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8/8/2019 An Intelligent Routing Protocol for Vehicle safety communication in Highway Environments
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JOURNAL OF COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 11, NOVEMBER 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
HTTPS://SITES.GOOGLE.COM/SITE/JOURNALOFCOMPUTING/
WWW.JOURNALOFCOMPUTING.ORG 65
An Intelligent Routing Protocol for Vehicle
safety communication in Highway
EnvironmentsB. Ramakrishnan, Dr. R. S. Rajesh, R. S. Shaji
ABSTRACT - For rapidly changing topology and high speed mobility of the vehicles, Vehicular Adhoc Network emerges as a standard
routing protocol. An efficient Adhoc routing protocol plays a very important role in VANET application to ensure the safety of drivers and
passengers. In the earlier model routing protocols are applied to the802.11 technology based environment in which the vehicles are
moving inside the city limit and the data communication is between vehicle to vehicle via. Road Side Unit. In this paper a new VANET
model is designed for the vehicles moving outside the city without enough Road Side Units. Here the communication is purely based on
vehicle to vehicle and not from vehicle to Road Side Unit. The standard VANET routing protocols are applied to the above mentioned
VANET model and their characteristics are compared with the use of NS 2.34 version simulator and their results are presented. To
increase the performance of routing protocol, a cluster method and VANET based IEEE 802.11P technology are included in this model.
This simulation result shows the performance of reactive routing protocol and proactive routing protocol.
Index Terms – ITS, GPS, OBU, SHWM, DSDV,AODV,DSR.
—————————— ——————————
1. INTRODUCTION
HE Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has been
developed by using Vehicular Ad-hoc Network to
improve the safety of the passengers and drivers. It
provides the Emergency and Entertainment information to the
vehicles which enables a new mobile application for the
benefit of the travelers [1]. The inter-vehicular communication
field includes: vehicle to vehicle communication and vehicle to
Road Side Unit communication. Each VANET nodes includes
a Global Positioning System (GPS) device, which is used to
find the position of each vehicle in the vehicular network [2].
This information of the GPS is used by the VANET to identify
the position of other vehicles and exchanges information
which decreases the road accidents in the highways [2] [3].
This Vehicular Ad-hoc Network Communication requires a
new type of routing protocols for efficient data transmission1.
This paper compares the main routing protocols and
analyzes how these protocols behave in the given highway
scenario with varying traffic density and speed of the vehicles.
F.A. Associate Professor,Department of Computer Science, S.T Hindu College,Nagercoil-02.
S.B. Associate Professor,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli-12.
T.C. Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications,St.Xaviers catholic College of Engineering, Nagercoil.
2. BACKGROUND OF VANET ENVIRONMENT
In the earlier research works, the area of vehicle to vehic
communication begins from the Adhoc network mode th
further expands in to VANET in which the vehicles ar
assumed to be moving in the city limit only [4]. The presen
work considers the vehicles moving outside the city an
exchanging information directly without using Road Sid
Unit. The range of 802.11 standards is nearly hundred meter
and the vehicles within this range behave as a router
propagate the information in a multi-hop communication [5
To transfer the message from one vehicle to another vehicl
the network needs an efficient protocol. The main function o
the routing protocol is to identify the position of each vehic
in a VANET. This information is used for identifying th
source and destination vehicles in a vehicular network. Th
routing protocol can be classified according to the range o
communication. By the use of routing algorithm, a route
established to link source and destination vehicles. The unica
protocol sends the information from one source vehicle
destination vehicle, but in multicast protocols the informatio
is sent to a group of vehicles [6]. For reliable vehicula
communication, the performance of the routing protocol use
to communicate the message is important [3]. Differen
routing protocols are suited for different VANE
characteristics and scenarios, but the main issue is how
select an efficient routing protocol among them. For th
purpose reactive and proactive protocols are taken in
T
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consideration and these protocols are applied to the proposed
highway model scenario mentioned in this paper. The
characteristics of these protocols are studied using of NS 2.34
version network simulator.
3. ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANETS
A routing protocol plays an essential role in vehicular network
data communication. The VANET is a main component of
MANET, so the operations of these two Adhoc networks are
the same. Therefore most of the MANET routing protocols are
applicable to vehicular networks. Due to the difference in high
speed mobility of vehicles, VANET communication requires
suitable modification in the predefined routing protocols and
IEEE standards 802.11. This paper discusses the routing
protocols for VANET implemented in NS2.34 version namely
Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) protocol. It is a
table driven protocol, while the other two, namely Dynamic
Source Routing (DSR) and Ad-hoc On-demand Distance
Vector (AODV) routings are on demand protocols [7][8].
DSDV is a modification of the Bellman-ford algorithm, which
can solve routing problem in VANET environment. Each node
maintains a routing table, which contains the shortest path
information to other node in the vehicular network. The
DSDV algorithm provides one route to the destination vehicle
and chooses the shortest path according to the number of hops
to reach the destination. The DSDV is well suitable for small
scale ad-hoc network [6].
The DSR and AODV are on-demand Reactive routing, inwhich network routes are only updated when a source vehicle
wants to send a message to the destination vehicle [9]. The
DSR uses source routing in which the data packet contains the
header field that includes the information about the hop-by-
hop route to the destination. It also maintains multiple routes
for each destination. The routing discovery in DSR sets up a
route from the source vehicle to the destination vehicle by
sending the Route request packet from the source vehicle. If
any one of the vehicles breaks its wireless communication then
this algorithm reconnects the route from the source to the
destination vehicle by sending Route Error Packet to the
adjacent node of the broken link. The DSR algorithm does not
locally repair a broken wireless communication link. But it is
done through Error Rectification procedure and it consumes
much more time. Thus the connection setup time is higher
than that of DSDV protocol. AODV is similar to DSR, in which
a route setup from source to destination is done by sending a
Route request message. AODV uses a destination sequence
number to find the latest route to the destination vehicle [8].
4. RELATED WORK
Most of the previous works on routing protocols have been
established for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks [8] [9] only a limited
work has been done on vehicle to vehicle communication
inside the city. But no major attempt has been made on
vehicular communication outside the city area.
Algorithm1: Cluster Creation
Algorithm 2 : Service Discovery Algorithm
This paper makes an honest attempt to present a new simple
highway model with a novel Cluster concept for improving
the performance of the data communication [10]. Only a bird’s
eye view of the Cluster creation, Cluster Head Election and
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Cluster Head Switching procedure for this highway model is
given in the present paper because these concepts were dealt
elaborately by the author in paper [11]. The service discovery
for the Cluster based highway model is presented in paper
[12]. The results of the comparative study of the standard
802.11 and 802.11P are presented in paper [13]. The paper [14]
presents the relative performance of the Cluster concept. Thedifferent routing protocols are analyzed with the information
obtained from the above four studies and their characteristics
are presented. The Algorithm 1 and Algorithm 2 describes the
cluster creation method and service discovery procedure for
the Simple Highway model [15].
5. SYSTEM MODEL
Instead of the random movement of nodes in MANETs, the
nodes in VANET move in predefined road. The radio range of
VANET is in between 250 and 350 meters. Within this range
the vehicles can easily communicate with each other. The
mobility of the vehicular node is dependent on parameters
like speed, direction of the vehicles and the layout of roads. It
is a fact that the speed of the moving vehicle on a highway is
higher i.e. nearly 150 km/hr. Therefore the topology in
VANET changes more frequently. For this reason the IEEE
standard 802.11 is not well suited for vehicular environment.
So the amendment made on 802.11 establishes a new standard
for VANET model. It is known as the wireless access in
vehicular environment (WAVE) . Another version of 802.11 is
known as 802.11p [13]. The Figure 1 represents the VANET
system architecture for Emergency situation.
