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Adam Rusek got his PhD in experimental physics from the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, the thesis experiment for which was carried out at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), where he received a position upon graduation, in 1995. In 1999 he accepted a position as the dosimetry physicist for the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) at BNL, not yet built at the time, but beginning operations in 2013. This position he held until 2014, when he became Principal Investigator for the facility.
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NASA Space Radia*on Laboratory A. Rusek
Bldg. 911B Brookhaven Na*onal Laboratory
Upton, NY 11973
[email protected], (631)344-‐5830
FISO Telecon 4/1/15 hRp://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/archivelist.htm
Origins
• Mo*va*on: Ground based ion source for simula*ng solar and cosmic ray radia*on to study its affects on biology. – Assess the risks. – Study countermeasures.
• Funding: NASA ($33M) • Know how: BNL (DOE) • Project started 2000, commissioned 2003. • On *me, on budget.
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 1
Beam Design
• Designed based on the experience gained through work at LBL and BNL (AGS) (dose-‐based cutoff) – Beam as uniform as possible (±10% was typical)
– Usually round beam
– Cutoff achieved by means of ion chambers/computer/extrac*on controls
• NSRL beam is geared towards (but not restricted to) biology work (dose-‐based cutoff) – Beam uniformity in the useful area is ±2.5%
– Square beam (during biology work)
– Cutoff achieved by means of ion chambers/computer/extrac*on controls
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 2
Beam
• Tandem/Linac/EBIS to Booster • Booster to NSRL beam line by slow extrac*on
• Beam shaped in the 100 m beam line and • Delivered to the NSRL target room (300ms spill every 4 sec)
EBIS (ions, 20 MeV)
Tandem (ions, 20 MeV/n)
Slow extrac*on into NSRL
Booster synchrotron
(up to 1000 MeV/n)
Shape and deliver to the target room
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory
Linac (protons, 200 MeV)
3
Schedule
• 3 runs, or campaigns a year: Spring, Summer and Fall • 6-‐9 weeks each
– Total of about 24 weeks per year, typically.
– spring and summer have been run as one 16 week long run for the past 3 years
• Irradia*ons take place during 1-‐2 shiis daily, on week days only (almost true) – Leave a cushion for machine down *me
– Allow for lab *me following irradia*on
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 4
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Range in water (m
m)
LET in water (KeV/µm)
H 1500
1000 800 700 600 500 400
300
200
100 80 70 60 50
40
30
20
10
He
C O Ne
Si Cl Ar Ti Fe
Kr Nb
Xe Ta
Au
5
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 6
NSRL NASA Space Radia*on Laboratory
RHIC Relatevis*c Heavy Ion Collider
AGS Alterna*ng Gradient Synchrotron
TANDEM Ion Source
LINAC Linear Accelerator Proton Source
BOOSTER Synchrotron
EBIS Electron Beam Ion Source
Medical Department Labs and User Support
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 7
Support Building
• Beam and dosimetry control center • Experiment staging area
• Cell labs (3) separated from animal labs (2) • Physics support lab (1)
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory
C
C
C A A
A
D
P
8
12” beam pipe
8” beam pipe
R-‐Line: From Booster to NSRL
9
1.0 -‐ 5.0 cm (fwhm)
5cm x 5cm -‐ 20cm x 20cm
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory
NSRL Beam Shapes and Sizes
Beams can be both slow-‐extracted (300 – 500 ms) Or fast-‐extracted (<1µs), once per 2-‐4 s cycle
10
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory
Target Room
Size: 20’ x 20’
11
Calibra*on
• NIST-‐traceable calibra*on chambers • Self calibra*on against scin*lla*on counters – Use heavy ions where overlap is good – Contact made through dE/dx tables
– Agreement with NIST-‐traceables within 2%
12
P, 200 MeV
C, 300 MeV/n
Ti, 1000 MeV/n
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 13
Digital Beam Imager
Beam
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 14
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 15
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 16
300 MeV/n Fe
Binary Filter
PlasRc caps Water-‐filled
Empty
DBI Screen
Beam view
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 17
Fe 300
0.0 mm 35.5 mm
37.0 mm 36.5 mm
36.0 mm
37.5 mm
38.5 mm 39.5 mm 41.5 mm 18
Single Eye Exposure
• Right eyes of three rats at a *me.
collimator
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 19
Single Eye Exposure
• Right eyes of three rats at a *me. • Two plates, 9 tubes, for
streamlined opera*on.
