An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration.pdf

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  • 8/14/2019 An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration.pdf

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    E L S E V I E R Journal of Membrane Science 119 (1996) 9-1 6

    j o u r n a l o fM E M B R A N ES C I E N C E

    n enzymat ic approach to the c l eaning o f u l t ra f i l t ra t ionm e m b r a n e s f o u l e d i n a b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t

    A . M a a r t e n s a, p . S w a r t E . P . J a c o b s ba Departm ent of Biochem istry University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 S outh Africab Institute fo r Polymer Science University of Stellenbosch Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602 South Africa

    Received 18 July 1995 ; accepted 20 Decem ber 1995

    AbstractM em brane foul ing severe ly curtai ls the econo mica l and pract ica l implementa t ion o f ul trafi lt ra t ion for the puri f ica t ion of

    biologica l ly re la ted process st reams such as abat toi r eff luent (Jacobs, W RC Rep ort no. K 5/ 36 2, 1991, Pre tor ia , Sou th Afr ica[1]). M echanical and chem ical rem oval of foulants usual ly lead to mem brane dam age and addit ional pol lution. Enz ym es,speci f ic for the degradat ion of prote ins and l ipids, were tested as key components of biological c leaning regimes formem branes fou l ed i n aba t to i r ef fl uen t. Fou l ing o f po lysu lphone membranes was a sse ssed a s p rev ious ly desc r ibed byM aartens e t a l. (J . Mem brane Sci . , 119 (1996) 1 [2]) and opt imal enzy me concentra t ions and incubat ion t imes weredetermine d fo r the di fferent prepara tions. The abil ity of each c leaning a gent to remo ve adso rbed prote in and l ipid materia l,as wel l as the i r abil ity to restore the water-contact angle and the pure-w ater f lux of the fouled membrane s, w ere determinedand compared . These va r i ab l e s were a l so used to compare t he c l ean ing e f f i c i ency o f enzyma t i c c l ean ing agen t s wi thconven t iona l chemica l agen t s unde r op t ima l cond it ions . The enzym es and enzym e de t e rgen t mix tu re s w ere e f fec t ive c l ean ingagents and the pure-water f lux of sta t ica l ly fouled membranes could be restored by t rea tment wi th these agents.Keywords: Ultrafiltration; Mem brane fouling; C leaning; Ab attoir effluent; En zym atic cleaning

    1 I n troduct ionW h e n u l t r a f i l t r a t i o n ( U F ) m e m b r a n e s y s t e m s a r e

    u s e d f o r th e t r e a t m e n t o f b i o l o g i c a l p r o c e s s e f f l u e n tst h e m a i n a i m i s t o o b t a i n t h e r e q u i r e d w a t e r p u r i f i c a -t i o n a s e c o n o m i c a l a s p o s s i b l e a t a c c e p t a b l e f l u xr a t e s . T h e r e a l i s a t i o n o f t h i s g o a l i n t h e d i r e c t tr e a t -m e n t o f e f fl u e n ts i s , h o w e v e r , s e v e r e l y h a m p e r e d b ym e m b r a n e f o u l i n g [3 ]. T h e f o u l i n g p r o b l e m h a s b e e np r e v i o u s l y a p p r o a c h e d f r o m a n u m b e r o f a n g le s

    * Co rresponding author.

    w h i c h i n c l u d e d : t h e o p t i m i s a t i o n o f f l o w c o n d i t i o n s ,p r e - t r e a t m e n t o f th e e f f lu e n t , t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m e m -b r a n e s w i t h r e d u c e d a d s o r p t i v e p r o p e r t i e s [ 3 - 7 ] , t h eo p t i m i s a t i o n o f o p e r a t io n a l f a c t o r s [ 8 ] a n d t h e u s e o fh i g h - q u a l i t y r i n s e - w a t e r [ 9 ] . A l l t h e s e m e t h o d sy i e l d e d m o d e r a t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s b u t a t a r e l a -t i v e l y h i g h c o s t . A n a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h t o t h ef o u l in g p r o b l e m w o u l d b e t o r e d u c e p r e - t re a t m e n t t om i n i m u m a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l s a n d t o i n t r o d u c e e x t e n -s i v e , b u t s i m p l e , m e m b r a n e - c l e a n i n g p r o t o c o l s .

    M e m b r a n e s a r e n o r m a l l y c l e a n e d b y a c o m b i n a -t io n o f m e c h a n i c a l a n d / o r [ 9 ,1 0 ] c h e m i c a l [ 1 1]

    0376-7388f96/ 15.00 Copyright 1996 Elsevier Science B.V. A ll rights reserved.P l l S 0 3 7 6 - 7 3 8 8 ( 9 6 ) 0 0 0 1 5 - 4

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    l A. Maartens et al. / Journal o f Membrane Science 119 1996) 9- 16

    a n d / o r b i o l o g i c a l me t h o d s u s i n g a l k a l i s [ 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 ] ,ac ids [9 ] , su r face-ac t ive agen t s [11 ,12] , s eques te r inga g e n t s [ 6 ], d i s i n f e c ta n t s [ 6 ] a n d e n z y m e s [ 1 , 1 1 , 1 4 - 1 6 ]a s c l e a n i n g a g e n t s . B i o l o g i c a l c l e a n in g c a n b e b r o a d l yd e s c r i b e d a s t h e u s e o f c l e a n i n g mi x t u r e s w h i c hc o n t a i n b i o a c t i v e a g e n t s ( m i c r o - o r g a n i s ms o r e n -z y me s ) t o e n h a n c e t h e r e mo v a l o f f o u l a n t s .

