates, and mice receiving oneshot were partially protected against the PV strain and the dog isolate. Mice challenged intramuscularly showed100.0% of protection, with the exception of those vaccinated with one dose and challenged with PV strain, with66.0% of survivors. These results suggest the circulation of rabies virus variants in different species of bats, andthat the vampires, frugivorous, and insectivorous bats share the same lineage of rabies viruses. The mice resistedagainst the challenge, suggesting that the PV vaccine was effective against those bat-rabies isolates.

Brasil

113

FIFTH SESSION

VIGILANCIA EPIDEMIOLÓGICA DE LA RABIA EN MURCIÉLAGOS REALIZADA ENBRASÍLIA, DF, BRASIL

Péricles Massunaga 1, Maria Luiza Carrieri 2, Angelika Bredt 1, Maria Isabel Rao Boffil 1, Rodrigo Mena Barreto Rodrigues1, Ivanete Kotait 21) Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental, DF, Brasil, 2) Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Péricles Massunaga - [email protected]

La vigilancia epidemiológica de la rabia en murciélagos, en áreas urbanas y rurales de Brasília, DF, fue implantadaen el año 1988, a partir del diagnóstico de los especimenes enviados al laboratorio, ya sea por demanda espontáneao por capturas realizadas por el equipo de la Dirección de Vigilancia Ambiental (DIVAL). A pesar de que estetrabajo se venía ejecutado desde hace varios años atrás, solamente en el año 2001 fueron obtenidos resultadospositivos para la rabia, mediante la aplicación de las técnicas de inmunofluorescencia directa y aislamiento viral enratón. Desde entonces fueron encontrados 16 murciélagos positivos: seis insectívoros, en áreas urbanas centralesdistintas (cinco Nyctinomops laticaudatus y uno Lasiurus blossevilli): nueve hematófagos en áreas rurales (Desmodusrotundus) y un frugívoro, también en área urbana (Artibeus lituratus). La identificación de las especies fue realizadasegún la Clave para Determinación de Quirópteros Brasileros (Visotto & Taddei). Todos los aislados de murciélagosinsectívoros, del murciélago frugívoro y de cinco murciélagos hematófagos fueron sometidos a la tipificaciónantigénica, por inmunofluorescencia indirecta, utilizando el panel de anticuerpos monoclonales, cedido por CDC/Atlanta, para lo estudio de variantes antigénicas aisladas en las Américas. Todos los aislados de Desmodus rotundusy de Artibeus lituratus tuvieron padrón de reacción compatible con la variante antigénica 3 (AgV 3), como ya fuedemostrado en otros estudios antigénicos y genéticos realizados en Brasil. El padrón de reacción del aislado deLasiurus blossevilli fue compatible con la variante antigénica 6 (AgV6), propia del género Lasiurus sp. Los cincoaislados de Nyctinomops laticaudatus no mostraron compatibilidad con los perfiles definidos por el panel deanticuerpos monoclonales utilizado, exhibiendo dos perfiles antigénicos distintos, contrariamente a lo que ha sidorelatado en estudios recientes, que sugieren la existencia de un solo padrón antigénico especie-específico, entrelos murciélagos insectívoros. Estudios genéticos están siendo realizados para la confirmación de éstos resultados.

Brasil

114

RABIES IN BATS

RABIA EN MURCIÉLAGOS EN EL ÁREA URBANA DE BELO HORIZONTE, MINASGERAIS, BRASIL: IDENTIFICACIÓN DE ESPECIES Y ESTUDIOS ANTIGÉNICOS

Adamastor Santos Busolotti 1, Ana Paula Machado Tancredi de Araujo 1, Maria do Carmo de Araujo Ramos 1, VarleiAntônio de Almeida Gomes 1, Francisco Elias Nogueira da Gama 1, Marília de Oliveira Cavalieri 2, Talita Leal Chamone3, Maria Luiza Carrieri 4, Ivanete Kotait 41) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil, 2) Instituto Mineiro de Agropecuária, SEA, MG, Brasil, 3) Secretaria

de Estado da Saúde de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil, 4) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria do Carmo de Araújo Ramos - [email protected]

En el 2002, la Secretaría Municipal de Salud, inició en la Región Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, un Programa deVigilancia de la Rabia en Murciélagos, mediante el envío de los especimenes encontrados en situaciones no-habituales para el Laboratorio de Diagnóstico local. La ciudad de Belo Horizonte, desde el 1989, no relatabacirculación del virus de la rabia. El laboratorio de diagnóstico realizó las pruebas clasicas (immunofluorescênciadirecta e aislamiento viral) en 704 especimenes, enviados en el periodo 2002 - julio 2006, habiendo 29 resultadopositivos para el virus de la rabia. De estos animales, 21 fueron frugívoros (Artibeus lituratus) y 8 insectívoros (3Nyctinomops laticaudatus, 2 Myotis sp, 1 Histiotus velatus, 1 Dasypterus sp e 1 Cynomops sp). Los aisladosfueron, entonces, encaminados al Instituto Pasteur, para la tipificación antigénica, a través de uso de anticuerposmonoclonales, siendo identificada la variante 3 (AgV3), propia del Desmodus rotundus, en 16 espécimen deArtibeus lituratus, como había sido observado en otros centros urbanos del país, particularmente de la regiónsudeste. En 5 murciélagos insectívoros fueron identificadas variantes no compatibles con los padrones antigénicosdefinidos por lo panel del CDC de Atlanta. Estos estudios preliminares refuerzan la necesidad del mantenimientodel Programa de Vigilancia de la Rabia en Murciélagos, para la protección de la salud pública.

Brasil

115

FIFTH SESSION

BATS RABIES IN THE PERIOD BETWEEN 2000 - 2006, IN RIBEIRÃO PRETOCOUNTY, SÃO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL

Maria Luiza Carrieri 1, Rafael de Novaes Oliveira 1, Flávia M. Carnelo 2, Juliana Galera Castilho 1, Pedro Carnieli Jr.1,Samira Achkar 1, Karin Scheffer 1, Carla Izabel Macedo1, Paulo E.Brandão 3, Ivanete Kotait 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria Luiza Carrieri - [email protected]

With the control of dog-related rabies in the southern and some areas of southeastern Brazil achieved in the lasttwo decades, rabies from wild animals, including bat rabies, has received special interest from researchers andpublic health authorities. Among Brazilian cities in which rabies in non-haematophagous bats is a more seriousproblem, the Ribeirão Preto county is the one where the highest frequency of bats rabies occurs. In the periodbetween 2000 and July 2006, 4,057 brain samples from bats found in urban area were processed by FAT and MITor N2A cells culture isolation. Of these, 64 were positives (1, in 2000; 3, in 2002; 15, in 2003; 1, in 2004; 28, in2005 and 16 in 2006 (July). The positive species identified had frugivorous and insectivorous habits: Artibeus sp,Myotis sp, Molossus rufus, Eptesicus furinalis, Lasiurus ega, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Myotis nigricans, Eumopsperotis and, Cynomops abrasus. The antigenic studies made with the panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies, providedby CDC/ Atlanta/USA, identified antigenic variants 3 and 6 (AgV3 and AgV6), and two other with an indefinablepattern. The partial N gene (nt 124 to 1472) of 20 rabies virus isolates from these bats was sequenced, being 10from frugivorous (Artibeus lituratus) and 10 from insectivorous species from the genera Nyctinomops, Eptesicus,Molossus, Myotis, Cynomops and Eumops. The sequences were aligned with homologous sequences retrievedfrom the Genbank using the CLUSTAL/W method and used to build a neighbor-joining distance tree with the K-2-P model. The sequences from A. lituratus segregated with the rabies virus variant associated in Brazil with thevampire bat Desmodus rotundus, while those isolates from the insectivorous bats segregated in the followingclusters: one isolate from the species Eptesicus furinalis segregated in the Eptesicus furinalis cluster; six isolatesfrom N. laticaudatus segregated in the cluster classically associated with this bat species; one isolate from aCynomops abrasus bat segregated in the cluster related to the genus Molossus-associated rabies virus and finallytwo isolates from a Myotis nigricans and Myotis sp segregated in the Myotis spp specific cluster. These resultsshow that non-vampire bats, mainly the insectivorous ones, are hosts for a wide diverse range of rabies virusstrains.

Brasil

116

RABIES IN BATS

BAT RABIES IN SÃO JOSÉ DO RIO PRETO, SOUTHEAST OF BRAZIL

L.F.A. Martorelli 1, 3, M.F. Almeida 1, S.R. Favoretto 2, 3, J. Trezza-Netto 1, M.M. Soé 1, L.F.V. Amaral 4, A.P.A.G. Kataoka1, E.L. Durigon 31) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 3) Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas,

Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil 4) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil

Dr. Luzia Martorelli - [email protected]

In São Paulo State - Brazil, rabies programs actions have progressively reduced the number of rabies cases indomestic animals. Bats have emerged as the most important rabies reservoir. São José do Rio Preto, situated innorthwestern of São Paulo State, the actions of rabies control are well established, with special care to educationaland community mobilization to the importance the presencee of rabid bats in urban area and rabies risk to humansand domestic animals by bats contact. During the years 2004 and 2005, 1069 bats were sent to rabies diagnosisand species identification. These bats were sent to rabies laboratory after contact with human or domestic animalor when they are find in local and time unusual to the normal behavior of the animal. The insectivorous batsconstituted the majority of the sample (70%), 23% were frugivorous bats, and 7% of other alimentary habits. Thediagnostic was made by Direct Immunofluorescent Test (FA) and Mouse Inoculation Test (MIT). Fourteen batswere positive to rabies (1,3%). The antigenic characterization was made by a monoclonal antibodies panel againstthe viral nucleoprotein, from CDC, Atlanta, USA. These analyses identified rabies antigenic variants associatedwith Desmodus rotundus, Tadarida brasiliensis, and showed a different profile not pre established at the panel.The genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates was made by direct sequencing and molecular analysis of a320pb fragment of the N gene. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of different genetic variants frominsectivorous and one variant from hematophagous found in frugivorous bats. The identification of the samegenetic variant in isolates obtained from different bats species underscores the complexity of rabies epidemiologyin the Order Chiroptera and to reinforce the possibility of inter-species transmission or the maintenance of thesame rabies variant by two or more different species.

Brasil

117

FIFTH SESSION

VIRUS RABIA EN MURCIÉLAGOS HEMATOFAGOS Y NO HEMATOFAGOS DEAREAS URBANAS Y RURALES EN EL DEPARTAMENTO DEL VALLE, COLOMBIA

C.L. Núñez Mejía11) Universidad del Valle, Calli, Colombia

Dr. Constanza L. Nuñez Mejia - [email protected]

La intervención del hombre al medio ambiente ha provocado migración de los murciélagos a las ciudades,convirtiéndose en un factor de riesgo para la transmisión del virus rabia silvestre al hombre y animales domésticos.El vampiro (Desmodus rotundus), el frutero Carollia perspicillata y los murciélagos insectívoros (Molossus molossusy Eptesicus brasiliensis) han salido positivos a virus rabia y han ocasionado mordeduras en humanos y mortalidad enanimales domésticos en Colombia. El objetivo principal de la vigilancia de la rabia transmitida por murciélagos dehábitos caseros y silvestres en el departamento del Valle, es examinar algunos factores de riesgo que esténasociados con la transmisión de rabia por murciélagos en áreas urbanas y rurales. La frecuencia de infestación demurciélagos al interior y exterior de las edificaciones, las especies de murciélagos y la infestación con el virus rabiafueron estudiadas desde el año 2000 hasta el 2005 en los municipios del Valle. Se realizaron las capturas tomandola información epidemiológica de quejas de mordeduras y de invasión en edificaciones. Los murciélagos fueroncapturados con redes de niebla para hacer búsqueda del virus rabia en el cerebro mediante inmunofluorescenciadirecta e inoculación en cerebros de ratones lactantes. Cuando se encontraba un murciélago positivo se realizótipificación viral por inmunofluorescencia indirecta usando anticuerpos monoclonales específicos. La positividadpara rabia en murciélagos fue de 0.1%(1/890) en el 2000, 0%(0/319) 2001, 0.7%(1/145) en 2002, 0%(0/347)en 2003, 0%(0/178) en 2004 y 0%(0/3) en 2005. El estudio ofreció servicios de asesoría a la comunidad sobre eldesalojo de murciélagos de los techos y en el control para evitar que estos vuelvan a invadir las viviendas. Losresultados muestran que los murciélagos son reservorios importantes del virus rabia. Se recomienda continuar lavigilancia para prevenir la rabia transmitida por murciélagos en el área urbana de Colombia.

Colômbia

SIXTH SESSION SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES

120

SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL RABIES

121

SIXTH SESSION

IDENTIFICATION OF SHORTCOMMINGS IN RABIES CONTROL METHODS OFKWAZULU-NATAL

Kevin Le Roux 11) South Africa Veterinary Services, Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

Dr. Kevin Le Roux - [email protected]

Abstract: Kwazulu-Natal (KZN), our most densely populated province, is located on the eastern seaboard of SouthAfrica. This province also has a very large dog population. KZN Health Services spend R17 million a year (±$3m)on post exposure prophylaxis alone, while the Veterinary Services of KZN attempt to carry out rabies control witha limited budget and infrastructure. Massed annual parenteral immunization campaigns have failed to consistentlyreduce the numbers of recorded cases in dogs over the past 10 years. In an attempt to understand this, a smallpilot research project was conducted. Preliminary findings indicate that only 38% of dogs are being vaccinated.Some of the reasons identified include: (a) An increasing stray (feral) dog population (currently 10%) fueled bysocioeconomic factors such as poverty, poor education, and changes in family structures due to HIV& AIDS. (b)Upward of 20% of owners are not at home during these massed campaigns. (c) Up to 25% of dogs can simply notbe controlled. (d) With no veterinary input, breeding is uncontrolled and has many spin-offs in terms of move-ment of animals, and abandoned dogs. Our research will be expanded to cover all community types in KZN andcontrol methods are reviewed to overcome all the identified shortcomings. Among our primary objectives areimproved co-operation with Health services as well as the application of Bait vaccines as an adjunct to parenteralvaccination.

África do Sul

122


RABIES SURVEILLANCE IN THE UNITED STATES, 2005-06

Jesse D. Blanton 1, John W. Krebs 1, Cathleen A. Hanlon 1, Charles E. Rupprecht 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Jesse D. Blanton - [email protected]

During 2005, 6,417 cases of rabies in animals and 1 case in a human were reported to CDC, representing a 6.2%decrease from the 6,844 cases reported in 2004. Approximately 92.3% of the cases were in wildlife and 7.7%were in domestic animals (compared with 92% and 8%, respectively in 2004). Relative contributions by themajor animal groups were 2,534 raccoons (39.5%), 1,478 skunks (23.0%), 1,408 bats (21.9%), 376 foxes (5.9%),269 cats (4.2%), 93 cattle (1.4%), and 76 dogs (1.2%). Compared with the numbers of reported cases in 2004,cases in 2005 decreased among all groups except bats. One human rabies case occurred in Mississippi during2005. Samples from the patient were submitted by the State Department of Health to CDC’s unexplained deathsproject. Rabies was diagnosed through antibody detection in paired serum and CSF. Viral characterization was notpossible from the available samples. A subsequent epidemiologic investigation indicated a bat as the probablesource of infection. The number of rabies cases reported by 20 states during the first 6 months of 2006 hascontinued to show a decreasing trend: the overall number of reported cases reported by these states (1,403) was1.2% lower than that reported by the same states during the same period for 2005 (1,420). As of July, one humanrabies case had been reported from Texas. The rabies virus variant associated with Tadarida brasiliensis (Mexicanfree-tailed bat) has been implicated in this case.

USA

123

SIXTH SESSION

MANAGEMENT OF ILLEGAL INTRODUCTION OF PET CARNIVORES: THE CASESRECORDED IN ITALY IN 2005 AND 2006

F. Mutinelli 1, P. Grandi 1, P. Pavan 1, L. Piccoli 11) National Reference Laboratory for Rabies, IZS delle Venezie, Italy

Dr. Franco Mutinelli - [email protected]

Harmonisation of animal health requirements applicable to the non-commercial movement of pet animals be-tween Member States and from third countries is necessary and only measures adopted at Community level canenable that objective to be achieved. Regulation (EC) no 998/2003 on the animal health requirements applicableto the non-commercial movement of pet animals and amending Council Directive 92/65/EEC has then beenissued. Some of its provisions, in particular concerning rabies, have as their direct objective the protection ofpublic health. Over the past 10 years the rabies situation has improved spectacularly throughout the Communityfollowing the implementation of programmes for the oral vaccination of foxes in regions affected by the sylvaticrabies epidemic. This improvement has led some Member Countries to abandon the system of quarantine whichthey applied for decades, in favour of an alternative, less restrictive system providing an equivalent level of safety.Cases of rabies observed in pet carnivores in the Community now mainly affect animals originating in thirdcountries where urban rabies is endemic or community animals that became infected in a third country. Theanimal health requirements generally applicable hitherto by the Member States to pet carnivores introduced fromsuch third countries should accordingly be made more stringent. Two cases of illegal introduction of pet animalswere recorded in Italy after the new EU regulation came into force. A 5-month-old and a 10-month-old dogswere illegally imported from Morocco and Ukraine into Piemonte Region in August and September 2005 respec-tively and a 3-month-old cat from Lebanon into Veneto Region in April 2006. An epidemiological investigationwas carried out by local Veterinary Services in order to gather information about the history of the pets and applythe more appropriate preventative measures to guarantee the protection of public health. Both the dogs and thecat were quarantined at home with special restrictions, the dogs had in their history a rabies vaccination and theantibody titre tested after introduction was greater than 0.5 IU/ml. After nine months the dog is well. The cat isstill observing a 6-month-quarantine, no vaccination was reported and is presently clinically healthy. The rulesgoverning movement of pet animals from third countries and the measures adopted in case of illegal introductionare discussed.

Italy

124


QUANTIFICATION OF RABIES NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES IN DOGS FROM ARABIES ENDEMIC AREA IN NORTHERN COLOMBIA 2004

Andrés Páez Martínez 1, Javier Gomez Meza, José Fernández Manrique, María Fernanda Méndez, Oscar Francisco Franco.1) La Salle University, Bogotá, Colombia

Dr. Andrés Páez-Martínez - [email protected]

Dog rabies has been a threat for human health in northern Colombia for more than 20 years. Magdalena depart-ment has been the most threatened region with over 90% of the total of rabies cases in Colombia in years 2003-2006 despite the massive rabies vaccination campaigns. Pivijay and Cienaga are two towns in Magdalena that hadmost of the rabies cases in years 2003-2004. These two towns were therefore chosen for measuring rabiesneutralizing antibodies in the dog population, and to evaluate the impact of the rabies vaccination campaigns inthis area. Blood samples where taken from 408 dogs. 218 in Cienaga and 190 in Pivijay. Serum was separated bycentrifugation and rabies antibodies were measured using glicoprotein coated ELISA plates. 88% of dogs inCiénaga and 84.9% in Pivijay had rabies neutralizing antibodies. 70% of dogs in Ciénaga and 64% in Pivijay hadprotective concentrations of rabies neutralizing antibodies (over 0.5 UI/ml). The rabies antibody concentrationwas independent of gender and increased gradually with age which is expected in regions with periodical vacci-nation campaigns. Dogs over 8 years old had decreased antibody concentrations which suggests that aging maylower the immune response in these animals. Dogs between 6 months and 1 year old were classified as of highrisk of getting rabies due to the low rate of seroprotected individuals. It is therefore advisable the rabies vaccina-tion campaigns are carried out at least every six months rather than annually. Overall the rabies vaccinationcampaigns in the study area have been efficient in the sense that most vaccinated dogs become protected againstthe disease. In fact no dog rabies was reported in Cienaga and Pivijay in 2005 and 2006 indicating that theprotection rates of 64% to 70% reported in this study are sufficient to stop rabies transmission.

Colômbia

125

SIXTH SESSION

CANINE RABIES ELIMINATION FROM THE UNITED STATES: ANEPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND VIROLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Andrés Velasco-Villa 1, Lillian A. Orciari 1, Charles E Rupprecht. 11) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA

Dr. Líllian Orciari - [email protected]

During the first half of the 20th century, canine rabies was enzootic throughout the United States, with more than9,000 dog rabies cases reported during 1944 alone. By the end of World War II, a comprehensive plan of dograbies vaccination and stray animal removal began. By the mid-1950s, reported cases were reduced by more than50%, but rabies associated with dogs remained of greatest concern in the southeastern and southcentral statesthrough the 1960s. Within the next decade, the major dog rabies virus variant had been eliminated. However,during the late 1980s, an epizootic of canine rabies, maintained by coyotes, but also involving domestic dogs,began in southern Texas along the border with Mexico. Early on, considerations circulated that this new epizooticwas related to a long term dog rabies enzootic located in northwestern Mexico (the so-called ‘Sonora dog’variant). Historical and recent samples associated with several dog rabies foci throughout Mexico (1961-2004), aswell as samples obtained from the dog-coyote rabies focus circulating at the Mexico border were analyzed bymolecular methods. The dog-coyote focus does not have strong phylogenetic relationships with the prior ‘Sonoradog’ rabies virus variant. Conversely, both major enzootic foci located at the border between Mexico and theUnited States (Sonora dog focus, dog-coyote focus) appear related to long term dog rabies enzootics circum-scribed in central Mexico. Thus, multiple rabies viruses, some now extinct, have contributed to canine rabiesmaintenance in the United States over the past century. These preliminary results highlight the ongoing needs formulti-national collaborations in the program to eliminate canine rabies in this Hemisphere, as well as the key roleof canine rabies viruses as an operative factor for host shifts into other important carnivore populations, such asgray foxes.

USA

126


RELATO DE UN CASO DE RABIA CANINA, EN EL MUNICÍPIO DE CORUMBÁ,MATO GROSSO DO SUL, BRASIL, EN 2006

Ademar Etiro Mori 1, Danielle Ahad das Neves 1, Gislaine Coelho Brandão 2, Veronique M. C. L. Cortada 1, Maria LuizaCarrieri 31) Agência de Defesa Sanitária Animal e Vegetal, MS, Brasil 2) Secretaria de Saúde, MS, Brasil 3) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP,Brasil

Dr. Véronique Louvet Cortada - [email protected]

Una de las acciones del Programa Nacional de Control de la Rabia es el envío sistemático de muestras de perrosy gatos para el diagnóstico laboratorial, con el objetivo de verificar la circulación viral en la población animal. EnEnero de 2006, fue enviado por el Centro de Control de Zoonosis de Corumbá, al Laboratório de Diagnóstico deEnfermedades Animales - LADDAN perteneciente a la Agencia Estatal de Defensa Sanitaria Animal y Vegetal deMS - IAGRO, una muestra del sistema nervioso central de un perro errante, de aproximadamente cinco años, queno presentaba sintomatología nerviosa y que fue sometido a eutanasia. La muestra fue procesada, presentandopositividad en las pruebas de immunofluorescencia directa y prueba de aislamiento viral. Esta muestra fue encaminadaal Instituto Pasteur para la realización de la tipificación antigénica, utilizando el panel de anticuerpos monoclonalesproducidos por lo CDC/Atlanta. El resultado obtenido fue variante 1 (AgV-1), propia del perro, nunca antesidentificada en Brasil. El barrio donde el animal fue encontrado, pertenece a una región próxima a la frontera conBolivia. Después de la investigación realizada, tanto por la Secretaria Municipal de Salud de Corumbá, como porla Gerencia de la Red de Salud - Provincia German Busch - Bolivia, se concluyó que el perro fue originario deBolivia, donde agredió a una persona, la cual oportunamente recibió tratamiento profiláctico. Las acciones para elcontrol de la Rabia en Corumbá fueron realizadas coordinadamente con los servicios locales de salud de Bolivia.Acciones semejantes a estas fueron adoptadas en todo el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. El último caso de rabiahumano registrado en el Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul fue en 1994 y de rabia canina en julio de 2001 en elmunicipio de Ponta Porá, frontera con Paraguay, en un perro errante del Paraguay.

