CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

INTRODUCTION

Broadcasting has been a key ideological and avant-garde tool for helping the

Filipino Children when it comes to mass education. Through years, the media is

continuously working on providing not only the information and entertainment but most

of all changing lives. The media uphold its commitment for educating the masses as it is

stipulated in Broadcast Media Council (BMC) and Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng

Pilipinas (KBP), moreover from the Philippine Constitution’s provisions. Broadcasting as

a tool for education is undeniably efficient and effective especially when the medium

television is being used. It has both visual and audal medium which made television at

ease to capture the attentions of the young audiences. Thus, the idea of Educational

Television has made its legacy to the Philippine History of Broadcasting as well as in the

History of Educational Development.

Educational Television is produced TV program formats which aim to educate

certain target audience accord to a specified information and goal directives. Sometimes

instructions, descriptions, narrations and expositions were used for the effectiveness of

the program. Here in the Philippines, there are many ETV programs produced in different

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free TV stations; Sineskwela Math-tinik, Pahina, Epol Apple, Matanglawin (ABS-CBN);

Batang Bibo, Lovely Day (GMA 7). It discerns that Philippine Broadcasting made an

effort and concerns on responsible broadcasting. Here, the ETV programs follow a

curriculum for subject topics and uses a “media mechanized” way of teaching the lessons.

The program considers the demographics (age, location, income of the family) and

psychographics (viewing habits, viewing motivations). The intellectual statuses were also

considered to know if the audience could understand the depictions and intricacies of

lessons being discussed in the ETV program. Consultations from education professionals

were conducted to assure if the program is “child friendly” and effective tool for learning

the specified subject sphere. In local setting, ETV programs focuses on the subjects like

Science and Technology, Health, English and Mathematics. Moreover, it is not just

merely explaining concepts, rules and theories the programs also promote essential

cultural and ethical values which made ETV an excellent way of teaching. The ETV

programs also received recognition from the Department of Education and Anak TV seal,

the accreditation means the credibility of the programs.

The advent of changes in technology which brings out new interests for children

was a new challenge to the Educational Broadcasting Industry. The birth of mp3 players,

PSP and other game consoles and social networking services is one of the constraints of

teaching the young audience. The insufficient budget and attention for ETV programs

was also an issue. Before blaming to it, the main issue is that, Do ETV programs could

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adjust and adapt to the new trends of media technology? Do the changes on curriculum

could adapt to it? Do the students and the teachers needs were met on the ETV programs?

What are the possible innovations have to make to produce to upgrade the ebbing

education of Filipino children?

This research will focus on the efficiency and affectivity of the ETV programs. It

will answer the needs of the students and teachers for a specific educational program. The

problems were the subjects to be taught, the curriculum basis, the strategies, the values,

the entertainment aspect and lastly the impact or change of such program to the learning

of the students. It is a good focus of research since nowadays the technologies and

economic crisis is a big agent that hinders the learning of the students in Academics.

Education is a fundamental need of a citizen to achieve the affluent life and help the

economic growth of the country. Media, as a responsible institution for educating the

masses should exert time, money and effort for doing quality programs for children. Here

the research will provide a standard on what should an ETV programs cater to the

growing and ever changing mass audience. The research will yield results that will give a

status or idea that will reveal interventions for next generation media education. This will

evaluate the educational television programs as basis for broadcast program development.

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Statement of the Problems:

An evaluative analysis of identified Educational Television Programs according

to perceived needs as basis for Broadcast program Development has the following

problems that will be answered at the end of the study.

1. What is the student’s background on patronizing ETV programs?

- Number of student’s watching ETV.

- Number of students with family members watching ETV program.

- Age the students started watching ETV program.

- Network they subscribe ETV program.

- ETV programs they have been patronizing.

2. What are the needs of the students and teachers that have to be sufficed by

educational television programs in terms of; media innovations, subjects, values,

and entertainment?

3. What is the current performance assessment of the students for the use of ETV

program?

Hypotheses:

1. There is no viewership profile of the students, thus they are not watching any of

available ETV programs.

2. The educational television programs do not suffice the need for innovations in

media technologies. Subjects to be focus must not be prioritized by ETV

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programs. Values in aspect of social, cultural, family and personal doesn’t need to

be inculcated. Furthermore, entertainment value of such programs is not necessary

for building effectiveness of the program.

3. The students who watch the identified ETV programs don’t show any recognition

to the program’s contributions.

Significance of the Study

The evaluative analysis for Educational television programs will help the

researchers to find out what are the aspects to be improved or innovate to create an

informative and effective television program. The researchers will discover the

interrelated and interdependent factors use to analyze the scrutiny of variables of the

study.

To the future students of the researcher’s course, broadcast communication. The

evaluative analysis study will scrutinize the plans of implementing and producing

educational television program. It will help the students of the course to be aware and

learn how to evaluate a television program. It will help them to be critical on analyzing

factors and interpret the data. Moreover, it will be a starting point for initiating

development in mass communication as part of responsible broadcasting in the near

future. The study will also provide a ready material for future researchers relates to the

topic.

To the community and the country, nowadays, educational programs were current

concern of responsible broadcasting in the Philippines. Programs that promote academic

progress and cultural values were used by the media as a tool for educating the children.

Nowadays, recession, insufficient teachers, school equipments, books and other

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deficiencies hinder the effective learning for the elementary students especially students

in the elementary level. Media as institution and as it uphold its commitment to promote

education and public welfare needs to do a response on it. Any results from the research

will help to conceptualize possible change suitable for educational television programs.

Scope and Limitations

The study will utilize 12 identified Educational TV programs from the identified

VHF channels specifically, GMA7, ABS-CBN and QTV 11. The research will be guided

by a needs analysis survey guide. It will also conduct a descriptive survey to 20 education

students and 20 broadcast communication students. The respondent will be selected

through stratified purposive sampling and the study will take 3 months, 2nd semester,

2010-2010. UE-CAS and UE-CED students will be the subject of the study.

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Conceptual Framework

Fig 1.1 Paradigm for Needs analysis of ETV Program

The evaluative analysis for ETV programs will use this paradigm to identify the

needs for the three major criteria for evaluating an ETV program. The needs specified on

the diagram will modify the focus of the study. The researchers have clustered three

aspects of the needs in broadcast program; subjects (prescribed by the DepEd and the

station itself); values education which can be found on each episode to promote Filipino

culture; the entertainment value as a motivation for its audience. The paradigm will help

the researchers to scrutinize and analyze main problem and what could be its

corresponding solutions.

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Educational Television Programs

Needs Analysis Survey Guide according to

Avillanoza, 2000

Evaluative Analysis

Television Program

Development

Subjects

English, Mathematics, Science and Technology.