    Su b s t r a t e s p e c i f i c i t y a n d e n v i r o n me n t a l f r i e n d l i -n e s s h a v e l e a d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e u s e o f e n z y me sa n d e n z y me d e t e r g e n t m i x t u r e s i n c l e a n i n g mi x t u r e sf o r h o u s e h o l d a n d i n d u s t r i a l u s e . D e t e r g e n t o r c l e a n -i n g mi x t u r e s t h a t c o n t a i n e n z y me s h a v e , h o w e v e r ,n o t p r e v i o u s l y b e e n u s e d o n a l a r g e s c a l e f o r t h ec l e a ni n g o f U F m e m b r a n e s f o u l e d b y b i o l o g ic a l p r o -c e s s e f f l u e n t s . E n z y me s a r e i d e a l c l e a n i n g a g e n t s f o rt h i s p u r p o s e a s t h e y a r e h i g h l y s p e c i f i c f o r t h er e a c t i o n s t h e y c a t a l y s e a n d t h e s u b s t r a t e s w i t h w h i c ht h e y i n t e r a c t . I n a d d i t i o n , e n z y me s a c t u n d e r m i l dc o n d i t i o n s o f p H , t e mp e r a t u r e a n d i o n i c s t r e n g t h a n dw i ll n o t d a m a g e t h e m e m b r a n e s u r fa c e . A n u m b e r o ff a c t o r s h a v e , u p t o n o w , p r o h i b i t e d t h e l a r g e - s c a l eu s e o f e n z y m e s f o r c l e a n i n g m e m b r a n e s . E x t e n s i o no f m e m b r a n e t e c h n o l o g y t o e f f l u e n t t r e a t m e n t o fb i o l o g i c a l l y r e l a t e d p r o c e s s e s , a s w e l l a s t h e i n c r e a s -i n g p r e s s u r e o n t h e e n v i r o n me n t h a s , h o w e v e r , c o m-p e l l e d r e s e a r c h e r s t o r e - e x a mi n e e n z y me s a s p o s s i b l ec l e a n i n g a g e n t s f o r f o u l e d U F me mb r a n e s [ 1 , 1 4 , 1 5 ]a n d f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f f o u l i n g b y t h e a d s o r p t i o no f e n z y m e s o n t o me m b r a n e s [ 1 5,1 6] .

    T h i s p a p e r d e s c r i b e s t h e u s e o f e n z y m e s a n de n z y m e d e t e r g e n t m i x t u r e s f o r t h e r e m o v a l o ff o u la n t s f r o m p o l y s u l p h o n e m e m b r a n e s ( P S M ) s ta ti -ca l ly fou led in rea l aba t to i r e f f luen t . The na tu re andi d e n t i t y o f t h e ma j o r me mb r a n e f o u l a n t s p r e s e n t i na b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t w e r e p r e v i o u s l y d e t e r mi n e d a n d i tw a s f o u n d t h a t l i p i d s a n d p r o t e i n s a r e t h e ma j o rf o u l a n t s i n t h i s e f f l u e n t t h a t a d s o r b o n t o PSM u n d e rthese cond i t ions [2 ] . I t was a l so shown tha t adsorp -t i o n a l o n e c a n c a u s e f l u x r e d u c t i o n a s w e l l a s c h a n g e st o t h e me mb r a n e s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r [ 2 ] . S t a t i c a l l yf o u l e d me mb r a n e s w e r e t r e a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t e n -z y m e s a n d e n z y m e / d e t e r g e n t m i x t u r e s t o d e t e r m i n ei f t h e s e c l e a n i n g a g e n t s c o u l d r e s t o r e p u r e - w a t e rf l u x . Fo u r v a r i a b l e s w e r e u s e d t o e v a l u a t e t h e e f f i -c i e n c y o f t h e c l e a n i n g mi x t u r e s ; t h e p o t e n t i a l o f ac l e a n i n g a g e n t t o r e mo v e p r o t e i n a n d l i p i d ma t e r i a l( p o t e n t i a l f o u l a n t s i n a b a t t o i r e ff l u e n t ) a d s o r b e d o n t ome mb r a n e s ( b y a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r o t e i n a n d l i p i d

    c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r c l e a n i n g ) a s w e l l a sthe ab i l i t y o f a c l ean ing mix tu re to res to re thew a t e r - c o n t a c t a n g l e a n d p u r e - w a t e r f lu x o f t h e f o u l e dm e m b r a n e s .

