An overview of the research activities and perspectives:From stable (high Intensity) to radioactive nuclear beams

Giacomo de Angelis

Gravitational wavesand General Physics

Gravitational wavesand General Physics

Interdisciplinary researchesInterdisciplinary researchesNuclear PhysicsNuclear Physics

Accelerator technologiesAccelerator technologies

Infrastructures of LNL

45004500 55005500

hourshours of of beambeam on targeton targetÞ Þ Au / from Au / from AkeVAkeV 20 20

AMeVAMeVfromfrom few few pnApnA few pfew pµµAA

10.00010.000

Interdisciplinaryactivities and applications

Nuclear Physics46% non-INFN

INFM, ENEA, ISS, Universities

CN CN ANAN--2000 2000 LinacLinac ALPIALPITandem XTUTandem XTU++

ALPI Output Energy

0

10

20

30

0 50 100 150 200 250A

E/A

[MeV

/u]

Tandem (G-F) (1-10 pnA)PIAVE+Alpi (40-200 pnA)

New Injector

Tandem

High intensity beams of stable heavy elements

LNL MAIN INSTRUMENTS

88ππLPLP

GASPGASP

PRISMAPRISMA

GarfieldGarfield

RadiobiologiaRadiobiologia

CLARACLARA

EXOTICEXOTIC

Individual users asking for accessto the Research Installations

260

100

183

135

166

168

273

277

162

305

228

356

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

years

Italian GuestsForeign guests

“Transnational Access to major Research Infrastuctures” Improving the Human Research Potential and Socio-economic Knowledge Base”

MAN-DAYS (2000/2003) DISTRIBUTED BY THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF USERS

total amount of man-days 2981

16267

13

76

5

258

873

5

199

275

912

52 144 11 368123

247

28

BelgiumDenmarkGermanyGreeceSpainFranceItalyNetherlandsPortugalSwedenUnited KingdomBulgariaCyprusHungaryIsraelPolandRomaniaSlovakiaOther

Nuclear Structure at LNL Nuclear Structure at LNL

44,46Ar

n-rich Pd, Cd50Fe

58Cu64Ge

103Sn70,72,73Br

67Se

88Ru

66As

68,70Ni

•New symmetries at the critical point•Rotational damping

•New symmetries at the critical point•Rotational damping

156Dy

132,134Pr,139Sm133,134,135,136Nd

142,148Gd

• High spin states and superdeformation

• Chiral Symmetry in Nuclei

• High spin states and superdeformation

• Chiral Symmetry in Nuclei

• Clustering and reflection asymmetric shapes

• Collectivity and shell model • Isospin symmetries and mirror

pairs• Isospin mixing in N=Z nuclei• Spectroscopy at the dripline

• Clustering and reflection asymmetric shapes

• Collectivity and shell model • Isospin symmetries and mirror

pairs• Isospin mixing in N=Z nuclei• Spectroscopy at the dripline

• Shell stability and shell evolution • Shell stability and shell evolution

High intensity (100 pnA) beams of stable heavy ions complementary to RIBS

Transition Matrix Elements in mirror pairs

R. Du Rietz et al. PRL 93,222501 (2004)

Isospin Mixing and Mirror Simmetries

Electromagnetic spin-orbit term ?

Ekman et al.PRL 92,132502 (2004)

Quasi-molecular states in nuclei

Cou

nts

Energy (keV)

Gamma-Ray Spectrum192Hg

Thummerer et al.NPA734 (2004) 453

Critical-Point Symmetries

Observed in 134Ba

Observedin 152Sm

Extended Casten symmetry triangle

Comparison of the Excitation Energy Ratios for the N=90 Rare earth isotones

150Nd, 152Sm, 154Gd and 156Dy with the prediction of the X(5) symmetry

R. F. Casten and N. V. Zamfir, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001)052503.R. F. Casten and N. V. Zamfir, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001)052503.

R0/2=E(02+)/E(22

+)

R4/2=E(41+)/E(21

+)

D. Tonev et. al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034334.D. Tonev et. al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034334.

R42/22=E(42+)-E(02

+)/E(22+)-E(02

+)

Transition Matrix elements and X(5) symmetry

Comparison of the experimental level scheme of 154Gd with the X(5) predictions.The E(21

+) value (in keV) and the B(E2; 21+ 01

+) value (in W.u.) are normalizedto the experimental data.