History, Social

Sciences

Values

Culture

Filipino Values

Entertainment

Audio-visual

Executional device

Content quality

The researchers considered scrutinizing the three variables for the study. ETV

programs as the independent variable has the intervening variable which affects the ETV

program. The dependent variable which is the program content as the needs of the

students change, or the demands of the student’s towards ETV program changes. This

concept treatment will help the researchers to further analyze the evaluation that will

come out at the end of the study.

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Independent Variable

ETV program

Intervening Variable

Student’s viewership profile, needs of the student from the program

Dependent Variable

Program Content

Theoretical Framework

Fig 1.2 Program Action – (Input – Output Analysis)

The researchers will utilize the paradigm of association evaluation or the input –

output analysis and its impact or results. This framework has a design which effectively

summarizes the process of evaluation of ETV programs. First, the researchers will

identify current issues of ETV programs. Then, the current issues will initialize certain

methods or inputs to be used followed by actions using tools and modifying its target

audiences or respondents. Subsequently, the research outcomes will be modified and

analyzed according to the levels of its effects. Lastly, results will be reported. The steps

followed from Program – Action Model is transparent to the conceptual framework of the

researchers.

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Current Situations

Priorities

Inputs

What are things to invest?

Outputs

Activities Participation

Outcomes – Impact

Short term Medium term Long term

What do we do?

Our target audience

Short Term

Learning

Medium Term

Action

Long Term

Conditions

Assumptions External factors

Evaluation

Focus – Collect Data – Analyze and Interpret – Report

Definition of Terms

Broadcast network is an organization, such as a corporation or other association, that

provides live or recorded content, such as movies, newscasts, sports, and public affairs

programs for broadcast over a group of radio or television stations.

Cable channel is a television channel available via cable television. Such channels are

usually also available via satellite television. Alternative terms include non-broadcast

channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts.

Closed circuit educational television Any application of educational television that

does not involve broadcasting for public viewing; the programs can be seen only on

specified receivers connected to the television camera by circuits, which include

microwave relays and coaxial cables.

Curriculum: A program of courses that meets the requirements for a degree in a

particular field of study, also referred to as a major.

Educational television is the use of television programs in the field of education. It may

be in the form of individual programs or a dedicated television channel. Example:

children’s TV series.

Educational TV stations are television stations that are dedicated to giving information

in an entertaining but still educational way.

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General Education (GE):  A program of courses in the arts and sciences that provides

students with a broad educational experience.  Courses typically are introductory in

nature and provide students with fundamental skills and knowledge in mathematics,

English, arts, humanities, and physical, biological, and social sciences.

Instructional television (ITV) is a type of television program that is designed for use in

schools. Programs on instructional television may be less than one half hour long to help

their integration into the classroom setting. These shows are often accompanied by

teachers' guides that include material to help use this program in lessons.

Open circuit educational television usage of public channels of educational television

to reach large audiences and different people.

Program content The content of television programs may be factual, as in

documentaries, news, and reality television, or fictional as in comedy and drama. They

could be primarily instructional, the intention of educational programming, or

entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, reality TV, or game shows, or for income

as advertisements.

Program format is a license to produce and to broadcast a national version of a

copyrighted foreign television program and to use its name. Formats are a major part of

the international television market.

Programming is the designing, scheduling, or planning of a program, as in broadcasting.11

Public affairs program, a broadcasting industry term, refers to TV programming which

focuses on matters of politics and public policy.

Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) is broadcasting made, financed and controlled by

the public, for the public. It is neither a commercial nor a state-owned, both free from

political interference and pressure from commercial forces.

 State Network in broadcasting industry is a term which refers to a miniature network of

television stations serving an entire state or multiple states.

UHF - The Ultra High Frequency spectrum is everything from 300 megahertz to 3.0

gigahertz.  One of the bands within this spectrum is the TV UHF band, which goes from

470 megahertz (channel 14) to 806 megahertz (channel 69).  Each of these stations

occupies 6 megahertz of that spectrum.

VHF - The Very High Frequency spectrum is everything from 30 megahertz to 300

megahertz.  It is divided into many bands for different purposes (police, fire, aircraft,

etc.)

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CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Study

This chapter includes different literature and studies local and foreign. Each of the

research gathered were selected according to its relevance to the researcher’s study. This

chapter consists of facts needed by the researcher to support the study.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Television is distinctive in its universal reach. No other medium can transport us

simultaneously to the scene of action anywhere on earth… Television is distinctive also

as a new language, a new art-in-the-making with extraordinary power to quicken the

senses and focus the mind on reality (Siepmann, 1964). He connotes that television can

educate everyone to an understanding of what one educational philosopher called the

insistent present.

The concept of public-service broadcasting in the United States has had an

interesting history, which reflects both the concept and the execution of public service in

government and industry. This has been also a history of how unique a relationship

among broadcasters, advertisers, the federal government, and its agencies which has been

worked out. Public-service broadcasting responds to indefinite demand that the interest of

the public should be considered by all broadcasters, commercial and noncommercial the

like.13

On commercial television channels today, public-service broadcasting represents

one phase of serious television service offered either locally or via a network. Various

stations have responded to the needs of their communities in different ways.

Determination of exactly when these programs were to be presented and in what

proportion to the total number of televised programs are issues faced by the earlier years

of ETV.

Types of programs

Public-service programs may be sponsored (paid for by the sale of the

commercial announcements) or sustaining (carried by a network or station out of its own

funds).

Commercial public-service programs are another matter. Although most of the

time they are broadcast during Sundays or at hours before and after the “prime” evening

time during the week because of the reason that their participating advertisers want some

assurance of large viewing audience and mostly it is produced with healthy budgets.

The most common seen type of public-service program in commercial channels

consists of news or public affairs and may or may not be sponsored. The general lack of

precision in defining exactly what kind of programs carried on commercial channels is

indeed a public service or educational may in itself be a healthy state of affairs, as far as

the educational function of commercial station is concerned.

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One of the major aims of most of these stations is to provide public-service

broadcasts as these have been defined. This programming constitutes one important

rationale for the encouragement of these stations by both government and the large

private foundations for the reason that they were supposed to “fill the gaps” in broadly

educational programming which commercial outlets will not provide. Various systems

have been devised for pooling the resources of the educational stations in the United

States and elsewhere.

National Educational Television and Radio Center, that have its headquarters in

New York, offices Washington, and a distribution center in Ann Arbor, Michigan--- these

institution plays an important role in distributing instructional as well as public-service

programs to educational stations. : Public-affairs programs, children’s programs,

discussions of controversial issues and the like.

The National Association of Educational Broadcasters, located in Washington,

D.C., and Urbana, Illinois, another organization, also distributes taped programs. As of

1964, more than eighty agencies in the United States, including certain educational

broadcasting materials are for rental, at various rates, to noncommercial television

stations.