    2 Experimental2 1 M ater ia l s

    E n z y m e s u s e d i n c l e a n i n g e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e o b -t a i n e d f r o m S i g ma Ch e mi c a l Co . , S t . L o u i s , U SA ,u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e me n t i o n e d , a n d i n c l u d e d : p r o t e a s eA ( ty p e X X I I I fr o m As per g i l l u s o r yz ae (a se r inep r o t e a s e w i t h a n o p t i ma l a c t i v i t y ( 3 . 5 u n i t s / mg p r o -t e in ) a t pH 7 .5 and 37C) ; l i pase A (a c rude porc inet y p e I I p a n c r e a t i c l i p a s e f o r t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f t r i g l y c -e r i d e s , w i t h a n o p t i ma l a c t i v i t y ( 3 7 u n i t s / r a g p r o t e i nu s i n g t r i a c e t i n a n d 1 2 8 u n i t s / mg p r o t e i n u s i n g o l i v eo i l ) a t p H 7 . 5 a n d 3 7 C . T h e c o mme r c i a l a g e n t s ,A l k a z y m e a n d Z y m e x ~ ( f o r m u l a te d c l e an i n g a g e n tsw i t h p r o t e o l y t i c a c t i v i t y ) , w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m Sy n -d a c h e m Sa l e s L t d . , Mi l n e r t o n , So u t h A f r i c a . A 3a q u e o u s s o l ut io n o f A l k a z y m e : Z y m e x (1 : 1 ) w a s u s e da t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r ' ss p e c i f i c a t i o n s . D e t e r g e n t s u s e d w e r e s o d i u m d o d e c y ls u lp h a te ( S D S ) ( 2 a n d 4 s o lu t io n s ( m / v ) i nd i s t i l l e d w a t e r a t 3 7 C) a n d T r i t o n X 1 0 0 ( 0 . 1s o l u t io n ( m / v ) i n d is t il l ed w a t e r a t 3 7 C). T o c r e a t ea n a r ti fi c ia l o i l - w a t e r i n te r f a c e l i pa s e A ( 1 m g / m l )w a s d i s so l v e d i n a 0 . 1 T r i t o n X 1 0 0 C l a r k a n d L u b ss o l u t i o n ( p H 7 . 5 ) . Re a g e n t s a n d me mb r a n e s f o r t h ed e t e r mi n a t i o n o f t h e c l e a n i n g e f f i c i e n c y , w e r e u s e das p rev ious ly descr ibed [2 ] .2 2 M e m b r a n e f o u l i n g

    Fl a t s h e e t PSM, c a s t f r o m a s o l u t i o n o f U d e lP3 5 0 0 p o l y s u l p h o n e i n N - me t h y l 2 - p y r r o l i d o n e , w e r es t a t ic a l l y f o u l e d i n a b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t f o r a p e r i o d o f 8h as p rev ious ly descr ibed [2 ] . Af t e r fou l ing , t hem e m b r a n e s w e r e w a s h e d t h o r o u g h l y w i t h t a p w a t e r ,p l a c e d i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r a n d p r e s e r v e d w i t h s o d i u ma z i d e ( 5 mg / 1 ) a t 4 C u n t i l c l e a n i n g e x p e r i me n t s a n da n a l y s e s w e r e d o n e . A l l e x p e r i me n t s w e r e r e p l i c a t e d4 t i me s a n d a l l f i n a l v a l u e s r e p o r t e d a r e t h e ma t h e -ma t i c a l me a n s .

  • 8/14/2019 An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration.pdf

    3/8

    A . M a a r t e n s e t a l. / J o u r n a l o f M e m b r a n e S c i e n c e 1 1 9 1 9 9 6 ) 9 - 1 6 1 1

    2 3 Cleaning methodsF o u l e d m e m b r a n e s w e r e c u t in t o 3 0 10 c m

    s t ri p s, w a s h e d i n t h e C l a r k a n d L u b s b u f f e r ( p H 7 . 5 ) ,a n d i n c u b a t e d i n a 6 0 0 ml s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g t h ec l e a n i n g a g e n t o r m i x t u r e s o f c l e a n i n g a g e n t s . C l e a n -i n g a g e n t s w e r e u s e d a t t h e o p t i ma l p H , a n d t e mp e r a -t u r e t o e n s u r e ma x i mu m e f f i c i e n c y . A f t e r i n c u b a t i o nt h e m e m b r a n e s w e r e r e m o v e d f r o m t h e c l e a n i n gs o l u t i o n s , w a s h e d t h o r o u g h l y w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r t or e mo v e a l l e x c e s s ma t e r i a l s , a n d s t o r e d i n d i s t i l l e dw a t e r a t 4 C u n t i l f u r t h e r a n a l y s e s . C l e a n e d a s w e l la s r e f e r e n c e m e m b r a n e s w e r e a n a l y s e d f o r p r o t e i na n d l i p i d c o n t e n t , c o n t a c t a n g l e c h a n g e s a n d p u r e -w a t e r f l u x c h a n g e s a s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d [ 2 ] . T h ef o l l o w i n g r e f e r e n c e m e m b r a n e s w e r e u s e d ; a n 8 hf o u l e d m e m b r a n e a n d a f o u l e d m e m b r a n e i n c u b a t e do n l y i n t h e C l a r k a n d L u b s ( p H 7 . 5 ) b u f f e r f o r 1 h.