Brasil

127

SIXTH SESSION

REINTRODUCCIÓN DE LA RABIA URBANA EN LIMA METROPOLITANA Y ELCALLAO - PERÚ

Jorge Gómez-Benavides 1, Andrés Velasco-Villa 2, Iván Vargas 3, Mónica Villanueva 4, Albina 5, Charles Rupprecht 21) Dirección General de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud, 2) Rabies Section. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta,

GA, USA, 3) Dirección de Salud III Lima Norte, 4) Centro Antirrábico de Lima - Dirección de Salud V Lima Ciudad


Introducción - El control de la rabia urbana en el Perú, ha reducido drásticamente el número de casos. En Lima yCallao, principales metrópolis del país, los últimos casos de rabia canina fueron en 1999. Después del año 2000,se reducen las coberturas de vacunación antirrábica canina, debido a la reducción en el financiamiento. El movimientode mascotas es libre. Lima y Callao, comprenden 49 distritos y su extensión de 2,799.75 km2, urbanizado en sumayor parte y su población estimada es 8’325,615 habitantes. En julio del 2004, se inicia la epizootia con casos derabia canina, confirmada por IFD, en el distrito de San Juan de Lurigancho. Objetivo: Describir la epizootia de rabiaurbana en Lima y Callao, desde julio 2004 hasta julio 2006. Métodos: Se revisaron todos los informes de controlde focos de rabia remitidos a epidemiología. Resultados En Lima y Callao, se presentaron 16 casos de rabia caninay 4 de rabia en gato, distribuidos en 9 distritos, 15 estuvieron relacionados con accidentes de mordedura y 5fueron recolectados en la vía pública por vigilancia activa de virus rábico. Se emitieron alertas epidemiológicas alpersonal de salud, se investigaron todos los casos, se buscaron personas expuestas y contactos, que iniciarontratamiento antirrábico; se eliminaron canes y gatos expuestos a los animales rabiosos; vacunación antirrábicacanina en el área focal y se brindó educación sanitaria a la comunidad. Se abasteció con biológicos antirrábicos alos servicios de salud, con limitaciones en la disponibilidad de suero heterólogo. En 3 canes y 2 gatos se encontróla VAg 1. No hay casos de rabia humana. Conclusiones Se reporta por primera vez la reintroducción de rabiaurbana en Lima, después de 5 años de silencio epidemiológico, relacionado con coberturas de vacunación antirrábicamenores del 70%.

Peru

128


ESTRATEGIA PARA EL CONTROL DE LA RABIA DE LOS HERBÍVOROS EN ELESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - BRASIL, 2000 A 2005

V.S. Nogueira 1, C.A. Gonçalves 1, M.N. Gomes 11) Coordenadoria de Defesa Agropecuária, Campinas, SP, Brasil

Dr. Vladimir Nogueira - [email protected]

Introducción: En el año de 2000 el estado de São Paulo tuvo 773 propiedades con diagnóstico positivo de Rabia,provocando pérdidas económicas y riesgo a la salud pública. La rabia en herbívoros se transmite por murciélagoshematófagos. La vacunación apenas evita que el animal contraiga la enfermedad y, aun así, esta puede sucedercuando el desafío viral superar la protección inmunológica. Observando esa información la Coordinación de DefensaAgropecuaria preparó un plan de trabajo con enfoque en el control del transmisor (Desmodus rotundus). Objetivos:La reducción de la ocurrencia de Rabia de los herbívoros con enfoque en el control del transmisor en todo el estado,visando una convivencia de tal modo que el impacto económico y el riesgo a la salud pública sea lo menor posible.Métodos: Se seleccionaron auxiliares técnicos para el control poblacional de Desmodus rotundus y veterinarios parasupervisar, controlar focos y suplir las necesidades de insumos. Esos funcionarios reciben equipamientos de seguridadindividual (EPIs) para la captura de los murciélagos. Participan desde la captura hasta la planificación de las actividades.Reciben tratamiento profiláctico preexposición, capacitaciones de actualización y realizan valoración de anticuerposanualmente. Para el control de Desmodus rotundus la metodología utilizada fue “mutirão”. Los equipos actúan enconjunto en los municipios de una regional en la búsqueda de animales agredidos por el Desmodus rotundus.Abrigos con vestigios de murciélagos hematófagos son georeferenciados y a través de métodos selectivos la poblaciónde Desmodus rotundus es controlada. Cuando no se encuentran abrigos, la captura se realiza en la fuente dealimentación. El inicio de ese trabajo se dio a partir del regional de Piracicaba, en el sentido contrario al desplazamientode la Rabia. En el foco de rabia se hace control minucioso del transmisor en un rayo de hasta 12 Km., teniendo comofin eliminar colonias contaminadas, pues ocurrencias de Rabia confirmadas en laboratorio ponen de manifiesto lapresencia del virus en el medio ambiente y la existencia de actividad viral en el transmisor. En las áreas de riesgo lavacunación es obligatoria. La participación de la comunidad ha sido fundamental en ese proceso. Resultados: Seobservó una reducción significativa de 773 propiedades con animales con diagnóstico positivo para la Rabia en 2000para 536, 203, 119, 64 y 62 en 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 y 2005, respectivamente. Conclusión: La estructuración delPrograma con enfoque en el control de la población del transmisor, fue efectiva en la redución de la Rabia de losherbívoros en el Estado de São Paulo.

Brasil

129

SIXTH SESSION

CAPTURE AND CONTROL OF BATS ANF HERBIVOROUS VACCINATION DURINGAN OUTBREAK OF HUMAN RABIES TRASMITTED BY VAMPIRE-BATS,MARANHÃO STATES, BRAZIL, 2005

Sonivalde Santana Monte 1, Valério do Carmo Melo 1, Paulo André Sampaio Ferreira 1, José de Nazaré Ramos de Sousa1, Carlos Celso de Mendonça Ramos 1, Roberto Carlos Negreiros de Arruda 2, Vladimir Nogueira Filho 3, MarceloYoshito Wada 41) Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária, MA, Brasil 2) Superintendência Federal de Agricultura, MA, Brasil 3) Secretaria de

Agricultura, SP, Brasil 4)Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasil

Dr. Sonivalde Santana Monte - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a mortality rate of 100%. During 2005, an outbreaks of humanrabies transmitted by vampire-bats occurred in four municipalities of Maranhão state. Agriculture Department ofMaranhão State(AGED-MA) is the institution that is responsible to take actions as capture and control of vampire-bats and vaccination of herbivorous which are essential for prevent human rabies cases. Methods: This is adescriptive study about actions of the AGED-MA to control rabies in Maranhão during 2005. Bats were capturedusing a fog net around hen houses and cattle. They were classified in vampire-bat and non-hematophagous bat.Among vampire-bat, the specie Desmodus rotundus was treated with an anticoagulant substance to controlpopulation and others species were released. It was offered vaccination of herbivorous in the communities.Results: A total of 24 municipalities realized actions to control vampire-bats during the study period. Around 644captures of bats were done, and 1,589 vampire-bats were captured and treated with the anticoagulant. Humanrabies were identified in four municipalities (Godofredo Viana(GV), Carutapera(CA), Cândido Mendes(CM) andTuriaçú(TU)). TU, GV and CA had the higher number of vampire-bats captured, 16.5%, 15.4% and 8.9% respec-tively. TU, Cedral and GV were the municipalities where had more captures realized, 11.3%; 10.9% and 9.1%respectively. Among vaccination of herbivores, 24 focus of rabies were identified, being 20 bovine, 1 equine, 1pig, 1 ovine and 1 asinine. Over than 1,380,800 animals was vaccinated, mainly bovines. Conclusions: This studyshows the importance of actions of capture and control of vampire-bats and vaccination of herbivores as one ofthe activities to prevent human rabies cases. All described actions need to be continued as a routine in municipallevel. Education in health is also performed and others actions to complement prevention and control measureswere taken by the Secretariat of Health.

Brasil

130


ESTIMATED DOGS POPULATION ANALYSIS TO PERFORM EPIDEMIOLOGICALSURVEILLANCE AND PROCEDURES OF DOGS ANTIRABIES VACCINATION TOENHANCE TASKS IN STATE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL, DURING 1996 TO 2005

Maria de Lourdes A. B. Reichmann 1, Maria Helena Dib Amado 1, Vania de Fátima Plaza Nunes 2, Neide Yumie Takaoka 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil 2) Prefeitura do Município de Jundiaí, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria de Lourdes Aguiar Bonadia Reichmann - [email protected]

The mass vaccination of dogs is recommended by the World Health Organization, Pan-American Health Organi-zation, Health Ministry and Health Office of the State of São Paulo. The results have been demonstrating efficacysince the beginning of the works in 1976 in the State of São Paulo. During 1996 to 2000 all the municipalitiesdeveloped the systematic mass antirabies vaccination and it has been considered the rate estimative of 1 dog to10 until 1 dog to 7 inhabitants, according the official recommendations. The evaluation of the periodic results hasindicated the under estimation of the dogs population because the final values were over 100% of the estimatedpopulation. This situation has been clearer when the Pasteur Institute of the State of São Paulo had begun theofficial coordination of the program. Since 2000 it has been offer a new system to estimate the dogs populationof each of the municipalities. The second step was the development of the measurement of the canine popula-tion in the interior cities of São Paulo State witch results in a 1 to 4 inhabitant proportion (2002). In the comparisonof the two methods it was evidenced for some municipalities with less than 10 thousand inhabitants the numberof 1 dog to 3 or to 1 person, when it was calculated the 80% ratio of dog population vaccination. Neverthelesssome municipalities are presenting less than 80% ratio of dog population vaccination if it is considered thenumber that was defined in the research. These better populations estimative of each municipality have beenused to improve a better Epidemiological Surveillance system of a lot of injuries, to evaluate the number of canineand feline samples direct to laboratory diagnostic and to analyze the ratio of antirabies vaccination.

Brasil

131

SIXTH SESSION

VIDEO PARA LA PREVENCION Y EL CONTROL DE LA RABIA PARALITICA BOVINA

M.D. Manzano-Martínez 1, J.A. Jiménez-Ramírez 2, J.A. Montaño-Hirose 3, R. Ramírez-Hernández 1, A. Almanza-Vázquez 4, M. Orozco-Islas 5, E. Meraz-Romero 6, A. De Vega-García 1,71) Comité de Fomento y Salud Animal del Estado de Puebla, 2) Campaña Nacional contra la Rabia Paralítica Bovina- SENASICA, 3)

Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias - UAEH, 4) Eklipse Publicidad y Comunicación, 5) Unión Ganadera Regional de la Sierra Oriente de

Puebla, 6) Colegio de Posgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas, 7) Unión Ganadera Regional del Norte de Puebla, Mexico

Dr. María Dolores Manzano Martinez - [email protected]

INTRODUCCION Los Estados de Puebla, Hidalgo y Veracruz conforman una de las regiones de mayor incidenciade casos de Rabia Paralítica Bovina a nivel nacional, causando grandes pérdidas económicas y representando unriesgo de salud pública y salud animal. La Rabia en los humanos, es una enfermedad que tradicionalmente se haasociado a las clases económicamente desfavorecidas, siendo en realidad el factor más importante en su prevención,la educación de los individuos y no su posición económica o social. En este contexto, la información y capacitaciónque reciban autoridades gubernamentales, productores, organizados e independientes, así como la población engeneral, será fundamental en la prevención de esta enfermedad, en dos de sus presentaciones: en los humanosy en el ganado. Una excelente herramienta para efectuar una capacitación y difusión de medidas preventivas y decontrol es el video, que hasta la fecha, existen pocos sobre el tema y en ocasiones son de dificil adquisición.OBJETIVO Fomentar en la sociedad rural, en los ganaderos, autoridades y población en general, una cultura deprevención, a través de la difusión y capacitación, sobre los riesgos de rabia en humanos y casos de rabia enganado en zonas de riesgo. Así como poner a disposición de la comunidad internacional un video sobre lasmedidas preventivas y de control de la Rabia Paralítica Bovina, dirigido a productores de México y aplicable aAmérica Latina. METODO El video se realizó en los municipios endémicos de Rabia de la Sierra Norte del Estadode Puebla, donde las personas persisten con hábitos de contacto directo sin protección, con animales sospechososy positivos a esta enfermedad. Se contó con el apoyo financiero de la Fundación Produce Puebla A.C., agrupacionesganaderas, profesionales en comunicación agropecuaria y responsables de la Campaña de Rabia Paralítica, quienesa partir de un diagnóstico oficial por parte de las autoridades sanitarias se dieron a la tarea de producir un video enformato DVD con la finalidad de promocionar y difundir las acciones a la población. El video se estructuró en dospartes. La primera, narra con un lenguaje propio de los ganaderos de la región, el caso de un brote de rabia, ycomprende cuatro secuencias audiovisuales:reporte del caso, atención de foco rábico, seguimiento y medidas

México

132


preventivas y la segunda, incluye cápsulas informativas sobre red de frío, vacunación, toma y envío de muestras allaboratorio, clasificación de murciélagos. CONCLUSIONES Realización de un video en formato DVD, con calidaddigital profesional y con duración de 50 minutos sobre las medidas preventivas y de control de Rabia ParalíticaBovina en México, para la capacitación de productores, técnicos, autoridades y población en general, aplicable alos países de America Latina que padecen esta enfermedad.

133

SIXTH SESSION

SEVENTH SESSION STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATION

134

STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF ANIMAL POPULATION

135

SEVENTH SESSION

DINÁMICA DE LA POBLACIÓN CANINA CON DUEÑO EN ÁREAS URBANAS YRURALES DEL ESTADO DE MÉXICO, 1979-1999

S.L. Pérez. 1, R.V. De la Rosa 2, A. Neri 21) Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, Mexico 2) Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma del

Estado de México, Mexico

Dr.Luis S. Pérez Sotelo - [email protected]

Introducción: no se conoce la dinámica de población canina en el Estado de México, indispensable para el controlde la Rabia. Objetivo: conocer la dinámica de la población canina para la planeación de la Campaña de vacunación.Material y Método: fue un proyecto de intervención en salud, epidemiológico descriptivo y prospectivo de 1997a 1999, piloteando el censo-encuesta, aplicado en las 19 jurisdicciones y 122 municipios. Resultados: en 1997,participaron 13 jurisdicciones, se aplicó el censo a 9,339 viviendas en 318 localidades, se registraron 59, 072habitantes, 14, 336 caninos, 2,106 gatos, existiendo un canino por 4.12 habitantes y un cachorro por 3.25viviendas. En 1998, participaron 9 jurisdicciones, se visitaron 34,235 viviendas y 940 localidades, se registraron212,400 habitantes, 48,837 caninos, 8,004 gatos, con relación de un canino por 4.35 habitantes y un cachorro por4.97 viviendas. En 1999, participaron 13 jurisdicciones, se visitaron 50,558 viviendas en 1,310 localidades con276,984 habitantes, 78,387 caninos, 12,840 gatos, la relación es un perro por cada 3.53 habitantes y un cachorropor 4.90 viviendas. Conclusiones: se registraron 141,560 caninos, 22,050 gatos, 548,456 habitantes con 94,138viviendas en 2,568 localidades la relación fue un canino por cada 3.87 habitantes, se inmunizó contra la rabia a el79.86% de caninos y 83.44% de gatos, las jurisdicciones con mayor numero de caninos son Texcoco,Nezahualcoyotl, Tlanepantla y Naucalpan. Sugerencias, continuar con la encuesta adoptándola en el programarespectivo, revacunar cachorros menores de 3 meses y controlar el crecimiento de la población canina por mediosquímicos. Palabras clave: Población, Canina, Dinámica.

México

136


MODELO DE PROSPECCIÓN DE POBLACIÓN CANINA PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓNDE ACCIONES SANITARIAS

A. Alfieri 1, J. Arango, A. Seghesso, A. Lapalma, L. Belá, B. Perez1) Universidad Nacional de Rosário, Santa Fé, Argentina

Dr. Arsenio Alfieri - [email protected]

Los servicios de control de zoonosis urbanas que incluyen programas de rabia, enfrentan la toma de decisiones enla asignación de recursos generalmente escasos, confrontando la investigación del problema en su totalidad o lacobertura de las demandas sociales sentidas respecto a su seguridad frente a esta enfermedad. La opción en losniveles de decisión política tiene sólo una respuesta, satisfacer la demanda social. La clave pasa entonces por laestimación del tamaño y estructura de la población bajo programa y el desafío es el ahorro de recursos obviandola reiteración anual de costosos censos o la implementación de registros de baja aceptación y cumplimiento por lapoblación. A partir de una encuesta por muestreo aleatorio de población canina urbana, se presenta un modeloprospectivo para la estimación del tamaño poblacional. Su construcción se basó en el modelo teórico utilizado porel Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INDEC) para la prospección de poblaciones humanas. Los indicadoresutilizados fueron: natalidad, mortalidad postneonatal, mortalidad general en mayores de 10 días, proporción dehembras en la población, porcentaje de hembras fértiles, porcentaje de hembras sin cuidado que evite la concepción,proporción de hembras que paren y cachorros nacidos en una camada anual. El modelo implica la decisión deincluir en la encuesta las variables necesarias para continuar con la prospección de la población a través de unmodelo matemático que sólo demanda la observación de su vigencia por muestreos poblacionales periódicos y debajo costo.

Argentina

137

SEVENTH SESSION

RESULTADOS DEL PROYECTO MASIVO DE ESTERILIZACIÓN QUÍMICA CONGLUCONATO DE ZINC NEUTRALIZADO CON ARGININA EN PERROS MACHOSRESIDENTES DE LOS ESTADOS DE: HIDALGO, MÉXICO Y PUEBLA

S. Verónica Gutiérrez Cedillo 1, Fernando Vargas Pino 2, Oscar Velázquez Monroy 3, Juan Manuel Balderas Torres 4,Salvador Alanis Valdez 5, Erick Canales Vargas 1, 2, 3, 51) Centro Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica y Control de Enfermedades, Mexico 2) Secretaria de Salud del México, Mexico 3) SESA

Puebla, Mexico 4) SESA Edo. México, 5) SESA Hidalgo, Mexico

Dr. Fernando Vargas Pino - [email protected]

Introducción: El vínculo del perro con el hombre, y por extensión con su familia es ancestral, de ahí lo complejoque resulta intentar disociarlo con actividades que terminen con su exterminio. En la actualidad, la Secretaría deSalud de México aplica más de 16 millones de dosis de vacuna antirrábica canina, lo cual es mayor al universo deniños protegidos en el Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones. La abundancia de perros en la calle representa unreto para la salud pública y para la población en su conjunto, ya no es posible convivir con este exceso, se reportan106,233 agresiones por perro y de éstas 31,844 inician tratamiento antirrábico, con un gasto sólo de biológicosantirrábicos humanos de $2,856,067 US Dlls. En el año 2001 inicia la estrategia “estabilización de la poblacióncanina” que considera la esterilización de los perros y gatos y la donación voluntaria de animales no deseados. ElProyecto de esterilización masiva y gratuita emplea técnicas quirúrgicas simplificadas y el uso de anestésicos deultra corta duración. Los rendimientos acumulados de animales esterilizados del 2001 al 2005 fueron de 518 milcirugías, por sexo corresponde al 85% de hembras (440.3 mil) y de machos el 15% (77.7 mil). Conforme al“Modelo de estimación de cachorros que ya no se incorporan a la población canina como resultado de laesterilización”, tenemos que por cada hembra esterilizada dejan de nacer menos cachorros, que por cada machoesterilizado; por lo que se buscó con la población propietaria de perros fomentar la esterilización de los machos,mediante métodos químicos que no extirparan las gónadas, de fácil aplicación y de manera masiva, lo cual se hizoposible con el uso del Gluconato de zinc, neutralizado con Arginina (GZA) de manara intratesticular. Objetivos: Laimportancia de este proyecto fue el corroborar que el GZA produce esterilidad en perros de diversas edades yestablecer una metodología para asegurar la adecuada aplicación. El universo de estudio fue de 9 mil perros (3 milpor cada estado), de 3 a 36 meses de edad. Los criterios principales de exclusión utilizados: criptorquídeos,testículos menor a 10 mm o mayor a 27 mm, dermatitis y ulceras testicular, y Tumor Venéreo Transmisible.Resultados. Para corroborar el porcentaje de fertilidad en los perros machos, se selecciono una muestra de 217,

México

138


aplicando una prueba de espermatobioscopia con resultados de 34.6% (75 perros) de fertilidad. Se han esterilizadoa 7,713 perros: Puebla, 3,000; México 3,663 e Hidalgo 1,060. La distribución total por edad fue: 60.4% de 2 a 3años, 24.5% de 1 a 2 años, 10.3% de 6 a 12 meses y el 4.8% de 3 a 6 meses. Observamos que el 98.8%estaban vacunados contra la rabia. En cuanto a las reacciones indeseables (fístula o úlcera) presentadas pos aplicación,sólo en el 3.1% (239 perros) de lo animales ocurrió, ligeramente arriba de lo esperado (3%), de éstos se castró a90 perros (37.7%); la distribución de los grupos de edad más afectados fueron el de mayores a 24 meses con el75.9% y de acuerdo al tiempo en presentarse esa reacción, la mayoría se concentró en las 48 hrs. con el 77.7%(179 perros). Se realizó un seguimiento durante 6 meses en 50 perros, evaluándolos por pruebas deespermatobioscopia, encontrándose: 42 perros presentaron azoospermia, 10 aspermia y 1 oligospermia; y mediacióndel diámetro testicular obteniendo en promedio una disminución del 75.7% . Conclusión: El GZA, produceesterilidad en los machos sin modificar su comportamiento y se requiere una adecuada aplicación por personalveterinario capacitado.

139

SEVENTH SESSION

THE IMPACT OF THE PROGRAM OF AMBIENT HEALTH IN THE CONTROL OF THEURBAN RABIES IN THE CITY OF RECIFE

Sandra Souto Araújo 1, Geraldo Andrade Filho 1, João A. Nascimento Júnior 11) Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Recife, PE, Brasil

Dr. Sandra Souto de Araújo - [email protected]

The City of Recife is located on the coast of Pernambuco, in the Northeast region of Brazil. It has an extension of209 Km² and an estimated population of 1.546.502 inhabitants. The epidemiological situation of the animal rabiesin Recife is historically endemic. Before the implantation of the Environmental Health Program (EHP), the confron-tation of this zoonose consisted basically of the capture of dogs and cats, annual vaccination of the canine andfeline population and sending of harvested samples to laboratories. The most significant reduction on the cases ofrabies occurred between the years 2002 and 2003, first year of the of implantation of the EHP, whose purpose wasto control the typical diseases of developing metropolis, such as animal rabies, filariose, leptospirose, denguefever, etc., trying, through integrated actions between the City Department of Health and the organized CivilSociety, to identify problems and point out solutions to improve the quality of life and health conditions of thepopulation of Recife. The aim of this study is to point out the strategies used in the EHP for the confrontation ofthis important zoonose. With the implantation of the program, the actions previously taken to control the rabieswere decentralized, and now the six Sanitary Districts - SD are in charge of monitoring and directing these actions,with the technical support of the Center of Environmental Monitoring. The animal vaccination campaign started tohappen every six months, there was an increasing on the fleet of cars to take the animals from the streets, goingfrom 3 cars to 7, covering the central area and the six SDs, more qualification for Environmental Health Agents,increasing and standardizing of the sending of samples to laboratories, valuation of the ownership by the Environ-mental Health Agents in the community. After the implantation of the EHP, an increasing on the vaccinationcoverage was observed with the introduction of the after-campaign carried by EHA, the increment of the sendingof samples, made it possible the absence of sub-notification of the cases, as it was happening in previous years,considerable reduction of nomadic dogs in the streets of Recife and, consequently, the reduction of the cases thatshowed the following evolution in the years: 10 cases in 2000; 25 cases in 2001; 43 cases in 2002; 12 cases in2003; 2 cases in 2004; and no cases of animal rabies since May of 2004 in Recife. We conclude that the strategyused by the EHP, besides efficient, diminished significantly the period of the current stage of controlling of thiszoonose, showing a correct strategy of action in areas of increased incidence of this problem.

