An Introduction to Air Act

8/2/2019 An Introduction to Air Act

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An Introduction To The Air

Prevention And Control OfPollution Act, 1981

Dr. D. D. Basu, Senior ScientistCentral Pollution Control Board


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Air is a precious resource that supplies us withoxygen, which is essential for our bodies to live.

Without it, we would die within minutes.

Pure air is a mixture of several gases that are

invisible and odourless. It consists of about 78%

nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and less than 1% of argon,carbon dioxide, and other gases as well as

varying amounts of water vapour.

AIR AND ITS COMPOSITION


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Air pollution has been defined as the

presence in the atmosphere of any airpollutant. As per Section 2(a) of Air

(Prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981.

Air pollutant has been defined as any solid,liquid or gaseous substance [(including noise)]

present in the atmosphere in such

concentration as may be or tend to beinjurious to human beings or other living

creatures or plants or property or

environment.


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the environment cannot be improved in

conditions of poverty, unless we are in a

position to provide employment and

purchasing power for the daily necessities

of the tribal people and those who live in

around our jungles, we cannot prevent

them from combing the forests for food

and livelihood; from poaching and from

despoiling the vegetation. How can we

speak to those who live in villages and

slums about keeping the oceans, the

rivers and the air clean when their ownlives are contaminated at the source

-- Indira Gandhi, Stockholm Conference,

1972

Stockholm Conference, 1972


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In its preamble it is stated, "WHEREAS decisions were

taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human

Environment held in Stockholm in June, 1972, in which

India participated, to take appropriate steps for the

preservation of the natural resources of the earth

which, among other things, include the preservation of

the quality of air and control of air pollution


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The legislative and regulatory measures which have been

developed aim at preservation, conservation and protection of

the environment after Stockholm Conference, 1972 .

Some important legal instruments are:

Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972

Water (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1974

Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act,1981

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991

National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995

National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997.


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Air Pollutants, their sources and effectsPollutant Possible Sources Effects

Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora /fauna

Environment &Property

Sulphur dioxide (SO2)SO2 is the chemical

compound produced byvolcanoes and in variousindustrial processes andare also a precursor toparticulates in theatmosphere.

Volcanos

(67%)

combustion of fossil fuel (coal,

heavy fuel oil in thermal power

plants, office, factories)

paper Industry

extravtion & distribution of fossil

fuels

smelting of metals (sulfide ores

to produce copper, lead and

zinc)

Petroleum refining

combustion process in diesel,petrol, natural gas driven

vehicles

respiratory

illness

visibility

impairment

aggravate

existing heart

and lung

diseases

acid rain

aesthetic damage

Oxides of Nitrogen(NOx)Oxides of nitrogen are ageneric term for a groupof highly reactive gasesthat contain nitrogen and

oxygen in varyingamounts.NOx areemitted as nitrogenoxide (NO) which israpidly oxidized to moretoxic nitrogen dioxide(NO2) Nitrogen dioxide(NO2) is a reddish-browntoxic gas with acharacteristic sharp,biting odor and is aprominent air pollutant.

Lightning

Forest

fires

Bacterial

activity

of soil

High temperature combustion

(internal combustion engines,

fossil fuel-fired power stations,

industrial)

Burning of Bio-mass and Fossil

Fuels

irritates the nose

and throat

increase

susceptibility to

respiratory

infections

Precursor of

ozone formed in the

troposphere

Form atmospheric

fine particulate matter

burden as a result ofoxidation to form nitrate

aerosol


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Pollutant Possible Sources Effects

Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora /fauna

Environment &Property

RespirableSuspendedParticulate Matter

(PM10, size 10m,coarse fraction PM10 -PM2.5). called thoracicfraction)Particulate matter (PM)is a complex mixture ofsuspended solid andliquid particle in semiequilibrium withsurrounding gases. Themajor constituents ofRSPM are organic andelemental carbon,metals/elements likesilicon, magnesium,iron, ions likesulphates, nitrates,

ammonium etc. PM10can settle in thebronchi and lungs andcause health problems

Coarse particles are

produced by the

mechanical break-up

of larger solid

particles.

Wind blown dust

such as road dust,

fly ash, soot,

agricultural

processes

physical processesof crushing, grinding

and abrasion of

surfaces.

photochemically

produced particles,

such as those found

in urban haze

Pollen grains, mould

spores, and plant

and insect parts

Non-combustible

materials released

when burning fossil

fuels.