    3 R e s u l t s

    T h e e f f e c t o f in c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p r o -t e a s e A a n d l i p a s e A o n t h e r e m o v a l o f p r o te i n sa d s o r b e d o n t o PSM f o u l e d i n a b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t , i ss h o w n i n F i g . 1. T h e p r o t e i n c o n t e n t o f fo u l e dm e m b r a n e s d e c r e a s e d b y 8 0 % a n d a n i n c r e a s e i np r o t e a s e A c o n c e n t ra t i on b e y o n d a n e n z y m e c o n c e n -t r at io n o f 3 m g / m l , y i e ld e d n o f u r t h e r s ig n i f ic a n t

    i m p r o v e m e n t in p r o t e in r e m o v a l . T r e a t m e n t w i t hl i p a s e A a n d a l i p a se A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 m i x t u r e r e s u lt e di n a 6 6 % a n d 9 0 % r e d u c t i o n i n a d s o r b e d p r o t e i nc o n c e n t r a t i o n r e s p e c t i v e l y . N o s i g n i f ic a n t i n c r e a s e i np r o t e i n r e m o v a l w a s o b s e r v e d a t e n z y m e c o n c e n t r a -t io n s b e y o n d 1 m g / m l . A s e x p e c te d , p r o te a s e A w a smo r e e f f e c t i v e i n p r o t e i n r e mo v a l t h a n l i p a s e Aa l o n e , b u t w h e n l i p a s e A w a s c o mb i n e d w i t h T r i t o nX 1 0 0 , t h e c o mb i n a t i o n y i e l d e d b e t t e r r e s u l t s .

    T h e e f f e c t o f in c u b a t io n t i m e o n p r o te i n r e m o v a lb y t h e d i f f e r e n t e n z y m e p r e p a r a t i o n s i s s h o w n i n F i g .2 . M a x i m u m p r o t e i n r e m o v a l f r o m t h e f o u l e d m e m -b r a n e s w a s o b t a i n e d a f t e r 6 0 mi n i n c u b a t i o n w i t hl i p a s e A w h i l e a n i n c u b a t i o n p e r i o d o f 9 0 mi ny i e l d e d t h e b e s t r e s u lt s f o r p r o t e a s e A a n d t h e l i p a s eA : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 mi x t u r e ( F i g . 2 ) . T h e e f f e c t s o f e n -z y me c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d v a r y i n g i n c u b a t i o n t i me s o ft h e d i f f e r e n t e n z y ma t i c c l e a n i n g a g e n t s o n t h e l i p i dc o n t e n t s o f fo u l e d PSM a r e a ls o r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g . 1a n d F i g . 2 . T h e a mo u n t o f a d s o r b e d l i p i d ma t e r i a ld e c r e a s e d w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n p r o t e a s e A a n d l i p a s eA concen t ra t ions . I t i s in t e res t ing to no te tha t p ro -t e a s e A w a s mo r e e f f e c t i v e i n l i p i d r e mo v a l t h a nl i p a s e A a l o n e a t t h e h i g h e r e n z y me c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .I n c o mb i n a t i o n w i t h T r i t o n X 1 0 0 ( 0 . 1 % ) , l i p a s e A ,h o w e v e r , y i e l d e d o p t i ma l l i p i d r e mo v a l a t a c o n c e n -t ra t io n o f 2 m g e n z y m e / m l . O f t he t h re e p r e p a ra -t i o n s u s e d , t h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 mi x t u r e w a s t h emo s t e f f e c t i v e f o r l i p i d r e mo v a l . T h e t i me c o u r s e

    5 3 5

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    E n z y m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( m g / m l )

    3 I

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    1 5

    Fig. I. Effect of enzyme concentration on protein and lipid removal fr om fouled PSM. Enzyme s evaluated were: protease A ( ), lipase A( ) and a lipase A:(0,1 ) Triton X100 mixture (O). Incubation time was 60 min, at pH 7.5 and 37C.

  • 8/14/2019 An enzymatic approach to the cleaning of ultrafiltration.pdf

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    12 A. Maartens et al. / Journal of Membrane Science 119 1996) 9 -1 6

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    3 2 0 ?3 0 02 8 02 6 02 4 0 ; ~2 2 0 ~

    F i g . 2. E f f e c t o f i n c u b a t i o n t im e o n p r o t e i n a n d l ip i d r e m o v a l f r o m f o u l e d P S M . E n z y m e s e v a l u a t e d w e re : p r o t e a s e A ( ) , l i p a s e A ( )a n d a l ip a s e T ri t o n X 1 0 0 m i x t u r e ( 0 ) . C o n c e n t r a ti o n u s e d w a s 1 m g / m l a t p H 7 . 5 a n d 3 7 C .

    s t u d y s h o w n i n F i g . 2 s h o w s t h a t t h e l i p a s e A a l o n er e q u i r e s a l o n g e r i n c u b a t i o n t i me ( 9 0 mi n ) t o b emo s t e f f e c t i v e . A f t e r 9 0 mi n i n c u b a t i o n w i t h p r o -t e a s e A t h e l ip i d c o n t e n t o f t h e me m b r a n e , h o w e v e r ,i n c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y . T h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 mi x t u r eg a v e m a x i m u m l i p i d r e m o v a l a f t e r 6 0 m i n a n d 4 0 %o f t h e a b s o r b e d l i p i d m a t e r i a l w a s r e m o v e d , c o m -p a r e d t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 5 % r e m o v a l w i th t h e o t h e rtwo so lu t ions .