Brasil

POSTER I

142

POSTER I

143

POSTER I

ESTUDIO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE LA ENCEFALITIS RÁBICA HUMANA EN ELESTADO DE MÉXICO, 1979- 2003

S.L. Pérez 1, M.C. Gutiérrez 2, G.G. Soto 21) Instituto de Salud del Estado de México, 2) Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado

de México

Dr. Luis S. Pérez Sotelo - [email protected]

Introducción: México, ha ocupado uno de los principales lugares en rabia en las Américas. Objetivo: Analizarretrospectivamente el comportamiento de la enfermedad en casos presentados de 1979 a 2003 en el Estado deMéxico. Material y Método: estudio epidemiológico retrospectivo, exploratorio y descriptivo, considerando: estudioepidemiológico del agredido y del animal agresor, se dividió la información en cuatro períodos. Resultados: en elprimero período, se detectaron 40 casos, 26 hombres y 14 mujeres, tasa de mortalidad de 0. 13 25 por 100, 000habitantes, tendencia de 0. 23 a 0.0 29, el segundo registró 4 2, 28 hombres y 14 mujeres, tasa de mortalidad de0.08 y tendencia de 0.078 a 0.08 2, el tercero presentó 48 casos, 39 hombres y 9 mujeres, tasa de mortalidad de0.047, tendencia de 0.08 1 a 0.0 1 2, y el cuarto registró 3 casos, todos hombres, tasa de mortalidad de 0.005 por100, 000 y tendencia de 0.0 1 a 0.00. De 133 casos referidos, la mayoría varones que habitaban en medio ruraly semirural, del grupo etáreo escolar y clase económica 1. Respecto al animal agresor 87.97% fueron caninos, loscuales 45.86% tenían dueño, trasmitiendo la rabia por mordedura en 85.7 1% de los casos, generalmente enmiembros superiores 27.07%. La signología humana fue: principalmente nerviosa, presentándose la muerte enmenos de cinco días. Los municipios más afectados rodean al Distrito Federal. Conclusiones: La clase más afectadaes de bajos recursos, en los primeros períodos las personas murieron por ignorancia, y en los últimos pordesconocimiento médico de la normatividad vigente. Palabras clave: Encefalitis Rabica Humana

México

144

POSTER I

RELATO DE CASO: AVALIACIÓN DE LOS TRATAMIENTOS ANTIRÁBICOS ENPERSONAS QUE TUBIERON CONTACTO CON BOVINO POSITIVO PARA RABIA

S.P.H. Rivero 1, E.P. Caldas 2, N. Sanberg, A. Rocha, E. Boff, E. Cemin, R. Cavagnoli1) Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2) Secretaria Estadual de Saúde, RS, Brasil

Dr. Patricio Rivero - [email protected] / [email protected]

Introdución: La rabia es una enfermedad infecciosa aguda causada por un virus del genero lyssavirus, familiaRhabdoviridae, que ataca mamiferos, incluyendo al hombre, con 100% de letalidad.En el Brasil los principalesreservatorios son el perro y los murcielagos hematofagos y no hematofagos. Otras especies atacadas son: bovinos,equinos, suideos, monos.Entre los años de 1986 a 2005 son noticiados 755 casos de rabia humana en el Brasil,principalmente causado por ataques de murcielagos hematofagos e perros.-OBJETIVOS:Informar nuestra experienciafrente a la necesidad de aplicar tratamientos antirábicos y su evaluacion de personas que tubieron contacto conbovino con rabia, confirmado laboratorialmente.Informar las acciones interdisciplinares y multiinstitucionalesdesarrolladas por las Secretaria Estadual de la Salud del RS(5ªCRS/SES/Caxias do Sul), Secretaria Municipal de laSalud (SMS)y Educación de Flores da Cunha(RS) y la Inspectoria Veterinaria y Zootecnia (IVZ/SSA/RS)local.METODOS: Colectar el material encefalico de bovidos con suspecha de Rabia (0 2 amostas) por medico veterinariode IVZ/SSA/RS y enviado al Laboratorio de Referencia IPVDF/FEPAGRO/SCT, para a realizacion de la prueba deImunoflorescencia Directa.Los resultados obtenidos fueron informados a los tecnicos de la 5ªCRS, SMS y IVZ/SSA/RS.A seguir fue realizado un levantamiento del numero de personas expuestas, la aplicación de la vacunaantirábica humana, inicialmente FUENZALIDA&PALACIOS(F&P) y posteriormente vacuna de cultivo en céluladiploide humana y suero antirábico heterólogo, seguinda la Norma Técnica Operacional/Rabia/ 1997. Despuesfue colectado muestras de suero de 27 personas sometidas a tratamiento para evaluar la respuesta imunologicasatisfactoria (titulo adecuado> 1: 25) en teste de sueroneutralizacion em raton mus musculus(SN-cdg).La aplicaciondel suero antirábico fue realizado en ambiente hospitalar bajo supervision médica (Hospital Geral de Caxias doSul). RESULTADOS: 27 personas recibieron tratamiento de vacunas y/o suero antirabico heterologo.Fueron utilizadas19 2 dosis de vacunas F&P y 2 1 dosis de vacuna diploide humana, mas 19 pacientes recibieron suero antirábicoheterólogo.Ocurrio un caso de reacción adversa blanda (edema, eritema, prurido y rubor)a la vacuna F&P.Lavacuna diploide humana fue empleada como refuerzo vacunal de las personas con respuestas imunologicasbajas(titulo adecuado< 1: 25) frente a la vacuna F&P y para complementar en caso de reaccion adversa a lamisma.Inicialmente en el 1ºteste 18 personas, de las 27, fueron realizadas a evaluacion de la respuesta imunologica

Brasil

145

POSTER I

(SN-cdg), de las cuales 09 no respondieron adecuadamente(titulo adecuado< 1: 25).De estas 09 personas coninadecuada respuesta imunologica, 06 tubieron titulos de anticuerpos adecuados en un 2ºteste.De las 09 personascon respuestas adecuadas(titulo adecuado> 1: 25) 03 personas tubieron, en un 2º teste, titulos de anticuerposprotectores bajos, talves debido a la interferencia de las vacunas y/o suero antirabico aplicados. Y de las 09personas restantes tubieron sus titulos de anticuerpos protectores adecuados atraves de SN-cdg.CONCLUSIONES:La pesquisa de los titulos de anticuerpos protectores contra la rabia, nos ofrece parametros y garantia de lacorrecta supervision de las personas que tubieron contacto con animales con confirmacion laboratorial de rabia.Estaantropozoonosis debe ser trabajada sobre el punto de vista de diversas profesionales de salud y integracion dereparticiones municipales y estaduales de salud publica/animal, de educacion, entre otras, considerando las medidaspreventivas y de intervencion.

146

POSTER I

EPIDEMIOLOGICS ASPECTS ABOUT HUMAN RABIES IN PERNAMBUCO

F.D.F. Bezerra 1, M.L.A.N. Ribeiro 1, A.P. Lobo 1, D.M. Ferreira 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Pernambuco, PE, Brasil

Dr. Francisco Duarte - [email protected]

The Pernambuco State is located on east center of Brazil North-east region, with a population of 8.50 2.606inhabitant, presents a territorial extension of 98.3 1 1.6 16 m 2, the predominate vegetation is the buster and therelief is formed by coast plain, central high plain beyond of the Pernambuco depression is divided in five mesoregions:Metropolitan, buster zone, rural, Pernambuco backwoods and San Francisco backwoods. Characterizing the epi-demiologic aspects of human rabies in Pernambuco, in the period from 1975 to 2005, to help on for the propo-sition of central measure. Characterizing the cases of human rabies by demographics aspects, physiographic,clinical and epidemiologic on Pernambuco state. This project consists in a descriptive epidemiologic study ofhuman rabies in Pernambuco state, in the period from 1975 to 2005, from the 193 confirmed cases and reportedto Sanitary Monitoring of Pernambuco Diretory. The Pernambuco rural region presented the most number of cases(69 cases) in the period studied. The cases age changed from 1 to 80 years old. In relation to origin of cases,registered predominance in urban area with 5 2, 6% of cases. As for the sex noticed that 74, 5% of caseshappened in the male sex. The dog was responsible for 84, 4% of cases. The period incubation varied from 7 to5 1 1 days. The Pernambuco state presented a rediction in cases of human rabies on study period, this done couldbe impute to increase of vaccination covering on the last years. The rabies cases happened with more predomi-nance on urban areas and the dog was the principal responsible for the aggressions. To keep the populationinformed through the Health Continuous System, emphating the necessity to seek the Health Service for startingthe actions and utilizing the Family Health Program to follow the vaccination diagram, to avoid this way, thetreatment abandonment.

Brasil

147

POSTER I

EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONTROL PROGRAM OF RABIES IN PERNAMBUCO:EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS

M.L.A.N. Ribeiro 1, F.D.F. Bezerra 1, D.M. Ferreira 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Pernambuco, PE, Brasil

Dr. Francisco Duarte - [email protected]

Rabies is a zoonose which etiologic agent is a Rabdovirus, it is neurotropic, and it is 100% lethal. Although it mayaffect any animal species, it attacks specially domestic carnivores. Dogs are the most affected group. Even thoughthe occurrence of rabies in dogs (main transmitters of rabies to human beings) has been reduced, the disease stillrepresents a problem to public health. The objective of this project is to study the status of the Canine RabiesControl Program in Pernambuco from 2000 to 2005, as well as identify the occurrence of the rabies virus in the184 towns that compose the State. The project also intends to identify the towns that have met the requirementset by the Programação Pactuada Integrada (PPI) of providing samples to the diagnostic lab as well as evaluatethrough the Regional Health Management (GERES) the percentage of treated people and the rate of abandon-ment of the treatment for the disease. It is a descriptive study, with theoretical investigation and analysis. The datacame from the Investigation Files on epidemiological monitoring of the National Control Program Against Rabies,Guide of Epidemiological Monitoring, Monthly report of positive and negative samples from the National Cattlebreeding Agrarian Lab of Pernambuco (LANAGRO) and Goals of the Programação Pactuada Integrada - patent 117 2 (PPI). In Pernambuco, there was a notable reduction of the prevalence of positive cases as a result of thecreation of strategies during the implementation of an epidemiological monitoring for this disease. The prophylac-tic treatment is used as a tool to avoid death of those infected by rabid animals. It is important to maintain a largesupply of vaccine in order to avoid the occurrence of new cases

Brasil

148

POSTER I

DIFFICULTIES FACED FOR PROFESSIONALS TO PERSUADE PERSONS TO REALIZEPROPHYLAXIS FOR RABIES

Vânia Maria Alves de Carvalho 1, Romualdo Oliveira Spíndola 1, Rosângela Cavalcante de Carvalho 1, João Pereira daSilva 1, Romildo Francisco dos Santos 1, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 21) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Teresina, PI, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Vânia Carvalho - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is a viral zoonosis with a mortality rate 100%, but it could preventable through prophylaxis.The last human rabies case of Teresina municipality, Piauí State was identified in 1989. This study was performedto report difficulties faced for professionals to persuade persons to realize pos-exposure-prophylaxis (PEP). Meth-ods: Data were collected from a standard form and reports of health professionals from May to June, 2006.Regularly active search was performed to guarantee complete treatment prophylaxis. Results: During an investi-gation of rabies in a dog transmitted by a non-vampire-bat occurred in urban area, four months of age, domicili-ated and non vaccinated, there were identified sixteen persons that had any kind of contact with the positiveanimal, which two had pre-exposure-prophylaxis. All of them were oriented to look for assistance and to realizePEP. From sixteen patients, ten had been taken to realize prophylaxis on the hospital for the Health Assistance,saying that they had difficulties with transport, three persons looked for assistance alone and three refused pro-phylaxis, saying that they hadn’t any kind of contact with the animal. Conclusions: There is only one way toprevent rabies pos exposure. Persons need to be oriented for immediately PEP. It is important to decentralizevaccine for rabies, facilitating access for population. Active search and education health is essential in cases ofrefuses and abandonment of prophylaxis and an organized system of surveillance is needed involving animal andhuman health. This investigation shows the importance to vaccine domestic animal for rabies and cares that arenecessary to avoid contact with others animals, mainly wild animals as bats.

Brasil

149

POSTER I

IMMUNOPATHOLOGIC IN RABIES INFECTION IN LINES OF MICE SELECTED FORHIGH OR LOW ACUTE INFLAMMATORY REACTION

Samira M. Achkar 1, Idércio L. Sinhorini 2, Orlando G. Ribeiro 3, Maria Luiza Carrieri 1, Rodrigo S. Ceretta 1, Cleide A.Consales 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 3) Instituto

Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Samira Achkar - [email protected]

Rabies infection is a severe and lethal disease that presents a slight inflammatory response during the infectionprocess. We analyzed the immunopathological mechanisms that occur in the CNS (Central Nervous System) usingtwo lines of mice genetically selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reactivity.As viral samples, we adopted the antigenic variant 3 (AgV3) rabies virus, from hematophagous bats and a fixedvirus strain (PV 1 43/3). Titration of specific antibodies was performed by Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay. Weobserved a slight increase in IgG and IgG 1 isotype in the infected AIRmax mice. The incubation period, deter-mined by intracerebral inoculation with 100LD50 was 6-7 days for PV 1 43/4 and 9- 10 days for AgV3. Nodifference in viral replication was found between AIRmax and AIRmin mice. Mortality was 100% with both viralstrains. Histopathological analysis of the brain and spinal cord tissues showed inflammatory foci in all CNS, how-ever, no differences were observed in the number of neutrophils. Negri bodies were also observed in practicallyall sites analyzed. Taken together, our results suggest that the inflammatory reaction is not a determining factor insusceptibility to rabies infection.

Brasil

150

POSTER I

ASPECTS OF RABIES PROPHYLAXIS, TERESINA MUNICIPALITY, PIAUÍ STATE,2005

Fernando Luiz Lima de Oliveira 1, Carla Edlane Bezerra Sales, José Luciano F. H. Acioli Lins1) Gerência de Controle de Zoonoses, Teresina, PI, Brasil

Dr. Fernando Oliveira - [email protected]

This study describes some aspects of rabies prophylaxis, frequently found in Teresina municipality, from Octoberto December, 2005, that it is not present in the form of the National Reporting System of the Brazilian Ministry ofHealth and the goal was to subsidize control of the rabies in Teresina. There were applied standard questionnairefor all persons who looked for rabies prophylaxis on the reference hospital. A total of 653 cases were identified,being 65.6% adults and 54.7% males. Dog was responsible for 545 accidents (83.5%) and 87% were male. Theresidence of the owner was the place where occurred 64% of the accidents. Spatial distribution of the casesoccurred in three regions of Teresina, 3 1.7% in north, 33, 7% in southeastern and 34.6% in south. In conclusion,this study demonstrate the importance to have health education, mainly for the ages with more occurrence,alerting about the behavior of the animals and how to manipulate them including all regions of the city.

Brasil

151

POSTER I

IMPORTANCE OF PREEXPOSITION PROPHYLAXIS OF RABIES IN HIGH-RISKGROUPS

Vinicius Oliveira Drummond 1, Larissa Campos Aquino1) Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Dr. Vinicius Drummond - [email protected]

Rabies is a zoonosis caused by a virus from genus Lyssavirus, family Rhabdoviridae that may be prevented byvaccination. The transmission is caused by the infected saliva of the illness animal. According to World HealthOrganization (WHO), 55, 000 people die annually, all around the world, from rabies. Rabies high-risk groupincludes veterinarians, veterinary students and staff, rabies’ laboratory technicians and wildlife officers. Theseprofessionals are more exposed to rabies virus, being able to get infected, if they don’t have an adequate preexposureprophylaxis. The WHO recommends three doses of human anti-rabies vaccine, at day 0, 7 and 28, having a serumsample tested for antibodies every 6 or 1 2 months, depending on the virus exposure level, receiving a boostervaccine when the titer is less than 0.5 I.U. /ml. The preexposure prophylaxis doesn’t eliminate the postexposuretreatment after exposure to the virus, but simplify the therapy eliminating the need of rabies serum, and diminish-ing the number of vaccine doses, minimizing adverse reactions to multiple doses. Moreover, enhances immunityin cases of delay on postexposure treatment, and promotes protection to people with innaparent exposure torabies. Human rabies still is a zoonosis with great epidemiologic importance because of high lethality (100%).Recently, Ministry of Healt reported a case of a Brazilian veterinary that doesn’t had the preexposure prophilaxis,had contact with a diagnosticated sick animal on his duty, and even so, do not receive the treatment postexposure.This veterinary died. Based on that, the veterinarian, as public health professional, must have the preexposureprophylaxis and give orientation to his employees to do the same, remembering that many of them don’t have anyknowledge about the disease, and its implications on public health.

Brasil

152

POSTER I

DOG´S BITE IN A VETERINARY STAFF ON VETERINARY HOSPITAL OFUNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA (UnB) - CASE REPORT

Vinicius Oliveira Drummond 1, Larissa Campos Aquino1) Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Dr. Vinicius Drummond - [email protected]

Rabies is an antropozoonosis caused by a RNA-virus, whose transmission is almost nearly caused by the bite of aninfected mammal, who will inject virus by the saliva, causing encephalitis, and other clinical signs that haven’tcure, leading to death. According to literature, children less than 15 years old are the most bitten, but profession-als like veterinarians and veterinary staff, are susceptible to be attacked too, having contact with the rabies virus.The objective of this study is to report an aggression case to veterinary staff in Veterinary Hospital of University ofBrasilia (UnB). On 2006, July 5th, a dog, Rottweiller, came to Veterinary Hospital of University of Brasilia toradiographic exams. Then, it was taken to his owner’s car. The staff helped to carry the dog, holding his head,when the dog get scared and bite the staff’s face. He was led immediately to Regional Hospital of Asa Norte(HRAN), where the wound was cleaned. Then, was noted that the left side of the nose was ripped and scratched.Following instructions from Ministry of Health, based on the localization of the bite and the fact that the function-ary doesn’t had the rabies preexposure prophylaxis, he received one dose of anti-rabies vaccine on day 0, and onedose on day 2. Even the animal wasn’t suspicious to have rabies, it was placed in observation for 10 days, and wasclinically health. Then the postexposure treatment was suspended. The staff remained in the HRAN until theplastic surgery. After seven days of rest and antibiotic therapy, he returned to his duty, normally. This reportdemonstrate the importance of the preexposure prophilaxy to veterinarians and staff, to avoid serious complica-tions about the welfare of those who lead daily with animals that can transmit diseases to men, even fatal ones.

Brasil

153

POSTER I

ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF VAMPIRE BAT ATTACKS UPON HUMANBEINGS IN THE POOR VILLAGES FROM THE AMAZONAS STATE, NORTHERNBRAZIL

J.C.L. Vitor 1, W. Uieda 2, A.C.R. Campos 1, L.M. Oliveira 1, S.N. Martins 11) Gerência de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Amazonas, AM, Brasil, 2) Universidade Estadual Paulista,

Botucatu, SP, Brasil


Desmodus rotundus is a common vampire bat in most regions of Brazil, where the cattle is its main food source.On the other hand, in the north region this bat species is not frequent, specially in Amazonas state, where thecattle raising is still incipient. In the Amazonian region D. rotundus has been observed feeding mainly on chick-ens, dogs and humans. In 200 2, the Gerência de Controle de Zoonoses of the Amazonas state started a fieldstudy and control of aggressions by D. rotundus on humans. Untill 2006, 20 municipalities were visited, of which17 had cases of bled people (Autazes, Barcelos, Codajás, Jutaí, Tapauá, Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Manaus, NovoAirão, Novo Aripuanã, Presidente Figueiredo, Apuí, Envira, Humaitá, Manaquiri, Rio Preto da Eva, São Gabriel daCachoeira and Boca do Acre) and only three did not (Manicoré, Eurinepé and Careiro do Castanho). In threemunicipalities (Tapauá, Barcelos and Santa Isabel do Rio Negro) the vampire victims have been found in severalvillages located at the edges of Purus and Negro rivers. In 44 villages, we recorded an average of 1 1, 3 (N=495)victims, mainly children. The vampire bat bites on human body were observed most frequently on toes, but alsoon scalp, fronthead, nose, hands and legs. Wooden houses with many free spaces and gaps, could favor theincoming of vampires but oil-lamps and mosquito nets have protected the sleeping victims against vampire batattacks. The geographic isolation and hard access have been the great obstacles to vampire bat control andefficient anti-rabic immunization of human populations in the most municipalities of Amazonas State. Between2004 and 2005, 174 bats of 15 species (1 1 Phyllostomidae, 3 Molossidae and 1 Emballonuridae) were submittedto rabies exams at Lacen (Manaus, AM) and Instituto Evandro Chagas (Belém, PA) and all were negative.

Brasil

154

POSTER I

EPIDEMIOLOGIC CONTROL PROGRAM OF RABIES IN PERNAMBUCO:EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND OPERATIONAL ASPECTS

M.L.A.N. Ribeiro 1, F.D.F. Bezerra 1, D.M. Ferreira 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de Pernambuco, PE, Brasil

Dr. Maria de Lourdes de Almeida Nunes Ribeiro - [email protected]

Rabies is a zoonose which etiologic agent is a Rabdovirus, it is neurotropic, and it is 100% lethal. Although it mayaffect any animal species, it attacks specially domestic carnivores. Dogs are the most affected group. Even thoughthe occurrence of rabies in dogs (main transmitters of rabies to human beings) has been reduced, the disease stillrepresents a problem to public health. The objective of this project is to study the status of the Canine RabiesControl Program in Pernambuco from 2000 to 2005, as well as identify the occurrence of the rabies virus in the184 towns that compose the State. The project also intends to identify the towns that have met the requirementset by the Programação Pactuada Integrada (PPI) of providing samples to the diagnostic lab as well as evaluatethrough the Regional Health Management (GERES) the percentage of treated people and the rate of abandon-ment of the treatment for the disease. It is a descriptive study, with theoretical investigation and analysis. The datacame from the Investigation Files on epidemiological monitoring of the National Control Program Against Rabies,Guide of Epidemiological Monitoring, Monthly report of positive and negative samples from the National Cattlebreeding Agrarian Lab of Pernambuco (LANAGRO) and Goals of the Programação Pactuada Integrada - patent 117 2 (PPI). In Pernambuco, there was a notable reduction of the prevalence of positive cases as a result of thecreation of strategies during the implementation of an epidemiological monitoring for this disease. The prophylac-tic treatment is used as a tool to avoid death of those infected by rabid animals. It is important to maintain a largesupply of vaccine in order to avoid the occurrence of new cases.

Brasil

155

POSTER I

ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVA DE LOS PROGRAMAS DE CONTROL Y PREVENCIÓN DELA RABIA EN AMÉRICA LATINA

Gustavo Deslandes de Carvalho 11) Universidade Estácio de Sá, RJ, Brasil

Dr. José Carlos Souza - [email protected]

Se realizó un análisis de la evolución epidemiológica de la rabia en los países de América Latina en el período de1996 al 2005, para verificar si hubo progreso en el control de la transmisión de la rabia canina y de la rabia silvestrepara el hombre. A partir de los datos obtenidos en la Organización Pan-Americana de la Salud acerca de losprocedimientos profilácticos de la rabia canina y humana, junto con los del control preventivo de la agresión de losmurciélagos obtenidos en la Organización Mundial de la Salud, Secretaria de Vigilancia Epidemiológica del Ministeriode Salud de Brasil y de la Secretaria de Salud de México, fue posible identificar los puntos de riesgo para laocurrencia de la rabia humana: tratamiento profiláctico pos-exposición, tasa de vacunación canina, número depuestos de salud, número de dosis de vacunas, cantidad de sueros hiperinmunes disponibles para el tratamientoanti-rábico y número de muestras de tejidos cerebrales caninos enviadas para diagnóstico laboratorial. De acuerdocon las informaciones sobre el número de casos de rabia transmitida por murciélagos hematófagos y perros, se haobservado países que registraron bajo porcentaje en el tratamiento profiláctico pos-exposición y baja tasa devacunación canina. Cinco países presentaron bajo número de puestos de salud y en nueve el número de estasunidades de tratamiento fueron muy expresivas. Se observó además que algunas naciones fueron clasificadas enlos padrones muy baja, baja, media y alta, en relación al número de dosis de vacunas y mililitros de sueroshiperinmunes disponibles para tratamiento antirrábico completo. También fue detectado que países enviaron unbajo número de muestras de sistema nervioso de perros callejeros para diagnóstico y monitoreo de la circulaciónviral. El análisis de los datos permitió concluir que hubo una reducción significativa en los casos de rabia humanatransmitida por perros y gatos en los países latinos americanos en los últimos diez años aunque haya habido fallasen los programas nacionales de control de la rabia, recomendándose mejorías necesarias en relación a los puntosde riesgo identificados con el objetivo de la erradicación de la rabia. Palabras-clave: Rabia, epidemiología, profilaxis,control.

Brasil

156

POSTER I

DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMUNOPEROXIDASE INHIBITION ASSAY (IIA) FORRABIES ANTIBODY DETECTION

H.B.C.R. Batista 1, E. Schmidt 1, J. Reis, F.K. Robin, T.F. Teixeira, D. Maletich, A.C. Franco, J.C.A. Rosa, P.M. Roehe 11) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil

Dr. Helena Batista - [email protected]

In this study an imunoperoxidase inhibition assay (IIA) for detection of rabies antibodies in sera from differentspecies antibodies to rabies viruses reported. The test does not require live animals or UV microscopy, what makesit cheap and easy to introduce in any diagnostic laboratory. Chick embryo related (CER) cell monolayers preparedin 96 well plates and infected Pasteur virus (PV). Seventy two hours post-infection the monolayers were frozenand fixed in 4 % paraformaldehide . Fixed monolayers were rinsed and incubated for 1 hour at 37 oC with testsera diluted (1: 2, 1:4, 1, 8, 1: 16, 1:3 2, 1:64 and 1: 1 28) . Next, plates were rinsed again in wash fluid (PBS-T80)and incubated under the same conditions with an appropriate dilution of anti-rabies nitially serum (prepared inrabbits). The last incubation was performed with an anti-rabbit/peroxidase conjugate. The IIA was nitially evalu-ated with 15 human sera, of which 6 were positive and 9 were negative for rabies antibodies by the mouseneutralization test. In adition, sera from 24 hematophagous bats of unknown rabies antibody status were alsotested. The 6 antibody-positive and 9 antibody-negative has its results confirmed by the IIA. From the he-matophagous bat sera, 2 1were negative and 3 were positive for antibodies by IIA. These results demonstrate thatthe IIA was able to detect anti-rabies antibodies in sera from humans and bats. Future steps in the standardizationof the assay will require testing with a larger number of samples, including a known reference serum, as well asthe determination of its correlation coefficient against standard serological tests.

