Ali Fotowat-Ahmady

Fall 95-96

An Introduction To Electronics

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Topics

• Introduction• Important subjects of electronics• Origin of electronics• A brief history• The transistor is born• History of Integrated Circuits• Understanding Moore’s Law• Developments in Electronics• Upcoming technology

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• What is electronics?-Use of electricity for measurement,control, communications, computingand similar applications.

• Use of electronics in daily life-Alarms, lights, calculators,televisions, computers, telephones,fridges, microwave ovens,… .

Introduction

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• Thomas Alva Edison’s invention of bulb.

• Valve technology-developed by Sir J. A.Fleming

-further development led tointroduction of radio, Television, … .

Introduction(cont.)

• Radio waves -Waves of electromagnetic energy that travel at the speed of light.

-Prediction (James Clerk Maxwell) First demonstration-Heinrich Hertz.

• Radar• - Radio Detection and Ranging

- Involves transmission andreflection of radio waves.

• TransistorsIt is an electronic component used to control electric current and to provide amplification

Important subjects of Electronics

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• Integrated CircuitsSmall chips of material incorporating the functions of several separate components of a conventional electrical circuit

Important subjects of Electronics (cont.)

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Important subjects of Electronics (cont.)MicroprocessorIntegrated circuit that contains all the functions of a computer’s central processing unit.Batteries Source of electrical energy.

Origin of Electronics

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Origin of Electronics(cont.)

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A Brief History

• Guglielmo Marconi invents radio in 1895• Problem: For long distance travel, signal must be

amplified

• Lee De Forest improves on Fleming’s original vacuum tube to amplify signals

• Made use of third electrode• Too bulky for most applications

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The Transistor is Born

• Bell Labs (1947): Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley

• Originally made of germanium

• Current transistors made of doped silicon

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Types of Transistors

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History of Integrated Circuits

In 1961 the first commercially available integrated circuits came from the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation.

The original IC had only one transistor, three resistors and one capacitor.

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Primary Applications

By 1965 integrated electronics was established in new military systems.The new technology provided radical changes in digital circuitry.There were more restriction in linear systems applications.

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Moore’s law: Origin and implications

In 1965, Gordon Moore wrote an article on Electronicsmagazine titled “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits”Moore's original statement was:“The complexity for minimum component costs has increased at a rate of roughly a factor of two per year ...Certainly over the short term this rate can be expected tonot to increase. Over the longer term, the rate of increase is a bit more uncertain, although there is no reason to believe it will not remain nearly constant for at least 10 years. That means by 1975, the number of components per integrated circuit for minimum cost will be 65,000.”

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Understanding Moore’s Law

Moore's Law was initially made in the form of an observation and forecast .Main concepts :

Density of transistors double every two years.Complexity of transistors for minimum cost double every year.

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The past 45 years supports what Moore said in 1965.

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Causes of the exponential behavior

Chip dice were getting bigger

Evolution to finer minimum dimensions

Circuit and device cleverness

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End of the Moore’s Law

One big question:How many more years will Moore's Law play out??

Limits are:Design and manufacturing limitsFabrication cost

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Developments in Electronics

Automotive Evolution

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Developments in Electronics

Computer evolution

• Development of integrated circuits• Wide applications of microprocessors

digital watches, hand –held computers and electronic gaming.

• Development in digitalization of audio signals-measuring amplitude of signal at short intervals.

• Medical Electronics-progressed from computerized axial tomography and the use of C-scanners

Developments in Electronics

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• VLSI Circuits (Very Large Scale Integrated)• Broadband Communication Systems• Typewriters-replaced by Computers which are

networked-can communicate with one another• Old fashioned roll of stamps replaced-automatic

electronic mailing machines• Developments in computer systems-introduction of

tablet-mini size handy computer

Developments in Electronics(cont.)

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• Sharing films, pictures, conversations, graphics, circuits and interactive software.

• People-auditory impairment-communicate easily.

• Some jobs-conducted from home.

Advantages of Electronics

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• Robotic Dragonfly

• DARPA Pix-net Camera

Upcoming Technology

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• 30 futuristic phones

• Flying cars

Upcoming Technology

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• Controlling TV by hand

• Self driving cars

Upcoming Technology

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• We received it from Shockley and Steve Jobs

• And now we want to hand it to you in this 4 years.

Upcoming Technology