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NETWORKS AND PROGRAM CONTENT

1. National news and news analysis

2. Discussion, debates and panels

3. The fine arts

4. The lively arts

5. Travel and international television

6. The world of the natural and behavioral sciences

7. Programming for young people

Public-service broadcasting has been an integral part of American radio and

television for many years. No one can calculate its effects with precision. In fact during

World War II, television and radio was used for the public-service “spot” announcements

for community welfare.

A carefully constructed research volume has drawn the following curious

hypothesis towards the American’s public feeling towards serious, non-formal

educational television of all types. First, twice as many people prefer “light”

entertainment such as comedy, game shows, domestic play lets and the likes, as prefer

“heavy” entertainment which consists of serious dramas, ballet, opera, and so on. Even

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the college-educated viewers select such programs a mere 9 percent of the time when

serious programming competes with entertainment.

The over-all effects of public-service telecasts, therefore, are likely negligible,

despite the well-meaning claims concerning their importance to the communities they

serve. The reasons appear to run something like this: few people watch public-service

educational broadcasts on commercial channels because most people prefer light

entertainment; light entertainment is given by them the most professional productions,

high-end budgets, and the prime time of the day. On the other side, public-service

programs were only given low budgets and sloppy productions, and presented at odd and

inconvenient hours.

The fact remains that most public-service programs on commercial channels

probably do not affect the thinking of more than a small minority of the viewers served

by any television station and they affect the behavior and even the smaller number.

On the other hand, the effects of public-service broadcasting on educational

channels are entirely different from those on commercial stations, because of the reason

that their aims and methods of operation are so different.

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According to Wilbur Schramm that it is quite probable that, whatever the effects

of educational television’s public-service programs, they are more extensive in each

individual community than the size of the audience would lead one to suspect.

The audiences for educational television are relatively small and public-service

broadcasting takes an uncomfortable second place in competition with commercial

broadcasting. Parting to the topic is that Wilbur Schramm observes that children in the

United States are trained to think of television as a form of entertainment, and to reserve

the very notion of education and learning experiences for other facets of their lives, and

they look very differently on serious broadcasting---negatively or derogatory. They are

thus discouraged from selecting such broadcasts in favor of those which are more

amusing.

The use to which television will be put during the next decades by Americans will

depend in part upon the attitudes toward television learned in school and as well as at

home. In accordance to this observation Schramm concludes that:

“ it is reasonable assumption, however, that the use the child is taught to make of

serious television in the elementary school years will largely determine the extent to

which he continues to use it through the teens; and if the chance is lost, then the full

usefulness of educational television will not become apparent to him, if at all, until he is

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through school and on his own” The challenge in here is that how the public-service

television will offer another method of introducing such programs in a different manner

to the teachers, administrators, and parents in the United States that will not have a result

of any negative issue or jargons in the future.

FOREIGN STUDIES

In television, a medium that provides pervasive and vast information in the

society that can be seen or hear, a technology that provides big potential in education.

The US office of education commissioned a study of the research on educational

television in 1967. Their final report noted that between 1957 and 1967 made 269

literature projects.

The application of TV in education reported in 1967, and those attempted

subsequently, can be categorized as follows:

Replicating teachers and televising them to several small sections of a large-

enrolment college course. This is done with or without teaching assistants at

section sites.

Replicating master teachers and televising them to classes in school districts

where qualified teachers in certain subjects are not available.

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Replicating courses and televising them at homes, allowing professionals to

participate in continuing-education experiences. This approach has been used for

college credit and high school equivalency diploma program.

Delivering in-service training to groups of teachers and administrators throughout

a school district.

Providing the capacity for image magnification to enhance and facilitate in-class

demonstrations of all kinds.

Providing supplemental/enrichment motion picture materials, delivered by video.

A teacher-operated videocassette or DVD system is markedly more convenient

than the classroom use of a motion picture projection setup.

Making feasible self-confrontation-by-videotape techniques for teaching skills of

all kinds. The learner’s performance is recorded and then the tape is reviewed

with or without the teacher.

TV empowers individuals by amplifying their capacity to see and hear virtually

anything, anywhere, but it seems that teachers are not because they are afraid to be

replaced and could reach their professional security and also the fear that decrease the

need of teachers. This perception lead to the existence that TV can promote and enhance

their fidelity, relevancy, and accessibility of the information they are making to learners.

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THE ETV EXPECTATIONS GAP ANALYZED

Four primary reasons of failure

1. Television VS. Teacher’s Traditional Role

Thompson’s views an educational television and teachers in 1969 are still valid

today. “Teachers are the original! It seemed that the ETV wanted to alienate the

classroom teacher!” it was imposed on the teaching community by educational

administration. On the other party, television, the global master medium that daily

impacts the extension of human sensory and its immediacy makes it authentic, unique,

compelling, and powerful.

In 1995, the official major and national higher education said to the teachers that

they are still experimenting and learning which topics and modes of presentation make

the most attractive alternatives to live sessions.

2. Curriculum-Specific Challenge

Teachers make their own curricula based on predetermined objectives. This

involves not only what to teach but when to teach it.

In late 1970s, low-cost video recorders made the scene. Allowing schools to

record the televised lessons made it feasible to better integrate these into the curriculum

schedule in piece.

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3. Faulty Adaptation

There’s no doubt that TV can be adapted to a host of applications, and the degree

of adaptation determines the effectiveness. Not everyone can understand the “concept of

adaptation” with regards to the use of television in education. Often, the result has been a

mismatch similar to having a farmer use a jetliner to spray a cotton field.

4. Perceiving Television as a Passive Medium

The use of television is passive when effort and imagination have not been

expended to make it an active, exciting, compelling medium for importing audible and

visible information to teachers. The outcome depends on the users or teachers’

understanding of televisions’ versatility.

According to Kathleen Kennedy Manzo on her article “Studies Support Benefits

of Educational TV for Reading”, a new generation of programs, and a rigorous research

effort to test its impact, is adding to the “Sesame Street” legacy and working to clarify for

parents the potential benefits for television viewing, particularly for literacy development.

The researchers found out that educational television has earned high praise and millions

of fans for entertaining and educating young children, while learning experts surely agree

that too much television and inappropriate content can have detrimental effects on

children, the right kinds of programs can set them on the path toward reading. Well-

designed programs can teach distinct skills such and sound recognition, as wells as

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cultivate a love reading. Literacy has been a dominant theme of public-television

programs since the first episodes of “Sesame Street”. Many parents since then have

observed firsthand effectiveness of those lessons, there is now growing empirical

evidence that such carefully crafted segments deliver an academic punch. A federally

financed study released last month, for example, found that “World World,” a program

funded under the Ready to learn initiative, helps pre-school children learn oral

vocabulary and featured words. “Between the Lions,” hosted by a puppet family of lions

who live in New York City Library, has been studied even more extensively. Studies on

the 10-year-old program have linked it to significant gains in students’ understanding of

how letters combine to make words, as well as of the purpose of the printed word.