F. Iachello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 052502.F. Iachello, Phys. Rev. Lett. 87 (2001) 052502.

D. Tonev et. al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034334.D. Tonev et. al., Phys. Rev. C 69 (2004) 034334.

Does Chiral symmetry exists in nuclei ?

“I call any geometrical figure, or group of points, chiral, and say it has chirality, if its image in a plane mirror, ideally realized, cannot be brought to coincide with itself.” - Lord Kelvin 1904

Examples of chiral systems are found in :Chemistry: molecules

with opposite handedness react differently in similar environments

Biology: DNA has right and left-handed “screws”

Particle Physics

Nuclear Physics: Current distributions in nuclei

Triaxial odd-odd nuclei result in 3 perpendicular angular momenta for p-h configurations built on high-j orbitals

The energies of the excited states for the left-handed and right-handed systems should be identical

The energies of the excited states for the left-handed and right-handed systems should be identical

V. I. Dimitrov et al, PRL 84 (2000) 5732V. I. Dimitrov et al, PRL 84 (2000) 5732

Does Chiral symmetry exists in nuclei ?Planar to a-planar phase transition ?

D. Tonev et al.

IBFFM

S. Brant et al, PRC 69 (2004) 017304S. Brant et al, PRC 69 (2004) 017304

High Intensity Stable Beams and Neutron Rich Nuclei

Stable nuclei: N/Z ≈ 1 - 1.5, Sp ≈ Sn ≈ 6 - 8 MeV

Homogeneously mixed protons and neutronsGood mean-field descriptionGood “single-particle” picture (magic numbers)Large gaps between major shellsEmpirical shell-model interactions

Very neutron-rich nuclei: N/Z ≈ 2 - 2.5, Sn << 1 MeV

Diffuseness of neutron distribution (neutron skins & halos)More states near the Fermi surfaceBreakdown of the single-particle descriptionRedefinition or disappearance of magic numbersUnknown shell-model interactions

Reduction of spin-orbit potential

Phys. Lett. B 418, 7 (98) D.VretenarN

neutronsprotons

The Properties of Nuclei with Extreme N/Z-Ratios

Disappearance of ShellStructure?

• Basic nuclear properties of rare isotopes (e.g., masses, half-lives, …) determine element formation in the cosmos

Element formation in r-process: quenching of shell-structure?Pfeiffer et al., Z. Phys. A357 (1997) 235

Cautions in jumping to conclusions about shell modificationsrelated to diffuse density distribution:

“Single particle” orbitals are dressed even in semi-magic nuclei

• Effective single-particle energy (ESPE)

ESPE : Total effect on single-

particle energies due to interaction with other valence nucleons

Monopole interaction, vm

ESPE is changed by N vm

N particles

T. Otsuka et al. Zakopane 2004

Detecting γ-ray emittedat rest: no Doppler correction!Sensitive to the decay of levels which live longer then the stopping time

( )

( )CCMMAX

MAXTB

TLF

VERL

LAA

L

−=

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛

+=

2

2

31

2

11

72

:limit Rolling

h

µ

Populate high spin states

higher selectivity stronglyneeded

angular acceptances ∆θ~12o ∆φ~22o

solid angle ∆Ω ~ 80 msrd. target-focal plane 7 menergy acceptance ± 20%max rigidity 70 MeV amudispersion ~ 4 cm/%mass resolution ~ 1/300 FWHM B. Fornal

Clover Ge detectors from EUROBALL

82Se+238U E=505 MeV 64deg

∆ E

proton stripping channels

proton pick-up channels

fission eventsZ=50

Z=34

First experimental campaign just started

E LNL – APRIL 2004

γ-spectroscopy of neutron rich nuclei Mass distribution of 505 MeV 82Se + 238U

Se

As

Br

Kr

Ge

Ga

Zn

Cu

Ni

82

838481

80

77

76

89

8182

7978

7980

8176

75

69

7778

7473

7475

73

7170

6768 72

6564 7170

69

8685

87

81

84 8883

A

Preli

mina

ry

87Rb

84Se

667

1455

455 keV 23/2(+)→21/2(+)

82Se + 238U E=505 MeV

+3p+2n

+2n

PRC70, 024301 (2004)