Road traffic

emissions

particularly from

diesel vehicles

Industrial

combustion plants

some public power

generation

Commercial and

residential

combustion Non-combustion

processes (e.g.

quarrying)

agricultural

activities

cardio-pulmonary

problems

asthma, bronchitis,

and pneumonia in

older people

Visibility reduction


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Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Property

Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5,size 2.5m, fine fractionsize up to 2.5 m, respirablefraction)Airborne particles smaller than2.5 m called fine particles.Composed mainly ofcarbonaceous materials(organic and elemental),inorganic compounds (sulfate,nitrate, and ammonium), andtrace metal compounds (iron,

aluminium, nickel, copper,zinc, and lead). pose thegreatest problems, PM2.5, tendto penetrate into the gasexchange regions of the lung,and very small particles (< 100nanometers) may passthrough the lungs to affectother organs. The smallest

particles, however, less than100 nm (nanoparticles) canget into the bloodstream andaffect the cardiovascularsystem

Fine particles

are largely

formed from

gases. Ultrafine

particles are

formed by

nucleation,

which is the

initial stage in

which gas

becomes a

particle.

These

particles can

grow up to a

size of 1m

either through

condensation,when

additional gas

condensates

or

coagulation

Vehicular emission

Industrial

combustion plants

some public powergeneration

Commercial and

residential

combustion

oxidativestress

respiratorysymptomssuch asirritation ofthe airways,coughing, ordifficultybreathing

decreasedlung function

aggravatedasthma chronic

bronchitis irregular

heartbeatcardio-pulmonarydisordera

prematuredeath inpeople withheart or lungdisease

aestheticdamage visibility

reduction
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticles


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Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment & Property

Ozone(O3)Ozone is a pale blue gas,soluble in water and non-polar solvents with specificsharp odor somewhatresembling chlorine bleach.

Ozone is a secondarypollutants formed in theatmosphere by reactionbetween oxides of nitrogenand volatile organiccompounds (VOCs) in thepresence of sunlight. PeakO3 levels occur typicallyduring the warmer times ofthe year.

ozone is

present in the

atmosphere in

the

stratosphere,

in a region

also known as

the ozone

layer between

about 10 km

and 50 km

above the

surface

formed by the reaction of

sunlight on air containing

hydrocarbons and nitrogen

oxides emitted by car

engines, industrial

operations, chemical

solvents to form ozone

electronic equipment such

as photocopiers

lung function deficits respiratory illness premature death, asthma,

bronchitis, heart attack, andother cardiopulmonaryproblems.

ground-level ozone andpollution which interferes withphotosynthesis and stuntsoverall growth of some plantspecies

Ozone cracking in car

tires, gaskets, O-rings

is caqused by attack

of ozone on any

polymer possessing

olefinic or double

bonds within its chain

structure,

ozone present in the

upper troposphere

acts as a greenhouse

gas, absorbing some

of the infrared energy

emitted by the earth.

Lead

Lead is a bright silvery soft,dense, ductile, highlymalleable, bluish-whitemetal that has poorelectrical conductivityheavy metal and is highlyresistant to corrosion.

food (lead is

absorbed by

plants)

Waste incineration

Metal processing

Paint Industry

lead solder in food cans,

breast milk, drinking water,

Cosmetics, ceramic pottery,

burning of firewood or kerosene,

indigenous remedies, tobacco

and tobacco products,

contaminated drinking water, toys,

industrial effluents, lead acid

batteries, ammunition, paints and

varnishes, water pipes

automobile exhaust,

Pb is rapidly absorbed into

the bloodstream and isbelieved to have adverseeffects on the centralnervous system, thecardiovascular system,kidneys, and the immunesystem

causes blood disorders like

anemia increase in blood

presssure.

potent neurotoxin that

accumulates both in soft

tissues and the bones.

causes nephropathy, and

colic-like abdominal pains.

weakness in fingers, wrists,

or ankles.

Miscarriage and reduction offertility in males, delayed

puberty in girls permanently reduce the

cognitive capacity of children
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infraredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer


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Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &Property

Carbon monoxide (CO). also called carbonous oxide,is a colorless, odorless andtasteless gas which is slightlylighter than air. It is highly toxicto humans and animals inhigher quantities. Mainly formedby incomplete combustion ofcarbon containing fuels.

produced during

normal animal

metabolism (by the

action of heme

oxygenase 1 and 2on the heme from

hemoglobin

breakdown and

produces

carboxyhemoglobin

in normal persons) in

low quantities and

has some normal

biological functions(signalling molecule)

volcanic activity

forest and bushfires

Exhaust of

internal

combustion

engines,

especially ofvehicles with

petrol

engines

Burning of

carbon fuels

organic

combustion in

waste

incineration power station

processes

Iron smelting

burning of

crop residues

CO enters the

bloodstream through

lungs and combines

with hemoglobin forms

carboxyhemoglobin.This condition is known as

anoxemia, which

inhibits bloods oxygen

carrying capacity to

organs and tissues.