The American Academy of Pediatrics has recognized that some television

programming has benefits. The academy also points to the potential for television in

general to send the wrong messages about violence, drug use, and other negative

behaviors, as well as its documented role in promoting sedentary behavior that can lead

to childhood obesity. The best programs create a content that reflects research on how

children learn and test it out on children prior to putting it on television, while public

television tends to dominate the educational market, the cable stations Nickelodeon and

Disney Channel have also found success in promoting children’s learning on shows such

as “Blues Clues” and “Little Einstein’s.” Even as children become more accustomed to

different kinds of media, from computer games to interactive Web sites, children’s

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television has held a large and steady audience, experts say. The newer programs, and

even those now heading into middle age, are adapting their approach to engage the digital

generation. Most of the shows have accompanying Web sites that provide video clips,

activities, and related lessons and games.

It is the reason why television focused on learning is a valuable asset worthy of

public support, said Susan T. Zellman, the vice president for education and children’s

content at the corporation for Public Broadcasting, the non-profit organization established

by Congress that underwrites public television and radio services. “These characters are

engaging, and the kids are drawn into [lessons] by the characters and the stories, so you

motivate them to learn,” she said. “Educational television is so powerful and the research

is so compelling.”

LOCAL LITERATURE

A written lecture on Educational Television by Purisima Katigbak-Tan was used

by the researchers as sources of related literature for their research paper. The lectures

contain reliable descriptions and explanations of what an educational television.

Necessary information that could support the ideas of the researchers is found on the said

studies.

Many people give importance with education especially the Filipino people.

Aside from going to school and attending classes, there are also other means of educating

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the people especially the young one. With its big influence to its audience, television is

used as medium of instruction to impart knowledge to the viewers.

There are several factors that become an urge to see the use of television as

something with educational benefit. These are the population growth, shortage of

teachers, and growing body of knowledge that students must master in schools. The first

factor has something to do with the increasing number of students enrolled in elementary,

high school, and college. As the population increases, there is a pressure to school

administrators with regards to how they would be able to deal and supplement the

required needs of their students and the demands of education. The second factor, which

is shortage of teachers, is actually a dilemma that even Philippines encounters yearly.

Lack of facilitators makes the learning process difficult for the students. The uneven ratio

of the teachers and students tends to become worse for the increase in the population of

the students is inevitable. The last factor is the growing body of knowledge that students

master in schools. The lessons that are being taught in schools are developed as time

passes. Together with its development is the greater demand on how information will be

presented to the students. The quality of education will be at stake if the complexity of

lessons to be mastered is not met with compromising actions.

School administrators have seen the potentials of television as a medium of

education and instruction. They are encouraged to adapt an innovation on educational

system. The innovation made the teachers fear about being replaced by television sets as

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facilitators. Televisions are not teachers but just a medium of presentation of lessons in

schools. Television makes the complex learning process easier and it offers several

advantages as a teaching aid. (1) Quality of indefinite extension – the television can be an

extensive medium and could cater large number of students simultaneously with one

lecture that is prepared on a greater economy of time. (2) Sound amplification – lectures

are presented with clearer audio explanation and more comprehensive demonstration

unlike with traditional means of teaching such as charts, graphs, and even photographic

slides. (3) Visual medium – television can give more detailed and magnified view of a

given subject being projected and taught by the teacher. (4) Dynamic medium – the things

being projected by the television are changing and with it, the television also becomes

dynamic and attractive. (5) Immediate and personal – television makes the student feel as

if he/she is the only one that his/her professor is talking with even if he/she belongs to a

large class. (6) Selective and efficient – A certain lecture could be more informative on a

television for it has spent a full-blown preparation for a more dramatic presentation that

students are obliged to be attentive. (7) Television can bring them to students a wealth of

experience and information beyond the conventional means of classroom instruction –

the students will not only picture the lessons on their imagination, they could also see it

with their eyes through the visuals such as video coverage or clips that television can

show them.

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Though television might seem as effective teaching aid as it can be, it also has its

limitations. Television is limited to its technical aspect and also, lectures are limited only

to what is being presented. There will be a low chance of elaborating the lessons

according to what the students need and find hard to comprehend.

Educational television is more of an instructional television (ITV) that

systematically utilizes television as a part of the school curriculum. In this kind of

program system, conveying educational information to students is very salient. Programs

have to be educational and entertaining at the same time for it has to have dramatic ways

of presentation. Educational television as an ITV presents courses that students also learn

in school and within their school curriculum. Through ITV, lessons are being elaborated

and could give supplementary information about the lecture. In this kind of system, aside

from studio teachers, classroom teachers are also needed. Classroom teachers are the ones

who prepare and monitor the students on how far they comprehend from the televised

discussion.

Currently in the Philippines, ETV is a big help especially on areas that could not

really present their lectures on a conventional way. It may not be formatted just like

before; ETV is still appealing to the students especially with the young ones. Through

ETV, learning becomes fun, and fun becomes learning.

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LOCAL STUDIES

According to Marshall McLuhan, television entertainment has been a part of

culture and became an influential force. It is the main rationale why it is use for

educational purposes because of its properties and potentials. It delivers a highly

persuasive and instructive content.

ETV is advertised as television that people watch “on purpose”, it has intent on

selecting programs based on their educational content. ETV is television that requires

participation from viewers. Like a teacher, it facilitates learning to reflect and act on what

they have learned – to apply the lessons by different activities like reading and the like. It

creates a simulation of a community that one must be engage rather than merely dwelling

into it. Subjects like Math, Art, Science, Social Science, Technology and others. Different

subjects were prepared and rendered according to the audience’ demographics and it is

under a school setting under a teacher’s supervision or at home unsupervised.

ETV has become one of the major teaching media nowadays. Philippines on its

stage of development use the concept of ETV to educate the mass especially the children.

It serves as a first aid for difficulty on understanding concepts and principles which most

of students can’t understand.

According to Leo Larkin, a researcher who conducted a study on ETV in Ateneo

de Manila, the quantitative nature of television instruction has helped foreign institutions

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handle more enrollments without spending for building classrooms or hire more

professors. He said that conversion of simple materials and facilities and use of teachers

will work. He said that it could possible work in the Philippine scenario.

Larkin believed that ETV gives teachers more opportunities to help individuals.