    Ch a n g e s i n t h e w a t e r - c o n t a c t a n g l e o f f o u l e dme mb r a n e s , a f t e r t r e a t me n t w i t h d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a -t i o n s o f e n z y m e a n d e n z y m e d e t e r g e n t p r e p a r a t i o n sa n d a t i me c o u r s e s t u d y , a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 3 a n d F i g .4 . I n c r e a s e s i n t h e l i p a s e A a n d p r o t e a s e A c o n c e n -t r a t i o n s p r o d u c e d l o w e r c o n t a c t a n g l e v a l u e s w h i c ha g r e e d w e l l w i t h t h e d e c r e a s e i n l i p i d c o n t e n t o b -s e r v e d f o r t h e s a me t r e a t me n t ( s e e F i g . 1 ) . T h eme mb r a n e s t r e a t e d w i t h t h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0

    8 0 1 , 6 0 0.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,400

    7 0 . . . . _ I1 200_ ~ 6 0 1 , 0 0 0

    . J . - - - - - - - 8 0 0 = x5 0 ,.. - 6 0 0o / . , J ........ 4 0 04 0 =

    3 0 i i i 00 1 2 3Enzyme concentration mg/ml)F i g . 3 . E f fe c t o f e n z y m e c o n c e n t r a ti o n o n t h e c o n t a c t a n g l e a n d p u r e - w a t e r fl u x o f f o u l e d P S M . E n z y m e s e v a l u a t e d w e re : p r o t e a se A ( ) ,l i p a s e A ( 0 ) a n d a l i p a s e A : ( 0 . 1 ) T r i to n X 1 0 0 m i x t u r e ( 0 ) . I n c u b a t i o n t i m e w a s 6 0 m i n a t p H 7 . 5 a n d 3 7 C .

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    5/8

    A . M a a r t e n s e t a l. / J o u r n a l o f M e m b r a n e S c i e n c e 1 1 9 1 9 9 6 ) 9 - 1 6 138 0 1 , 4 0 0

    4

    3 0 I 00 3 0 6 0 9 0I n c u b a t i o n t i m e r a in )

    Fig. 4. Effect of enzyme incubation time on the contact angle and pure-water flux of fouled PSM. Enzym es evaluated were: protease A ( ),lipase A (, ) and a lipase A:(0.1 ) Triton X100 mixture (0 ). Concentration used was 1 mg /m l at pH 7.5 and 37C.

    mi x t u r e s h o w e d t h e g r e a t e s t d e c r e a s e in c o n t a c ta n g l e . T h e e f f e c t o f i n c u b a t i o n t i me w i t h t h e d i f f e r -e n t c l e a n i n g a g e n t s o n t h e c o n t a c t a n g l e o f th ef o u l e d m e m b r a n e s s h o w e d t h e s a m e p a t t e r n a s l i p i dr e m o v a l . P r o t e a s e A t r e a t m e n t b e t w e e n 6 0 t o 9 0 m i nr e s u l t e d i n a n i n c r e a s e i n l i p i d c o n t e n t w i t h a c o n -c o mi t a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n t a c t a n g l e .

    T h e p u r e - w a t e r f lu x t h ro u g h f o u l e d P S M t r e at e dw i t h d i f f e r e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p r o t e a s e A a n d l i -p a s e A i s s h o w n i n F i g . 3. T h e p u r e - w a t e r f l u xi n c r e a s e d w i t h a d e c r e a s e i n l i p i d c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d

    a c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e c r e a s e i n t h e c o n t a c t a n g l e o f t h ef o u l e d m e m b r a n e s . T h e l i p a s e : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 m i x t u r eg a v e t h e b e s t o v e r a l l p u r e - w a t e r f l u x i m p r o v e m e n t .A l t h o u g h m a x i m u m f l ux r e c o v e r y b y a l l c l e a n in ga g e n ts w a s a c h i e v e d w i th e n z y m e c o n c en t r a ti o n s o f3 m g / m l t h is f l u x v a l u e w a s n o t s ig n i f i c a n tl y h i g h e rt h a n t h e i n c r e a s e o b t a i n e d b y t r e a t me n t w i t h a 1m g / m l e n z y m e c o nc e n t ra t io n . T h e e f f e c t o f i n c u b a -t i o n t i me o n t h e p u r e - w a t e r f l u x t h r o u g h f o u l e d PSMi s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 . A r a p i d f l u x i n c r e a s e w a s o b -t a i n e d a f t e r o n l y 3 0 r a i n o f i n c u b a t i o n w i t h t h e

    Table 1Comparison of the cleaning efficiency of different membrane cleaning protocols using the following four variables: removal of proteins andlipids, changes in water contact angle as well as the effect on the membra ne surface and permeability character. Values presented are themathematical mean of at least four determinations _ SDCleaning treatment Protein Lipid Con tact Pure-water

    reduction ( ) reduction ( ) angle (C) flux (l /m 2 h)Unfouled membraneFouled for 8 hBuffer 60 minSDS (0.2 ) 60 minSDS (0.4 ) 60 minTriton X100 (0.1 ) 60 minLipase A (3 mg/ml) 60 minProtease A (3 mg/ml) 60 minAlkazyme:Zymex (1 : 1) 3 solution, 60 minLipase A:Triton X100 (3 mg/ml: 0.1 ) 60 minLipase A:Triton X100 (1 mg/m l:0 .1 ) 60 min,followed by Protease A (1 mg /m l) 60 rain

