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An Introduction to Natural Phyllite -
Architectural Stone
• SSQ Group was founded in 1983
• Producers and exporters of natural slate from Spain, Argentina and Brazil
• Specialists in finest quality imported slate & phyllite
• Market leader in UK; exports to Europe and worldwide
Who are SSQ & Riverstone?
• Riverstone Ltd (part of SSQ Group) was established in 2003
• Recently expanded product portfolio to include full Riverstone Architectural range
• Due to quarry ownership we can always fulfill our promises and ensure high quality control procedures are in place
Who are SSQ and Riverstone?
• To explain the formation and extraction of phyllite
• To demonstrate why phyllite can be an excellent alternative to slate
• To highlight why its properties make it suitable for architectural applications
• To help provide sufficient information to ensure problem free specifications using natural phyllite architectural and flooring products
Objectives
• Introduction to phyllite – geology, extraction and source
• Advantages of phyllite and problems occurred using inferior products
• Natural phyllite testing & standards
• Natural stone comparison table
• Stone protection
Contents
Definition: “Phyllite is from scientific Latin and means ‘leaf-stone’ phyllite is a medium grey stone.”
• Phyllite is a metamorphic stone.
• Phyllite can be split by hand.
• Phyllite is formed from two other types of stone: slate and
schist.
• Phyllite has a visible sheen owing to its exposure to extreme heat and pressure
• Phyllite tends to have a corrugated surface which can be
polished to achieve a smooth surface.
An Introduction to Natural phyllite
Source: San Luis quarry located in Argentina
• Total ownership by SSQ Group.
• All quality control done by trusted methods at source.
• Formed over 600 million years ago.
• Shares many characteristics with Cornish slate due to the tectonic plate movements.
An introduction to natural phyllite
There are 3 key classifications of natural stone, each is formed in different ways and is comprised of different minerals.
Igneous Rock
Formed when molten (melted) materials harden through crystallisation; most commonly granite and basalt.
Granite
Sedimentary RockRock formed by the hardening of material deposited in some process; most commonly sandstone, shale, and limestone.
Limestone
Metamorphic RockRock that has been physically altered by heat and/or pressure; most commonly quartzite, slate, marble and phyllite.
Phyllite
The formation of phyllite
Phyllite is a fine-grained metamorphic rock, formed from the compressive pressure from both the sea and the earth’s core.
phyllite
The formation of phyllite
• Varying degrees of heat and pressure contribute to the stones formation and strength
• Due to the fine grain and high compression of phyllite, the result is a very dense stone
Phyllite is always quarried from above and below the quartz vein.
Why quarry around the quartz vein?
1. Acts as a compressive barrier
2. Ensures the highest quality of stone
Quartz vein
The extraction process
The stone is extracted in steps using a diamond cutting wire.
Quarry rock face
Why quarry in steps?
1. Minimises wastage
2. No need to use explosives
The extraction process cont.
• High density
• Very low porosity
• Durable
• Exceptional strength
• Versatile
• Minimum maintenance (once laid and sealed properly)
Advantages of natural phyllite
• Non combustible
• Not susceptible to acid attack thus pollution resistant
• Natural product
• Long life expectancy
Advantages of natural phyllite
• Can be poorly calibrated
• Can be poorly gauged
• Easily absorb stains
• Efflorescence (salt leaches from material)
• Rust (leaching pyrite)
Problems from using an inferior natural stone to phyllite
• Has negative reactions to the freeze-thaw cycle
• Limitation on surface finish (due to low density)
• May disintegrate (mineral properties react)
• May distort under intense heat
Problems from using an inferior natural stone to phyllite cont.
6 main types of tests for natural stone:
Type: Density; Kg/m3
Description: Measured against water 1,000, higher the density the better.
EU Test: BS EN 1936
Type: Water Absorption, %
Description: Checks for water absorption in stone, lower is better.