Figure 1 : Emergency Broadcasting VANET Architecture
6. PROPOSED MODEL
The high speed vehicles moving in a highway are equippe
with a communication device known as On-Board Un
(OBU). By using such devices, vehicle can communicate wit
each other as well as with Road Side Unit (RSU). As there
enough member of RSU in the city limit, the moving vehicle
get good data communication among them. But when the
move outside the city limit the communication is weak due lack of RSU’s. In the present work each vehicle acts as a rout
to communicate with other vehicles. The routing protoco
assume that each vehicle in the VANET knows its positio
Therefore each vehicle is equipped with a Global Positionin
System (GPS) device to identify the correct location of th
destination node. Moreover it is assumed that each vehicle h
an on-board navigation system and the preloaded digit
maps through which it can determine the position of i
neighboring junction. It is also assumed that each vehicle h
the knowledge about its velocity and direction of movemen
of the vehicle.
The reliability of the Routing protocols is analyzed only o
the basis of the above mentioned assumptions. It is observe
that in the existing research work the IEEE standard used fo
data communication is 802.11. But due to the high spee
vehicle movements the standard 802.11p is included in th
model [13]. To increase the efficiency of the VANE
communication, a clustering concept is introduced in th
highway model. This new cluster algorithm splits th
vehicular area into a number of clusters and each cluster has
cluster head. Generally the cluster head may be RSU’s in ci
environment but in the highways anyone of the vehicle wigood data driven capability acts as a Cluster head [11]. All th
Cluster heads are synchronized in a specific period of tim
and it is ensured that all the cluster heads have the late
service updates. If the vehicle crosses the Cluster boundar
then the Cluster head algorithm selects a prominent vehicle a
a new cluster head and the information of the old Cluster hea
is transferred to the current one.
Whenever a new service is included, then all the Clust
heads immediately update their database with the ne
information [11]. If a node wants to search a service,
immediately contacts its local Cluster head. If the specifie
service is available then it provides details to the requeste
node. If not, the discovery algorithm synchronizes all th
Cluster heads and makes a search for the requested servi
[14].
7. SIMULATION
The simulation model is based on NS 2 simulation versio
2.34. This simulation results are displayed in the NAM file an
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the routing parameters are obtained from the trace file. To
evaluate the performance of the routing protocols, some
parameters have been used in the TCL file for measuring the
efficiency of vehicle to vehicle communication. The study of
these parameters is analyzed by the NS 2 Trace file. Therefore
the Agent Trace ON and Route Trace ON in the TCL fie are
activated.
8. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
The simulation scenario is designed according to the normal
movement of the vehicles in highways. Let us assume the
VANET area as 1400*1400 meters in highway with
bidirectional movement of vehicles. The number of vehicles in
this simulation is varying from 25 to 150. This proposed work
defines a scenario for each set of nodes. The NS2.34 highway
scenario is shown in Table 1 and the critical simulation
parameters are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
Table1: Simple Highway Mobility Model -NS2.34 NAM file output
Table 2: IEEE 802.11p Parameters in TCL file
In the first case, a simulation is done with 25 nodes where
the communication takes place between the source vehicle 5
and the destination vehicle 20. This study has been repeated
with the number of Clusters varying from 2 to 20 with
multiples of two. Then the speed of the vehicle is assumed to
be constant in each scenario and the communication has been
tested by using the speed of the vehicle between 5 and25m/sec.
Table3 : Critical parameters used in NS 2.34 VANET simulations
9. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
9.1 Analysis of Packet receiving time for various
protocols using 802.11 & 802.11p
This parameter defines the time it needs to establish the
connection for each protocol. The Packet has been transmitted
from the source vehicle 5 to the destination vehicle 20. This
scenario contains 100 nodes with the number of Clusters
varying from 2 to 20 in steps of two. The speed of each vehicle
is assumed to be 10 m/sec and the IEEE standard 802.11 is
used for this stimulation. The performance of Packe
Receiving Time for routing protocol DSDV, AODV and DSR is
shown in figure 2.