Persons with heart

disease are sensitive

to CO poisoning and

may experience chestpain if they breathe the

gas while exercising.

adverse effects on the

fetus of a pregnant

woman

Infants, elderly

persons, and

individuals with

respiratory diseasesare also particularly

sensitive.

anti-inflammatories,

vasodilators and

encouragers of

neovascular growth
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoxemia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovascularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neovascularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anoxemia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase


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Natural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment &

PropertyPolyaromatic hydrocarbons(BaP) (particulate phase only)is a five-ring polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbon whose metabolitesare mutagenic and highlycarcinogenic

coal tar (after a forest

fire),

eruption of volcanoes

Incomplete combustion of

fuels (processing of coal and

crude oil)

Combustion of natural gas Road transport

Industrial plant

Tobacco smoke

coal tar

automobile exhaust fumes

(especially diesel engines),

in all smoke resulting from

the combustion of organic

material charbroiled food, burnt toast,

cooked meat products, in

burnt foods such as coffee

Mutagenic and highly

carcinogenic (skin, lung, and

bladder cancer in humans and

in animals) skin rash or eye irritation

Bronchitis

Benzene (C6H6)Benzene is a colorless, sweetsmelling liquid. Benzene isgenerated whenever carbon-richmaterials undergo incompletecombustion. Benzene is

generated whenever carbon-richmaterials undergo incompletecombustion.

volcanoes

forest fires

Combustion of fuel

(automotive fuel, wood and

stationary fossil fuel, other

aromatics

evaporation (fuel storage

containers, during refueling Industrial emission

Coke oven

Perchlorethlyene is emitted

from some dry cleaning

facilities

tobacco smoke, wood smoke

glues, paints, furniture wax,

and detergents

Hematotoxic, neurotoxic,

leukemogenic, carcinogenic

effects

Chronic exposure to benzene

may cause

chromosomal damage, immunesuppression, aplastic anemia,

myelodysplastic syndrome,

leukemia, non-Hodgkinss

lymphoma, and cancer of the

lung and nasopharynx

Effect the Reproductive system,

developing fetus and fertility in

men, low birth weights, delayed

bone formation, and bonemarrow damage


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Pollutant Possible Sources EffectsNatural Anthropogenic Human / flora / fauna Environment

& PropertyAmmonia (NH3)A compound of nitrogenand hydrogen, a colourlessgas with a characteristicpungent odour. Contributessignificantly to thenutritional needs ofterrestrial organisms byserving as a precursor tofood and fertilizers, andeither directly or indirectly,is also a building block forthe synthesis of manypharmaceuticals.

putrefaction of

nitrogenous animal and

vegetable matter

Ammonia and ammonium

salts are also found insmall quantities in

rainwater, fertile soil and

in seawater

during volcanic erruption

The kidneys secrete NH3

to neutralize excess acid

Farms

Fertilizers Industry

Industrial sites that store

ammonia or use it as a

refrigerant can release highlevels if the chemical leaks

or is spilled

irritating to skin, eyes, throat,

and lungs and cause coughing

burns

Lung damage and death may

occur after exposure to very highconcentrations of ammonia

Odour

Arsenic (As)

is a solid layered, a ruffledanalogue of graphite,metallic gray in color and isa semiconductor. It is apotent poison IARC)recognizes arsenic andgroup 1 carcinogen (IARC)

volcanic ash, weathering

of the arsenic-containing

mineral and ores as well

as groundwater.

food, water, soil and air

Smelting of metals,

Combustion of fuels

(especially of low-

grade brown coal)

Use of pesticides.

wood preservation,

glass production,

nonferrous metal

alloys, electronic

semiconductor

manufacturing.

coke oven

emissions

associated with the

smelter industry

epigenetic changes

multi-system organ failure

As poisoning

Nickel (Ni)a silvery-white lustrouscorrosion-resistant metalwith a slight golden tinge

urease (an enzyme which

assists in the hydrolysis

of urea) contains nickel

Combustion of fossil

fuels

Nickel plating

Metallurgical

processes

Nickel sulfide fume and dust is

believed to be carcinogenic

allergy, dermatitis. Sensitivity to

nickel may also be present in

patients with pompholyx.