Brasil

157

POSTER I

RABIES VIRUS STABILITY AFTER TWENTY PASSAGES IN MICE

H.B.C.R. Batista 1, E. Schmidt, T.F. Teixeira, A.C. Franco, P.M. Roehe 11) Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil

Dr. Helena Batista - [email protected]

This work was carried out to examine the extent of the antigenic stability of three rabies virus (RV) isolatesoriginated from distinct natural hosts after serial passage in laboratory mice. The antigenic profiles of the viruseswere determined by monoclonal antibody (Mab) analysis against a panel of anti-lyssavirus antigens. Isolate RV 1is a typical street dog virus, RV 2 was isolated from an insectivorous bat though it displayed an antigenic andgenomic profile commonly found in hematophagous bats, RV3 was also isolated from an insectivorous bat andpresented an antigenic profile usually found in viruses having insectivorous bats as natural host species. The threeviruses were submitted to twenty intracerebral passages in 3-4 weeks old swiss albino mice. After each passagethe isolates were again examined with the Mab panel in indirect immunofluorescence tests. RV 1 and RV 2maintained the same antigenic profile throughout the twenty passages. However, RV3 revealed a modification inits antigenic profile at the eigth passage. These results indicate that the antigenic composition of RV is ratherstable and is usually not affected by a number of passages in a host different from the natural host of origin. Thelimited antigenic modifications observed on one of the isolates (i.é. RV3) after the eigth passage in mice mightprovide clues on what changes are necessary to lead to the adaptation of virus to a particular host species. Furtherstudies are being carried out to examine the genomic profile of the passaged viruses.

Brasil

158

POSTER I

A COLLABORATIVE STUDY ON THE TESTING OF EQUINE ANTIRABIES SERUM BYA VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION TEST IN BHK- 2 1 CELLS

Wlamir Corrêa de Moura 1, Neuza Maria Frazzatti Gallina 2, Regina Maria Mourão Fuches 21) INCQS-FIOCRUZ, RJ, Brasil, 2) Instituto Butantan, SP, Brasil

Dr. Wlamir Moura - [email protected]

A collaborative study was realized to validate the virus neutralization test in cell culture to determine the potencyof equine antirabies serum, by the Instituto Nacional de Controle da Qualidade em Saúde (INCQS) of Brazil andthe Instituto Butantan. The test utilized to determine the potency of the serum was the virus neutralization inBHK- 2 1 cells cultivated on 96 wells microplates. It was based on the recommendations of the fifth edition of theEuropean Pharmacopoeia and the tests described by Trimarchi and Smith in Laboratory Techniques in Rabies. Themedium effective dose (ED50) and the potency (IU/mL) were calculated by the probit method. The accuracy,intra-assay precision, inter-assay precision and reproducibility (inter-laboratory precision) were evaluated in twobatches produced at Instituto Butantan and in the 2nd International Standard for Rabies Immunoglobulin (IR). Thegeometric mean of ED50 obtained with the IR at both laboratories (1/39, 39) was similar to that obtained byTrimarchi (ED 100= 1/3 2), demonstrating the accuracy of the test. The intra-assay precision was observed whenone batch of equine antirabies serum was tested in 10 replicates in a single assay and it was found a coefficient ofvariation (%CV) of 8, 8%. The %CV of the ED50 of the batches tested presented variations of 1 2, 4- 19, 8% inthe INCQS and of 13, 2- 2 2, 0% in the Instituto Butantan, showing the inter-assay precision. The %CV obtainedwith the two batches of equine antirabies serum and the IR tested at the two laboratories, between 1 2, 8% to16, 3%, demonstrated the reproducibility. The study showed that the virus neutralization test in BHK- 2 1 cell issuitable as a potency test for equine antirabies serum, presenting accuracy, repeatability, inter-assay precision andreproducibility, validating the test in these laboratories. This method is an alternative to the mice virus neutraliza-tion potency test for equine antirabies serum realized actually in Brazil.

Brasil

159

POSTER I

ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FIRST RABIES VIRUSISOLATED FROM EUMOPS PEROTIS BAT OF BRAZIL

J.G. Castilho 1, F.M. Canello 2, K.C. Scheffer 1, S.M. Achkar 1, M.L. Carrieri 1, I. Kotait 11) Instituto Pasteur, SP, Brasil, 2) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil


In Brazil, although the main transmitters of rabies are dogs and vampire bats, the role of others species, such asinsectivorous and frugivorous bats, deserves special attention, once rabies virus has been isolated from 36 batsspecies. This study describes the first isolation of rabies virus from an insectivorous bat Eumops perotis, belongingto Molossidae family and Eumops genus, from which two species have already been found rabies positive:Eumops auripendulus and Eumops glaucinus. The specimen was found in an urban area in the city of RibeirãoPreto and identified according to morphological and morphometrical characteristics in Pasteur Institute of SãoPaulo. The isolation was carried out in N 2A cells culture and in adult mice, which only one animal died, onseventeenth day post inoculation. With this brain, a second passage was made and all mice inoculated died,presented an incubation period of 9 to 14 days. The sample was submitted to antigenic typing, using a panel ofeight monoclonal antibodies (CDC/Atlanta/USA) and presenting a non-compatible result. The sequence analysisof DNA to the nucleoprotein gene located between nucleotides 10 2 and 1 284 was aligned with homologoussequences present in Genbank using the CLUSTAL/W method and Bioedit and Mega 2. 1 softwares. The phylo-genetic analysis showed that the virus isolate segregated in the same cluster related with other virus isolated frominsectivorous bat, genus Nyctinomops ssp, isolates from Brazil, showing high degree of nucleotide similarity (98,8%) each other. This result shows the first isolation of rabies virus in this bat species.

Brasil

160

POSTER I

RABIES VIRUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES: COMPARISON OF TWOEVALUATION TEST IN CELL CULTURE

L.B. Chaves 1, A.L.C. Mazutti 1, G.M.M. Caporale 1, K.C. Scheffer 1, A.C.R. Silva 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Luciana Botelho Chaves - [email protected]

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that anyone at increased risk of exposure to rabies virusshould be submitted to pre-exposure immunization schedule and the evaluation of virus neutralizing antibodies(VNA) performed periodically using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). People with serum titer e”0.5 IU/mL are considered immunized. Since 199 2, the laboratory of Instituto Pasteur - São Paulo has used thesimplified fluorescent inhibition microtest (SFIMT) that was standardized and implanted there in substitution ofindirect immunofluorescence for titration of rabies VNA. Similar to RFFIT, the SFIMT is a cell culture virus neutral-izing test performed in microplates with the advantage of rapid reading. The aim of this study was compare thesetwo tests and the use of Pasteur Virus (PV) and Challenge Virus Standard (CVS) on the evaluation of VNA in serumsamples. Fifty human serum samples collected from persons that performed periodical evaluation of VNA titreswere tested twice in different days by SFIMT and RFFIT using CVS and PV strains for both techniques. Consider-ing the titres < 0.5 IU/mL as negative and e” 0.5 IU/mL as positive, 3 2 samples (64%) were positive and 18(36%) were negatives by RFFIT with both CVS and PV strain. By SFIMT, 33 (66%) samples were positive and 17(34%) was negative for CVS and 34 positive (68%) and 16 negative (3 2%) for PV. This qualitative analysisshowed a significant agreement among the methods with kappa > 0.9 (p< 0.05). By intra-class correlation testthe quantitative analysis showed more than 80% of agreement (p < 0.0 1) between the methods. In conclusion,the results obtained by SFIMT are comparable those obtained with the RFFIT and the use of CVS or PV straindoesn’t affect those results.

Brasil

161

POSTER I

COMPARISON OF RFFIT PERFORMED IN LAB-TEK AND IN 96-WELL MICROTITREPLATES

L.B. Chaves 1, A.L.C. Mazutti 1, G.M.M. Caporale 1, K.C. Scheffer 1, A.C.R. Silva 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Luciana Botelho Chaves - [email protected]

The rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) became the test of choice in most modern laboratories formeasuring virus-neutralizing antibodies to determine the potency of rabies serum and immunoglobulins for post-exposure treatment, and to evaluate the immunogenicity of human or animal rabies vaccines. Although RFFIT hasgood specificity, sensitivity and reproducibility it has the disadvantage of no automated manipulation of microtitreplates. The use of 8-well Lab-Tek chamber slides limited the amount of serum samples tested. The aim of thisstudy was verify if the adaptation of the classic RFFIT in Lab-Tek slides to the 96 well microtitre plates affected thespecificity, sensibility and reprodutibility of the test. Twenty-four human serum samples were titrated twice byclassic RFFIT in Lab-Tek and by RFFIT in 96 well microplate. For each serum dilution 50 or 18 microscopic fields,for Lab-tek and 96 well microplate respectively, in a single well were evaluated for the presence of infected cellsat x 200 magnification. As results, in a qualitative analysis, considering titres < 0.50 IU/mL as negative and ³0.50IU/mL as positive, 15 samples (6 2%) were positive and 9 (38%) samples were negative in both tests. Themeasure of the kappa = 1.0 prove almost perfect agreement between the tests (p < 0.00 1). In the quantitativeanalysis, the value of the intra-class correlation is C > 0.98 (p < 0.00 1) that demonstrate a high agreementamong the tests. In conclusion, the adaptation of the classic RFFIT to 96 well microplates is perfect satisfactory toperformed the evaluation of virus neutralizing antibodies in human serum samples.

Brasil

162

POSTER I

THE SÃO PAULO STATE/BRASIL RABIES CONTROL PROGRAM, UNDER THEVISION OF ITS COORDINATION (1996 - 2005)

Neide Yumie Takaoka 1, Maria de Lourdes A. B. Reichmann 1, Tereza Mitiko Omoto 1, Maria Luiza Carrieri 1, IvaneteKotait 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Neide Yumie Takaoka - [email protected]

The State Rabies Control Program Coordination has its head control at Instituto Pasteur/SP since 1996, analyzedthe epidemiological disease situation as well as the other activities which compose the Program. The evidencewas that the number of human cases during 1985 - 1997 maintained 0 - 2 cases/year, with the transmitting thecanine specie. In relation to the “Canine Vaccination Campaign”, it was verified that many counties presentedlow vaccination covering and that the Program was not adequately developed. A wide training program wasstarted in all state regional, aiming the canine and feline rabies control as well as the eradication of human rabiestransmitted by dog, with the collaboration of health education personnel. In 1996, it was registered around 100cases in dogs and cats, in 1997 it was reduced to in 90%. The last human rabies case transmitted by dog was in1997. The last rabies case of companion animal (dog) by the canine variant occurred in 1998. Both cases occurredat the same region. The period of 1990 - 1997 had the register of more than 1000 lab diagnoses in companionspecies (94% dogs and 6% cats), in 5 2 counties, being, probably in its totality by canine variant. From 1998 to2005, however, the number of labs diagnoses were around 35 cases, being its occurrence dispersed and causedby bat variants. Besides the features before mentioned, the program improvement contributed the implantation oflaboratory tests to identify infeccion source and the change to in Vero cells culture vaccine. In conclusion, theState Rabies Control Program Coordination reached its goal: “de cem para sem” - zero cases of canine transmit-ted rabies in São Paulo, until now.

Brasil

163

POSTER I

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RT-PCR) AND HEMINESTED-RT PCR (Hn RT-PCR) EVALUATION IN FRESH AND DECOMPOSED CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMSAMPLES FOR RABIES DIAGNOSIS

D.B. Araújo 1, J. Megid 1, R.C. Silva 1, M.F.A. Almeida 2, H. Langoni 11) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia , Botucatu, SP, Brasil, 2) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses , São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Daniele Bastos Araújo - [email protected]

The use of sensitive and specific methods for rabies diagnosis is an important tool for the control and prophylaxisof the disease. Reverse-Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) has been used in rabies diagnosis withgood results, even in decomposed materials. In this study, we evaluated RT-PCR and Heminested RT-PCR (hnRT-PCR) in 100 suspected brain samples from different animal species. The materials were evaluated in fresh anddecomposed conditions (left at room temperature for 7 2 hours for decomposition). The RT-PCR and hnRT-PCRresults were compared with previous results from Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test (FAT) and Mouse InoculationTest (MIT). Were evaluated 100 samples, being 50 previously positive to FAT and MIT. Out of these positivesamples 45 (90%) resulted positive to molecular techniques applied to fresh material, 18 (36%) to RT-PCR and 27only to hnRT-PCR (54%). Only 98 samples were evaluated in decomposed conditions, 48 previously positive toFAT and MIT. When these decomposed materials were tested for the molecular techniques 29 (60, 4%) werepositive, 13 (27%) to RT-PCR and another 16 (33, 3%) only to hnRT-PCR. No false positive results in moleculartechniques were observed in fresh and decomposed materials from negative previously diagnosed samples. Theresults demonstrated higher sensitivity of hnRT-PCR compared with RT-PCR for fresh and decomposed materialsbut low sensitivity of both techniques in decomposed samples which could be explained by RNA viral denatur-ation due to tissue decomposition.

Brasil

164

POSTER I

EVALUATION OF THE HUMAN ANTIRABIC SERVICE, MINAS GERAIS, BRAZIL,1999 TO 2004

Valéria de Melo Rodrigues e Oliveira 1, Cristiana Ferreira Jardim de Miranda 1, Élvio Carlos Moreira 2, Pedro Lúcio LitghPereira 2, José Ailton da Silva 21) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil, 2) Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brasil

Dr. Cristiana Jardim - [email protected]

The decrease of the cases of human rage in Brazil by canine transmission, shows that the evaluation of the humanantirabic service becomes a need of the service, before the correlation lack among aggression, indication of thetreatment and local epidemic situation. The objective of this work was to describe and to evaluate some aspectsof the human antirabic service in Minas Gerais, from 1999 to 2004. Its took place a study retrospective descriptiveobservacional, correlating the risk areas for human rage transmitted by dog and the information registered in theseveral systems of information of SUS-MG. They were appraised 13 2.45 2 registrations of the National System ofOffences of Notification - SINAN, and 339.0 1 2 registrations done by the service of Zoonoses of the Superinten-dency of Epidemiology of the General office of Health of Minas Gerais. It was verified that the treatment indica-tion is excessive in the bass areas and medium risk, since most of the aggressions is made by healthy dogs, unlikethe areas of high risk, where a decrease of the indication of the treatment was observed. The systems of informa-tion involved possess isolated bases, not acting as net. There is still so much for silent municipal district as for badquality of the information. The surveillance of the event possesses aspect, however the interfaces don’t commu-nicate, generating insecurity to the responsible doctor for the service to just indicate the animal aggressor’sobservation. Key words: information, rage, risk, human antirabic service.

Brasil

165

POSTER I

HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR RABIES, MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL, 2006

Sonivalde Santana Monte 1, Aldenir Paiva de Carvalho 1, Alan Araújo Nascimento 1, Margarida Paula Correa Sá1,Teresinha Lisieux C. dos Santos 1, Edilene Santos Silva1, Roberto Carlos Negreiros de Arruda 2, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 31) Agência Estadual de Defesa Agropecuária do Maranhão, MA, Brasil, 2) Superintendência Federal de Agricultura do Maranhão, MA,

Brasil, 3) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Sonivalde Santana Monte - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a mortality rate of 100%. Health education is one of the mostimportant activities to prevent diseases. The Agriculture Department of Maranhão State(AGED-MA) have imple-mented a specific program for rabies to avoid occurrence of human and animal cases of rabies. Methods: Thisproject is divided in two activities. The first one is realized in public schools, where theater parts are done,lectures are ministered and folders and magazines are distributed. The second one is named “Field Day”, wherea specific locality is chosen, and activities of education are realized for farmers and professionals that care animals,after this, a practice class is done, including demonstrations of animal contention and vaccination of herbivorousand human prophylaxis. Drawings, certificates and homage are distributes at the end of the sessions. Results:Three municipalities: Morros(MO), São João dos Patos(SJP) and Rosário(RO) were chosen to realize this program.A total of 39 1 children were trained, MO(33%), SJP(36%) and RO(3 1%). A total of 680 farmers and profession-als realized the “Field Day”, MO(29%), SJP(43%) and RO(28%). In these actions are discussed rabies in herbivo-rous, dogs, cats, bats and wild animals and prophylaxis for human rabies. Conclusions: This program has increasedtax vaccination in animals and demonstrated to be an important action to clarify farmers about rabies and to alertthe necessity to vaccine animals and to realize prophylaxis in case of exposure to suspected rabid animal or bite,mainly about pre-exposure prophylaxis for professionals who care animals and farmers. This program has contrib-uted a lot, and it is recommended to continue it in all municipalities. It has demonstrated the necessity to standout an integrated action between Agriculture and Health Departments.

Brasil

166

POSTER I

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT SERUM-FREE MEDIA IN THE RABIES VIRUSPRODUCTION

Sandra Harue Fujimura 1, Vanessa Harumi Takinami 1, Claudia Regina Menezes Botelho 1, Neuza Maria Frazatti Gallina 11) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Sandra H. Fujimura - [email protected]

Vero cell culture is an important substrate to rabies vaccine production. The fetal calf serum or human albuminutilized in culture media for cell growth can contain a prion contamination. The use of serum-free medium in thisculture is a new strategy to obtain a high purity product. In this study the influence of three different serum-freemedium in the rabies virus production were evaluated: VP-SFM AGT (GIBCO), Ex-Cell™ (Sigma) andHyQ®SFM4MegaVir™ (HyClone). Vero cells (1.6 x 106 cells/flask) were infected with PV rabies virus (MOI=0.008) and maintained in serum-free media at 34ºC during 1 1 days. Samples of the supernatants of the cultureswere taken each 24h to determine de rabies virus titers in BHK- 2 1 cells. The results obtained in the kineticstudies in rabies virus culture infected, maintained in VP-SFM AGT, Ex-Cell and HyQ SFM4MegaVir were 103.8_104.8, 10 2.0_ 104.6 and 10 2.6_ 103.7 FFD50/0, 05ml, respectively. The yield index (virus production x cellsgrowth) obtained during all the experiment were similar in the cultures with VP-SFM AGT (6.08) and Ex-Cell(7.08) media. The values encountered with the HyQ SFM4MegaVir medium were lower than the others (0.48).The results showed that the VP-SFM AGT and Ex-Cell media are indicated to rabies virus production.

Brasil

167

POSTER I

ANALYSIS OF THE LAST 16 YEARS (1990 - 2005) - POST EXPOSUREPROPHYLAXIS SÃO PAULO (BRASIL) STATE

T.M. Omoto 1, N.Y. Takaoka 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Tereza Omoto - [email protected]

After the analysis of the last 16 years which was divided into two periods (1990- 1997 and 1998- 2005) it wasverified an increase of the number of patients who came to health services after a mammal injury. In the first period,the average number of patients was 60.000/year. During the second period it reached the double (1 20.000). Suchincrease was greater than the populational, possibly it occurred by the increase of consciousness of the populationand as result of better awareness regarding the notification by the county services. Until 199 1, the files copies weresent to the central (state). By 199 2 it was developed a monthly bulletin, in which each county informed the numberof patient seen, treated and other data related to Rabies Prophylaxis. The greatest number of register occurredbetween 1996 and 1998, after the rabies Control Program in the State of São Paulo came under the coordination ofInstituto Pasteur of São Paulo (1996). At that period its register had rate 35.000/ 10.000 inhabitants. In 1999occurred the implanting of SINAN (National System of Injury Notification).This is an informatized system containingindividual data in which the files are available from local level to the federal level. The humans, after injury causedby mammal, represent the greatest volume of files to be digitized. Maybe by this reason, the numbers decreased.It might be caused by the lack of files registration, besides a worse information quality, with their reflexes on theincrease of the percentage of cases where it does not appear the animal specie involved. In the present time, thenumber of registers is about 1 10- 1 20 thousand persons/year (30 persons / 10.000 inhabitants). Before 2000, theyear when occurred the substitution of the anti-rabies human vaccine (Fuenzalida & Palácios to VERO Cell Culture)the proportion of patients treated was 50%, and it became 35%. In the beginning of 1990, the injuries caused bydogs represented 90% and in nowadays 85%, by cats it didn’t change (7, 5 - 9%), by herbivorous it was 1% andreached 4, 5% in years of bovine rabies epidemic. Injuries caused by bats, from 0, 1% to 0, 45%. It is theunderstanding that the analysis of these data should be on charge of the State level. It started paying more attentionto the counties with rate under 10 patients / 10.000 inhabitants / year what indicate lack of consciousness and /ordifficulties of access to information or to local health services. The high percentage of treatments could mean thatpatients without prophylaxis indication were not registered and / or the necessity of professional training. After this,the State Program developed training program on data collection, data registration and local team training.

Brasil

168

POSTER I

LABORATORIAL PROFILE OF THE RABIES DIAGNOSIS IN EVANDRO CHAGASINSTITUTE, 2003 - 2005

E.S. Travassos da Rosa 1, T.F. Barbosa 1, L.M.N. Casseb 1, A.S. Pereira 1, D.B.A. Barbosa 1, H.C. Peixoto 2, A.L. Begot 3,R.J.S. Lima 3, P.F.C. Vasconcelos 11) Instituto Evandro Chagas / SVS / MS, 2) Universidade Federal de Agricultura da Amazônia, AM, Brasil, 3) Núcleo de Doenças

Endêmicas do Estado do Pará, PA, Brasil

Dr. Elizabeth Salbé T. da Rosa - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is an important disease occurring in the northern Brazil that includes the States of the Acre,Amapá, Amazonas, Maranhão, Pará, Rondônia, and Roraima. Objective: To evaluate the rabies based on thelaboratorial diagnosis situation in the northern region in 2003- 2005 period. Method: 8, 934 central nervoussystem (CNS) samples were analyzed as follows: human beings (43), dogs (5, 998), cats (276), bovine (8 1),equine (2 2), bats (2, 097), and (403) of other animal species. Direct Immunofluorescency Assay and attempts ofviral isolation by the cranial inoculation in newborn mice were used. Results: A total of 166 CNS specimens werepositives, 2 2 (5 1. 16%) from humans, 83 (1.38%) canine, 7 (2.53%) feline, 40 (49.38%) bovine, 7 (3 1.8 1%)equine, 6 (0. 28%) bats and 1 (100%) swine. All human cases occurred in Pará State due Desmodus rotundus bat-transmitted outbreaks of human rabies, in 2004 (10), cities of Portel (region of Marajo) and Viseu (Northeastern ofPara) and 2005 (1 2), in Augusto Corrêa, Northeastern of Para. With regard the canine rabies, of the 83 confirmedcases, 48 (57.83%) occurred in 2003 (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia), 18 (2 1.68%) in 2004 (Acre, Pará andRondônia) and 17 (20.48%) in 2005 (Pará and Rondônia), while among feline rabies, 7 cases were diagnosised 2(28.57%) in 2003 (Acre and Pará), 3 (4 2.85%) in 2004 and 2 (28.57%) in 2005, all in Pará state. Regarding to the40 confirmed cases in bovines, 8 (20%) occurred in 2003 (Acre, Amazonas, Pará and Rondônia), 9 (2 2.5%) in2004 (Acre and Pará) and 23 (57.5%) in 2005, being 1 in Amazonas and 2 2 in Pará. From the 7 equine positive4 (57. 14%) occurred in 2004 (Acre and Pará) and 3 (4 2.85%) in 2005 in Pará. All positive bats were from ParáState, 3 of them were non hematophagous bats, and the single positive swine was from Augusto Corrêa, Parástate. Conclusions: In the Northern region two different cycles are present, urban cycle occurring among domes-tic animals without human cases, the aerial cycle affecting humans, bovines and swine. The surveillance of batattacks should be improved to prevent the occurrence of bat-transmitted rabies. Financial support: IEC

Brasil

169

POSTER I

THE PROPHYLAXIS PROFILE OF THE HUMAN RABIES IN THE STATE OF CEARÁNélio Batista de Morais 1, David Caldas Vasconcelos 1, Lúcia Maria de Silva Alencar, Benedito Neílson Rolim 1, Jarier deOliveira Moreno 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Ceará, CE, Brasil

Dr. Nélio Morais - [email protected] / [email protected]

INTRODUCTION: The state of Ceará is located in the Northeast area of Brazil, it possesses an area of 146.8 17km2 and an approximate population of 7. 106.605 inhabitants. The Rabies along all its implantation period of theprogram since 1973 always came as a problem of health public face to its epidemic compounds in the urban areas,wild and rural. OBJECTIVE: It intends to analyze the structure of services of health, the demand and the profile ofthe attendance and people’s surveillance assisted in the units of health with aggression complaint for animals.MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were collected through the VE-7 records, reports of the Secretary of Healthof Ceará and of the National Program of Control of the Rabies. RESULTS: Starting in 2003 the state started to adoptthe human antirabic vaccine of cellular cultivation. In the period from 2003 to 2005 the state assisted 8 2.67 1people for aggression of animals, of these 64.99 2 (78, 6 1%) were directed for treatment. It was applied 169.020 doses of vaccines that it corresponds to 2, 8 doses per person treated. From 2003 to 2005 were registered 2.520 abandonments that corresponds to 3, 9% of the treated people. Of the 8 2.67 1 assisted people wereidentified 7 1.558 attacked by dogs and cats that corresponds to 86, 5% of the aggressions. The state possesses184 municipal districts with units of health for attendance with antirabic vaccine and serum and it is applied in 100municipal districts, all in hospitalares units. CONCLUSION: The treatment indications are considered high in thestate, because most of the aggressions happens for dogs and cats, many susceptible to observation. The profes-sionals’ rotatividade in the attendance area as well as the qualification of the same ones is a gap that propitiatesthis situation. The index of abandonment treatment in the state is one of the smallest ones in Brazil, face theperformance of the Health Program of the Family acting in way decentralized in the rural areas of the state. In thelast three years the state moved forward in a significant way in the control of the urban Rabies, parallel to thisbegan in 2005 a training of medical professionals and nurses on the technical norm of the Rabies that aims in 2007to reach a profile of larger quality in the area of human prophylaxis.