Shell model in 37P and 39PBreaking of a semi-magic shell

closure far from stability

82Se+238U

36S+208Pb15

2032S+58Ni

Mirror pair 31S and 31P

Spectroscopy of 54Co Isospin non conservingpart of the effective

interaction

64Ni+238UShell model A~60

Shell closure evolution at Shell closure evolution at the magic number N=50the magic number N=50

50

32

Multi-nucleon transfer

Resonances in 24Mg+24Mg and molecular states in 48Cr

27

2840Ca+208Pb

Pairing-vibration states in 42Ca

90Zr+208Pb

24Mg+24Mg

Large-angle scattering

58Ni+60Ni

54Fe+50Cr

43% of the 43% of the TandemTandem--ALPI beam ALPI beam

time time

Research activities of Prisma-Clara in 2004

Heavy ion beams from PIAVE-ALPI strongly needed

64Ni 400MeV + 238U

Preliminary

EXP. LSSM

FPD6

LSSM

KB3G

0+2+

(4+)(6+)

(8+)

(10+)

58Cr

E4+/E2+ = 2.20E4+/E2+ = 2.20

E6+/E2+ = 3.65E6+/E2+ = 3.65

vibrator to γ-unstable rotor

E(5) critical point symmetry

B. Fornal, R. Broda et al.

Identification of new statesbased on γ-coincidences (cross-coincidences) between the two binary products

Neutron rich heavy projectiles allow to use transfer reactions as a ∆N-∆Z filter for driving the multi-nucleon transfer flux to exotic regions

beams of heavy ions or neutron-rich radioactive beams

Transfer induced by Neutron Rich (radioactive) Beams

Driving the multi-nucleon transfer flux to very exotic regions

p-rich

n-rich

Coupled channel calculations (Grazing).G. Pollarolo RIB n-rich

Understand the relative weight of the sequential transfer of single nucleons, of pair transfer or the more complex transfer of clusters.

Enhancement of the pair-transfer mode due to the dropping of the two-neutron separation energy as a function of the neutron excess

Gamma Arrays based on ComptonSuppressed Spectrometers

ε ∼ 10 — 5 %( Mγ=1 — Mγ=30)

GAMMASPHEREEUROBALL

Gamma Arrays based on ComptonSuppressed Spectrometers

ε ∼ 10 — 5 %( Mγ=1 — Mγ=30)

GAMMASPHEREEUROBALL

Tracking Arrays based onPosition Sensitive Ge Detectors

ε ∼ 40 — 20 %( Mγ=1 — Mγ=30)

GRETAAGATA

Intermediate step Exogam, Miniball, SeGa : optimized for Doppler correction at low γ-multiplicitiy

Ingredients of Gamma Tracking

Pulse Shape Analysisto decompose

recorded waves

Highly segmented HPGe detectors

··

Identified interaction

points

(x,y,z,E,t)iReconstruction of tracks evaluating permutations of interaction points

EγEγ1

Eγ2

e2

e3

1

3

θ1

θ2

e1

0 2

Digital electronicsto record and

process segment signals

1

2

3

4

Reconstructedgamma-rays

AGATA/GRETA Prototypes 2

May, 2004 April, 2004

Courtesy J.Eberth, IKP Cologne Courtesy I-Yang Lee, LBNL

Solid Angle = 80 msr Energy accept. 20%∆m/m = 1/300 ∆E/E=1/1000

64Ni (390 MeV) + 238U

54535251504948474645

With the PIAVE Xe beams

With present ALPI beam

First phase of AGATA15 clusters (1π)4 x efficiency

larger selectivity

Reaction Mechanisms at LNLReaction Mechanisms at LNL

p(17O, 17F )n 105

pps

Break-up ofExotic light nuclei

Break-up ofExotic light nuclei

Fission dynamicsSymmetry energy and stellar collapse

Fission dynamicsSymmetry energy and stellar collapse

Multifragmentation at low excitation energyMultifragmentation at low excitation energy

132Ce

N/Z=1 N/Z=1.38

+

N/Z=1.25 N/Z=1.29

Z

N Z

N/Z=1.28

N/Z=1.28

N

+

γ γ

γ

γγ

γ

132Ce

96Mo

100Mo32S

36S

γγ

D(t=0)=18.2 fm

D(t=0)=1.7 fm

GDR response probing shapesand non uniform charge and mass distributions in nuclei

GDR response probing shapesand non uniform charge and mass distributions in nuclei

PISOLORMSPRISMA8πLPGARFIELD

Deformed protonemitters

Deformed protonemitters

Sub-barrier fusion: Fusion dynamics and nuclear structure

Sub-barrier fusion: Fusion dynamics and nuclear structure

z

A40Ca

Fission dynamics in the super-heavy mass region

E (a.u.)