    63.36 _+ 1.6 829.16 + 200 0 74.5 -4- 2.5 233.3 + 17.22.62 5-- 2.37 0.70 + 4.5 74 + 2.08 332.18 + 14

    51.33 + 9.5 50.5 _ 5.15 73.24 :t: 4.1 332.23 + 5.166.84 + 7.10 56.50 5- 1.9 65.53 + 3.9 493.72 + 1876.48 + 7.10 32.50 5- 1.5 49.21 + 2.9 681.3 5- 16.157.37 5- 4,74 31.90 + 1.2 50.15 ___3.1 720.3 _ 1585.80 _+ 4.74 55.0 5- 4.12 48.37 5- 1.4 800.20 -5- 1495.90 5- 1.24 57.40 + 2.1 41.84 ___2.1 1001.3 5- 2094.74 5- 1.20 59.00 _+ 2.7 36.25 + 4.1 1370 + 22.190.08 _+ 4.74 64.30 + 2.5 31.3 5- 2.05 1382.7 + 17

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    6/8

    4 A. Maartens et al. / Journal ~ f Membrane Science 119 1996) 9-16

    d i f f e r e n t a g e n t s , a f t e r w h i c h t h e r e w a s n o f u r t h e rs ign i f i can t increase in f lux . For p ro tease A , in fac t ,t h e f l u x d e c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y b e t w e e n i n c u b a t i o n t i me so f 6 0 t o 9 0 r a i n i n d i c a t i n g p o s s i b l e r e - a d s o r p t i o n o fl ip ids ( see a l so Fig . 2 ) .

    3 1 Comparison o f enzymatic cleaning regimes withcommercial and conventional cleaning agentsT a b l e 1 s h o w s t h e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t c l e a n i n g

    a g e n t s o n t h e p r o t e i n a n d l i p i d r e mo v a l a s w e l l a s t h ec h a n g e s o b s e r v e d i n t h e w a t e r c o n t a c t a n g l e a n dp u r e - w a t e r f l u x o f PSM f o u l e d i n a b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t .T h e d i f f e r e n t c l e a n i n g mi x t u r e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s u s e da r e i n d i c a t e d i n t h e t a b l e . T h e c o mb i n a t i o n o f l i p a s eA : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 w i t h s u b s e q u e n t t r e a t me n t w i t h p r o -t e a s e A y i e l d e d t h e b e s t r e d u c t i o n i n a d s o r b e d l i p i da s w e l l a s t h e b i g g e s t i n c r e a s e i n p u r e - w a t e r f l u x .There was s t a t i s t i ca l ly no s ign i f i can t d i f fe rence inp r o t e in r e m o v a l b e t w e e n t h e c o m m e r c i a l p r e p a ra t io n ,t h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 mi x t u r e a n d t h e l i p a s eA : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 p r o t e a s e A c o m b i n a t io n .

    4 D i s c u s s i o n

    O n l y a f e w d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e u s e o f p r o -t e a s e s ( p r o t e i n b r e a k d o w n ) a n d l i p a s e s ( l i p i d b r e a k -d o w n ) f o r c l e a n i n g f o u l e d U F m e m b r a n e s c o u l d b efound in the l i t e ra tu re [1 ,14] . Pro te ins and l ip idsp r e s e n t i n a b a t t o i r e f f l u e n t r e p r e s e n t a v e r y b r o a ds p e c t r u m o f b o t h t h e s e c l a s s e s o f c o m p o u n d s . P r o -t e a s e A a n d l i p a s e A w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r o u r s t u d i e s a st h e s e t w o e n z y me s e x h i b i t a r e l a t i v e l y b r o a d s p e c -t r u m o f a c t i v i t y t o w a r d s p r o t e i n a n d t r i a c y l g l y c e r i d eh y d r o l y s i s r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e a c t i v i t y o f t h e s e e n -z y me s a r e n o r ma l l y me a s u r e d i n u n i t s . Fo r t h e p r o -t e a s e A u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y o n e u n i t o f e n z y me i sd e f i n e d a s t h e a m o u n t o f e n z y me t h a t w i ll h y d r o l y s ec a s e i n t o p r o d u c e c o l o u r ( b y F o l i n - C i o c a l t e ur e a g e n t ) e q u i v a l e n t t o 1 mmo l ( 1 8 1 mg ) o f t y r o s i n ep e r r a i n a t a p H o f 7 . 5 a t 3 7 C . Fo r l i p a s e A o n ee n z y me u n i t w i l l h y d r o l y s e 1 . 0 mi c r o e q u i v a l e n t o ff a t t y a c i d f r o m t r i g l y c e r i d e i n 1 h a t a p H o f 7 . 5 a t3 7 C . A s me n t i o n e d e a r l i e r , h o w e v e r , t h e t y p e o fp r o t e i n s a n d l i p i d s a d s o r b e d o n t o t h e PSM f o u l e d i na b a t t o i r e f fl u e n t , a r e u n k n o w n a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e o p t i -

    r e a l e n z y me c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a n d c o n t a c t t i me w i t h t h ef o u l e d m e m b r a n e s h a d t o b e d e t e r m i ne d .