EU Test: BS EN 13755
Type: Modulus of Rupture, MPa
Description: Measures the maximum load the stone can withstand, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 12372
Testing & Standards
6 main types of tests for natural stone:
Type: Abrasion Resistance
Description: Represents the stone’s surface to wear, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 14157
Type: Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa
Description: Measures the effect of extreme changes in weather, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 12371
Type: Slip Resistance
Description: Tested in wet and dry conditions, higher is better.
EU Test: BS EN 14231
Testing & Standards cont.
Riverstone Test Results
EU Equivalent Test Type Result (mean)
BS EN 1936 Density, Kg/m3 2760
BS EN 13755 Water Absorption, % 0.49
BS EN 12372 Modulus of Rupture, Mpa 40.53
BS EN 14157 Abrasion Resistance 23.5
BS EN 12371 Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa 37.49
BS EN 14231 Slip Resistance: Honed (dry/wet) 63/32
BS EN 14231 Slip Resistance: Brushed Antic (dry/wet)
69/50
Tests have been conducted by Sandberg Consulting Engineers
Testing & Standards cont.
* Information has been taken from the corporate websites
Stone comparison table
BSEN Test Riverstone Kirkstone Sea Green*
Khatmia* Tropicale*
Material Phyllite Slate Marble Granite
Source Argentina UK Egypt S. Africa
Density, Kg/m3 2760 NR 2690 2640
Water Absorption, % 0.49 2.25 0.35 0.11
Modulus of Rupture, Mpa 40.53 11.32 12.48 18.8
Abrasion Resistance, mm
23.5 12.2 17 13.2
Freeze Thaw Cycle, Mpa 37.49 NR NR NR
Slip Reisitance Polished (dry/wet)
63/32 27 (wet) NR NR
Slip Resistance Riven (dry/wet)
69/50 68 (wet) NR NR
Installation - flooring• The main methods of fixing phyllite flooring are:
Mortar (thick bed) method
• Fix the floor tiles in place with a concrete slurry mix
Adhesive (thin bed) method
• Fix the floor tiles in place with a proprietary adhesive
Grouting
• Tiles must be firmly set in the mortar or adhesive before commencing grouting. Specialist resin based and cement based grouts are available from a variety of suppliers
Under floor heating
• Phyllite retains heat well and is suitable for use with under floor heating.
Installation - cladding
• There are various fixing methods depending on where the cladding is being applied and the density of the pieces of phyllite
• For very dense phyllite cladding the main considerations are: DEAD LOADS – actual weight of the stonework. APPLIED LOADS – wind pressure & suction, window cleaning equipment & any thermal or structural movements that may occur • For phyllite used as thin cladding, there are various fixing methods. It is best to check BS 8298: 1994 (Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding or lining) before a final selection is made.
• Fixing systems advice and suppliers:
Amare Stone - http://amarestone.com
Halfen Limited - http://www.halfen.co.uk/
Ancon Building Products - http://www.ancon.co.uk/
An example of a sealed floor is below:
• Helps prevent marks and scratches
• Protects against damaging chemicals
Helps to prolong the life of the stone;
Protection (Stone Sealing)
* Some stone sealers will alter the colour of the stone e.g, make it darker. It is always recommended that you test the sealer on a sample first or seek advice from the seller. There are many sealants ranging from water to oil based giving matt and gloss finishes. An example of a gloss finish sealant is LITHOFIN.
Installation – British Standard References
Wall and floor tiling
• BS 5385 - Wall and Floor Tiling. Code of practice for design and installation
• BS 8000: Part 11 – Workmanship on building sites. Code of practice for wall and floor tiling
Cladding
• BS 8298: 1994 – Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining
• BS 6213: 2000 – Guide to selection of construction sealants
Cladding
• BS 8298: 1994 – Code of practice for design and installation of natural stone cladding and lining
• BS 6213: 2000 – Guide to selection of construction sealants
Interior Flooring
Exterior Flooring
Different types of applications
Different types of applications cont.Window sills
Slabs
Different types of applications cont.External Wall Cladding
Internal Wall Cladding
Different types of applications cont.Roofing
Thank You