TOF

(a.u

.)

Influence of Q.F. on fusion process

Scattered beam

Fusion

A - TOF CORSET

Fission dynamics in Super-Heavy region80Se + 208Pb 470 MeV

Fission dynamics in Super-Heavy region80Se + 208Pb 470 MeV

Neutrons12 scintillators 2m from the targetFission Fragment PPAC 5 x 4 cm2 for TOF, 2 MWPC 13 x 13 cm2

No evidence for symmetricsplitting events, corresponding to

Fusion-Fission reactionsNevertheless:

Pre-scissioncomponent

Evidence of a longtransient delayin asymmetric

splitting (DIC-like) suggesting the formation of a

composite Super-heavy system

SHE - InstrumentationCompetition between the

Quasi-Fission e Fusion-Fission mechanismsCompetition between the

Quasi-Fission e Fusion-Fission mechanisms

DEMON: Détecteur Modulaire de Neutrons(belgian-french collaboration: ULB, UCL, LPC, IReS + LNL)

DEMON

40 NE513 + FF + BaF2

Fission dynamics in the super-heavy mass region340 MeV 28Si + 232Th: PRC 65 (2002) 646 and NPA to be published

Multi-source fit to the experimentalneutron and a energy spectra

pre- and post-scission multiplicities

Fission Fission delaydelay timetime ttDD

Elab (MeV)

α = 35.4°β = 25.9°

α = 24.9°β = 36.1°

α = 9.2°β = 42.1°

α = 335.1°β = 36.1°

α = 324.6°β = 25.9°

α = 318.9°β = 13.5°

α = 41.1°β = 13.5°

α = 350.8°β = 42.1°

d2 M/d

ΩαdE

α(s

ter-1

MeV

-1)

Comparing neutron prescission multiplicities with Statistical Model a tD~5x10-20 s is obtained.

GasLiquid

Density ρ/ρ0

Big Bang

Neutron Stars

Tem

pera

ture

20

200

MeV

1 5?

Plasma of Quarks and

Gluons

Nucleus

Dense matter EOS

Crab nebula

July 5, 1054

Collisions

HeavyIons

32S + 58Ni (grey), + 64Ni (hatched)

0

0.2

0.4

0 1 2 3 4

Z=1

0

0.2

2 3 4 5 6

Z=2

0

0.05

0.1

5 6 7 8 9

P(A

)

Z=3

0

0.05

0.1

6 7 8 9 10 11

Z=4

0

0.05

9 10 11 12 13A

Z=5

0

0.05

10 11 12 13 14 15A

Z=6

80% of Zp+ZT

Evaporation residues and fragments measurement: from fusion to multifragmentation

With the last upgradealso Isotope

identification:

• 3rd coordinate in thephase space

•Temperature informationof the emitting source

To be checked : • same charge of the emitting systems formedthrough the differententrance channels through comparison to models(charge correlations,charge distributions

etc.)• same temperature of the emitting sources• same volume (through correlation functions)

Signals already at lower energy11AMeV

InterdisciplinaryResearches

SPATIAL RESOLUTION < 100 µm

Images of seven holes 300 µm in diameter and 100 µm spaced

Vdrift= 50 V 100 V 200 V 500 V

Zoom effect as function of the drift voltage

LM

a

High reflectance mirrors for solar coronaHigh reflectance mirrors for solar coronaMOT trapsMOT traps

Detection ofexplosives

Detection ofexplosives

Detector technologyDetector technology

Surface analysisSurface analysis

Tissue equivalent proportional counters

Tissue equivalent proportional counters

Radiation biologyRadiation biologyNb sputtering into Cu cavities

Tests of the Standard Model - Atomic Parity violation

Precision tests of CP, P violation and unitarity of CKM matrix; physics beyond VA; and measurements of sin2ΘW at low q