He said that teachers will be freed from different constraints of class preparations or

further duties or extra-curricular activities. Teachers will have freedom to devote his

time to more productive things like helping individuals. Teachers will carry a lesser

burden from a usual routine group instruction. Another benefit I that, using ETV will

decrease the compensation for class needs which hinders teacher’s increase of salary.

Wilbur Schramm, a media scholar, said that using ETV maintains a certain standard for

teaching. It can supply best teaching demonstrations, it provides elf instructional

materials can conduct lessons professionally and they can give otherwise be spoiled for

direct observation. On Science subjects, it is really effective medium of instruction.

However, there are limitations in use of ETV especially during hands-on-work

with specimens. It cannot conduct effective seminar discussions. It cannot offer specific

and direct personal help. The ETV system is believed to detract from student discussion.

Ergo, the student does not have the opportunity to ask questions nor to receive a feedback

from his output.

29

According to the studies conducted by Center of Educational Priorities, prolonged

TV viewing weakens the left-hemisphere of the brain. The left-hemisphere controls the

right side of the body which focuses on language and speech functions. The right

hemisphere controls the left side of the body that focuses on perception of spatial and

non-verbal concepts. Neil Postman said that the habit of viewing will weaken the

function of the left brain.

ETV is also believed that it has negative effects on behavior. It promotes passivity

and indifference because of the lack of required response. Viewers were la thinkers since

all the information needed is conveniently available and entertaining. Leon Botstein said

that education on TV in the long run will deteriorate one’s language ability. The

simplification and standardization of language restricts the range of expression and

thought even silent remuneration. In this sense, eloquence and even originality, from the

perspectives of the classroom here become superfluous. The oral tradition has triumphed

over the written.

Professor Lois DeBakey of Baylor University has a similar concern. He thinks

that ETV will create semi-literacy and breakdown in the manner that people

communicate with each other. Neal Postman adds that the imagery of television moves

quickly. He added that television is discontinuous and logical since entertainment value is

mere emotions and not concept processing. Hence, even if the curriculum of an ETV

shows is difficult that nature of presentation will likely deteriorate learning rather than

30

improvement. The issues of school integration will be challenged and also civilization

because intelligence is vital in man’s progress.

According to Harper’s magazine there is an alarming drop of the average 6-14

year old child’s vocabulary in US. From 25,000 words, it has dropped to 10,000 within

fifty years. Symbols and icons are replacing words and phrases. These statistics go to

show that ETV must be integrated with other teaching media for students to have

balanced brain development:

The query is not just how to use television but rather how to combine it on other

learning experience and resources. Television is not only the teaching resource, so it can

be used in other media to teach properly. Experience indicates the most effective uses of

Television have been combined with other activities for a total learning situation.

Educational media has been a big help for education practitioners.

In the Philippines, the use of educational television has been a challenge since the

country is poverty stricken. The Philippine government doesn’t have enough financial

support for such framework of educating the masses. Moreover, the masses, the schools

and the teachers cannot afford barely the needs for educational intervention.

Manila has educational problems among these are a shortage of qualified and

certified teachers, a dearth of science and mathematics courses and insufficient and ill-

adapted audio-visuals. These problems coupled with large concentration of schools

31

indicate that television instruction might help educator in Manila to solve some of their

problems.

Larkin believes ETV would be good for the Philippines. His studies show that an

initial and modest educational television project does have potential here. There are two

different schemes for ETV; the limited implementation which refers to devoting only to

two channels; on the other hand, a full scale implementation refers to “nationwide

interconnection of educational stations and a new system of production, evaluation and

exchange of instructional television materials.

Limited ETV project will be the key for improving education in the Philippines.

However, it will not guarantee an avant-garde education progress for Philippine masses

would have a proper attitude when it comes to TV viewing. Most of the people watch

“utility programs”, social science and culture, art aesthetics, history, natural science,

education and humanity. It simply implies that in the Philippines, though ETV was

enforced, the most needs would not be instructed properly. There, with the unsupervised

self-study form of ETV, the ignorant Philippine masses (those who cannot afford TV but

cannot send their children to school) would remain ignorant (Schramm).

The cost for ETV is high, making ETV even more impractical for the Philippine

setting. Larkin listed different costs to worry about like equipment, installation,

maintenance, operating personnel etc., and even if Philippine will follow the full force

32

framework, the costs would be way out of the country’s league. The Philippines is not

financially equipped to carry the weight of using ETV as educating media. Any

intervention for media system and media technology will not be able to work at its full

strength for public good (Schramm). The Philippines cannot implement ETV in full-scale

due to poverty so it will not be a danger to rely on ETV that much. Moreover, some

education is better none at all. People will buy television instead of sending their kids at

school.

The Philippine does have “The Knowledge Channel” on local television at the

present which does people no harm. It has Math and Science programs during the day,

and it is much like the “Lifestyle network” on Cable TV at night. Another local television

channel available in free TV has been broadcasting. “ABS-CBN’ also offers its own

educational programs like “Sineskwela (Science and health)”, “Bayani”(Philippine

Heroes Anthology), “Pahina”(Philippine Literature), “Epol, Apple”(English), “Art

Jam”(Arts), “Math tinik”(Mathematics) and “Hiraya Manawari”(Values Education).

On the other hand, the members of the middle class may be able to appreciate the

few channels dedicated to ETV. The Discovery Channel, Animal Planet and National

Geographic which already offered various educational programs were available at cable

channels. Some were compiled and viewed at scheduled hours at school. Simply means

that the middle class can only use and benefit from ETV. Of course, this would be

extremely difficult and not very practicable. First, there is no guarantee that all students

33

have TV sets at home. Students may not have arrived home in time for the required show.

They may have other engagements to attend to. Aside from that, requiring TV shows

would lengthen school day by more than it has to be and it would set up precious family

time or time for extra-curricular activities.

The Philippines has been doing surprising well where ETV is concerned,

considering its economic situation. Perhaps a little more pushing for ETV stations could

make more a difference in the literacy of the Filipino masses.

SYNTHESIS:

The researchers have gathered different studies and researches for this study.