• Lots of flexibility, easy alignment.
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 20
Special Beams
• Time-‐structured beams • “smooth” beam • 10-‐60Hz beam
• Fast-‐extracted beam • Beam extracted in one booster
cycle, in about 800 ns.
20 Hz
“Smooth”
60 Hz
20 Hz
FEB
FEB 800 ns
Ion Chamber
Scin*llator NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 21
Space Environment
Requirements
• Lower dose rates • Longer exposures (chronic) • Mixed fields and energies • Higher upper energy
Response
• Specialty imaging and dosimetry
• Exposure incubtors • Rapid energy changing • Rapid ion changing • Beam line upgrade to 1.5
GeV/n
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 22
• Can image the beam at very low fluence
• 2 Fe/cm2
• 1,000 p/cm2
• Coupled with schin*lla*on counter cutoff • can deliver “homeopathic” doses – 100tracks/cm2
30,000 p/cm2 22,500 Fe/cm2
Pixel Ion Chamber with Gain
23
Large Beam
• 60x60 cm2 (50x50 cm2 useful area).
• Large pixel chamber (8x8) to monitor beam uniformity.
• Exposure incubator for long exposures.
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 24
SPE SimulaRon
Requires
• Fast energy changing – Directly from the booster
– By binary filter • Large beam
– For long, low dose-‐rate exposures
“spin-‐off”
• Fast energy changes – Easier opera*ons – Easier scheduling
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 25
0.0000001
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 50 100 150 200 250
FracRon
of Total Dose
Energy (MeV)
August 1972 SPE
NSRL 1972 SPE
An SPE SimulaRon
Used 50 MeV to represent 0 – 50 MeV 60 MeV to represent 50 – 60 MeV 70 MeV to represent 60 – 70 MeV 80 MeV to represent 70 – 80 MeV And so on….
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 26
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 3000000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 5 000 1 0000 1 5 000 2 0000 2 5 000 3 0000
Depth (µm)
Dose (arbitrary)
27
GCR SimulaRon
Requires
• Fast ion changes. • Availability of many ion
species.
• Upper energy of at least 1.5 GeV/n.
• Large beam. – For long, low dose-‐rate
exposures
“spin-‐off”
• Ul*mately we should be able to change ions from NSRL dosimetry room(!)
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 28
Type of Studies and InvesRgaRons
• Biology >90% – Tending more and more to the lower doses now – Ion, LET, Energy studies – Cancer, CNS, Cardio-‐Vascular, BPO, Acute effects…..
• Shielding • Materials (radia*on hardness etc.) • Electronics (radia*on hardness etc.)
– NASA, NRO, others • Instrument tes*ng and calibra*on
– NASA, others. • Therapy research
– Limited to physics and biology
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 29
When not providing service
• Fragmenta*on Cross sec*ons. – 4He, 3He, C, O, on elemental targets and water
• Detector and readout developments. – Specialty ion-‐chambers, adapta*on of commercial readout for medical
imaging to mul*-‐channel ion chamber.
• Calibra*on and tes*ng. – Example: ZDC’s, water-‐based liquid scin*llator (BNL development)
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 30
ExisRng CapabiliRes
Beam • Variety of shapes and sizes
– Square beam from 5 to 50 cm
– Round beam from 0.5 to 10 cm
• Good uniformity (>95%) • Many ions available
• Wide energy range available
• Slow-‐extracted beam
• Fast-‐extracted beam
Dosimetry • Good dynamic range
– 1 – 2000 rads/min (ion chambers)
– < 1 rad/min (scin*llator)
• Self calibra*on capabili*es • Cutoff within >1% of total dose
• Good imaging methods – DBI
– Ion chambers with gain
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 31
Missing CapabiliRes
Beam • Sub cm pencil beam
• Scanning capability • Exposure vacuum chamber
Dosimetry
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory 32
Thanks for your aaenRon!
NSRL Brookhaven National Laboratory