Brasil

170

POSTER I

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HUMAN RABIES POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS ANDRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RABIES CONTROL STRATEGIES IN CENTRO SUL AREAOF RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL

Ana Luisa Poerner 1, Maria Julia Salim Pereira 11) Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Dr. Ana Luísa Poerner - [email protected]

INTRODUCTION Dog still remains as the most important reservoir and vector of human urban rabies and isresponsible for most of the aggressions that require post-exposure treatment (PEP). Rabies is considered a seriouspublic health problem and the main control activities developed in Brazil are preventive human rabies treatmentand canine mass vaccination. Intervening in the animal reservoir can control canine rabies and hence humanexposure. OBJECTIVES Evaluation of canine vaccination and human post-exposure treatment (PEP) trends andepidemiological profile of animal aggression. METHOD Records from animal agression and canine vaccination incentro-sul area of Rio de Janeiro state between years 2000 and 2005 were obtained from State Health Office andwere entered into an Epi Info version 200 2. Data from animal vaccination and human post-exposure treatmentwere submitted to simple linear regression analysis to study trends and the levels of relation among them.RESULTS Of 4.3 10 exposures, dogs were responsible for 86, 2%, and most of them were healthy (44, 8%).Among those exposed, 65% received PEP treatment. Most of the patients were male (57, 4%) and had less than14 years old (35%). Bite exposures accounted for 8 1, 5% of the wounds and most were superficial (60, 8%),unique (59, 7%) and located in hands/feet (36, 6%) or lower limbs (35, 1%). The aggression was not provokedin most of the cases (60, 1%) and often happened in people’s spare time (50, 8%). The incidence of rabies PEPincreased from 5, 2 cases per 10.000 persons in 2000 to 23, 9 cases per 10.000 in 2005. Canine vaccinationranged from 44.340 animals in year 2000 to 53.88 1 in 2005. There is an ascended trend in human post-exposuretreatment, ignoring the decrease in canine rabies and high levels of vaccination coverage. CONCLUSION Thereis no integration between the actions developed in animal and human rabies prevention and control.

Brasil

171

POSTER I

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UNA RT-PCR ANIDADA COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA LADETECCIÓN DEL VIRUS DE LA RABIA EN MUESTRAS INFECTADAS

V. Fuentes-Gómez, E. Rojas-Anaya, B. Cortéz-García, S. Nadin Davis, E. Loza Rubio 2, 11) Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Neapan, Ontario, Canada, 2) Centro Nacionalde Investigaciones en Microbiología Animal,

INIFAP, Mexico

Dr. Elizabeth Loza Rubio - [email protected]

La rabia es una enfermedad cosmopolita que afecta animales domésticos y silvestres, esto constituye la mayorfuente de la enfermedad a humanos. Por este motivo es necesario un diagnóstico oportuno y certero. Laprueba estándar es la inmunofluorescencia directa, sin embargo los resultados negativos se tienen queconfirmar por la prueba de inoculación del ratón, esta requiere más de quince días para arrojar resultados. Porlo anterior el objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de una RT-PCR anidada para aumentar la sensibilidad deldiagnóstico del virus en muestras sospechosas, en comparación con los resultados obtenidos en otro estudioLoza-Rubio E, Rojas AE, Banda RVM, Nadin-Davis S, Cortez GB. Detection of multiple strains of rabies virusRNA using primers designed to target Mexican vampire bat variants. Epidem Infect. 2005, 133:9 27-934. Secolectaron 50 muestras de cerebro de diferentes especies y regiones de México. Se consideraron muestrascomprendidas entre 2000- 2006. Se extrajo el RNA total, como control positivo se utilizó RNA de cerebros deratón infectado con el virus de la cepa CVS, y como control negativo RNA de un ratón sin infectar. A partir deéste se sintetizo el cDNA y con este se realizo la RT-PCR utilizando los iniciadores SuEliI y SuEliII, los cualesamplifican una región de 75 1pb del gen N. Para aumentar la sensibilidad del método se realizó una PCRanidada empleando iniciadores que amplifican 16 2 pb. El resultado fue que el 90% de las muestras resultaronpositivas con el RT-PCR utilizando los iniciadores SuEliI y SuEliII, mientras que el 94% fueron positivas por laRT- PCR anidado. Estos resultados demuestran que la PCR anidada aumenta las posibilidades de detección delvirus de la rabia. Para demostrar que dicha prueba aumenta la sensibilidad, es necesario realizar otros ensayosasí como aumentar el número de muestras

México

172

POSTER I

THE PROFILE OF THE PROPHYLAXIS OF HUMAN RABIES IN THE REGIONAL CELLOF HEALTH OF CAUCAIA - CE

Jarier de Oliveira Moreno 1, Nélio Batista de Morais 1, David Caldas Vasconcelos 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Ceará, CE, Brasil

Dr. Jarier de Oliveira Moreno - [email protected]

INTRODUCTION: The Regional Cell of Health of Caucaia is located in the Northeast area of the state of Ceará,composed of 1 1 municipal districts with total population of approximately 5 28.3 15 inhabitants. Since 1973, withthe implantation of the National Program of Control of Rabies, that zoonose comes as a problem of health public,due its interfaces with the urban atmosphere, rural and wild. OBJECTIVE: Analyzing the actions and services ofhealth, in what concerns to the people’s attendance attacked potentially by animals transmitters of the Rabiesvirus in the period from 2003 to 2005. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data were collected through the recordsVE-7, reports of the Secretary of Health of Ceará and of the National Program of Control of the Rabies. RESULTS:In agreement with the analyzed period 6.6 2 2 people were assisted, in which 5.333 (80, 5%) were directed fortreatment. 18. 2 16 vaccine doses were applied, totaling 3, 4 doses per person applied. The treatment abandon-ments were registered in 3, 9% of the treated people. Dogs and cats were responsible for 95, 8% of the total ofaggressions. The high percentile of treatment indication is related to the great number of aggressions for dogs andcats, associated to the epidemic conditions of the municipal districts, what came to reinforce the control of thehuman rabies in the last three years. The professionals’ of health rotatividade which accomplish the attendancesdid the Secretary of the Health of the State of Ceará accomplished trainings on the technical norm of the Rabies.The low number of treatment abandonments is due the performance of the Program of Health of the Family thatacts in way decentralized in the drones rural of those municipal districts. CONCLUSION: The control increment ofurban rabies associate to the professionals’ of health qualification favors in the improvement of quality pattern ofprophylaxis actions of the human rabies.

Brasil

173

POSTER I

EVALUATION OF THE ANTI-RABIES REEXPOSURE TREATMENTS IN THE CLINICOF THE PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Vera Lucia Bolzan 1, Ricardo Siqueira Cunha 1, Andrea de Cássia Rodrigues Silva 1, Graciane Maria Medeiros Caporale 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Vera Bolzan - [email protected]

In cases of risk exposition to the rabies virus, immune patients will have to receive doses from reinforcement ofthe rabies vaccine. The objective was to evaluate the treatments of re exposed in Pasteur Institute of São Paulo.The cases reports of clinic attendance among January of 2003 until December of 2005 had been evaluated. In thisperiod 3 1 2 patients had received doses from rabies vaccine of cellular culture (VERORABIES, Aventis-Pasteur)and the searched neutralizing antibodies in 1 10 patients. Of the treated patients, 53.73% were female. Theaverage age was of 44years (varying of 4 to 83 years). The animals involved in the accidents were: 63.78% dogs,18.9 1% cats, 6.09% monkeys, 6.09% bats, 2, 24% other wild animals, 2, 89% others. The expositions was lightin 36, 54% and serious in 63, 46%. Patients received 5 doses in 10, 58%, and 2 doses of reinforcement in 89, 42%. The number of previous treatments was 1 (85, 26%), 2 (8, 09%), 3 or more (1, 9%) The interval of timebetween the treatments was of 17, 7 years (varying of 4 months to 63 years). The average of doses of vaccine wasof 1 1, 3 (varying of 3 to 40 doses). After 10 days of treatment 98% of the patients had titles of neutralizingantibodies higher than 0, 5 UI/ml, with geometric average of 2, 0 UI/ml (varying of 0, 3 to 4, 0 UI/ml). Twopatients had not answered (a HIV patient and another patient without known cause). The treatment can stimulatethe immune response, independent of the time out, the number of doses of vaccine. The immune memory isenough since that the initial treatment has been complete and other diseases do not exist that compromiseimmune reply of the patient.

Brasil

174

POSTER I

ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION RELATED TO PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENTAGAINST RABIES GIVEN TO RESIDENTS OF JABOTICABAL, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

D.F.R. Frias 1, A.A.B.Carvalho 1, M.G. Buzinaro 1, S.L.S. Lages 11) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil

Dr. Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho - [email protected]

The stablishment of an appropriate prophylactic treatment is fundamental to the control of rabies. Efforts made bythe Public Health services have significantly reduced the number of rabies cases in both humans and animals atmost of Brazilian’s States. However, the number of persons treated with post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) has notproportionally reduced. The main goal of this study was to analyze information about PEP given to residents ofJaboticabal - SP, Southern Brazil, between the years 2000 and 2005. A total of 2, 740 official records of patientsinvolved in accidents with animals were analyzed. From these records, PEP was not indicated for 508 (18.5%)patients and the aggressive animals were kept under observation for ten days, and 2, 23 2 (8 1.5%) patientsreceived at least one dose of vaccine. For these 2, 23 2 patients, 88.8% received three doses of vaccine, 9.4%received five doses, 1.4% received one dose, 0. 2% received thirteen doses, 0. 1% received two doses and 0.1% received four doses. After the beginning of PEP, 2 2.3% of patients quit treatment after the animals wereobserved and claimed to be non-rabid. Concerning to the condition of the animals during the accident, 75.4% ofthe animals were not rabid, 5.0% were ignored, 2.6% were suspected to be rabid, 0.8% was observable and 0.1% was rabid. Moreover, 16. 1% of the records did not give this information. As to the period of animalobservation, 3 1.9% of observed animals were healthy, 1.8% disappeared, 1.8% died and 0.7% was submittedto euthanasia, however, 63.8% of the records did not give this information. The data analysis can identify failuresin the Public Health services and the results can be used to ameliorate the rabies surveillance system and servicesoffered to the citizens of this town.

Brasil

175

POSTER I

MEASUREMENT OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO RABIES VACCINATION USING ANOVEL AND TRADITIONAL ASSAYS

S.M. Moore 1, M.W. Wilkerson 1, C.R. Wyatt 1, R.D. Davis 1, D.J. Briggs 11) Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA

Dr. Susan Moore - [email protected]

Detection of neutralizing antibodies to rabies virus is the basis for determination of adequate immunity whilespecific lymphocyte responses to rabies vaccination have not been fully investigated. The objective of this studywas to develop a nonradioactive multi-parameter flow cytometry assay to identify antigen specific memory lym-phocytes in individuals previously vaccinated against rabies virus and compare it against the tritiated thymidinemethod. A cell tracking dye (carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) was used in combination with surface stainingfor CD4 and CD8 molecules to determine the response of memory lymphocytes to killed rabies virus in an antigenrecall assay. Rabies virus-specific lymphocyte responses were compared to antibody responses in the same indi-viduals. Lymphocytes and serum samples from 10 healthy subjects previously vaccinated with cell culture rabiesvaccine and from five non-vaccinated subjects were analyzed. Memory T lymphocyte responses to rabies viruswere identified in all vaccinated subjects, some noted as early as 3 days after stimulation and others not until 7days of stimulation. The proliferation index of the CFSE assay correlated well with the simulation index of the [3H]thymidine assay (kappa statistic = 0.73). An inverse relationship between antibody and lymphocyte responses torabies virus was detected in the vaccinated subjects. Two vaccinated individuals with high lymphocyte and lowantibody responses produced Th 1 type cytokines (IFN- gamma and TNF-alpha) to rabies virus stimulation, whereastwo vaccinated individuals with low lymphocyte and high antibody responses did not produce these cytokines.Currently this CFSE assay is being adapted to veterinary species for the detection of cellular immunity memoryresponse to various recall vaccine antigens.

USA

176

POSTER I

PRINCIPAL RISK FACTORS FOR HUMAN RABIES TRANSMITTED BY VAMPIREBATS, MARANHÃO STATE, BRAZIL, 2005

Jakeline Maria Trinta Rios 1, José Orlando de S. Martins, Salim Jorge Waquin Neto, Daniel S. Saraiva, Henrique Jorge dosSantos, Mildes Mendes Pereira, Graça Lírio Leite, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 21) Secretaria de Saúde do Maranhão, MA, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Jakeline Rios - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a mortality rate of 100%. During 2004 and 2005, outbreaks ofhuman rabies transmitted by vampire-bats occurred in two Brazilian states: Pará and Maranhão. Methods: Adescriptive study was performed to describe risk factors and actions taken based on observations in four munici-palities (Godofredo Viana(GV), Carutapera(CA), Cândido Mendes(CM) and Turiaçú(TU)) where there were iden-tified human rabies cases in 2005. Results: There were reported 24 human rabies cases during the period study:GV3, CA 2, CM 2 and TU(17). Among identified cases, 2 1(87.5%) were confirmed by laboratorial criteria andthree (1 2.5%) by clinical and epidemiological criteria. All municipalities were located in edges of rivers with a lotof trees (Avicennia germinans) with characteristics of fen. In GV, it was found cracks caused by pan. Otherimportant factors included deforestation, cultural habits, lack of information, isolated localities, open residencesand poverty. Conclusions: This investigation demonstrated that the mainly risk factor found was information lackabout necessity of prophylaxis for rabies in case of exposure to vampire-bats. The resistance to realize prophylaxisand access to some areas prejudiced actions as pos-exposure prophylaxis, including application of vaccine andimmunoglobulin. Most of the human rabies cases were children and fisherman and were attacked in their foot,whose habits were to sleep in beaches without any kind of protection. Actions taken included capture and controlof vampire-bats, pre and pos-exposure prophylaxis, orientation for communities and professionals about how toprotect their residences, training about control and prevention measures, education in radio, schools, churchesand other mechanisms.

Brasil

177

POSTER I

DESCRIPT OF TWO HUMAN RABIES CASES THROUGH CANINE TRANSMITION INTHE STATE OF MARANHÃO IN 2006 AND THE IMPORTANCE OF REVACCINATETHE DOG WHICH WERE ALREADY VACCINATED

Jakeline Maria Trinta Rios 1, José Orlando de Souza Martins 1,2, Salim Jorge Waquim Neto 1,2, Daniel S. Saraiva 2,Gleusa Maria Barreto Vieira 3, Natal Jataí de Camargo 3, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 31) Secretaria de Saúde do Maranhão, MA, Brasil, 2) Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de São Luís, MA, Brasil, 3) Secretaria de Vigilância

em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Jakeline Rios - [email protected]

Introduction: The Rabies is an acute viral encephalitis, which represents 100% of death and the dog is its mainsource of transmition in urban areas. The disease keeps on being a serious pubic-health problem despite theincreasing advances on the control program against it. In Maranhão there is a historical sequence of various casesof the disease involving young does which had only one or even no anti-rabies vaccination, that fact was discov-ered during the investigation. Goal: Describe two cases of human rabies registered in 2006 in which transmitionhappened through three-to-six-month-old dogs and which there wasn’t a explanation to the aggression, thereforethere are reports on the epidemiological investigation which demonstrate contact with animals (dogs). In one ofthe cases there was a contact with a dog, which died with symptoms similar to the rabies ones. On the secondcase it was involved a young dog which died by trampling. Method: Describing through the reports and epide-miological investigation in loco, searching subsides for the detecting the possible rabies transmitter on both casessince there’s no aggression report by dogs or cats. Results: Since there are no manners of identifying the transmit-ter species of rabies in both cases. It was made, after the death of patients, the gathering of the brain tissue andit was diagnoses human rabies, and it was also made the antigenic typology and was discovered that it was thevariant 2 (dog). Conclusion: Through the occurrence of the cases already mentioned, we can say that evenwithout the aggression certainty by dogs or cats, the rabies can be transmitted through direct contact with mucousor simple scratch by young animals through play, which can’t be even noticed, mainly with these animals. Both ofthe investigated of the dog vaccination campaign on the cities don’t know the importance of making the vaccina-tion to reinforce the animal already vaccinated, increasing in the way the transmition cycle of urban rabies.

Brasil

178

POSTER I

BUDGETARY AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES “VERSUS” HUMAN AND CANINERABIES CONTROL IN THE MUNICIPAL DISTRICT OF RIO BRANCO - ACRE -BRAZIL, FROM 1997 TO 2002

José da Conceição do Nascimento Guimarães 1, Francisco Glauco de Araújo Santos, Henrique Jorge de Freitas1) Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Acre, AC, Brasil

Dr. José da Conceição do Nascimento Guimarães - [email protected]

The rabies or encephalomyelitis acute and incurable is an viral anthropozoonosis. It is most one studied diseasesin the world in view of your lethality occur in 100% of the cases, as well as to introduce problems tied to publichealth, besides demanding big sums in cash and investments for your eradication and/or control. The number ofcases notified of human rabies comes decreasing, in Brazil, since decade of 80. Municipal district of Rio Branco -Acre/Brazil has been investing in infrastructure, specialized personnel contract, their agents’ training, free-roam-ing dogs capture, laboratories diagnosis of the illness, as well as in vaccination campaigns, with seen to the controland/or eradication of this disease. The aim of this work is to evaluate if the budgetary and financial resourcesallocated for the municipal district of Rio Branco - Acre/Brazil, in the period from 1997 to 200 2 were enough forthe human and canine rabies control. It observed are the budgetary and financial insufficient resources for thehuman and canine rabies effective control, that the capture, the samples’s collection for laboratories diagnosis(identification of the areas with positive cases), free-roaming dogs vaccination and sacrifice have been contribut-ing for the incidence decrease of human and canine rabies cases, as well as the canine antirabies vaccinationcampaigns house to house, the clearness campaigns to the population, regarding the risk of the free-roamingdogs presence in public ways and the danger of contracting the canine rabies, by the communication means inmass, as well as the lectures at fundamental and intermediate teaching schools have been improving enough thefree-roaming dogs capture teams work in the districts, but they have been being insufficient for the human andcanine rabies control and eradication in the municipal district of Rio Branco - Acre/Brazil.

Brasil

179

POSTER I

HUMAN AND CANINE RABIES CONTROL PROGRAM EVALUATION IN THE ACRESTATE, BRAZIL, FROM 1996 TO 2002

Maria do Carmo Portela 1, Francisco Glauco de Araújo Santos1) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Acre, AC, Brasil

Dr. Maria do Carmo Portela - [email protected]

The rabies is a fatal viral zoonosis and a public health serious problem. This work analyzes the activities developedby the Human and Canine Rabies Control Program in the Acre State, Brazil, from 1996 to 200 2, from theactivities defined by the Health State Department. The data were going obtained from the analyses accomplishedin the epidemiological filing card sending monthly from Zoonosis Control Program State Coordination, by the 2 2Acre municipal districts, incorporating the next aspects: municipal districts that accomplish free-roaming dogssystematic capture, municipal districts with canine antirabies vaccination campaign, human and canine rabiescases notified for municipal district, human and canine samples sending to the rabies laboratories diagnosis for themunicipal district, people that began the antirabies treatment human regarding the people attended in the healthunits, municipal districts that notify the Rabies Control actions through the notification filing card VE-7. The datawere going tabulated and analyzed statistically using the Program SPSS. From 2 2 municipal districts that investi-gated the canine rabies, only 0 2 accomplished her systematically. Even so these municipal districts obtainedsuccess, regarding not human rabies occurrence. However the municipal districts don’t be with the structuredrabies Epidemic Vigilance, and although activities accomplished in the canine rabies control are deficient, the datapoint that in this period occurred an evolution in the actions in the Acre State. It observes that there isn’t anexpressed preoccupation by the municipal managers concerning the risk elimination of the human and caninerabies in the regional of Alto Juruá, Tarauacá and Envira and Sena Madureira. That being the case, the researchsuggests to the municipal managers owed her attention to the control measures of this disease, in the epidemicchain breakage, having in mind the possibility of occurrence of the new in human and in animal cases.

Brasil

180

POSTER I

HUMAN RABIES AND THEIR ANIMAL EXPOSURES: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSISFROM TRANSMISSION CYCLES IN TWENTY YEARS

Marcelo Rezende de Oliveira 1; Mauro da Rosa Elkhoury 2; Marília Lavocat Nunes 2; Marcelo Yoshito Wada 21) Estudante de Medicina Veterinária, 9º período, Faculdades Integradas do Planalto Central – FIPLAC; 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em

Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasil.

Dr. Marcelo Rezende de Oliveira- [email protected]

Rabies is a zoonoses transmitted by a RNA virus, genus Lyssavírus. It can be classified in four transmission cyclesthat occurs in terrestrial and aerial mammals. Usually present two clinical manifestation: furious or paralitical andprogress to death. A retrospective and descriptive study of the human rabies cases reported to Brazilian Ministryof Health was performed between 1986-2005. Cycles of transmission were classified according animal exposure:urban cycle when transmission occurred by dog or cat; aerial cycle when it occurred by bat; wild cycle when itoccurred by wild mammals and rural cycle when it occurred by herbivorous. Temporal anaylsis was performed foreach fifteen years.There were reported 756 human rabies cases in period study. Urban cycle was responsible for71.3% of the cases; aerial cycle for 17.6%; wild cycle for 4.4% and rural cycle for 0.3%. Among urban cycle,94.4% had dogs as animal exposure, while in wild cycle the mainly animals exposures were primate (42.4%) andfox (39.4%). Temporal analysis showed that urban cycle was steady between 1986-2000 and a decline trend from2001 was observed; while aerial cycle demonstrated an abnormal trend. Wild cycle and ignored cycle showed acontinuous decline trend. In last twenty years, human rabies was endemic in Brazil, but has demonstrated clearlydifferent cycles of transmission. Investigations about exposure animals are improving. It is recommended localanalysis in states and municipalities have realized to contribute among control and prevention measures.

Brasil

181

POSTER I

POSTER II

182

POSTER II

183

POSTER II

DOG RABIES PREVENTION PROPOSAL BY THE STATE HEALTH SECRETARY FORTHE COUNTIES OF RIO DE JANEIRO

P.R. Barbosa 1, F.R.M. Azevedo 1, D.R. Cruz 1, P.C. Romijn 11) Coordenação de Vigilância Epidemiológica Ambiental, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil

Dr. Paulo Roberto de Barbosa - [email protected]

SES-RJ developed a project in which the traditional actions are questioned for their fundaments. Knowledge onviral immunology and cytology has evolved, and concepts should be revised up on different comprehension ofphenomena due to scientific progress. The final goal, avoiding human and pet rabies, is worked on through thedevelopment of a technical view of the preventive actions that could/should be taken when risk factors of thedisease occurrence are present. In a state with no dog rabies, educational presentations incentives the alertnesson evidence of rabies infected bats, such as those found with abnormal behavior, as well as the presence of bitesby haematophagous bats on animal of economical interest and dogs. The project includes a detailed methodol-ogy, starting with dog and cat population statistics counting, up to integration with agricultural organisms/institu-tions for bat monitoring and the presence of bat caves, and the elaboration of herbivore rabies maps in eachcounty and its neighbors. The monitoring and population control of Desmodus rotundus bats is carried out byHealth, Agricultural and Environment organizations. The recollection of street dogs is incentivated with the send-ing of samples for rabies laboratory diagnosis. The results permitted the human population involved to haveknowledge on the subject and to collaborate, permitting a reduction in fatalities due to zoonoses in general, theknowledge of risk regions and factors, a better vaccination campaign planning, immediate identification of pos-sible risk situations, evidence of the necessity of immunological competence checking of vaccinated animals andthe occurrence of sub-clinical infection in wild mammals. It is concluded that a situation diagnosis is madepossible by simply monitoring in a specific county, and the risk factors to be considered for the next years. It issuggested to introduce a discussion about this zoonosis, as well as others, as a pedagogical component.