They have used it according to its significance to support the study. The first related

literature from George Gordon is Educational Television’s journey and continuous

integration to U.S TV programming. It also discusses ETV as a Public service program as

it helps to educate the mass specifically the young audiences. On the local literature, the

researchers used Educational Television lecture included in the book, Philippine Mass

Media in Perspective from Purisma Katigbak Tan. It elaborates how ETV was discovered

and used in Philippine programming. The research also scrutinized the advantages and

disadvantages of using ETV in educating the Filipino masses and moreover how the

Philippine Media will respond to every factors affecting ETV implementation. The

researchers also acknowledge the use of foreign studies to compare and contrast

34

Philippine ETV from ETV abroad. They used the study of Michael T. Romano in his

study on Educational Television: a 50 year perspective. The study delved on the use to

television as an educational media; how it will help the teachers, students and the school;

ETV’s constraints and what ETV would be on the near future. On local studies, the

researchers used Leo Larkin’s study on the use of entertainment to educate the children

considering the Philippine scenario. On his study, “Should Entertainment be used to

educate, it discussed further the concept of ETV and ETV in Philippine setting. The same

with the foreign studies, it also elaborated the limitations of ETV. In addition, Larkin

even discussed the practicability of ETV in Philippine setting and the current situation of

ETV in Philippine setting. Lastly, Larkin gave a verdict on ETV’s condition in the near

future. The researchers do recommend that the study has to be student centered and or

teacher centered. For, the students are the last recipient of terminal effects brought by

information from ETV. The teachers also have to be considered as the teachers have an

avant-garde knowledge of the best strategies and lecture according to the needs of the

students. The researchers of this study must focus on assessment of children’s needs from

ETV program.

35

CHAPTER III

Methodology

This chapter deals with the researcher’s data gathering methods as basis for the

research findings. The researchers consider the methods and how it will be implemented.

Research Design

The researchers of the study will use a descriptive survey as tool for gathering

data that will serve as the basis for research findings. The survey is designed according to

the criteria of “needs analysis” as framework of forming questions. Survey questionnaires

will be distributed to the selected students following certain conditions.

Participants of the Study

The researchers will distribute the survey questionnaires to the selected 40

University of the East, Manila students. The respondents were divided into to two groups.

The first group is consisting 20 Education major students of any year level. The second

group is consisting of 20 Broadcast Communication students of any year level.

There were conditions for respondents in answering the questionnaire.

1. Students must be a current or have been watching ETV programs.

2. Students must have background knowledge on what are ETV programs.

36

3. Students must use respective learnings from their respective course to evaluate.

Sampling Design

The researchers will use the stratified purposive sampling design to select the data

gathered. These sampling designs will both evaluations from two groups being surveyed.

Results were following certain criteria inculcated by the researcher’s framework.

Instrumentation

The survey method will follow the collective questionnaire format wherein

questions are prepared accordingly. It has three parts, the questions for demographics

(age, gender, course and college); the questions to know the knowledge of the

respondents to the ETV programs; lastly, the assessment questions.

Description

Questions were classified according to its importance. It is cumulative from

introductory to assessment questions. The first which is demographics followed by the

introductory which students have choices of answers to choose from. Lastly, the

assessment questions which the answers were classified into agree, strongly agree,

disagree and strongly disagree.

37

Development and Validation

Survey questions were produced by the researchers according to criteria and

research framework the researchers used. The survey questions were validated by the

professor, Mrs. Adela T. Avillanoza.

Administration

The researchers supervise the distribution of the survey questionnaires.

Researchers first know the respondents and apply the conditions for participants of the

study. They went to College of Education and College of Arts and Sciences which is the

location of data gathering. The researchers also conducted personal interactions with the

respondents.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Frequency, percentage and ranking were used as statistical measurements for data

gathered. It will also use to collate the data and have the results subject for presentation,

interpretation and analysis.

For percentage:

P= R / N x 100

where P= percentage

38

R= no. of respondents

N = total no. of respondents

100= is constant

For Weighted Mean

where Wi= frequency

Xi= rate

39

CHAPTER IV

Data presentation, analysis and Interpretation

The researchers collated the answers from the survey questionnaires and come out

with the results. The researchers used table for presentation of data. Researchers also

analyzed and interpret the data they have gathered from the survey results.

Table 1 NUMBER OF STUDENTS PATRONIZING ETV PROGRAMS INCLUDING STUDENTS WHO HAS FAMILY MEMBERS WATCHING ETV PROGRAMS

CEd Students BroadComm Students

Question Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No

Number of Students who patronized ETV programs

18 2 90% 10% 20 0 100 0%

Number of students who have family members that patronized ETV programs

15 5 75% 25% 16 4 80 20%

40

Table 1 shows the comparison of the number of students of CED and

BroadComm students who patronize ETV programs. The CED shows that 90% of the

respondents patronized ETV programs and the remaining 10% doesn’t watch ETV

programs. It also shows that 75% of the respondent’s family members also patronized

ETV programs and the remaining 25% doesn’t watch ETV programs. On the other hand,

the results of the survey from Broadcom students show that 100% of the respondents

patronized ETV programs. It also shows that 80% of the respondents have family

members’ also patronized ETV programs and the remaining 25% doesn’t watch ETV

programs. The results show that most of the students from two different courses were

watching ETV programs.

Table 2 AGE BRACKET OF THE STUDENTS WHO STARTED PATRONIZING ETV PROGRAMS AT EARLY AGE

CEd Students Broadcom Students

Age groups Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

6-8 yrs old 14 70 18 90

9-12 yrs old 5 25 1 5

13-15 yrs old 0 0 1 5

none 1 5 0 0

41

Table 2 shows the age bracket of students who start watching ETV programs at

early age. The result from the survey at CED students shows that 70% of the respondents

started watching ETV programs at the age of 6-8 while 25% is for 9-12years of age and

the remaining 5% says that they didn’t watch ETV programs at all. On the other hand, the

survey from Broadcom students reveals that 90% of the respondents started watching

ETV programs at the age of 6-8 while both 9-12 and 13-15 age brackets got 5%.

The results shows that the CED and Broadcom students both started patronize ETV

programs mostly at the 6-8 years of age. The results from CED is 70% and the Broadcom

which is 90% which depicts relatively in their similar response.

Table 3 NUMBERS CED AND BROADCOM STUDENTS WATCHING ETV PROGRAMS ON THE IDENTIFIED TV NETWORKS

CEd Students Broadcom Students

TV Networks

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

ABS-CBN 2 16 80% 12 60%

GMA 7 2 10% 7 35%

QTV 11 2 5% 1 5%

none 1 5% 0 0%

Table 3 shows the results of the number of students watching ETV programs on

the identified TV network. The survey reveals that 80% of the respondents of the CED

42

are watching ETV programs on ABS-CBN, 10% of CED respondents tell that they watch

ETV programs on GMA. Then QTV having 5% of viewership and the respondents that

don’t watch ETV programs on any network both got 5%.

Broadcom students show that 90% of them were watching ETV programs on ABS-CBN.

Then, 35% of them tell that they watch ETV programs on GMA and the remaining 5%

tells that they watch programs on QTV. Both populations patronize most of the ETV

programs on ABS-CBN network since it shows relatively close results of respondents.