explosive in

air
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyshidrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyshidrosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound


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PLAYERS OF THE RULE OF POLLUTION CONTROL

Polluter Generator of Pollution

Pollute Victims of Pollution

Regulator Referee


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Polluters- Generator of Pollution

Anthropogenic sources (human activity)

"Stationary Sources" include smoke stacks of power plants,

manufacturing facilities (factories) and waste incinerators, as well

as furnaces and other types of fuel-burning heating devices.

CO
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plant


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"Mobile Sources" include motor vehicles, marine vessels, aircraft

and the effect of sound etc.

Military, such as nuclear weapons, toxic gases, germ warfare androcketry.

Chemicals, dust and controlled burn practices in agriculture and

forestry management. Controlled or prescribed burning is a

technique sometimes used in forest management, farming, prairierestoration or greenhouse gas abatement.

CONTINUED.

CONTINUED
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_burnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_warfarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weaponhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modelinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_air_dispersion_modeling


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Natural sources

Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little or no

vegetation Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for

example cattleRadon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth's

crust.

Radon is a colorless, odorless, naturally occurring, radioactive noble

gas that is formed from the decay of radium. It is considered to be a

health hazard.

CONTINUED.

CONTINUED
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_crusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatulencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust


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Smoke and carbon monoxide from wildfires Vegetation, in some

regions, emits environmentally significant amounts of VOCs on warmer

days. These VOCs react with primary anthropogenic pollutantsspecifically, NOx, SO2, and anthropogenic organic carbon compounds

to produce a seasonal haze of secondary pollutants.

Volcanic activity, which produce sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates

CONTINUED.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfireshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke


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Pollute Victims of Pollution

Living Beings

Human beings Plants

Animals

Civil Structures

Old Monuments like Taj Mahal


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REGULATORS

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

STATE GOVERNMENT

CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD/COMMITTEE


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INTER AUTHORITY NETWORK

PARLIAMENT

CENTRAL

GOVERNMENT

Concerned Ministry

Central

Board

ACTS

RULESBILL

ACTS

RULES

FORMATION

DIRECTION

FUND

SUPERSEDE

ADVICE

State

Board

State

Government

State

Assembly

INFORMATION

DIRECTION

DIRECTION

FORMATION

DIRECTION

FUND

SUPERSEDE

ADVICE

BILL

BILLRULES

FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD


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FUNCTIONS OF THE CENTRAL BOARD

Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of

air pollution and the improvement of the quality of the air;

Plan and cause to execute a nation-wide programme for the prevention, control or

abatement of air pollution;

Coordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them; provide

technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out and sponsor

investigation & research relating to problems of air pollution and for their prevention,control or abatement;

Plan and organize training of persons engaged in programmes on the prevention, control

or abatement of air pollution

Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme on theprevention, control or abatement of air pollution.


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Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the

measures devised for their effective prevention, control or abatement; prepare manuals,

codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents aswell as for stack gas cleaning devices and stacks of ducts;

Disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution and their

prevention & control;

Lay down, the air quality standards; and

Perform such other functions as may be prescribed by the Government of India.

CONTINUED

FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE BOARD


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FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE BOARD

Advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention and

control of air pollution and the improvement of the quality of the air;

Plan and cause to execute a state-wide programme for the prevention, control

or abatement of air pollution; Plan and organize training of persons engaged in consultation with the Central

board programmes on the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution

Organize through mass media, a comprehensive mass awareness programme in

consultation with the Central board on the prevention, control or abatement of

air pollution.

To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or

manufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to such persons as

it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or

abatement of air pollution.

To lay down, in consultation with the Central board and having regard to the

standards for the quality of air laid down by the Central board , standards foremission of air pollutants into the atmosphere from industrial plants and

automobiles or for the discharge of any air pollutant into the atmosphere from

any other source whatsoever not being a ship or an aircraft.