Brasil

184

POSTER II

ACCIONES DE VIGILANCIA EPIDEMIOLOGICA QUE PERMITEN AL ESTADO DEBAJA CALIFORNIA (MEXICO) MANTENERSE POR 24 AÑOS SIN CASOS DE RABIAURBANA 2001-2006

Francisco Vera González, Rolando Ortiz Quiñónez, José Alfredo Cubillas Araiza, Carlos Alberto Delgado Sánchez, DanielLuna Rubio 11) Instituto de Servicios de Salud Publica del Estado de Baja - California - Mexico

Dr. Daniel Luna Rubio - [email protected]

En el periodo que se informa se atendieron con oportunidad 7,450 personas agredidas de las cuales únicamentese les aplico Vacuna Antirrábica Humana a 235 cabe señalar que en este Estado de Baja California es dondemenos biológico se aplica con un 3.15% el más bajo en todo el país. VACUNACIÓN ANTIRRÁBICA CANINAcada año se incrementa la aplicación de mas dosis de este biológico en el año del 2001 se aplicaron 207,534 enel Estado de Baja California y comparando con el 2006 se administraron 234,565 dosis faltando una campaña dereforzamiento en el mes de septiembre, esperando llegar a 250,000 dosis aplicadas al termino de este año.CONTROL DEL PERRO CALLEJERO la captura del perro callejero es indispensable para controlar la poblaciónde los mismo y disminuir las agresiones a personas, en el la Entidad operan 8 Centros Antirrábicos en lasciudades de Mexicali con 2, en Tecate, en Tijuana 2, Rosarito y Ensenada con 2, Administrados por los Municipiose ISESALUD y estos han capturado un total de 114,900 en este periodo, de los cuales aproximadamente el 92%de ellos son sacrificados compasivamente al permanecer por 72 horas y no ser reclamados por sus dueños.MUESTRAS ENVIADAS AL LABORATORIO el diagnostico de laboratorio representa una actividad muy importantepara el manejo correcto y oportuno de las personas agredidas el total de muestras enviadas a los laboratoriosfue de 3,467 por supuesto todas negativas en el mismo periodo. ESTERILIZACION DE MASCOTAS. La Secretariade Salud del Estado de Baja California y en coordinación con el Colegio de Médicos Veterinarios Especialistasen Pequeñas Especies así como con el apoyo de la Universidad Autónoma del mismo Estado y asociacionesprotectoras de animales se ha realizado 8,989 esterilizaciones de mascotas en el periodo que se informa. ElEstado de Baja California ha obtenido por tercera ocasión, el primer lugar Nacional en las actividades de prevencióny control de la rabia (2001, 2003 y 2005).

México

185

POSTER II

CONTRIBUTION OF ZOONOSIS DIAGNOSIS SERVICE, UNESP-BOTUCATU/SP-BRAZIL, TO RABIES DIAGNOSIS IN THE PERIOD OF 1991 TO 2005

Helio Langoni 1, Veruska Maia da Costa 1, Fabio Hiroto Shimabukuro 1, Rodrigo Costa da Silva 1, Benedito DonizeteMenozzi 11) Núcleo de Pesquisas em Zoonoses, UNESP-Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Dr. Veruska Costa - [email protected]

The Zoonosis Diagnosis Service, of UNESP-Botucatu/SP-Brazil, realizes diagnostic activities in rabies since 1991, ascredential laboratory to Health State Secretary of São Paulo State - Pasteur Institute/SP. A survey referent to theperiod of 1991 to 2005 was realized, where 3728 samples were received to the analysis, involving 986 (26.95%)samples of the canine specie, 296 (8.09%) feline, 621 (16.97%) bovine, 1590 (43.46%) chiroptera, 56 (1.53%)equidea, 32 (0.87%) ovine and caprine, 17 (0.46%) swine, 2 (0.05%) bubaline, 21 (0.57%) rodents and 37(1.01%) wild animals. Amongst the received samples, 70 (1.87%) were considered improper to the diagnosis,being analyzed 3658 samples. For the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and biological test (mice inocula-tion), 92 (2.51%) samples were positive, 9/986 (0.91%) to canine specie, 2/296 (0.67%) to feline, 68/621(10.95%) to bovine, 6/1590 (0.38%) to chiroptera, 7/56 (12.5%) to equidea and 2/17 (11.76%) to swine.Between 1991 and 1997, oscillations had occurred in the percentage of positivity to canine and feline species,that diminished gradually, have not been registered anyone positive diagnosis of the disease to both species afterthis period. With the control of rabies in dogs and cats in the beginning of the decade of 1990, in many cities ofSão Paulo state, an intensification of the vigilance occurred in other animal species, being observed an increase ofpositivity in chiropteras and bovines. Independent of the animal specie involved among the 92 positive samples,there was a concordance of 99.69% between the used tests. However, 11 (11.95%) were negative to DFAT andpositive to biological test, demonstrating a sensitivity of 88.04% and specificity of 100%.

Brasil

186

POSTER II

RABID BATS AND PETS

Maria Isabel R. Bofill 1, Angelika Bredt 1, Rodrigo M. B. Rodrigues 1, Klaus M. Paranayba 1, Péricles N. T. Massunaga 11) Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil

Dr. Maria Isabel Rao Bofill - [email protected]

Since 1988 the Health Secretary of Distrito Federal (DF), Mid-Western Brazil, recorded 55 cases of interactionbetween pet animals and bats in urban environments. They involved 11 bat species, being seven insectivorous(Molossus molossus, Molossops planirostris, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Eumops glaucinus, Eptesicus brasiliensis,Lasiurus sp. and Lasiurus blossevillii), three phytophagous (Glossophaga soricina, Platyrrhinus lineatus and Artibeuslituratus) and one omnivorous bat (Phyllostomus discolor). From those 46 bats were submitted to rabies exams,only three were rabid: N. laticaudatus, L. blossevillii and A. lituratus. In two of these cases, the encounter of asiamese cat and an individual of N. laticaudatus (24/09/2003) and of a mixed race female dog and an individualof L. blossevillii (17/02/2004) was occurred in a 6th floor apartment of two residential buildings. Another encoun-ter of a female dog Pinscher and a bat A. lituratus was recorded on a residential house garden (14/06/2004).Although pet animals had no updated rabie vaccination, their soroneutralization exams showed a good level ofrabies antibodies. After collecting a blood sample from the pets one dose of anti-rabic vaccine was applied in thedays 0 and 30. These pet animals are still living until now. In the urban environments, dogs and cats are consid-ered important bat killers and the rabies transmission could carry out if theses encounters involve a rabid bat anda deficiently rabies vaccined pet. This interaction could take to a life risk to pet animals and their owners.

Brasil

187

POSTER II

FIRE, BATS AND THE RISK OF RABIES TRANSMISSON

Maria Isabel Rao Bofill 1, Angelika Bredt 1, Wilson Uieda 21) Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, DF, Brasil, 2) UNESP Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria Isabel Rao Bofill - [email protected]

Nyctinomops laticaudatus (Molossidae) is a common insectivorous bat in urban areas of Distrito Federal (DF), Mid-Western Brazil. Colonies with hundred to thousand bats can be found harboring in expansion joints and otherbuilding gaps. This colonial species caused several constraints to humans such as incoming movements, fecesaccumulation and bad odor. Its management could take the incoming movements to other buildings and conse-quently to promote agonistic interactions between intruders and resident bats. This interaction is one the rabiestransmission route among bats. Near 07:00h of December 27th 2005 a big fire started on a ten-story building inBrasília, DF. After two hours a massive running of N. laticaudatus was observed on the burning building and part ofthem flew into the neighboring building and other part fallen down to the public ways where 37 burned bats werecaught and submitted to rabies exams. No bats positive to rabies were found. After two weeks, the intruders werenot observed harboring in neighboring building. After 22 days, a bat with fire burned pelage was found on theground distant six km from the fire to the northeast, suggesting that some bats are still looking for the definitiveroosts. This roost change caused by fire event and the long search for a good harbor could cause physical stress insome bats. The body contact among stranger bats increases the chances of rabies occurrence. We suspect thatthere is a relationship between the fire and a rabid N. laticaudatus found after 72 days, distant four km from thefired building to the southeast. Between 2000 and 2005, only four other rabid N. laticaudatus were found inBrasília. The possible consequences of the fire on that bat colony from Brasília must be considered in the eventualmanagement of colonial bat species.

Brasil

188

POSTER II

MACROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC FINDING IN A BOVINE RABIES CASE ATDISTRITO FEDERAL (BRAZIL)

Santos Júnior, H. L.1; Ecco, R. 2; Elias, F.1; Barros, R. M.1; Correia Neves, D. L1; e Mondadori R. G.1.1)União Pioneira de Integração Social, 2)Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

Dr. Helvécio Leal - [email protected]

A crossbred calf, four month-old, was submitted to a necropsy procedure. Macroscopically, cranioventral region ofthe lungs´ anterior lobes, showed an intense red and firm cut surface. A white and viscous substance wasobserved in bronchi and bronchioles. The meninges showed diffuse hyperemia. Three different fragments weresent to a specialyzed laboratory: 1 a 0,5 cm slice from the cerebellum, 2 a 0,5 cm slice from the bulbus and, 3 therostral end of one telencephalic hemispheres. Lung and nervous system (telencephalic hemispheres, cerebellum,brainstem and trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion) fragments were collected, fixed in 10% formalin, routinely pro-cessed and stained with H&E. Microscopically, the lung showed remarkably suppurative diffuse bronchopneumo-nia associated with vegetal fibers at bronchioles lumen. The aspiration pneumonia, associated with rabies, isrelated to the ganglioneuritis and consequently deglutition difficult. Central nervous system microscopical analysisrevealed leptomeningitis, diffuse moderate lymphocytes perivascular cuffing, focal gliosis, diffuse nonsuppurativeinflammation of trigeminal ganglion and discrete nonsuppurative myelitis. In the cytoplasm of Purkinje cerebel-lum cells it was observed egg-shape eosinophilic corpuscles, single or multiple, from 2 to 6 micrometer indiameter. The Negri bodies are visualized in approximately 50% of confirmed rabies cases, it depends on thestage and course of the disease, and the virus concentration and strain. The utilizing fluorescent antibody labelingconfirmed the rabies diagnostic. Rabies differential diagnostics includes: bovine herpesvirus-5 meningoencepha-litis, polioencephalomalacia of ruminants, listeriosis, botulism, tetanus and hepatotoxic plants as senecio spp.

Brasil

189

POSTER II

BODY CONTACT ON BAT SPECIES HARBORING IN THE SAME DAY ROOST: APOSSIBLE WAY TO INTERSPECIFIC RABIES TRANSMISSION AMONG BATS

W. Uieda 1, P.C. Romijn 2, C.A.M. Cattaneo 3, E.C.N. Rubião 41) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, 2) Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica Ambiental, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde

do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 3) Secretaria Estadual de Agricultura do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 4) Fundação Educacional Serra dos

Órgãos, Brasil


Rabies transmission among individuals of different species has not been easily explained because it depends onthe species involved, on the types of relationship among them and on the place where they are harboring. Ourgoal is to report the interaction among bat species that were harboring in a farm house of the Municipality ofCaucaia during August of 2003, 2004 and 2005. This study is part of the field works of a Course of Wildlife RabiesManagement organized by the Health Secretariat of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Seven bat species were observedin the farm house: Molossus molossus, M. rufus (Molossidae), Phyllostomus hastatus, Carollia perspicillata, Anouracaudifera, Trachops cirrhosus (Phyllostomidae) and Noctilio albiventris (Noctilionidae). Body contact was observedduring day time in two situations: 1) a frequent body contact, but not constant, was observed among M. molossus,M. rufus and P. hastatus while they were harboring between tile and wood of the roof of a room, 2) a constantbody contact (back of one on belly of another) between C. perspicillata and A. caudifera while they were hangingtogether in the kitchen´s roof. We suspect that body contact could have occured between M. molossus and N.albiventris because they were observed flying out from the roof by the same openings, though not observedresting together in another roof of the room. During the body contacts, agonistic behavior, licks and bites couldhave happened among bats of these species and favored the intra and interspecific transmission of rabies whilethey were harboring together. Just one individual of the carnivorous bat T. cirrhosus was observed in the farmhouse of Caucaia and it could have eventually participated on the rabies transmission during its predatory behavioron other bat species. The observation of animal behavior in wild is important to understand rabies transmission.

Brasil

190

POSTER II

PRESENCE OF RABIES VIRUS IN FRUITFUL BAT OF THE SPECIES ARTIBEUSLITURATUS IN VITÓRIA-ES

A. M. Galimberti, M. A. Guerra, A. L. D. S. Capezzuto, L. C. B. Tavares 1, A. M. Zago1) Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária e Florestal do Estado do Espírito Santo, ES, Brasil

Dr. Luiz C.B.Tavares - [email protected]

Presence of rabies virus in fruitful bat of the species Artibeus lituratus in Vitória-ES A. M. Galimberti1, M. A.Guerra2, A. L. D. S. Capezzuto3, L. C. B. Tavares4, A. M. Zago5 After the capture of four (04) bats in theneighborhood of Consolação, in Vitória, capital of Espírito Santo State, identified as fruitful of the species Artibeuslituratus, two (02) of then were introduce to the urban fauna, and the other two (02), submitted to exam ofepidemic investigation in the Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Raiva do Instituto de Defesa Agropecuária e Florestaldo Estado do Espírito Santo- IDAF-ES. The samples were negative for the technique of direct immunifluoresce, onMarch 22, 2006, however, one of the samples was positive in the exam of cerebral inoculation in mice, six daysafter the inoculation, therefore on March 28, 2006. With the determination of the presence of the rabies virus inthe sample, the following actions were accomplished: a) intensified the capture of dogs and cats in the area ofLourdes neighborhoods and Consolação, in an area of approximately 2 km around the positive focus (bat), b) itwas priorized and intensified the sending of samples (encephalon) of the removed animals of the neighborhoodsof the focus, for diagnosis of rabies, c) the professionals of the Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, qualified thirty(30) community agents of health and six 6 agents of environmental health, that work in the area of the focus, andin this training it was approached, the procedures be taken in the case of a the citizen find a bat in your residenceor suffer an aggression, d) concluding, it was accomplished the supply of vaccination for the animals of the areathat were not vaccinated in the last campaign of anti rabies vaccination, which reached 83% of covering, and forthose that borns after the campaign, totaling two hundred and forty six (246) vaccinated animals.

Brasil

191

POSTER II

IMMUNE RESPONSE TO BHK-21 CELL RABIES VACCINE PRODUCED ATINSTITUTO BUTANTAN IN BOVINES

Neuza Maria Frazatti-Gallina 1, Regina Maria Mourão-Fuches 1, Daniella Ventini 1, Luiz Souza Reis 2, Sandro EduardoArenas2, Paulo Eduardo Pardo 21) Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, 2) Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, SP, Brasil

Dr. Neuza Maria Frazatti Gallina - [email protected]

A new rabies vaccine, veterinary use, was developed at Instituto Butantan. This vaccine was obtained of BHK-21cell cultures infected with PV virus strain. It was purified by chromatography, inactivated with â-propiolactone andpresented in freeze-dried vials. In this study the immunogenicity of this vaccine was evaluated in Nelore bovines.Thirty-six animals were vaccinated with one dose of the Butantan’s vaccine (Batch IB-01/03 with 1,7 IU/mL).Blood samples were taken on days 74 and 150 to determine the neutralizing antibody titers in BHK-21 cells(RFFIT). In these tests there were utilized the 2nd International Standard for Rabies Immunoglobulin as referenceand CVS-11 virus strain for the neutralization. The mean neutralizing antibody titers obtained on days 74 and 150after the immunization were 3,0 IU/mL and 1,6 IU/mL, respectively and only two of all animals presentedantibody titers <0,5 IU/mL. The results obtained showed that the BHK-21 vaccine developed at Instituto Butantaninduced a satisfactory immune response in 94% of the animals immunized with only one dose of vaccine.

Brasil

192

POSTER II

SITUATION OF ANIMAL RABIES IN BRAZIL, 2005

Sabrina Lázaro Mendes 1, Rosely Cerqueira de Oliveira 1, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 1 Lucia Regina Montebello 11) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Sabrina Lázaro Mendes - [email protected]

Introduction: Rabies is a zoonotic disease transmitted for mammals with mortality rate of 100%. No specifictreatment is available, but it can be preventable with a prophylaxis at an opportune time. The objective of thisstudy is to describe animal rabies reported in time, place and species in Brazil during 2005. Methods: A descriptivestudy was performed with the animal-cases rabies which were reported using a standard form to Ministry ofHealth. State Secretariat of Health monthly report these cases to federal level. Animal cases were described in fivedifferent Brazilian Regions and 27 states. Results: A total of 1,638 cases were reported in Brazil. Region North had121 animal cases: 18 dogs(19.8%), 3 cats(3%), 77 cattle(6,7%), 14 horses(10%), 9 bats(4,5%). Region North-east had 261 animal cases: 67 dogs(73.6%), 7 cats(7%), 116 cattle(10,1%), 2 horses(44%), 13 bats(6,5%), 3marmosets(100%), 53 foxes(100%). Region Southeast had 617 animal cases: 449 cattle(39.2%), 53 horses(38.4%),115 bats(57,5%). Region South had 162 animal cases: 1 dog(1%), 129 cattle(11.2%), 6 horses(4.6%), 26 bats(13%).Region middle-west had 477 animal cases: 5 dogs(5.5%), 372 cattle(32.54%), 63 horses(45.65%), 37 bats(18.5%).Conclusions: Region North and Northeast had reported more rabid dogs and rabid cats, mainly in four states: Pará,Maranhão, Pernambuco and Bahia. For rabid cattle and rabid horses, two regions had reported more cases, mainlythree states: Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and Goiás. For rabid bats southeast region and middle-west had morecases, mainly two states: São Paulo and Goiás. For wild terrestrial mammals, region Northeast had more reportedcases, mainly three states: Ceará, Pernambuco and Piauí. The results of this study demonstrated different distribu-tion for animal rabies and each state need to implement surveillance according your situation. Animal surveillancefor rabies demonstrated an importance to prevent human rabies cases and should be stimulated as routine.

Brasil

193

POSTER II

CHARACTERIZATION OF DOG AND CAT BITES IN PORTO ALEGRE/BRAZIL IN THEYEAR OF 2005 AND ITS ROLE IN THE SURVEILLANCE OF RABIES

K.M. Dabdab 1, S.M.M. Duro, L.G. Daielo1) Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil

Dr. Karen Dabdab - [email protected]

Objectives: To characterize victims and aggressor animals (dogs and cats) involved in bite and/or scratch incidentsin the city of Porto Alegre in the year of 2005 aiming the surveillance of Rabies. Methodology: 789 bite investi-gations reported in 2005 were analysed, 729 referring to dog bites and 60 referring to cat bites. The investigationswere realized by domiciliary visits or by telephone aiming at the guarantee of observation of the bitting animal orremittance of sample for laboratorial diagnostic of Rabies. The analyse information about victims included sex,age, location of the bite wound. The information about the animals included sex, breed, with or without owner,the place where the animal observation was carried out. Results: Mostly of the dog bites had occurred in the legsof the victims (37.58%) and hands/feet (30.59%). The majority of dog bite victims were 0-19 years old (51.02%).Among the children of 0-5 years old, the higher incidence of dog bites was in the head/neck (33.69%) andhands/feet (26.08%). Regarding the bitting dogs, they were mostly males (75.66%), without defined breed(68.31%), and owned (86.28%). In the case of dog bite investigations, 88.34% had been observed and/orconducted to laboratorial examination. With relation to the cat bites, victims were predominantly women (75%)and the higher bite incidence location was hands/feet (66,66%). The aggressive cats were mostly undefinedbreed (83,33%), and owned (78,33%) and 68.08% of these belonged to the family’s victim. Among the catsinvestigated, 81.66% had been observed and/or conducted to laboratorial examination. Conclusions: To knowthe profile of victims and the aggressive animals is fundamental to define strategies for bite prevention andeducation. Prevention of bites should be translated to reduction of the risks of transmision of Rabies.

Brasil

194

POSTER II

CLINICAL ASPECTS OF RABIES IN BOVINE IN THE CENTRO-OESTE OF BRAZIL

J.R. Borges 1, A.R.C.Moscardini 2, L.M.C.C. Costa 3, A. Bredt 4, A.R. Neto Texeira 1, P.H.J. Cunha 21) Universidade de Brasília - UnB, 2) Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, 3) Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, Brasília - ANVISA,

4) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Brasília - CCZ, Brasil

Dr. Augusto Ricardo Coelho Moscardini - [email protected]

Introduction Rabies is a disease that shows greater variations in clinical signs than other diseases with neurologicalmanifestation. Vector and virus variant, are responsible for several ways of clinical manifestations, making itdifficult to give the precise identification. Objective The goal of this study was to describe clinical aspects of rabiesin bovines in the center region of Brazil. Method 12 bovines with rabies, confirmed in immunofluorescence test,were accompanied daily. These animals came from Distrito Federal region and were interned in Hospital Escola deGrandes Animais of UnB/SEAPA. The clinical data were logged in individual chip until the death of the animal.Results All animals showed ataxia, pelvic limbs paresis, sialorrhea, and tongue hypotony. Ataxia was, in all cases,the first sign related by owners. Paresis, sialorrhea and tongue hypotony were found when clinical signs developedto decubitus. Only one animal acquired sternal decubitus until death. Mean time of this disease was 5,3 days witha variation between 2 to 8 days. Other clinical signs were ruminal hypomotility and dehydration, as a consequenceof decubitus or anorexia. Just one animal presented hyperthermia. Any animal showed behavioral changes. Con-clusion Any disease with neurological clinic signs in bovine cattle must include rabies as a differential diagnosis,mainly, if the evolution time remain between two to eight days. Some clinical signs found in literature were notrevealed in this work, as vocal alteration, bellow, aggressiveness, local itch, mutilation, seizures, blindness andhead pressure against obstacles. Specific clinical signs for rabies in cattle, as all other disease that affects thenervous system, can not be described.

Brasil

195

POSTER II

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID EVALUATION IN BOVINE WITH RABIES

A.R.C. Moscardini 1, G.R. Paludo 2, I.I. Ferreira 2, E.P. Novais 2, R.M.B. Rodrigues 3, J.R.J. Borges 21) Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brasil, 2) Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasil, 3) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Brasília, DF,

Brasil


Introduction Nowadays, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, help veterinarians to obtain and to use laboratorialresults as central nervous system pathologies diagnosis. By the way, clinical diagnoses of animals through CSFanalysis still require a lot of studies to become efficient. Objective To evaluate laboratorial parameters of CSF inbovines naturally infected for rabies virus Method Samples from the cerebelomedullary cistern of 10 bovines withrabies suspicion were collected, chilled on ice and sent for laboratorial analysis in 30 minutes. CSF density, pH,glucose and protein concentration and evaluation of cells were done. Results In physical examination of the CSF,all samples showed a clear aspect, without coagulation. Three animals revealed l and 70mincreased number oferythrocytes and leukocytes (310 blood cells/ l, 120 bloodml and 16 nucleated cells/ml, 86 blood cells/mnucleatedcells/ l). Three samples showed normal proportion ofml and 37 nucleated cells/mcells/ lymphocytes (83%, 63%,and 64%). In four cases the percentage of monocytes was increased (> 50%) and in one sample, 30% ofneutrophils was found. The protein concentration was increased just in one sample (50 mg/dl). Three CSFpresented more than 105 mg/dl of glucose, but this value was considered normal. Only one animal showed lowervalues of glucose in CSF (28, 7 mg/dl). Conclusion The CSF analysis did not reveal a diagnostic tool for rabies,without any characteristic alterations. Therefore this exam showed an efficacy when showing differentiations ofsome encephalitis.

