An Overview of Green Technology

Jihwa Lee

Department of Chemical & Biological TechnologySeoul National University

WCU Seminar 2010. 5. 3

Outline of the Talk

Global Warming & Climate Change

Mandotory CO2 Reduction

Hydrogen Economy

Green Technology Issues 1) Renewable Energies 2) CO2 Capture & Storage

Summary

Global Warming

• The Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C in the 20th century.• Climate model projections indicate that it is likely to rise a further 1.1~ 6.4 °C during the 21st century.

Global Warming

Cause• Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases ( resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

Greenhouse gases (GHG)

• CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has remained at ~280 ppm.

• It increases rapidly to reach 383 ppm at 2007.

• The IPCC gives future CO2 scenarios, ranging from 541 to 970 ppm by the year 2100 (an increase by 90-250% since 1750).

Climate Change

Climate Change

An increase in global temperature will cause

• Sea levels to rise • Change in the amount and pattern of precipitation• Expansion of subtropical deserts • Retreat of glaciers, permafrost (permanently frozen land as in Siberia), and sea ice

• Extreme weather events• Species extinctions • Changes in agricultural yields• Rife malarias

International measures

• Adopted (1997) and entered into force (2005) • As of Nov. 2009, 187 states (except US) have signed and ratified the protocol.• Mandatory CO2 reduction: 5.2% reduction in emission from that in 1990 • Target GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC, HFC, SF6

• The details have to be negotiated • Carbon emission trading• A new business paradigm

• A government sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted• Companies are issued emission permits(credit): the right to emit• The total amount of allowances and credits cannot exceed the cap. • Companies that need to increase their emission allowance must buy credits from those who pollute less.

Tokyo protocol

Carbon emission trading

Energy consumption = CO2 emission • Any technology which directly or indirectly helps reduce the emission of GHG (CO2), which typically includes

Renewable energy technology CO2 capture & storage Energy efficiency: new illumination technology (LED), smart grid system, building insulation, room heating etc. Energy conservation Environmental technology • Most GT’s are costly! • In many areas GT is not commercially available! • Extensive R&D is needed!

Green Technology

1. Solar cell 1). Si SC 2). Inorganic thin film (CIGS) 3). Polymer SC 4). DSSC 2. Fuel Cell 1). PEMFC 2). DMFC 3). SOFC

3. Battery 1) Li secondary battery : HEV, PHEV, EV 2) Battery for energy storage 3) Supercapacito

Renewable Energy Technology

4. Hydrogen energy 1) H2 production:

a) Electrolysis, photo-splitting of H2O,

b) H2 production: Reforming

c) H2 production: Nuclear power-based

2) H2 storage

a) Metal hydride b) Adsorption- based

5. Bioenergy 1) Cellulose-based 2) Algae-based 3) Biorefinery

1. CO2 Capture

1). Pre-combustion capture

2). Post-combustion capture a) Absorption, adsorption-based b) Polymer membrane-based 3) Oxy-fuel combustion

2. CO2 Storage 1) Underground sequestration 2) Sea underground sequestration

3. CO2 utilization

1) Chemical conversion 2) Photo-biological fixation

4. Green house gas monitoring technology

CCS technology

Renewable Energy

Tidal power plant

II. 태양전지

p n junction

Front electrode

p –type Si

n –type Si

Anti reflection layer

electron

hole

Back electrode

current

electron

Load

원리

15/76

Examples of SC Panel Arrays

16/76 16/403/8

Large PV Sites in Korea

Tae-Ahn, 14 MWCompleted 2008. 5LG Solar Energy

Tae-Ahn, 14 MWCompleted 2008. 5LG Solar Energy

ShinAhn, 24 MW2008. 11 completedDongYang Const./Suntechnics

ShinAhn, 24 MW2008. 11 completedDongYang Const./Suntechnics

18/76

202 287 401560

750

1256

1815

2536

4279

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Photon International, March 2008

Annual Production

Unit: MW

Year

Pro

duct

ion

(M

W)

Annual Growth Rate > 40%

6.3

12.6

21.3

28

33.6

1.1

1.5

2

2.6

3.4

2.4 3.80.20.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Thin Film Cell

c-Si Cell

• Market Size in year 2010

- 6 GWp, $36 billion (CLSA, 2005. 7) 10 GWp (2006. 4) 15 GWp (2007. 4)

23.3 GWp (2007. 12)

Photon Consulting, Spring 2008

Production Outlook 2012

Annual Growth Rate > 40%

Pro

duct

ion

(G

W)

Year Photon International, March 2008

Next Generation Solar Cell

Thin Film Solar Cell

Polymer Solar Cell

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

Current Issues of Solar Cell Technology

Si SC is widely used but it is too expensive: ~ x10 of the cost of thermoelectric power generation Development of low cost SC is a must for wide practical application. Thin film SC: a-Si, CdTe, CIGS SC (Short-term) DSSC (Intermediate-term)

Organic SC (Long-term)

Mid-term hydrogen economyMid-term hydrogen economy

http://www.investindk.com/db/filarkiv/631/Brint_aug2005.pdf

MOFs

Current Status of H2 Energy Technology

The technology for H2 production is already available. A new technology needed for low cost production is being investigated.

Current H2 storage technology is well below the DOE-set target. Long-term fundamental research is needed.

Technology for H2 utilization, mainly H2 fuel cell, is commercially available but it is too costly. Further development to improve the cost and durability is required.