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Figure 2 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE
802.11
Figure 3 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE
802.11p
Figure 4 Number of cluster vs Packet receiving time (msec) using IEEE
802.11p &802.11
It’s noticed that the DSDV protocol yields a low Packet
Receiving Time than AODV and DSR. The same result is
obtained when the VANET IEEE standard 802.11P is included
in this network model which is shown in Figure 3. From
Figure 4 it is observed that the routing protocol DSDV wi
802.11P yields a low Packet Receiving Time than the routin
protocol DSDV with standard 802.11.
9.2 Comparison of broadcasting time for different
routing protocols using802.11&802.11p
The broadcasting time for various protocols in the propose
simple highway model with 100 nodes is presented in figure
It is observed that, the presence of DSDV protocol wit
standard 802.11 is better than AODV and DSR. The DS
protocol has high broadcasting time which is shown in figu
4 and the simulation result is found in the broadcasting tim
for various protocols using 802.11P. From the Table 4 an
Figure 5 and Figure 6, it is clear that DSDV yields low
broadcasting time than the other two. It is also noted that th
DSR has high value than AODV protocol.
Figure 5 Number of cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE
802.11
Figure 6 Number of cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE
802.11p
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Table 4. cluster vs Broad casting time (msec) using IEEE 802.11
&802.11p
9.3 Analytical study of packet delay time for different
routing protocols using 802.11p
It indicates the propagation and transfer delay between first
packet and second packet. The Packet delay times for various
routing protocols are measured and the comparative delay
time
Figure 7. cluster vs Packer delay time (msec)using 802.11p
Characteristic of standard 802.11 with speed 10 is noticed in
Figure 7. With Cluster 4 and 8, the delay time of the packet for
AODV is lower than other two protocols.
9.4 Performance analysis of normalized routing load
for various Routing protocols
Figure 8 cluster vs Normalized routing load using IEEE 802.11p
The Figure 8 shows the analysis of normalized routing load
for various routing protocol with speed 10. A low normalized
load is observed when DSR protocol is used and better resultis achieved for Clusters between 4 and 10.
9.5 Packet forward ratio for DSDV, DSR AND AODV
protocols
Figure 9. Cluster vs Packet forward ratio using IEEE 802.11p
In Figure 9 it is observed that the Packet forward ratio is
higher for AODV protocol and its performance is good if the
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number of Cluster is below 8. When the number of Clusters
increases, the packet forward ratio decreases in the AODV
where as it increases in DSR protocol.
9.6 Packets delivery ratio and throughput analysis for
reactive and proactive protocols
From Figure 10, it is observed that the packet delivery ratio is
high for DSR protocol and low performance is received in
AODV protocol. Figure 11 shows the throughput comparison
of AODV, DSR and DSDV. The graph reveals that DSDV has
higher throughput than AODV and DSR. The packet through
put in a given highway scenario is low for DSR protocol.
Figure 10 Cluster vs Packet Delivery ratio using IEEE 802.11p
Figure 11 Cluster vs Throughput using IEEE 802.11p
10. CONCLUSION
This paper analyzes the routing protocols Destination
Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Ah-hoc On-demand
Distance Vector and Dynamic Source Routing in a VANET
environment. It has been proved that a better performance is
received in DSDV for both 802.11 and 802.11p standards in
terms of the packet receiving time and Broadcasting time.
Normally DSDV protocol is well suited for small scale ad-ho
network [7]. Among three routing protocols the DSDV has th
best packet receiving time and Broad casting time. It is als
noted that the proactive routing protocol DSDV achieve
better through put than the reactive protocols AODV an
DSR. From this analytical work it has been proved that, whe
dealing with Packet delay time, Packet delivery ratio, Packforward ratio and Normalized routing load the protocols th
present better response are AODV and DSR. Future researc
can be done in this area to create a geographical routin
procedure for VANET networks in order to increase the
performance.
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