215Fr: CN* formed in 18O+197Au

TRAPPING OF 85RB

Interdisciplinary & Biomedical Physics FacilitiesNan

odos

imet

ric

stru

ctur

eof

had

ron

trac

ks DNA

Ionization events

Biological sample holder

Beam extraction window

Beam-pipe

Cooled-CCD

Microbeam facility for single cell irradiation

Tissue

equiv

alent

propor

tional

count

ers Radiation biology

Radiobiological studies:Radiobiological studies:

• Light ion broad-beam irradiation facility at the 7MV Van de Graaff CN electrostatic accelerator (protons, deuterons, helium-3 and helium-4 ions; E: 0.8-12 MeV)

• Heavy ion broad-beam facility at the Tandem-ALPI accelerator complex (A>4; E: 5-26 MeV/amu)

• Light single-ion microbeam facility for single-cell irradiation at the 7MV Van de Graaff CN electrostatic accelerator (protons, deuterons, helium-3 and helium-4 ions; E: 0.8-12 MeV)

• Fully equipped biology Laboratory

2

Main Activities at LNLMain Activities at LNL

• Cell inactivation

• Gene mutation

• Mutation characterization

• Chromosome aberration

• influence of chromosome architecture in aberration formation

• Protein expression in normal and tumoral cells.

…Particular emphasis on the low-dose and low-dose rate effects……bystander effects and cell-to-cell communication.

Mainly performed in the framework of INFN and EU Contract projects.

INFN-LNL Radiobiology Laboratory

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) vsvs Linear Energy Linear Energy Transfer (LET) of light ions for cell inactivation in V79 cellsTransfer (LET) of light ions for cell inactivation in V79 cells

5

• ADVANCED THIN FILM MATERIALSSynthesis and Process Development

• Plasma Sputtering Deposition

• Plasma Diagnostics

• Ion Implantation

• Low Friction, High Hardness NanoscaledMaterials and Multilayers

• Extreme UV and soft X-rayoptics development

• Insulating Oxides and High Performance Plastics

Characterization of Physical Properties• ADVANCED THIN FILM MATERIALS

Composition

• Ion Beam Analysis (RBS, NRA, ERDA, PIXE)

• Microbeam (Micro-PIXE 2-D trace element analysis)

Mechanical Characterization• Nano Hardness / Stress• Adhesion (Micro Scratch)• Atomic Force Microscopy

Nuclear Physics Perspectives at LNLNuclear Physics Perspectives at LNLtime

Tandem+Alpi High intensity stable beams from SPES to Eurisol

Moderately neutron rich nuclei by means of high intensity stable beams

Multi-nucleon transfer and deep-inelastic collisions as a way to access n-rich nuclei: The Clover array + PRISMA

Medium size next generation RIB facility, away to Eurisol

Advanced Gamma-rayTracking Array and otherIntegrated Infrastructure Initiatives

A Superconductive Linac as a test benchfor Eurisol

Nuclear Structure andDynamics at the limits (spin and isospin)

PIAVE

First superconduttive RFQ in operation in the world

PIAVE first beams in Dic 20041603+: I= 430 pna; transmission 40-50%

129Xe18+: I = 5.5 pna; transmission 25-30%Injection Test in ALPI: since Feb 2005

PIAVEALPIECR

RFQQWR

SRFQ1 SRFQ2

QWR

1.3 MeV/u

PIAVE

EXPERIMENTALHALLS 1, 2

EX.