    L i p a s e a c t i v i t y c a n b e i n c r e a s e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n o fT r i t o n X 1 0 0 . T h e d e t e r g e n t c r e a t e s a n o i l - w a t e ri n t e r f a c e w h i c h g r e a t l y e n h a n c e s t h e a c t i v i t y o f t h ee n z y me [ 1 7 ] . I n a d d i t i o n T r i t o n X 1 0 0 i n t e r a c t s w i t hfou lan t s caus ing a l es s dense fou lan t l ayer tha t i smo r e a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e c l e a n i n g e n z y me s . T h e p o s i -t i v e e f f e c t o f t h e a d d i t i o n o f 0 . 1 % T r i t o n X 1 0 0 o nt h e a b i l i t y o f t h e l i p a s e A p r e p a r a t i o n t o r e mo v el i p i d s f r o m t h e f o u l e d PSM, w a s c l e a r l y d e mo n -s t r a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T r e a t me n t o f f o u l e d me mb r a n e sw i t h t h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 mi x t u r e a l s o v e r ye f f e c t i v e l y r e mo v e d p r o t e i n s . I n a d d i t i o n l i p a s e Ac o m b i n e d w i t h T r i t o n X 1 0 0 l o w e r e d t h e e n z y m ec o n c e n t r a t i o n r e q u i r e d , a n d r e d u c e d t h e i n c u b a t i o nt i me n e e d e d , f o r mo r e e f f i c i e n t c l e a n i n g . A f a c t t h a tc o u l d b e o f g r e a t i mp o r t a n c e i n t h e f u t u r e p r a c t i c a la p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s e t y p e s o f c l e a n i n g r e g i me s .

    D e t e r g e n t s s u c h a s SD S o r T r i t o n X 1 0 0 u s e da l o n e a s c l e a n i n g a g e n t s a l s o r e mo v e d l i p i d ma t e r i a l .T h e d e t e r g e n t s a l o n e w e r e , h o w e v e r , s i g n i f i c a n t l yl e s s e f f e c t i v e t h a n w h e n u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t he n z y m e s , a p h e n o m e n o n a l so o b s e r v e d b y C o o l b e r e tal. [14].

    An in t e res t ing aspec t o f th i s inves t iga t ion was thef a c t t h a t t h e p r o t e a s e A h a d t h e a b i l i t y t o r e mo v e as i g n i f i c a n t a mo u n t o f l i p i d ma t e r i a l f r o m t h e f o u l e dme mb r a n e s . P r o t e a s e A h a s n o l i p a s e a c t i v i t y , a sd e t e r mi n e d b y t h e me t h o d o f Mi l e s e t a l . [ 1 8 ] , a n d i tc a n t h e r e f o r e b e a s s u me d t h a t l i p i d s w e r e l i b e r a t e di n t o t h e s o l u t i o n d u e t o t h e d i s t u r b a n c e o f l i p i d - p r o -t e in i n t e r a c t io n s b y t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f p r o t e in

    a n c h o r s . S u p p o r t f o r t h i s h y p o t h e s i s c o m e s f r o mt h e f a c t t h a t t h e l i p i d c o n t e n t o f f o u l e d me mb r a n e s ,t r e a t e d w i t h p r o t e a s e A , i n c r e a s e d a f t e r 6 0 mi n o fi n c u b a t i o n i n d i c a t i n g r e - a d s o r p t i o n . L i p i d r e - a d s o r p -t i o n c a n a l s o e x p l a i n t h e s u b s e q u e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h ec o n t a c t a n g l e a n d p u r e - w a t e r f l u x d e c r e a s e , o b s e r v e df o r t h e s e me mb r a n e s a t i n c u b a t i o n t i me s l o n g e r t h a n6 0 r a i n . T h e s e f i n d i n g s e mp h a s i s e t h e i mp o r t a n c e o fu s i n g r e a l e f f l u e n t i n s t e a d o f mo d e l f o u l a n t s c o n t a i n -i n g o n l y l i p i d o r p r o t e i n ma t e r i a l , a s w e h a v e i n d i -c a t e d p r e v i o u s l y t h a t p r o t e i n - l i p i d i n t e r a c t i o n s c o u l db e a ma j o r f a c t o r i n me mb r a n e f o u l i n g [ 2 ] .

    T h e l i p a s e A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 m i x t u r e w a s t h e m o s te f f e c t i v e p r o t e i n r e mo v a l m i x t u r e t e s t e d . P r o t e i n r e -mo v a l b y t h e l i p a s e A a l o n e o r i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h