Table 4 IDENTIFIED ETV PROGRAMS PATRONIZED BY CED AND BROADCOM STUDENTS

CEd Students Broadcom Students

ETV Programs

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Sineskwela 16 80 20 95

Epol Apple 7 35 5 25

Math-tinik 3 15 7 35

Pahina 6 30 6 30

Art Jam 1 5 2 10

Bayani 4 20 8 40

Hiraya Manawari

12 60 7 10

Matanglawin 8 40 5 35

43

Lovely Day 1 5 2 10

Kap’s Amazing stories

6 6 6 30

Batibot 0 0 2 10

Table 4 shows that 80% of the CED respondents patronized Sineskwela; 60% for

Hiraya Manawari; 40% for matanglawin; 35% for Epol Apol, 30% for Pahina, 20% for

Bayani, 15% for Math-tinik, 6% for Kap’s amazing stories, while Art jam and Lovely

day both got 5%. On the other hand, the results from Broadcom students show that 95%

of the respondents patronized Sineskwela. 40% for Bayani, 35% for both Matanglawin

and Mathtinik, 30% for Pahina and Kap’s amazing stories, 25% for Epol apol and 10%

for art jam, Hiraya manawari, Lovely day and Batibot. CED and Broadcom students have

different answers regarding the program of their choice. However, Sineskwela is

dominantly watched by the students followed by Hiraya Manawari and Matanglawin.

Table 4.1 RANKS OF ETV PROGRAMS ACCORDING TO CED AND BROADCOM STUDENTS

ETV

programs

CED Students Broadcom Students

Frequency Percentage Rank Frequency Percentage Rank

Sineskwela 16 44 1 20 57 1

Matanglawin 12 33 2 8 23 2

44

Hiraya

Manawari

8 22 3 7 20 3

Table 5 SUBJECTS ACCORDING TO CED AND BROADCOM STUDENT’S OPINION THAT ETV PROGRAMS HAS TO FOCUS

CEd students Broadcom students

Subjects Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

English 11 55 10 50

Mathematics 3 15 3 15

Science 3 15 2 10

History and Culture

2 10 2 10

Music, P.E, Arts

1 5 2 10

Filipino 0 0 1 5

The results show that for CED, English subject needs to be focus for having 55%

followed by Mathematics and Science which is both 15% and History and Culture with

10% while Music. P.E and Arts got 5% and Filipino with no response. The Broadcom

students have almost the same numbers of answers as the English subject got 50% on

45

their list of subject to have focused. It is then followed by Mathematics having 15%;

Science, History and Culture and Filipino all having 10%. Filipino got only 5%. The

survey results mean that the English subject receives the highest recognition as a subject

that ETV programs have to focus. Mathematics and Science is relatively the same results

followed by History and Culture.

Table 6 ASSESSMENTS OF CED STUDENTS TO ETV PROGRAMS

Assessment Questions according to Moral values, Entertainment values and program performance

Frequency Weighted Mean

Strongly Agree (4)

Agree

(3)

Disagree

(2)

Strongly

Disagree

(1)

4 being the highest

ETV plays an important role on students moral values

8 12 0 0 3.4

ETV promotes and reinforces Filipino cultural values

10 10 0 0 3.5

ETV is using entertaining and recreational way of educating student

5 15 0 0 3.1

Innovations on technical aspects of production as keys for effective programming

5 14 1 0 3.2

ETV programs have terminal effects on students performance

6 14 0 0 3.3

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and studying attitudes

ETV programs must be prioritized in Philippine Programming scenario

2 18 0 0 3.1

3.4 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV helps promotion of

moral values.

3.5 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV helps on promoting

Filipino cultural values

3.1 weighted mean shows that CED students agree that ETV has its usage of

entertainment an recreation to educate the mass.

3.2 weighted mean shows that CED students think that innovations of the

technical aspects of the program have to be implemented for effective

broadcasting.

3.3 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV has terminal

effects on the student’s studying and learning attitude. 30% of them strongly

disagree.

3.1 of the CED students believe that ETV programs must be prioritized in

Philippine TV.

47

Table 6.1 ASSESSMENTS OF BROADCOM SUDENTS TO ETV PROGRAMS

Assessment Questions according to Moral values, Entertainment values and program performance

Frequency Weighted Mean

(4 being the highest)

Strongly

Agree(4)

Agree(3) Disagree

(2)

Strongly

Disagree

(1)

ETV plays an important role on students moral values

9 11 0 0 3.45

ETV promotes and reinforces Filipino cultural values

10 10 0 0 3.5

ETV is entertaining and recreational way of educating student

12 8 0 0 3.6

Innovations on technical aspects of production as keys for effective programming

7 8 1 0 2.7

ETV programs have terminal effects on students performance and studying attitudes

8 12 0 0 2.4

ETV programs must be prioritized in Philippine Programming scenario

2 18 0 0 3.1

3.45 weighted mean says that Broadcom students agree that ETV plays an

important role on student’s moral values It means that the respondents think that

ETV programs have its functions for values.

48

3.5 weighted mean of the results shows that most of the Broadcom students agree

ETV helps on promoting Filipino cultural values.

3.6 shows a relatively high agreement of the Broadcom students ETV has its

usage of entertainment and recreation to educate the mass

2.7 weighted mean shows a relatively low agreement that Broadcom students

think that innovations of the technical aspects of the program have to be

implemented for effective broadcasting.

2.4 weighted mean result shows that Broadcom students believe that ETV has

terminal effects on the student’s studying and learning attitude.

3.1% of the Broadcom students believe that ETV programs must be prioritized in

Philippine TV.

49

CHAPTER V

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

This chapter contains the summary of the entire conducted study. This chapter has

the statement of the problems, hypotheses, summary of results, conclusion and

recommendations.

The study aims to have an evaluative analysis on the identified educational

television programs in free TV as basis for broadcast program development. It is

conducted at the University of the East, Manila Year 2009-2010.

50

The following problems are answered after the study was conducted.

1. What are the student’s backgrounds on patronizing ETV programs?

Number of student’s watching ETV.

Number of students with family members watching ETV program.

Age the students started watching ETV program.

Network they subscribe ETV program.

ETV programs they have been patronizing.

2. What are the needs of the students and teachers that have to be sufficed by

educational television programs in terms of; media innovations, subjects,

values, and entertainment?

3. What is the current performance assessment of the students for the use of

ETV program?

Hypotheses:

Accept the affirmative hypothesis (Ha) and reject the null hypothesis (Ho)

1. The study conducted showed results that students were watching ETV

programs at a specified TV network, specific TV program and have family

members whose watching ETV programs.

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2. The educational Television programs need to suffice the media

technologies. The need for subject focus and integration is significant.

Programs must have social, cultural, family and personal values. The

consideration of entertainment values is also needed for program

effectiveness.

3. The students who watch the identified ETV programs don’t show any

recognition to program’s contributions.