Brasil

196

POSTER II

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSTIC OF BOVINE RABIES IN THE WEST-CENTER REGIONOF BRAZIL

A.R.C. Moscardini 1, G.M. Machado 2, M.I.R. Bossil 3, M.B. Castro 2, G.C. Reckziegel 2, J.R.J. Borges 21) Universidade Federal de Goiás, GO, Brasil, 2) Universidade de Brasília, DF, Brasil, 3) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Brasília, DF,

Brasil


Introduction In spite of rabies have been studying so much, this illness in cattle can be easily misdiagnosed withothers neurological diseases in these animals. The incidence and emergence of neurological disease in ruminantsdepend on geographic region. Clinical demonstration of some diseases like polioencephalomalacia, botulism,bacterial encephalitis, black leg and bovine herpesvirus type-5 meningoencephalitis can be confused with rabies,mainly, for clinical signs or for the condition of death. Objective The goal of the present research was to identifythe main diseases with neurological signs in bovines of Distrito Federal and Goiás that can be misdiagnosed withrabies. Method Through January 2003 to January 2005, 87 ruminants with neurological signs were assisted onHospital Escola de Grandes Animais UnB/SEAPA. The clinical examination was done in all animals with rabiessuspicion. All day, cardiac and respiratory frequency, behavior changes, ocular exams, sensibility test in limbs andanus and paralysis of tail, were evaluated. Rabies was confirmed with imunofluorescence and biological tests.Results 18 diseases with neurological signs were diagnosed. The research showed that rabies had significantimportance, with 25% of 87 cases, black leg (8%) and polioencephalomalacia (7%). Leucosis (3%), lead poison-ing (3%), botulism (7%), Palicourea marcgravii poisoning (3%), bovine herpesvirus type-5 meningoencephalitis(7%), bacterial encephalitis (3%), cerebral babesiosis (1%), malignant catarrhal fever (1%), pituitary abscess (2%)were also diagnosed. Conclusion At least, 18 bovine neurological diseases might be included as differentialdiagnosis when imunofluorescence and biological test to rabies indicate negative. It’s very import to identify theneurological diseases that are more common in the region because it can help veterinary practcioners that work infield.

Brasil

197

POSTER II

FIRST DETECTION OF EHV-4 IN AN EQUINE CASE OF SUSPECTED RABIES IN RIODE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

Carlos Henrique de Azeredo Lima 1, Paulo Eduardo Brandão 2, Luz Alba M G Fornells 1, Waldyr Pessanha Junior 3, CarlosHenrique Campello Costa 1, Jorge Luis Teixeira Palmeira 3, Ivanete Kotait 4, Cláudio de Moraes Andrade 11) PESAGRO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 2) Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 3) SEAAPI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 4) Instituto Pasteur,

São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Carlos Azeredo - [email protected]

The rabies virus is the most prevalent agent of central nervous system (CNS) disease in herbivores in Brazil,causing encephalopathy and ultimately death. From 1996 to 2004, 29,969 cases of animal rabies were diagnosedall over the country (MAPA, 2004). In the Southeast Region, where Rio de Janeiro is located, 16,706 cases wereconfirmed in the same period of time (MAPA, 2004). Routinely, diagnosis is carried out aimed at finding onlyrabies virus. Due to the nature of the disease and its invariably fatal outcome, when rabies virus is not identified,no other agents are routinely searched for. On the other hand a negative result for rabies does not elucidate thecausative agent of the encephalitis. EHV and some arboviruses are important and widespread nervous systempathogens in the horse population. This work reports a case of identification of equine herpesvirus-4 from arabies-negative specimen submitted to the Rabies Reference Laboratory of Rio de Janeiro State. Routine labora-tory testing for rabies was performed. The Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) test in four fragments of the nervoussystem was carried out (marrow, hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum) aimed at finding rabies virus, and wasnegative. In the biological test, 50-62% of inoculated mice died after inoculation. The pattern of disease inanimals in the biological test strongly suggested herpesvirus disease. EHV-1 and EHV-4 were tested for by a PCRassay described by Carvalho et al. (2000). The amplified sample resulted in a fragment of 333bp in the reactioncorresponding to EHV-4. The result led to the detection and isolation of EHV-4 and was the first description of thisvirus in Rio de Janeiro State.

Brasil

198

POSTER II

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYZE OF RABIES DISTRIBUTION, IN THE YEAR OF 2005, IN RIODE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL

Carlos Henrique de Azeredo Lima 1, Luz Alba M. G. Fornells 1, Waldyr Pessanha Junior 2, Cláudio de Moraes Andrade 11) PESAGRO, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 2) SEAAPI, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Dr. Carlos Azeredo - [email protected]

Rio de Janeiro State is located at 22 degrees, 54 minutes south latitude, 43 degrees 14 minutes west longitude(22°542 S 43°142 W). The population is more than 14.391.282, occupying an area of 43.696,054 km². It isdivided in six regions in agreement the physical and regional characteristics. The Laboratório de Biologia Animal,PESAGRO-RIO, located in Niterói City, received 173 samples for the rabies diagnosis, in 2005. These sampleswere sent by 52 different cities A descriptive analyze were performed to determining distribution and spread ofillness, portraying natural history of a health condition and estimate the impact of the rabies cases in the State. Itwas used samples distributed by city, regions, species and the sample delay time to get into the laboratory. Theobserved results were that: 32 cities had at list one positive results, the region IV and II together are responsiblefor more than 69% (35,62% and 34,25%) of the cases, followed by the regions III, V, I and VI (16,44%,10,95%, 1,37% and 1,37%, respectively), the specie which had suffered more were the bovine with 51,78%(58/112), followed by the equine, 50% (11/22), ovine, 37,50% (3/9) and canine 7,69% (1/13), and 77,63% ofthe received samples took 6 days or less to reach the Rabies Reference Laboratory of Rio de Janeiro State to besubmitted to the routine laboratory testing for rabies. These finds will help to evaluating prevention and controlmeasures, facilitating planning, case detection and public health intervention when necessary.

Brasil

199

POSTER II

EVALUATION OF RABIES VIRUS NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES TITRES OF PETSTHAT MOVES TO THE EUROPE UNION FROM BRAZIL

K.C. Scheffer 1, A.M. Batista 1, A.C.R. Silva 1, P.S. Cruz, A.E.B. Costa 1, G.M.M. Caporale 1, L.B. Chaves 11) Instituto Pasteur - SP - Brasil

Dr. Andréa de Cássia Rodrigues da Silva - [email protected]

Since July of 2004, the regulation of European Parliament and of the Council lays down the animal health require-ments for both the movement of pets between Member States and from third countries. This regulation recom-mends a titration of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) carried out by an approved laboratory by the“Laboratoire d’études et de recherches sur la rage et la pathologie des animaux sauvages of the Agence françaisede sécurité sanitaire des aliments” AFSSA. This titration has been performed since February of 2006 at “InstitutoPasteur - São Paulo” (IP-SP), the first approved laboratory in Brazil. According the World Health Organization,titres e™ 0,5 IU/mL of VNA protect in case of natural exposure to the rabies virus. The aim of this study wasanalyze the VNA titres obtained in serum samples of animals received at IP-SP laboratory from February to May of2006, according the age group of animal. Titration of three hundred eighty eight serum samples of dogs and catswas performed by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and the data about age group, and specie ofanimal was analyzed from the file information. Three hundred forty seven animals (89,4%) showed satisfactoryVNA titres and in forty one animals (10,6%) the titres were < 0,5 UI/mL, from those the majority was under oneyear old (63,4%) and had received only one dose of vaccine. The greater part of animals were adults, 195(50,2%) were between 1 to 6 years old, 69 (17,8%) were above 6 years old, 105 (27,1%) were under one yearold and from 18 there was no information about age. These results support the requirement of two doses ofvaccine in pet animals at first vaccine.

Brasil

200

POSTER II

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF THE CONFIRMED CASES OF ANIMAL RABIESBETWEEN 2000 TO 2005

Fátima Cristina de Souza 1, Deborah Daniela M. T. Carneiro 1, Edgar Pinho Cerqueira 11) Secretaria de Saúde do Estado da Bahia, BA, Brasil

Dr. Fátima Cristina - [email protected]

Rabies is an antropozoonosis transmited by mammals throught of virus rabic innoculation contained in the saliva ofthe animal infected. It is considered as of the serious problem of health public presented letality 100% and largesteconomic by high cost in the prevention assistence for people subjects at risk. The basics activities developed inthe program of rabies include the preventive treatment against human rabies, animal vaccination, laboratorialdiagnostic, epidemiological surveillance and health education. The objetive of this article present the epidemio-logical profile of rabies in the different species distribuided in Bahia State of 2000 to 2005. During this period wereanalyzed in the Laboratório Central 8.902 samples of central nervous system of different animal species, comingfrom Bhatia State municipalities. There were confirmed for rabies 442 dogs, 41 cats, 329 bovines, 37 foxes, 9equines, 9 sheeps, 5 bats, 4 buffalo, 3 goats and 2 asinine a total of 881 samples. In 2000 of 1.015 samplesexamined, 202 (19,90%) were positive for rabies, noting that of samples 104 dogs, 21 cats, 71 bovines, 1 bat and5 others species. In the 2005 of 1.326 samples examined, 62 (4,67%) were positives for rabies with 18 dogs, 38bovines, 5 foxes and 1 sheep registered. Cases of rabies in dogs and cats have been decreasing drastically whilethe number of cases in bovines, foxes, equines and bats have been a gradual increase and mark situation of rabies,attentive for system sending of samples, the increase of vaccination of dogs and cats, obligatory vaccination ofcattle, horses, sheep and goats, control of the bats population and take precautions with the wild fauna.

Brasil

201

POSTER II

EVALUATION OF THE RABIES ACTIVITIES REALIZED IN CENTERS OF CONTROLOF ZOONOSIS - BRAZIL

Ricardo da Silva Teixeira Vianna 1, Daniel Andrade Simões Jorge 2, Francisco Anilton Alves Araújo 1, Marcelo YoshitoWada 11) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil, 2) Faculdades Integradas do Planalto Central - FIPLAC, Valparaíso

de Goiás, GO, Brasil


Introduction. In Brazil, SVS have financed centers of control of zoonosis(CCZ). They are responsible for differentactivities, including actions to control rabies in animals. The objective of this study is to describe activities relatedwith rabies control realized in different Brazilian CCZ. Methods. The National Secretariat of Health Surveillance(SVS)created a standard form about activities realized in Brazilian CCZ. This form was sent to CCZ, which fill the formand resent to SVS for evaluation. The data were analyzed in excel. Results. There were sent the form to 240 CCZand 107(44%) answered the questions from 13 states: 64(60%) São Paulo, 11 (10%) Minas Gerais and 30% werefrom others states (Bahia, Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia, Roraima, Pará, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Rio Grande doNorte, Ceará and Tocantins). A total of 103(96%) have control program of rabies for dogs and cats implanted.Routine vaccine is realized in 69(65%), rabies campaigns for dogs and cats in 104(97%) and 69(65%) realizedfocus block. About samples for diagnosis of rabies, 101(94%) municipalities sent dogs, 93(875), 82(77%) bats,20(19%) wild terrestrial animals and 37(35%) herbivorous. If we evaluate the praised percentage of 0.2% ofsamples that need to be sent for diagnosis of rabies, only 37(35%) municipalities reached this goal. Capture andcontrol of bats is realized in 46(43%) CCZ and 65(61%) have an education health program about rabies in themunicipality. Conclusions. Rabies program is implanted is almost all CCZ, otherwise some activities as routinevaccination and the praised percentage of 0.2%, capture and control of bats and education health program aboutrabies need to be implanted.

Brasil

202

POSTER II

DOG RABIES TRANSMITTED BY A BAT IN URBAN AREA OF TERESINAMUNICIPALITY—PIAUÍ STATE—BRAZIL—2006. REPORTED CASE

Vânia Maria Alves de Carvalho 1, Romualdo Oliveira Spíndola 1, Rosângela Cavalcante de Carvalho 1, João Pereira daSilva 1, Romildo Francisco dos Santos 1, Marcelo Yoshito Wada 21) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Teresina, PI, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. Romualdo Spíndola - [email protected]

Zoonoses Control Service/ Municipal Secretariat of Health of Teresina municipality / Piauí State 2 Zoonoses andVectorborne Diseases Branch (COVEV). National Secretariat of Health Surveillance (SVS), Ministry of Health-Brazil(MoH) Introduction: Circulation of the rabies virus in Teresina municipality have been identified in differentspecies of animals, causing outbreaks in herbivorous and wild animals. Teresina has demonstrated high vaccinationcovering in dogs and cats, however cases of rabies in dogs have been identified, mainly in rural area and usuallyhave exposition history of wild animals. This study reports a rabies dog case transmitted by a bat in urban area.Methods: A descriptive study was performed. An investigation was conducted, after laboratorial confirmation.Dog rabies case was confirmed when brain tissue was reactive using direct immunofluorescent(IF) antibodytesting, and virus was identified following intracerebral innoculation in suckling mice. Results: On 19, March,2006, a dog, German Shepherd, four months, non vaccinated for rabies, domiciliated at urban area was attendedin a particular veterinarian. The main complaint was poisoning. The animal was presenting vomiting, hypersaliva-tion and prostration, evaluating with parasthesis, paralysis and death on 22, March. During the investigation, it wasidentified that this animal was bought on January from a hatch of nine puppies in a rural area. The parents werehealthy and others puppies weren´t found. The rabies dog lived with two dogs and one cat and all had receivedmore than one dosis of rabies vaccine, they didn´t have access to the street or other animals. Residents reportedpresence of bats and eventually animals caught bats, which could be confirmed for the zoonoses control servicewhich found a non-vampire-bat on the garden. The dog was confirmed rabies by laboratorial test and it wasidentified variant three, compatible with Desmodus rotundus. Conclusão - This case shows the vulnerability tooccur rabies transmitted by bats and the importance to monitor this cycle. It strengthens the necessity of vaccina-tion for rabies in domesticated animals and rapid response of laboratorial test.

Brasil

203

POSTER II

CHIROPTERA MONITORING IN A CAVE NORTHWEST OF MINAS GERAIS, 2004-2005

L. V. de Knegt 1, M.H. Marcos 2, M.H.S. Silva 2, C.F.J. Miranda 2, V.M.R. Oliveira 21) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Estado de Saúde - MG, Brasil

Dr. Marcelo Henrique Marcos - [email protected]

Introduction: Bats have occupied the first place in rabies transmission to humans in Brasil from 2004 to 2005.There are 168 species, of nine families in Brasil and 66, of 8 families, in Minas Gerais state. This richness is due thehabitat variety on the state, which encompasses almost all the biomes in the countryside. The Tamboril cave is onthe Cerrado area, in the municipality of Unaí. It is ten kilometers far from downtown and three kilometers far fromthe road BR-251. Objectives: The objective of this work was to identify the bat species that use the cave entranceand verify the presence of rabies virus on these animals. Methods: Two mist nets (2,5x7m) were set near ground,one night per month, between 6:00PM and 12:00PM, from October 2004 to November 2005. Results: Therewere captured 421 individuals, of 16 species in 3 families, included the 3 vampire species (Artibeus obscurus,Carollia perspicillata, Chrotopterus auritus, Desmodus rotundus, Diaemus youngi, Diphylla ecaudata, Eptesicusbrasiliensis, Glossophaga soricina, Lonchorrhina aurita, Macrophyllum macrophylum, Peropteryx macrotis, Phyllodermastenops, Phyllostomus hastatus, Phyllostomus discolor, Tonatia sp, Trachops cirrhosus). From that, 7 were taken forrabies virus detection (1 Tonatia sp., 1 Trachops cirrosus, 2 Desmodus rotundus, 2 Diphylla ecaudata, 1 Glossophagasoricina). All results were negative. Conclusion: The lack of detection of the virus on the samples does not discardits presence in the bat community in the Tamboril cave, because the prevalence is often low in bat populationsand size of sample, small. The high number of species that co-habit in the cave heighten the risk for transmissionof rabies virus variants among species of bats. On the other hand, it seems that this species richness is unmatchedon caves in Brasil, and the use of this cave in conservation policies should be considered.

Brasil

204

POSTER II

THE EXPERIENCE OF ACTIVITIES OF BLOCKADE OF RABIES IN BATS INBOTUCATU - SP, BRAZIL

André Peres Barbosa de Castro 1, Denise Aparecida Garcia 1, José Reinaldo Gasperini 1, Fernando Heglhammer deOliveira 1, Valdinei Moraes C. da Silva 1, Jonas Lotufo Brant de Carvalho 2, Cassiano Victória 11) Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, DF, Brasil

Dr. André P. B. de Castro - [email protected] / [email protected]

Introduction: The bats are important in maintenance of wild cycle of rabies. In past decades the disorderedexpansion of cities and agricultural areas, has caused the presence of bats in urban areas. The consolidation of theEquipe de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental - EVSA of the Botucatu-SP, has taken care to the population requests forresolution of doubts about these animals. Objectives: development and improvement of surveillance activities forrabies in bats and activities of blockade of primary focus for rabies prevention. Method: all dead and presentingbehavior alterations bats are collected and send to laboratory for rabies diagnosis. When of notification of apositive case, the EVSA organizes activities of blockade through the re-vaccinated all dogs and cats in within of500 meters from focus, and advised the inhabitants when of the meeting of bats in residential areas. Results: inthe period of november of 2004 at july of 2006, the EVSA carried 11 blockade. In the year of 2004 eight blockadehad been carried vaccinated or re-vaccinated 10,046 animals, in 2005 an blockade was made with a total of 2,015animals, and in the 2006 already they had been re-vaccinated in the two activities 1,535 animals. Conclusions:Activities of blockade have been raised given important data on immunity of dogs and cats population, allowingimprovement of annual vaccination program against rabies. In the year of 2005 there was a increment of 12,11%in cats vaccination due to priorization of these species in the animal immunization campaign. The localization ofthe cases has been typed or a geoprocessing software and has carried the search and surveillance of the coloniesin this areas.

Brasil

205

POSTER II

SURVELLAINCE OF RABIES IN BATS IN THE CITY OF BOTUCATU - SP

Cassiano Victória 1, João Edenilson Miranda 1, Jerian Edmundo Athanazio 1, Jonas Lotufo Brant de Carvalho 2, BeneditoDonizete Menozzi 3, Helio Langoni 3, André Peres Barbosa de Castro 11) Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental - Prefeitura Municipal de Botucatu, SP, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da

Saúde, DF, Brasil, 3) Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - UNESP Botucatu, SP, Brasil

Dr. André P. B. de Castro - [email protected] / [email protected]

Introduction: Botucatu is located in center-west of São Paulo State, possess great part of your 1,428 km2 asagricultural exploration, however, inside of urban area finding of places of environment preservation, with abun-dance of trees that serve of shelter or food source, favoring the presence of bats. With consolidation of activitiesof Equipe de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental - EVSA, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, for resolution of demandsinvolving bats increased, taking to create bats surveillance program, integrating EVSA and Serviço de Diagnósticode Zoonses - SDZ, of Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia of UNESP, campus of Botucatu. Objectives:work aims at the improvement of bats surveillance program and blockade of primary focus when rabies positivenotification, and to advise of population when the presence of these animals. Method: the intervention group ofEVSA in cases of died or presenting behavior alterations bats, collects the specimen and send to SDZ for rabiesdiagnosis. The EVSA also development activities of localization the possible shelters and food sources of bats. Thisplaces are marked by GPS equipment for the geoprocessing, making possible the localization of colonies andaccompaniment of dynamics these populations. None of colonies of bats is removed or captured, advised only inrelation the shelters when these if find in residences. Results: in year of 2004, had been protocolled involving bats247 demand, in 2005, 432, and in six first months of 2006, 165. In year of 2005 had been sent to ZDS a total of262 samples, in six first months of 2006, 195 samples. Conclusions: bats program surveillance of colonies hasproduced of data and information about presence of bats in city, refining the control of rabies urban, a time thatdata have assisted in blockade of focus of bats rabies when of positive notification.

Brasil

206

POSTER II

RABIA EM MURCIÉLAGOS NO-HEMATÓFAGOS EN LA AREA URBANA DECAÇAPAVA, SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

F.S. Galvão 1, M.C.A.M. Souza 11) Prefeitura Municipal de Caçapava, SP, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento, SP, Brasil

Dr. Fanice Siqueira Galvão - [email protected]

La ciudad de Caçapava, situada en la región sudeste del Brasil, entre la Sierra del Mar e la Sierra de Mantiqueira,tiene características topográficas que favorecen una amplia distribución de murciélagos, principalmente el Desmodusroduntus, que es lo principal responsable por la transmisión de la rabia, en la región. En el inicio de la década del90 hubo un grande aumento del numero de casos positivos para rabia en animales de interés económico, ydespués la Prefectura Municipal pasó a orientar intensamente la populación con relación a la presencia demurciélagos en las moradas, situadas en la área urbana. Este trabajo resultó en el envío de diversos espécimen demurciélagos insectívoros y frugívoros para el laboratorio de diagnóstico de la rabia. En mayo del 2004, unoespécimen de Artibeus lituratus fue positivo y en junio, del 2005, uno Myotis nigricans fue encontrado en elParque Eldorado, periferia de la ciudad. En esta oportunidad fue realizado bloqueo con vacunación, casa a casa, enperros y gatos, presentes en un rayo de 1000m, orientación a la populación, cuanto al riesgo de manipulación delos murciélagos y pesquisada la presencia de estos animales y sus eventuales abrigos. Verificase que la degradaciónambiental tienen provocado el deslocamiento de los murciélagos para los centros urbanos, en busca de alimentoe abrigo, o que, en algunas veces, permite la reintroducción del virus de la rabia en las áreas urbanas, colocandoen riesgo los animales de estimación de los humanos.

Brasil

207

POSTER II

COURSE OF WILD RABIES - AN ALTERNATIVE TO IMPLEMENT ACTIONS

Nélio Batista de Morais 1, David Caldas Vasconcelos 1, Phyllis Catharina Romijn 2, Carlos Alberto Monteiro Cattaneo 3,Benedito Neilson Rolim 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Ceará, CE, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 3) Secretaria

Estadual de Agricultura do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Dr. Nélio Morais - [email protected]

INTRODUCTION: Addressed for the control of urban Rabies, the current scenery appears for elimination of thiszoonose. Since the beginning of 1990’s that we attended the progress of wild species causing accidents anddeaths to the man. OBJECTIVE: Analyzing viable alternatives that make possible the knowledge and decrease therisks of human Rabies cases of the wild atmosphere. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Reports of the National Programof Control of Rabies and of Health Secretary of Pará, Maranhão, Ceará and Piauí. RESULTS: In 2004, Brazilpresented an inversion in the epidemic scenery, registering the bat (22 cases) as the largest transmitter of humancases front to the dog (05 cases), fact confirmed in 2005. In Brazil from 1990 to 1992 were registered 32 humancases for bat and marmmosets were being identified in Ceará, for the transmission of four human cases in 1991.The foxes transmitted cases to the man in the period from 1986 to 1993. In the accomplished investigations, in itsmajority, victims didn’t look for the units of health for ignorance of the risk. CONCLUSION: The absence of anational politics for the wild Rabies, addressed some states to implant control measures. Ceará, with the projectof control of the Wild Rabies, based in bases of education information, communication and the formation ofhuman resources, for instance, a course of surveillance of the wild rabies. In its fourth edition in 2006 the coursewas decentralized for state of Piauí, in 2007 it will be headquartered in the state of Maranhão. Only of the genderin the country, the course has hourly load of 50 hours with theoretical and practical classes, qualifying techniciansof Brazilian states. In Ceará it is a surveillance tool, contributing significantly so that during the period from 1999to 2005 the state just registers a human case for transmission of wild rabies in the period previous thirteen caseswere confirmed.

