An intruduction to the lecturers

Pharmacology

prof. Péter Gálfi dr. József Lehel

dr. György Csikó dr. Krisztina Szekér

dr. Ákos Jerzsele dr. Edina Németh

Nagy Gábor dr. Csaba Kővágó

Rita Csizinszky

An intruduction to the subject

Requirements

General pharmacology -history-scope-role of pharmacology in the

veterinary medicine

Definition and classification of drug

Requirements- Regular visiting of the lectures- Successful performance of all practicals (laboratory courses)- Completion of 50% of the maximal scores on the written midterm tests.

The date and time of tests: - 1st test, 27. or 28. October (at same time for the whole class) - 2nd test, between 01. and 03. December, during the practical hour per group.

At the end of the fall semester the students will be evaluated by marks as follows:

excellent (5); good (4); medium (3); satisfactory (2); unsatisfactory (1);

The grades will be based on the average of two written tests and verbal performance during practical.Responsible for practical (laboratory courses) on pharmacology in English:Dr. György Csikó, senior lecturer (csiko.gyorgy@aotk.szie.hu)

Certain topics -as a written supplements- you can find on the Home Page of the department.

Consultation hours at the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology

Dr. Péter Gálfi Monday 11-13 hfull professor, Head of Department

Dr. György Csikó Monday 8-10 hassistant professor

Dr. Ákos Jerzsele Monday 12-14 hVeterinarian

Dr. József Lehel Tuesday 9-11 hassociate professor

(contact person)

General pharmacology

-history Originating in the 19th century, the discipline makes drug development possible.

Oswald Schmiedeberg, 1838–1921. PHOTO: NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE

Oswald Schmiedeberg (1838–1921) was the founder of modern pharmacology.

In 1872, he became professor of pharmacology at the University of Strassburg.

In 1869, Schmiedeberg showed that muscarine evoked the same effect on the heart as electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve.

Effects of nicotine and muscarine in the isolated frog heart (Oswald Schmiedeberg1869)

Manometer for the isolated frog heart according to Cyon (1876)

Cylinder according to Ludwig-Baltzar

Curve during exitation

Curve during exitation

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936

Sir Henry Hallett Dale Otto Loewi

1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize

United Kingdom Austria

National Institute for Medical Research London, United Kingdom

Graz University Graz, Austria

b. 1875d. 1968

b. 1873(in Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany)d. 1961

"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"

Otto Loewi's Frog Heart Experiments

1903

1920

2 hours

The Hypothesis:

The Experimental Test

Otto Loewi's ExperimentDiscovery of Neurotransmitters

Original records from Loewi's experiment in 1921. Saline from the stimulated heart was added to the unstimulated heart whenever the number "2" is indicated in the graph.

1. Perfusion with Ringer solution.2. Perfusion with Ringer solution obtained during a 15-min period of vagus stimulation. 3. Perfusion with Ringer solution obtained during a 15-min control period. 4. Addition of 0.1 mg atropine.

Vagusstoff

"In the night of Easter Saturday, 1921, I awoke, turned on the light, and jotted down a few notes on a tiny slip of paper. Then I fell asleep again. It occurred to me at six o'clock in the morning that during the night I had written down something most important, but I was unable to decipher the scrawl. That Sunday was the most desperate day in my whole scientific life. During the next night, however, I awoke again, at three o'clock, and I remembered what it was. This time I did not take any risk; I got up immediately, went to the laboratory, made the experiment on the frog's heart, described above, and at five o' clock the chemical transmission of nervous impulse was conclusively proved." --- quoted from Loewi, O., From the Workshop of Discoveries, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1953.

The idea for the famous heart experiment came to Otto Loewi in his sleep. In Loewi's own words:

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923

Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard Macleod

1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize

Canada Canada

University of Toronto Toronto, Canada

University of Toronto Toronto, Canada

b. 1891d. 1941

b. 1876(in Cluny, Scotland)d. 1935

"for the discovery of insulin"

Charles Herbert Best Sir Frederick Grant Banting J.J.R. Macleod

Banting and Best isolate insulin

Dr. Charles Best (left), Sir Frederick Banting (right) and Toto (middle)

Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmakon (φάρμακον) meaning drug, and lego (λέγω) to tell (about)) is the study of how substances interact with living organisms to produce a change in function.

If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.

The field encompasses drug composition and properties, interactions, toxicology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities.

General pharmacology - scope

Pharmacology -Pharmacodynamics ('what the drug does to the body‘)

-Pharmacokinetics ('what the body does to the drug')

-Pharmacokinetic properties: ADME-Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion

Scientific backgroundCell biology, biochemistry, receptors, metabolic pathways

Abelson oncogene (ABL), breakpoint cluster region (BCR)

Imatinib (BCR-Abl kinase inhibitor)

Mast cell tumour

THE PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES CAN BE FURTHER SUBDIVIDED: 

-Cardiovascular pharmacology-Biochemical and Cellular pharmacology -Chemotherapy -Clinical pharmacology -Drug Discovery, Drug Development, and Regulatory Affairs -Drug Metabolism and Disposition -Endocrine pharmacology -NeuropharmacologyMolecular pharmacologyPharmacology EducationSystems and Integrative PharmacologyToxicology Veterinary pharmacology

This subject covers pharmacology and its application to veterinary and agricultural practice.

-pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics

-drug administration-drug distribution-drug metabolism

-drug scheduling-drug legislation-classes of drugs-use of drugs and chemicals in agriculture (including residues,-

withholding periods and export slaughter)-applied toxicology-medical and clinical pharmacology -prescription writing-drug registers-adverse drug reaction-feed medications in production animals (residues, resistance and public

health)

VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY

WHAT IS A DRUG? A drug can be defined as a chemical substance of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.

A drug is any chemical or biological substance, synthetic or non-synthetic, that when taken into the organism's body, will in some way alter the functions of that organism.

food, medicine, vitamins…. "drug" ("droog"→ "dry„)

Biotransformation-inactive metabolites-metabolites with increased or decreased potencies-metabolites with qualitatively different pharmacologic actions-toxic metabolites-active metabolites from inactive (prodrugs)

Enalapril→Enalaprilat

Drug, Prodrug