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STANDARD DEVELOPMENT


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SCIENTIFIC

DOMAIN

RISK

DOMAIN

ECOLOGICAL

CRITERIA

HEALTH

CRITERIA

GEOLOGICAL

CRITERIA

TIME

EXPOSURE

NATIONAL HEALTH

AND ECOLOGICAL

FRAGILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL

CRITERIA

RISK

ASSESSMENT

ENVIRONMENTALOBJECTIVE

GOAL

STANDARD

ASSIMILATIVE

CAPACITY

TECHNICAL

CAPABILITY

SOCIO

ECONOMIC

CAPABILITY

EMISSION

EFFLUENT

STANDARD

ENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY

TECHNICAL

DOMAIN

SOCIAL

AWARENESS

ECONOMICAL

CAPABILITY

SOCIAL

DOMAIN

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OBJECTIVE, CRITERIA,

STANDARD RELATIONSHIP


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S. No.Pollutants

Time

Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Methods of MeasurementIndustrial,

Residential,Rural and other

Areas

Ecologically

Sensitive Area(notified by

Central

Government)

1 Sulphur Dioxide

(SO2), g/m3

Annual* 50 20 1. Improved West and Gaeke

2. Ultraviolet Fluorescence24 Hours** 80 80

2 Nitrogen Dioxide(NO2 ), g/m

3Annual* 40 30 1. Modified Jacob &

Hochheiser (Na-Arsenite)

2. Chemiluminescence

24 Hours** 80 80

3 Particulate Matter

(Size


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S. No.Pollutants

Time Weighted

Average

Concentration in Ambient Air

Methods of MeasurementIndustrial,

Residential,

Rural and other

Areas

EcologicallySensitive Area

(notified by

Central

Government)

7 Carbon Monoxide (CO),

mg/m3

8 Hours ** 02 02 Non dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

Spectroscopy1 Hour** 04 04

8 Ammonia (NH3), g/m3 Annual* 100 100 1. Chemiluminescence

2. Indophernol blue method24 Hour** 400 400

9 Benzene (C6H6) , g/m3 Annual * 05 05 1. Gas chromatography based

continuous analyzer

2. Adsorption and Desorption

followed by GC analysis

10 Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP)-

particulate phase only, ng/m3

Annual* 01 01 Solvent extraction followed by

HPLC/GC analysis

11 Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual* 06 06 AAS/ICP method after sampling

on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter

paper

12 Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual* 20 20 AAS/ICP method after sampling

on EPM 2000 or equivalent filter

paper

Revised National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)[NAAQS Notification dated 18th November, 2009]


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EMISSION STANDARDIN QUEST OF BEST

PRACITICABLE TECHNOLOGY


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PRODUCT DESIGN

MANUFACTURINGPROCESS

TECHNOLOGY

OPERATING PRACTICE

LIMITS ON

RELEASE INTO

AIR & WATER

BANNING THE PRODUCTS

BANNING THE USE OF SUBSTANCE FOR

CERTAN PRUPOSE

ENCOURGING GREEN PRODUCT(ECO MARK)

INTRODUCTION OF 4 R CONCEPT

(RECYCLING,

RENOVATION, RECHARGE, REUSE)AVOIDING SPILLS

INTRODUCTION TO CLEAN

TECHNOLOGY

STORAGE OF OPTIMIZATION

OFF SITE PLANNING

BEST PRACTICABLE MEANS

(TECHNOLOGY)

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY

FINANCIAL

IMPLICATION

LIMITED SCOPE FOROLD INDUSTRY

MULTIPLICITY OF

DEPARTMENTS

INVOLVED

DISCOURAGE CLEAN

TOCHNOLOGY

ASSIMILATIVE

CAPACITY

NOT CONSIDERED

STANDARDS

DIMENSION OF STANDARDS


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PRINCIPLE OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

TECHNOLOGY

SEPERATION TECHNIQUE

SOLID GAS SEPERATION

GAS GAS SEPERATION

GAS LIQUID SEPERATION

RECOVERY OF SOLVENTS/MATERIALS

TECHNOLOGY MODIFICATIONN/CLEANER TECHNOLOGY

THERMAL DESTRUCTION FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS

GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICES AND ENGINEERING

INNOVATIONS


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SOLID GAS SEPARATION TECHNIQUE

(ARRESTING PARTIQULATE MATTER)

SETTLING OF SOLIDS

CYLONE & MULTICLONE

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

BAG FILTER


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GAS GAS SEPARATION TECHNIQUE

WATER SCRUBBER

CAUSTIC SCRUBBER

VENTURY SCRUBBER

CHARCOAL SCRUBBER

ADSORPTION


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GAS LIQUID SEPARATION

MIST ELIMINATOR

DE MISTER

SOLVENT RECOVERY

CONDENSATION

ADSORPTION

WET SCRUBBING


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ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY

BIO FILTERATION

BIO SCRUBBER

BIO TRICKLING

MEMBERANE SEPERATION

LYPHOLIZATION (Drying Process)

DRY SORBENT INJECTION

SELECTIVE NON-CATALYTIC REDUCTION (For NOx)

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION


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THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF HAZARDOUS

AIR POLLUTANT

INCINERATOR

CATALYTIC OXIDATION

FLARING


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GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICES AND

ENGINEERING INNOVATION

VALVE: BELOW SEAL VALVE

PUMP: DOUBLE SEALED PUMP

FLANGES

LOW & ULTRA NOx BURNER

LEAK DETECTION AND REPAIR (LDAR PROGRAMME)


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TYPICAL PERCENT SHARE OF EMISSIONS INCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

Fugitive emissions from equipment-40- 60 %


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Process vents : 5-15 %


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Storage tanks : 5-15 %

d l d l


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Loading /unloading facilities : 15-25 %


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WWTP: 10-20 %

AIR EMISSIONS, SOURCE AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES


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S.no. Industry Sources of Air

pollution

Pollutant Control Technology

1. Zinc, Copper and

Lead smelter

Smelter

Sulfuric acid plant

Dust, Fumes, SO2 ESP

Alkali Scrubbres

2. Aluminum Refinery Bake oven

Pot Lining

Dust Fluoride

Dust, Fluoride

Settling Chamber, bag house, ESP Alumina Scrubber

ESP, Alumina Scrubber

3. Thermal Power

Station

Boiler Particulate matter

SO2

Hg

ESP

Dispersion through stack height

Control alongwith particulate matter

4. Cement Plant Secondary crusher

Kiln

Klincker cooler

Dust

Dust

Dust

Bag Filter

ESP/Baghouse

ESP

5. Fertiliser

i) Nitrogenious

ii) Complex

including

Sulfuric acid

Urea

Sulfur Plant

SO2

NOx

CO

Urea dust

NH3

Particulate matter

Fluoride

NH3

SO2/Acid mist

NOx

Scrubber

Scrubber

Stack height

Pilling tower height

Stack Height/Wet Scrubber

Scrubber

S.no. Industry Sources of Air Pollutant Control Technology


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y

pollution

gy

6. Iron & Steel Coke Oven

Sinter Plant

Blast Furnace

Hot metal

Desulphurisati

on

Basic Oxygen

Furnace

Rolling mill

Dust, CO, H2S,

SOx, NOx

Dust

Flue gases,

dust, SOx,

NOx

Flue gases,

dust, NOx, H2S

Flue dust,

fumes

Flue dust (high

content of Iron,

Zn) CO, Fumes

Air cooled self sealing doors,

hydro jet cleaning system,

hermetically sealed charging

sleeves and screw feeder incharging car, water sealed AP

covers, luting charging holes

with clay suspension,

modified transfer/guide car

with emission control system

etc. Bag filters, ESP

Bag filter, heat exchanger,

Water Scrubber, GCP

Bag filter, ESP

Suction hood, Bag filters,

ESP

Bag filter, ESP


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S.no. Industry Sources of Air

pollution

Pollutant Control Technology

7. Petro-Chemical

i) Inorganic

Pollutants

EDC/VCM

plant and

incinerator

Process

Vent(w.w.

stripper)

Acrylonitrile

plant(Incinerat

ors)

Naptha

pretreatment

plant, olefinplant

Chlorine, HCL

Ammonia,

HCN

HCN

Hydrogen

Sulphide


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7. Petro-Chemical

ii)Fugitive

Emission

Pumps (EDC)

Valves

(Chlorine)

Single mechanical seal

(Unit-I)

Double mechanical/Tandem

seal. Degassing vent to

incinerator-(Unit-III)

Double mechanical/Tandem

seal. Degassing vent to

incinerator- (Unit-IV)

Bellow seal (control valve),

Extended bonnet (isolation

valves), Extended bonnet

(isolation valves)-(Unit-I)

Bellow seal (control valve) Extended bonnet (isolation

valves)-(Unit-III)


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7. Petro-Chemical

ii)Fugitive

Emission

Valves (VCM)

Valves (EDC)

Flanges(EDC)

Flanges

(VCM)

Extended bonnet (control

valves)

TOFLEEN valves with

Teflon packing (Isolationvalves)

Plug/Ball valve (with welded

connections only)-(Unit-III)