HALL

3

CR10 CR9 CR8 CR7 CR6 CR5 CR4 CR3 B2

CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 B4

COLD BOX

TANDEM

β=0.056, 80 MHz, full Nb

β=0.13 160 MHz Nb/Cu

β=0.11, 160 MHz,Nb/Cu

B3

β=0.110, 160 MHz,Pb/Cu

2.3 MV/m 4.4 MV/m

Larger Beam IntensitiesSuperconductive LINAC with Nb/Cu resonators

Intensities ~ 100 pnA

LinacLinac ALPIALPITandem XTUTandem XTU

++

LinacLinac ALPIALPI

++

PiavePiave

Test of the standard model

Test of the trapping efficiency

Trapping of Francium atoms

EXOTICEXOTIC :Light exotic beams by inverse kinematics reactions

Production reactions

p(17O, 17F )n3He(6Li, 8B )n7Li(9Be, 6He )10B

p(7Li, 7Be )n

p(14N, 14O )n 3He(16O, 18Ne )n

5 MeV

100 MeV

BNCT Be converterU target

ISCLRFQ

Source TRIPS

Ion source

Isotope separator

ALPIExp. SRFQ

Charge state separator

High resolutionspectrometer

Chargebreeder

Neutron rich unstable beams Starting construction 2005

238UPrimary p beam Fission fragments

converter

n

1 mA *100 MeV = 100 kW 1013-14 f/s300 W

108 132Sn/s0.02 pnA

132Sn at 16 MeV/uALPI

Supercond.p linac

100 MeV

Be or 13C100 kW

4 Kg UCx

238UPrimary p beam Fission fragments

238UPrimary p beam Fission fragments

converter

n

converter

n

1 mA *100 MeV = 100 kW 1013-14 f/s300 W

108 132Sn/s0.02 pnA

132Sn at 16 MeV/uALPI

Supercond.p linac

100 MeV

Be or 13C100 kW

4 Kg UCx

132Sn at 16 MeV/uALPI

Supercond.p linac

100 MeV

Be or 13C100 kW

132Sn at 16 MeV/uALPI

Supercond.p linac

100 MeV

Be or 13C100 kW

4 Kg UCx

ISOL facility

SPES p and d driverEp,d=100 MeV I~1-10 mA

Spiral2 project

GANIL

SPES projectLNL

Fragments produced by each proton(in the Ucx target)

Sn132

The nominal beam is of 1.7 x 1016 p/s.

Tetrahedral symmetry and

Spherical harmonicsTetrahedral symmetry in nuclei ?

The lowest order: λ=3

Shells at

Z,N= 16, 20, 32, 40, 56, 70

J. Dudek et al., PRL 88 (2002) 252502

Quasi-elastic reactions?

Summary

• LNL as a multidisciplinary nuclear physics based user oriented laboratory

•Nuclear Structure and Reaction based facilities•Infrastructure for applied physics•Interdisciplinary and biomedical physics facilities

• LNL as an high intensity stable heavy beam facility :a short term perspective

• Neutron rich radioactive beams at LNL : the SPES project

• New detectors (Prisma-Clara) and powerful Ge detectors based on gamma ray tracking

LaboratoriNazionalidiLegnaro

129 Guests

45 Fellowships and grants

23 Students and Ph.D. Students

297 Italian researcher126 EU researcher119 non EU researcher

14 workshops and meetings

74 Publications in Journals

20 International Conferences

Present ALPI output energy –Tandem injector

Tandem 15 MV; F,F1998 : 11 Pb/Cu cryostats2003: 13 Nb/Cu cryostats

ALPI

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

AALP

I out

put [

MeV

/u]

ALPI Dec 1998

ALPI 2003 (low beta not included)

ALPI 2003 (low beta included)

12C6+ 28Si11+ 40Ca14+ 63Cu17+

16O7+ 32S12+ 58Ni17+ 79Br18+ 90Zr19+ 127I 21+

LEGNARO

Near future switching from a Tandem to a q+ injector (PIAVE)

ALPI Output with the two Injectors

0

10

20

30

0 50 100 150 200 250A

E/A

[MeV

/u]

Tandem+ALPI (G-F) (1-10 pnA)

PIAVE+ALPI (40-200 pnA)

New Injector

Tandem

• MORECURRENT

• HEAVIERMASSES

• MORE BEAM TIMEAVAILABLE (TWO INJECTORS)

LEGNARO

Energy outputPIAVE injection, 2004 ALPI

LEGNARO

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

0 50 100 150 200 250A

MeV/u

High currentHigh energy

12C5+ 16O6+

14N5+ 40Ar8+ 58Ni11+ 84Kr12+ 120Sn16+ 132Xe17+ 181Ta 24+ 197Au26+ 208Pb25+ 238U28+

12C5+ 16O7+

14N6+ 40Ar14+ 58Ni17+ 84Kr18+ 120Sn19+ 132Xe27+ 181Ta 24+ 197Au29+ 208Pb25+ 238U31+

1

PIAVE: - 2 SRFQs at the design accelerating fields- 8 low β resonators at 5 MV/m

ALPI - 12 low β resonators operating at 4.4 MV/m- 44 medium β resonators operating at 4.4 MV/m- 8 high β resonators operating at 5.5 MV/m