Brasil

208

POSTER II

CAUCAIA-CE: THE SCENERY OF THE RAGE IN THE WORLD

Jarier de Oliveira Moreno 11) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Ceará, CE, Brasil

Dr. Jarier de Oliveira Moreno - [email protected]

INTRODUCTION: The municipal district of Caucaia is located in the Northeast area of the state of Ceará, withpopulation of approximately 303.970 inhabitants. The diversity of species susceptíveis in the wild and rural atmo-sphere, allied the continuity of the occurrence of canine and feline cases in the urban atmosphere, associated theenvironmental factors, it establishes a link among those transmission cycles, placing the municipal district inprominence position in the epidemic picture of the rage. OBJECTIVE: to analyze the diversity of species andcirculating variants of the area in the period from 1990 to 2005. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The data werecollected through the records SEE-7, reports of the Regional Cell of Health of Caucaia, it Programs National ofControl of the Rage, laboratories of diagnosis of Ceará, Instituto Pasteur and USP-SP. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:In the above-mentioned period, 83 canine cases were diagnosed, 10 felines, 25 bovine, 05 humans, 06 for fox,01 for raccoon, 08 for bat and 05 for sagüi. In the analyses antigênicas, he/she identified variant type 2 in dogs,cats, as well as variant non compatible in sagüis. In the year of 2002, he/she stands out an accentuated increaseof canine cases in Caucaia (22 cases) what made possible 1 case human’s occurrence in 2003. Before that,concrete measures were adopted, through the accomplishment of two annual campaigns of antirabic vaccinationstarting from 2003, and the implementação of the withdrawal of unrestricted dogs. The actions with relationshipto the wild rage were centered mainly potentially in the notification and treatment of the aggressions by thespecies transmissoras, associated to the education process in health. CONCLUSION: The prophylaxis actions andcontrol of the rage in the municipal district of Caucaia presented satisfactory results in the urban atmosphere.However, the occurrence of cases in several species of wild animals, as well as the narrowing of the connectionlink with the urban atmosphere suggests new strategies for the control of the rage in the municipal district

Brasil

209

POSTER II

ANIMAL RABIES IN PERNAMBUCO FROM 2000 TO 2005

Camila Brederode Sihler 1, Francisco Duarte Farias Bezerra 2, Maria de Lourdes de Almeida Nunes 2, Danielle MendonçaFerreira 2, Verônica Isabel de Brito Alencar1) Ministério da Saúde, Pernambuco, PE, Brasil, 2) Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Pernambuco, PE, Brasil

Dr. Camila Brederode Sihler - [email protected]

The goal of eliminating Human Rabies as transmitted by dogs, established by the OPAS and approved by Ameri-can countries, will require a great effort by the federal government. The epidemiologic vigilance of animal rabies,through vaccination, monitoring of the viral circulation through laboraty examinations and the identification ofinfected species, are some of the instruments of control. Objective: Mapping all cases of animal rabies in theState of Pernambuco, from 2000 to 2005. Method: After laboratory confirmation of animal rabies using theimunofluorescence test and a biological test carried out by LANAGRO (National Agricultural Laboratory ofPernambuco) the Environment Agency is informed using a standardized notification from the laboratory and aregulamentary VE-7 notification. These describe the species, time and place. Results: 612 cases were identifiedduring the period (64% dogs, 11% cats, 12% cows, 1,5% horses, 11% wild animals and 0,5% sheep). Thelargest number of cases was in 2002, with 194 cases. Regarding cases in dogs, 50% of the cases were inmetropolitan outskirts, especially in the municpalities of Recife, Jaboatão and Cabo, whilst the interior repre-sented the lowest number of cases (4,5%). Conclusion: The State of Pernambuco presented a reduction in thenumber of cases of animal rabies during the period, in the majority of the species, probably due to greatervigilance, such as the monitoring of viral circulation through laboratory examinations, the increase in vaccination,opportune blockades of outbreaks and the capture of stray animals. Notwithstanding, with the implementation ofthe monitoring of wild animals (an increase in material being sent to the laboratory) the number of cases in-creased, especially regarding bats. It is therefore recommended that the responsible ownership of animals, anti-rabies vaccination and education regarding the castration of pets be stimulated, stray dogs lose their protectionand educative programs be developed.

Brasil

210

POSTER II

ZOONOSIS CONTROL VERSUS SOCIAL PLEAS

M.L.A.B. Reichmann 1, R.G.F. Cordeiro 11) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Maria de Lourdes Aguiar Bonadia Reichmann - [email protected]

The state of São Paulo has 645 municipalities and 40 million inhabitants. The pet population here has increaseddue to economic and social changes. Procedures for zoonosis control have been recommended by official bodiesof knowledge, as WHO, the Health Ministry of Brazil and the State of São Paulo Health Office. It is necessary andfundamental that authorities develop a common understanding on the subject, including the executive, judiciarybranches and the legislature to promote public health and preserve the natural environment. The executivebranch should develop systematic programs with unequivocal, exact purposes that define zoonosis control, basedon technical- scientific foundations. The legislature enacts laws regulating the interaction among humans andanimals. The judiciary branch, to try concrete lawsuits proposed by the organized civil society, thus needs techni-cal scientific grounds at its disposal, besides legal support for that purpose. The Attorney General submits concil-iatory actions (Conduct Adjustment Term) to settle impasses generated by the conflict between the organizedcivil society and the zoonosis control services. The organized social civil society shall operate using definitionsrecognized by the different public branches. Health departments should offer the scientific grounds to respectsuch social plea. Only regular, continual meetings may establish consonance among the parties, furthering publichealth and environmental preservation, animal welfare and the respect to the legislation in force.

Brasil

211

POSTER II

RABIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN SAO PAULO STATE, BRAZIL: ANTIGENIC ANDGENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF VIRUS ISOLATES

L.H. Queiroz da Silva 1, S.R. Favoretto 2,5, E.M.S. Cunha 3, L.F. Martorelli 4, W.A. Pedro 1, K. Iamamoto, 1, M.C. Lopes 1,D.R. Sacramento 5, E.L. Durigon 51) Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, SP, Brasil, 2) Instituto Pasteur, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 3) Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, SP, Brasil,

4) Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil , 5) ICB/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Dr. Silvana Regina Favoretto Lazarini - [email protected]

During 1993 to 2003 the Rabies Laboratory at UNESP/Araçatuba, in Northwestern Sao Paulo State, examined atotal of 7,821 samples and 493 resulted positive, most of it (71 %) corresponding to dogs from an urban rabiesepizootic registered in Araçatuba area until 1997. In 1998 there was a change in the rabies epidemiological profileand from 1998 to 2003, in contrast to a single case of dog rabies, 31-bat rabies has been detected in thatgeographical area. Epidemiological studies were done by using antigenic and genetic characterization of thoserabies virus (RABV) isolates obtained from different animal species. A total of 86 were tested by a panel of eightmonoclonal antibodies (CDC origin) and 79 samples were genetically characterized by sequencing the nucleopro-tein gene region from 1,157 to 1,476 positions. During 1993 to 1997 antigenic variant 2 (AgV-2), related to rabiesvirus maintained by dog populations was the responsible for rabies cases in dogs, cats, cattle and horses andantigenic variant 3 (AgV-3), related to Desmodus rotundus was detected in cattle from rural areas, with thepresence of vampire bats attacks. After 1998 rabies was detected only in bats and four distinct antigenic variantswere found: AgV3 in 50% (13/26) of the samples and in most of the cities (8/11), antigenic variant 4, related toTadaria brasiliensis in 15% (4/26) of the samples in four cities and two different antigenic patterns not previouslyestablished by monoclonal panel (NC-1 in 31% of the cases and NC-2 in only one case). Nucleotide similarityanalysis resulted in two main groups, representative of dog (A) and bats (B) genetic variants, this one divided infour sub-groups. The sub-groups was formed by frugivorous and insectivorous bats, cattle and one dog, showingdifferent endemic cycles maintained by different animal species in this region.

Brasil

212

POSTER II

IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA DE VIGILANCIA DE RABIA EN VAMPIROS ENLA COSTA DEL DEPARTAMENTO DE LIMA - PERU

J. Gómez-Benavides 1, A. Velasco-Villa 2, A. Escudero-Quintana 3, A. Cahuina 4, M. Chun 4, M. Salvador 4, I. Vargas 4,M. Villanueva 5, L. Suarez 1, C. E. Rupprecht 21) Dirección General de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud, Lima, Peru, 2) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA,

USA, 3) Dirección de Salud II Lima Sur, Peru, 4) Dirección de Salud III Lima, Peru, 5) Centro Antirrábico de Lima - Dirección de Salud

V Lima Ciudad, Peru


Introducción En los valles costeros se ha identificado al D. rotudus, desde hace más de 30 años, y la primeraepizootia de rabia silvestre fue notificada en julio del 2004, en el Valle de Mala, a 80 Km de Lima, cuando sedetecta un mono (Cebus apella) y un vampiro, positivos a rabia por IFD, con Variante Antigénica 3. Objetivo:Describir la implementación y resultados de la vigilancia de rabia silvestre. Método: Se revisó los reportes elaboradospor los servicios de salud, desde julio 2004 hasta julio 2006. Resultados: Dentro de las actividades ejecutadas serealizó la capacitación a personal de salud sobre la rabia y tratamiento antirrábico, entrenamiento de 3 equipos de8 personas en medidas de vigilancia y control de rabia silvestre en los 2 valles donde se identificaron epizootias,implementados con equipos de protección personal (incluyendo respiradores N95) y redes, con pre-exposiciónantirrábica con VERO, identificación y geo-referenciación de 40 refugios de murciélagos, 6 tenían colonias positivasa rabia, se capturó 1,526 murciélagos (>98% vampiros), 19/775 muestras fueron positivas a rabia (2.5%), eliminaciónde 682 vampiros, búsqueda de signos neurológicos en mamíferos domésticos, índice de mordeduras en el ganado10%, sensibilización de grupos de riesgo y educación sanitaria de la comunidad. Se identificaron 8 personas conmordeduras por vampiros, 7 de ellas en zonas urbanas, en 2/8 el vampiro era rabioso (IFD), del equipo devigilancia, 9 fueron mordidas por murciélagos, todos recibieron vacuna antirrábica. Varios refugios tenían característicascomunes: ubicación en túneles de canales de regadío, longitud de 15 a 1500 m, oscuridad y humedad. Impacto:ausencia de casos humanos y de casos en ganado. Conclusión: La implementación de la vigilancia y de medidasde control en forma oportuna reduce los riesgos de transmisión de la rabia de vampiros a los humanos y mamíferosdomésticos.

Peru

213

POSTER II

EFICACIA A CAMPO DEL VAMPIRICID GEL PARA EL CONTROL SELECTIVOINDIRECTO DE LOS MURCIÉLAGOS HEMATÓFAGOS (Desmodus rotundus - E.Geoffroy, 1810) EN BRASIL

Neide Judith Faria Oliveira 1, Celso Akio Maruta, Edson Moura, Elbi Bernardes Queiroz Júnior, Emerson Marques Botelho1) Vallée S/A, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil

Dr. Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira - [email protected]

“Desmodus rotundus” es el principal transmissor de rabia de los herbivoros, así con el objetivo de evaluar laeficacia en la reducción del índice de ataque de los murciélagos (“D. rotundus”), una preparación de varfarina deuso dorsal fue desarrolada. El experimento fue realizado en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil La población inicialestimada de murciélagos fue 55 animales. Todas las propiedades rurales alrededor del área fueran envolvidas,garantizando el control nun rayo de seis kilómetros del abrigo. Fueron localizadas diez propiedades que teníanbovinos y equinos, se buscó el tratamiento de todos los animales atacados o no. El índice de ataque, obtenidodividindo-se el número de mordeduras de murciélagos por el número de animales fue registrado antes y siete díasdespués del tratamiento. Después de la contención, los animales fueron inspeccionados, se hizo los registros demordeduras y a preparación de varfarina en gel (concentración de 1%) fue empleada sobre la línea dorsal de todosanimales. La dosificación utilizada fue la preconizada para el producto, 8,5g/100kg de peso corporal. De 1.258animales, 1.212 bovinos y 46 equinos fueron tratados, totalizando 99%. El índice de mordeduras fue del 20%antes del tratamiento. Siete días después, el índice de ataque registrado fue del 3%, significando reducción del85%. Además, uma semana después del tratamiento, en la colonia, se verificó 18 murciélagos y de esos, 11tenian alteraciones comportamentales, comprometiendo la viabilidad de esos en la naturaleza. Eso resultaría enuna reducción del 87% en la población en ese abrigo, esas eficacias fueron similar a otros métodos eficaces decontrol de esos transmisores de rabia. Esos resultados indican que el Vampiricid Gel, deve ser usado en rebañosbovinos e equinos para control de la población de murciélagos hematofagos y como una medida adicional alcontrol de la rabia en herbívoros.

Brasil

214

POSTER II

A CANINE KEPT IN OBSERVATION AFTER CONTACT WITH A RABIES POSITIVE“TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS”

E.P. Caldas 1, J. Predebon 1, A.A. Farinatti 1, N. Barreto 1, S.M. Pacheco 2, E. Zirbes 3, M.F.R. Machado 4, F.D. Andrade 4,H.B.C.R. Batista 5, J.C.A. Rosa 5, P.M. Roehe 51) Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil, 2) Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil, 5)

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil

Dr. Eduardo Caldas - [email protected] / [email protected]

On february 10, 2006, in the urban area of Montenegro, RS, a seven months old Schnauzer bitch, non vaccinatedagainst rabies, got in direct contact with an insectivorous bat “Tadarida brasiliensis”, by keeping it alive inside it’smouth. Nervous tissue of the bat was collected and submitted to routine rabies laboratory testing, which resultedpositive. Antigenic characterization of the isolate againts a panel of anti-lyssavirus monoclonal antibodies revealedan antigenic profile commonly found in viruses originated from haematophagous bats, despite recovered from aninsectivorous bat. The bitch was maintained in observation for 180 days in an isolation facility constructed withtwo compartments, allowing alternate opening and facilitating cleaning and feeding without compromising theoperator´s safety. The bitch was submitted to clinical exams weekly. At the end of observation period, the dogdisplayed no clinical signs compatible with rabies.

Brasil

215

POSTER II

GRAY FOX RESEARCH TO SUPPORT ORAL RABIES VACCINATION PROGRAMS INTEXAS: AN OVERVIEW

Jeff Root 1, Brian T. Mesenbrink 1, Bruce Leland 2, Mike R. Dunbar 1, Guy Moore 3 Randy W. DeYoung 4, AngelineZamorano 4, Robert G. McLean 11) USDA-APHIS-WS-National Wildlife Research Center, Ft. Collins, USA - 2) USDA-APHIS-WS, San Antonio, USA - 3) Texas Depart-

ment of State Health Services, Austin, USA - 4) Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, Kingsville,

USA

Dr. Jeff Root - [email protected]

A study examining the ecology of the gray fox in relation to oral rabies vaccination programs in Texas was initiatedin 2005 by NWRC scientists in cooperation with Texas Wildlife Services and Texas Department of State HealthServices. A major objective of this study is to document the movements and the potential of long-distancemovements of gray fox near a recent ORV zone break in west-central TX. To date, we have already documentedseveral male gray fox which have moved many km in straight-line distance. An additional major objective of thisproject involves a landscape-genetics approach to assist gray fox oral rabies vaccination strategies in Texas. Specificobjectives include 1) the identification of landscape features influencing dispersal and gene flow, 2) to estimatedispersal rates, and 3) to examine sex bias in dispersal. This study will be of great complimentary value to thetelemetry study listed above. To date, in cooperation with the aforementioned collaborators, we have alreadycollected over 400 DNA samples from gray fox. A third major objective, which compliments both genetic andtelemetry studies, is the development of GIS habitat layers. These layers are presently being built and will beproduced and maintained throughout the duration of this project.

USA

216

POSTER II

POBLACIONES CON ALTA CONSANGUINIDAD COMO FACTORDESENCADENANTE DE BROTES DE RABIA EN LAS POBLACIONES DE VAMPIROS

Ignacio Amezcua Osorio 1, Toni Piaggio 2, Elizabeth Pérez Torres 1, Raúl Clímaco Fernández 1, Alejandro JiménezRamírez 3, Dennis Kohler 4, Luis Lecuona 51) Pecuary Promotion and Protection Committee in San Luis Potosi State, Mexico, 2) APHIS Science Fellow / Research Molecular

Biologist Wildlife Genetics USDA / National Wildlife Research, 3) National Service of Agricultural and Food Health, Safety and Quality

(SENASICA), 3) Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Nutrition (SAGARPA), Mexico, 4) Analytical

Chemistry Project. National Wildlife Research Center, 5) USDA/APHIS/IS NAR, Mexico City, Mexico

Dr. Ignacio Amezcua Osorio - [email protected]

Desde que se desarrollaron las técnicas de control de las poblaciones de vampiros, se establecieron las basespara la prevención y control de los brotes de rabia en el ganado en el Latinoamérica. Ahora es necesario labúsqueda de nuevas alternativas de control que estén basadas en el comportamiento del virus rábico en lapoblaciones de vampiros, de esta forma combatiremos el origen del problema en estos quirópteros y por endea la salud pública y animal. El trabajo presentado en la reunión Internacional de Rabia en las Américas, enOttawa, Canadá en el 2005, en el cual se mostró el hallazgo de un Desmodus rotundus con albinismo Tipo 1,como parte del control de la Rabia Paralítica Bovina en el estado de San Luís Potosí, México, por el Biol. IgnacioAmescua, nos dio las bases para pensar que en esas poblaciones de vampiros existe un alto grado deconsanguinidad, factor que está siendo de mucha importancia para que el virus de la rabia se haya diseminadorápidamente en el estado, esto basado con los registros de focos de rabia en bovinos y las variantes antigénicasidentificadas, mismas que corresponden a los vampiros. En el año 2001, las colonias de vampiros en el estadode San Luis Potosí, fueron alcanzadas por el virus de la rabia, teniendo un comportamiento de distribución queno correspondía al que se venía presentando en los estados de Veracruz e Hidalgo, y los cuales iban avanzandoen promedio año con año alrededor de 30 a 40 kilómetros, fenómeno que no sucedió en San Luis Potosí en elaño 2004 se pudo registrar el desplazamiento del virus en las poblaciones de vampiros de hasta 150 kilómetrosen un solo año, sorprendiendo a las autoridades para evitar su propagación. Esto nos hizo pensar que algoestaba sucediendo en las poblaciones de vampiros, pero ignorábamos hasta entonces dicho factor o factores.Con el descubrimiento de un vampiro albino y al reporte del personal operativo donde se señala la identificaciónde murciélagos hematófagos de pelaje más claro del habitual negro o marrón oscuro, que puede ir desde elnaranja al dorado o amarillo claro. Nos acerca más a la teoría de que existe un factor genético en las poblaciones

México

217

POSTER II

de vampiros que predispone a la diseminación del virus de la rabia en ellas y llevandonos a colaborar con la Dra.Toni J. Piaggio de la Universidad de Colorado con investigaciones científicas a partir del material biológicocolectado, quedando pendiente aún los resultados. Los resultados de estos estudios nos pueden brindarinformación valiosa sobre la biología de los murciélagos hematófagos, así como el grado de susceptibilidad oresistencia que tienen este grupo de vampiros al virus rábico y continuar con la búsqueda de respuestas anuevas incógnitas con el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de investigación que amplíen el conocimiento sobre laetología del virus de la rabia en estos quirópteros y en un futuro tener la posibilidad de tener alternativas deprevención de la transmisión hacia el ganado y el hombre.

218

POSTER II

VACCINATING CATTLE TO PROTECT AGANIST RABIES TRANSMISSION FROMRABID BAT POPULATIONS EN MEXICO’S ENDEMIC ZONES: AN ANALYSISUSING ECONOMIC MODELS OF THE BENEFITS AND COST

S. Shwiff 1, R.A. Jiménez 2, O.L. Lecuona 3, K. Kirkpatrick 1, D. Kohler 11) United States Department of Agriculture / Wildlife Service, Colorado, USA, 2) National Campaign of Paralytic Rabies in Bovines,

Mexico, 3) United States Department of Agriculture / Animal Plant Health Inspection Services, Mexico

Dr. Alejandro Jimenez - [email protected]

Rabies can be transmitted by vampires bats to domestic mammals through its unique feeding behavior. Vampirebats are a main vector of the disease and domestic cattle are the preferred prey, limiting the production capabili-ties of ranchers. Horses, sheep, pets and even humans may also be bitten and infected. Currently, multiplemethods using anticoagulants for control of vampire bat populations exist and are being utilized. Additionalproblems arise when trying to understand the vampire bat vectored rabies effects in Mexico. Its has been esti-mated that only 40% of the rabid cattle cases are reported and recorded each year, grossly underestimating theeconomic loss due to the disease. Cattle interactions with vampires bats pose a potential economic loss to theMexican economy for several reasons. Ranchers do not have the economic information necessary to determine ifvaccination of their range beef cattle is cost effective. It is common for ranchers to under-report the incidence ofrabidity in cattle for fear of increased economic impacts due to the reduction in the sale of their beef. Therefore,it is also unknown if vampire bat rabies is having an impact on the local economy due to the loss of cattle. A rabidcow must be destroyed and the rancher loses the asset value of the beef cow and all fixed costs of raising the cow.Additionally, this loss of cattle in an area may be have localized impacts on the economy. The purpose of this studyis to develop a model of the economic issues surrounding the vampire bat rabies problem facing cattle ranchers inMexico to correctly estimate the impact of the disease and identify which methods of preventions are most costeffective. Examine the benefits and cost over time of beef cattle vaccination. This may include an input-outputanalysis of localized and regional revenue and employment impacts due to vampire bat transmitted rabies.

México

219

POSTER II

POPULATION GENETIC STUDY OF DESMODUS ROTUNDUS IN AN AREA OF HIGHBAT RABIES INCIDENCE IN CATTLE, SAN LUIS POTOSÍ STATE, MEXICO

Toni Piaggio 1, Ignacio Amezcua Osorio 2, Melissa Neubaum 1, Elizabeth Pérez Torres 2, Raúl Clímaco Fernández 2,Alejandro Jiménez Ramírez 3, Ana Lilia Sandoval-Sanchez 4, Luis Lecuona 5, Dennis Kohler 11) United States Department of Agriculture/Wildlife Service Colorado, USA. 2) Pecuary Committee in San Luis Potosi State, Mexico,

3) National Campaign of Paralytic Rabies in Bovines, DF, Mexico, 4) Laboratory of Conservation Medicine ESM/IPN, Mexico, 5) United

States Department of Agriculture / Animal Plant Health Inspection Services, Mexico

Dr. Alejandro Jimenez - [email protected]

Incidences of bat rabies in cattle have significantly increased in the state of San Luis Potosí. There is still a need foralternative control methods based on knowledge about the behavior of these bats to control the spread and rateof occurrence in this region. Since D. rotundus transmits this disease to cattle we are taking a multi-disciplinary,multi-agency approach between SAGARPA, the State Committee of San Luis Potosí, ESM/IPN, APHIS/IS, andAPHIS/WS/NWRC to manage this disease. Based on data collected by SAGARPA, cases of bat rabies in cattleappear to have progressed from the southern regions of Mexico into more northern regions. Only 4 cases ofrabies in cattle were reported from 1997-2001, it is believed that these cattle were initially transported from otherstates. Between 2002 and 2006, 277 cases were reported, thus it appears that rabies has increased in this area. Infact, San Luis Potosí and neighboring states now account for the highest number of rabies cases in cattle in Mexico(60%). At the last International Meeting for Rabies in 2005, we presented a discovery of an albino Type 1 D.rotundus. There also have been D. rotundus pelage color variants identified from this area. The albino and otherpelage variants could suggest low genetic diversity in these populations of D. rotundus, which could account forthe expression of a recessive trait such as albinism and associated color variants. If this is true, this lower diversitymay mean that these bats have a susceptibility to the rabies virus resulting in a higher prevalence in thesepopulations. Alternatively, these bats may not have lower diversity. A fine-scale population level study of D.rotundus populations from San Luis Potosí will help elucidate the relationship of population differentiation andpopulation connectivity to the occurrence and prevalence of rabies and facilitate formulation of targeted manage-ment plans. This is a portion of an international multi-agency collaboration to support the Mexico/U.S. bi-nationalagreements of monitoring and surveillance for wildlife diseases.

México

220

POSTER II

PLATELIA RABIES II: A HELPFUL TOOL FOR MONITORING RACCOONS RABIESVACCINATION PROGRAMS BY ANTIBODIES TITRATION

M. Feyssaguet 2, I. Blanchard 2, S. Moore 11) Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas, USA - 2) Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquette, France

Dr. Irene Blanchard - [email protected]

Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of wild Carnivores species takes an important place in the containment and eradi-cation of rabies from one territory. To measure the success of ORV programs, serums of sampled animals aretested for anti-rabies antibody. A new microplate assay, PLATELIA RABIES II, for the detection and titration of anti-rabies antibodies in animal serum or plasma, has been developed by Bio-Rad Company and is validated for a useon dogs, cats and foxes. PLATELIA RABIES II is based on the ELISA technique with a microplate coated with aninactivated and purified Glycoprotein antigen and uses a Protein A-POD conjugate. Two protocols, qualitative orquantitative give the possibility of precise titration and the entire assay can be automated. The PLATELIA RABIESII assay has been evaluated at the Rabies Laboratory, Kansas State University, on 187 Raccoons (Procyon lotor)samples that were tested in parallel with the reference method RFFIT. Though each method has technical speci-ficity, results using a 0.5 IU/ml threshold level show good correlation between ELISA and RFFIT and reveal thatthe PLATELIA RABIES II is able to detect anti-rabies glycoprotein antibodies with 100% specificity, 79% sensitivityand excellent reproducibility. The elimination of the need for high-level biohazard facilities, the ease of use, inaddition to the rapid and reproducible results make the PLATELIA RABIES II kit a helpful tool in serological surveysfollowing oral vaccination of raccoons.

USA

Documents

Anais(Hari)