Plug valve (with CAF

packing)-(Unit-IV)

With Teflon/metal packing-

(Unit-IV)

Metal Gaskets-(Unit-IV)

Spiral bound CAF-(Unit-IV)

S.no. Industry Sources of Air Pollutant Control Technology


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pollution

8. Oil Refinery Furnace boiler

Catalytic

cracking

Storage Tank

Loading/unloa

ding

Sulfur

recovery unit

Equipments

leak

Wastewater

treatment

Carbon Monoxide

SO2

Hydrogen Sulphide

NO2

Nickel

Particulate matter

SOx

NOx

Nickel

VOC

VOC

NOx

CO

H2S

VOC

VOC

CO boiler

Sulfur recovery unit

Low/ultra NOx/ Selective

catalytic reduction

Sulfur recovery unit

Low/ultra NOx

Floating roof tank andvapour control System

Submerges Loading

followed by vapour

balancing/recovery.

Low/ultra NOx

LDAR

Covered lines with vapour

collection system.


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Available Techniques for End-of-pipe Treatment of Waste Gases

from Chemical Industries


50/73

GRANTING CONSENT

WHO NEEDS CONSENT UNDER AIR ACT


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WHO NEEDS CONSENT UNDER AIR ACT

START

Is it emitting any air

pollutant

Is it in air pollution

control area

Is the emission conform thestandards

Consent rejected

restrict operation

Do appeal to Appellate Authority

Is appeal rejected

Do it as per direction

Consent granted

NoNo need for consent

Yes

Yes Restriction of operation

continues

THE AIR ACT 1981


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Consent Conditions (Mandatory Under Section 22)

THE AIR ACT, 1981

Lay down the Standards Specification of Control Equipments

Chimney Heights

Ensure operation of control equipments in good running

conditions

Technological improvement on control equipments

Monitoring Protocol

Introduction of LDAR to control fugitive emissions

Validity Period of the consent

Introduction of Environmental Audit

Restriction of Fuels

Consent Condition as GuidelinesEnergy Audit to reduce fuel consumption

Adaptation of ISO : 14001

Reporting Air emissions monitoring results to SPCBs

Green Belt around the industries

CONTINUED.


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Obligations of Industries

Furnish information sought by PCB

Provide access to PCB for sampling, inspection or seizure of any document or

material object

Not to emit non-conforming emissions

Inform PCB of non-conforming emissions

Comply with written directions of PCB, including: Closure, prohibition or regulation of industry, operation or process

Stoppage or regulation of electricity, water or any other services

Comply with consent conditions

POWER TO DECLARE POLLUTION


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POWER TO DECLARE POLLUTION

CONTROL AREA

The State Government may, after consultation with the State

Board, by notification in the official Gazette declare in such a

manner as may be prescribed, any area or areas within the

State as air pollution control area for the purpose of this act.

Burning of any material (not being fuel) in any air pollutioncontrol area.

Prohibit the use of any fuel, other than an approved fuel, in

any air pollution control area or part thereof, may cause or is

likely to cause air pollution. Fuel Specification

POWERS OF POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD


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S. NO. POWERS AIR ACT

1 To obtain information Section 25

2 To take sample Section 26

3 To entry & inspection Section 24

4 To grant consent / authorization Section 21

5 To withdrawal consent / authorization Section 21

6 Powers to carryout some work Section 22

7 Emergency (remedial action) Section 23

8 Powers to restrict through courts Section 22 A

9 Power to give directions Section 31 A

10 Power to declare pollution control area Section 19

11 Power to ensure standard from automobiles Section 20

POWER OF GIVE DIRECTIONS


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POWER OF GIVE DIRECTIONS

In the performance of its functions under this Act-

The Central Board shall be bound by such directions

in writing as the Central Government may give to it.

Every State Board shall be bound by such directions

in writing as the Central Board or the State

Government may give to it.


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AIR QUALITY MONITORING


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MONITORING WHAT IT IS?

Monitoring is a programme for a systematicobservation in order to draw inference

(prediction) about the experiment or thephenomena for which it is designed.


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By systematic observation means a periodicobservation with regular intervals.

When (how often) to observe ?

frequency of observation


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By observation in science meansmeasurement

What to measure? parametersto be defined


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The third component of monitoring isthe location

Where to sample?


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Monitoring is, therefore, a programme, or anexperimental design composed of

Location of sampling

Where to sample?

Frequency of sampling How often?

What to sample

What are parameters?