Summary of Findings:

The study has the title “An evaluative analysis of the identified educational

television programs in free TV; basis for broadcast program development”

The summary of findings contains all of the results that served as the answer for

the study from the administered survey questionnaires answered by 40 respondents of

different course. Here are the following results.

1. Number of students patronizing ETV programs

1.1 90% of the CED students patronizing ETV programs compared to

Broadcom students which is 100%.

52

1.2 75% of the respondent’s family members also patronized ETV programs

and the remaining 25% doesn’t watch ETV programs. On the other hand, the

results of the survey from Broadcom students show that 100% of the respondents

patronized ETV programs. It also shows that 80% of the respondents have family

members’ also patronized ETV programs and the remaining 25% doesn’t watch

ETV programs.

2. Age bracket of student’s age patronizing ETV programs.

2.1 70% of the CED respondents started watching ETV programs at the age of

6-8 while 25% is for 9-12years of age and the remaining 5% says that they

didn’t watch ETV programs at all. On the other hand, the survey from

Broadcom students reveals that 90% of the respondents started watching

ETV programs at the age of 6-8 while both 9-12 and 13-15 age brackets

got 5%.

3. Number of CED and Broadcom students who watched ETV programs on the

identified TV networks.

80% of the respondents of the CED are watching ETV programs on ABSCBN,

10% of CED respondents tell that they watch ETV programs on GMA. Then QTV

having 5% of viewership and the respondents that don’t watch ETV programs on

any network both got 5%.

53

Broadcom students show that 90% of them were watching ETV programs on

ABS-CBN. Then, 35% of them tell that they watch ETV programs on GMA and

the remaining 5% tells that they watch programs on QTV.

4. Identified ETV programs patronized by CED and Broadcom students

80% of the CED respondents patronized Sineskwela; 60% for Hiraya Manawari;

40% for matanglawin; 35% for Epol Apol, 30% for Pahina, 20% for Bayani, 15%

for Math-tinik, 6% for Kap’s amazing stories, while Art jam and Lovely day both

got 5%. On the other hand, the results from Broadcom students show that 95% of

the respondents patronized Sineskwela. 40% for Bayani, 35% for both

Matanglawin and Mathtinik, 30% for Pahina and Kap’s amazing stories, 25% for

Epol apol and 10% for art jam, Hiraya manawari, Lovely day and Batibot. CED

and Broadcom students have different answers regarding the program of their

choice. However, Sineskwela is dominantly watched by the students followed by

Hiraya Manawari and Matanglawin

Subject according that needs to be focused by ETV programs.

English subject needs to be focus for having 55% followed by Mathematics and

Science which is both 15% and History and Culture with 10% while Music. P.E

and Arts got 5% and Filipino with no response. The Broadcom students have

almost the same numbers of answers as the English subject got 50% on their list

54

of subject to have focused. It is then followed by Mathematics having 15%;

Science, History and Culture and Filipino all having 10%. Filipino got only 5%.

The survey results mean that the English subject receives the highest recognition

as a subject that ETV programs have to focus. Mathematics and Science is

relatively the same results followed by History and Culture.

5. Assessment of CED and Broadcom students to the ETV programs according to

According to media innovations, moral values and entertainment value.

CED student’s results.

3.4 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV helps promotion of

moral values.

3.5 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV helps on promoting

Filipino cultural values

3.1 weighted mean shows that CED students agree that ETV has its usage of

entertainment an recreation to educate the mass.

55

3.2 weighted mean shows that CED students think that innovations of the

technical aspects of the program have to be implemented for effective

broadcasting.

3.3 weighted mean shows that CED students believe that ETV has terminal

effects on the student’s studying and learning attitude. 30% of them strongly

disagree.

3.1 of the CED students believe that ETV programs must be prioritized in

Philippine TV.

Broadcom students survey results.

3.45 weighted mean says that Broadcom students agree that ETV plays an

important role on student’s moral values It means that the respondents think that

ETV programs have its functions for values.

3.5 weighted mean of the results shows that most of the Broadcom students agree

ETV helps on promoting Filipino cultural values.

3.6 shows a relatively high agreement of the Broadcom students ETV has its

usage of entertainment and recreation to educate the mass

56

2.7 weighted mean shows a relatively low agreement that Broadcom students

think that innovations of the technical aspects of the program have to be

implemented for effective broadcasting.

2.4 weighted mean result shows that Broadcom students believe that ETV has

terminal effects on the student’s studying and learning attitude.

3.1% of the Broadcom students believe that ETV programs must be prioritized in

Philippine TV.

Conclusions of the study

1) Students background on patronizing ETV program.

Most of the students were watching ETV programs and have family members

whose also watching ETV programs. At an early age of 6-8 years old students has

been watching ETV programs. They are watching most of the ETV programs

from ABS-CBN. Most of the students from two groups like “Sineskwela”,

“Matanglawin” and “Hiraya Manawari”.

57

2) Assessment of ETV programs as to media innovation, subjects, values and

entertainment.

Most of the students think that English subject must be a priority for literacy

followed by Mathematics and Science. Most of the students agree that media

innovations will help educational media like ETV to have an effective

programming. It will help to educate the mass. ETV programs also promoting and

reinforce the Filipino culture and moral values. Lastly, the entertainment value

and recreational way of educating will help the effectiveness of programming.

3) ETV has been educating the students by helping them in their lessons and yield

effects.

Recommendations:

According to the conducted study the researchers would like to recommend the

following.

1. To the ETV programming, ETV programs must prioritize an effort and allocation

for innovation in media. Moreover, ETV programs must be “audience centered”,

specifically zero in to the student’s needs to have an effective broadcast education

58

programming. Quality programming requires entertainment value. Responsible

programming reinforces and maintains cultivation of culture.

2. To the researchers of the study, it would be better if the researcher will delved on

more specific needs of the students and teachers according to critical criteria. It

will help the study to have more accurate and relevant results.

3. To the future researchers of the study, focusing on the different angle and sphere

of ETV will be the key for a significant study. The use of critical analysis will

yield a new research study that will help further innovations to ETV program.

Bibliography

Books

Feliciano, G. D., & Icban Jr., C. J. (1967) Philippine Mass Media in Perspective. Q.C.,

Philippine: Capitol Publishing House Inc.

Romano, M. T. (2003). Empowering teachers with Technology: Making it happen.

Maryland , Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

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George, G. (1969) Educational Television. New York. Center for Applied Research

Internet

Larkin, L. H. (1960). Should Entertainment be used to educate?: Towards

Educational television for Greater Manila. Aurisville, N.Y. Available:

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/372917/the_practicability_of_education

al_television_pg7.html?cat=2

Manzo, K.K. (n.d.). Studies Support Benefits of Educational TV for Reading.

EducationWeek: Available: http://www.education.com/reference/article/studies-

support-benefits-educational-tv/

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