POPULATION, SAMPLE AND SAMPLING


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,

Population is a larger body of collection of itemsor objects.

Sample is specified number of items (objects orbits of information) is drawn from population

Population

Sample

Sampling involves selection of elements from acollection in such a way that every element ofthe collection has the same chance of beingselected.

General Requirements for Siting


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General Requirements for Siting

Monitoring Station

The monitor should be outside the zone of influence ofsources located within the designated zone of representationfor the monitoring site.

Height of the inlet must be 3 10 m above the ground level.

Large nearby buildings and trees extending above the height

of the monitor may present barriers or deposition surfaces forPM. Distance of the sampler to any air flow obstacle i.e.buildings, must be more than two times the height of theobstacle above the sampler.

There should be unrestricted airflow in three of four

quadrants. The instrument must be located in such a place where free

flow of air is available. The instrument should not be locatedin a confined place, corner or a balcony.


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There should be no nearby furnace or incinerator fumes.

Certain trees May also be sources of PM in the form ofdetritus, pollen, or insect parts. These can be avoided bylocating samplers by placing them >20 m from nearbytrees.

Sampling in the vicinity of unpaved roads and streets

results in entrainment of dust into the samplers from themovement of vehicles. Samplers are therefore to be keptat a distance of 200m from unpaved roads.

The site should be away from absorbing surfaces such asabsorbing building material. The clearance to be allowed

will depend on the absorbing properties of the materialfor the pollutant in question, but it will normally be atleast Im.

Specific Requirements for Various Area


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Specific Requirements for Various Area

Classes

Residential Area :

The site should be away from major pollution sources. The distance dependsupon the source, its height and its emissions. The station should be at least 25maway from domestic emission sources, with larger sources the distance should begreater.

The area must predominantly consist of people residing with population densityof more than 4000 inhabitanat/km2.

There must not be any industrial activities in the area within 2 Kms. There mustnot be any commercial activities like trading centers or offices with typicalsources as DG sets etc. in the area.

The site must be away from major roads, highways and traffic zones. Stationshould be more than 100 m away from any street having a traffic volume in

excess of 500 vehicles/day. These should generally be at least 1 km from very large, visibly identifiablesource areas occupied by major industries such as cement and steel productionor ore processing.


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Industrial Zone

The station must be located in a designatedindustrial area within the cluster of air polluting

industries.

The monitoring station must be located in the areawhere maximum ground level concentration is

expected. The maximum ground level

concentrations may be determined if possible,

based on modeling exercises.

Physical requirement of the


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Physical requirement of the

monitoring site

The site should be available for a long period oftime

Easy access to the site should be there anytimethroughout the year.

Site sheltering and facilities such as electricity ofsufficient rating, water , telephone connection etc.should be available.

It should be vandal proof and protected from

extreme weather


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Traffic/ Commercial AreaMonitoring site-representing traffic/commercial zone should not be very near with undueinfluence of traffic emissions. It should be near center of heavy commercial activities.

The monitoring station must be located near traffic roads with at least 10,000 vehicles/day.

Table: A minimum distance of the sampler from road. (Source: ETC, Canada, 1995)

Average Traffic (vehicleper day)

10,000 15,000 20,000 40,000 70,000 110,000

Minimum distance ofsampler from road(meters)

10 20 30 50 100 250


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Kerbside

Kerbside, by definition, will be the sites with sample inlets within1m of the edge of a busy road and sampling heights are at 3melevation from ground level. If for reasons, 1m of the road edge isnot possible, declare the site as roadside location, which has thedefinition of being a site with sample inlets between 1m of thekerbside of a busy road and the back of the pavement. Typical willbe within 5m of the kerbside and the sampling height remains at 3melevation.

Locate station in the central urban area in a congested streetsurrounded by building where many pedestrian walk.

Average daily travel on the street should exceed 10,000 vehicleswith average speed of less than 6.7 m/s.

Monitoring probe is to be located 0.5-1m from the curb at a heightof 3m.


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Background Station

Background monitoring station at times for urbannetwork may even 100km away from a large size city.It should be located upwind at distance, so thatthere are no sources within 3-4 kms around that site

The monitoring station must be located in rural areawith no nearby sources such as vehicles, industries,DG sets etc.

The monitoring station must be located away fromdomestic emission sources such as coal burning

and other household emissions.


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GROWTH OF AIR QUALITY MONITORING NETWORK


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THANK YOU

Documents

An Introduction to Air Act