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    7/8

    A . M a a r t e n s e t a l. / J o u r n a l o f M e m b r a n e S c i e n c e 1 1 9 1 9 9 6 ) 9 - 1 6 15

    t h e d e t e r g e n t , c o u l d a l s o b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e mo v a lo f a n c h o r i n g l i p i d s . Re - a d s o r p t i o n o f p r o t e i n d i d ,h o w e v e r , n o t o c c u r a n d a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o rt h i s p h e n o me n o n i s t h e l i m i t e d p r o t e a s e a c t i v i t y a s -s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l i p a s e A p r e p a r a t i o n u s e d i n t h e s eexper imen t s [19] . I t i s impor tan t to no te tha t ad -s o r b e d p r o te i n m a t e r i a l c o u ld b e c o m p l e t e l y r e m o v e df r o m t h e f o u l e d me mb r a n e s . I n c o n t r a s t n o t e v e n t h emo s t e f f e c t i v e c l e a n i n g me t h o d u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y ,c o u l d r e m o v e a l l t h e l ip i d s. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 4 o ft h e a b s o r b e d l i p i d m a t e r i a l w a s r e m o v e d f r o m t h em e m b r a n e b y t h e l i p a se A : T r i t o n X 1 0 0 m i x tu r e . T h i sp h e n o me n o n ma y b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t l i p i d sc a n p e n e t r a te i n t o m e m b r a n e p o r e s a n d c o u l d n o t b er e a c h e d b y t h e h i g h e r - m o l e c u l a r - m a s s e n z y m emo l e c u l e s .

    I n f o r ma t i o n o b t a i n e d f r o m d a t a s u c h a s l i p i d a n dp r o t e i n c o n t e n t a s w e l l a s c o n t a c t a n g l e v a l u e s a r ee x t r e me l y u s e f u l i n q u a n t i f y i n g f o u l i n g , d e t e r mi n i n gt h e n a t u r e o f f o u l a n ts a n d e v a l u a t i n g c l e a n i n g r e g i m e sf o r PSM u s e d i n t h e t r e a t me n t o f s t r e a ms o f b i o l o g i -c a l o r i g i n . F l u x r e c o v e r y i s , h o w e v e r , t h e u l t i ma t et e s t f o r t h e a s s e s s me n t o f t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c l e a n -i n g t e c h n i q u e s . O f th e c l e a n i n g m i x t u r e s u s e d i n t h iss t u d y t h e c o mme r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e p r e p a r a t i o n , A l k a -z y m e : Z y m e x , a n d th e l ip a s e A : T r it o n X 1 0 0 m i x t u rea l o n e , a n d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h p r o t e a s e A , g a v e t h eb e s t f l u x r e c o v e r y ( T a b l e 1 ) . T h e f l u x r e c o v e r i e s f o rt h e s e t h r e e c l e a n i n g mi x t u r e s w e r e a l l s i g n i f i c a n t l yh i g h e r t h a n 10 0 w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e f l u xt h r o u g h a n e w u n f o u l e d m e m b r a n e . T h e l o w e r f l u xo f t h e u n f o u l e d c o n t r o l c a n b e e x p l a i n e d b y t h e f a c tt h a t t h e f lu x t h r o u g h t h e se m e m b r a n e s w a s m e a s u r e db e f o r e a n y m e m b r a n e s w e l li n g o c c u r re d .

    A n e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h e h i g h e r p u r e - w a t e r f l u xa f te r m e m b r a n e c l ea n in g w i t h a n e n z y m e / d e t e r g e n tmix tu re , i s t ha t t he su r fac tan t inc luded in the c l ean-i n g p r o t o c o l , c h a n g e s t h e s u r f a c e mo r p h o l o g y o f t h em e m b r a n e t o a m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s l y p e r m e a b l e s u r -f a c e [ 2 0 ] . U n u s e d me mb r a n e s w e r e i n c u b a t e d w i t h0 . 1 T r i t o n X 1 0 0 i n t h e b u f f e r ( p H 7 . 5 ) a t 3 7 C a sc o n t r o l s t o t e s t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s . Pu r e - w a t e r f l u x a n dc o n t a c t a n g l e s v a l u e s o b t a i n e d w e r e 1 2 0 0 + 2 0 1 / m 2h a n d 3 5 2 . 1 4 r e s p e c t iv e l y . T h i s f i n d i n g i s s u p -p o r t e d b y p r e v i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s o f i n i t i a l f l u x i m-p r o v e m e n t s o f 2 0 - 4 0 a f te r m e m b r a n e s h a d b e e nt r e a t e d w i t h n o n - i o n i c s u r f a c t a n t s [ 2 0 - 2 3 ] . T h e c o n -t a c t a n g l e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d a f t e r c l e a n i n g w i t h o n l y

    t h e d e t e r g e n t e mp h a s i s e d t h e e f f e c t o f d e t e r g e n t s o nt h e m e m b r a n e s u r fa c e .

    Resu l t s ob ta ined in th i s inves t iga t ion show tha te n z y me s c a n b e u s e d e f f e c t i v e l y a s c l e a n i n g a g e n t si n b i o l o g i c a l e f f l u e n t s t r e a ms . I t i s , h o w e v e r , i mp o r -t an t t ha t t he e f f luen t as wel l as the fou l ing agen t s int h e e f f l u e n t s h o u l d b e a s w e l l c h a r a c t e r i s e d a n diden t i f i ed as poss ib le , i n o rder to fac i l i t a t e the co r rec tc h o ic e o f e n z y m e s o r e n z y m e / d e t e r g e n t m i x tu r es .

    cknowledgementsW e w o u l d l ik e t o t h a n k th e W a t e r R e s e a r c h C o m -

    mi s s i o n f o r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a n d Mr s . C . A . d e V i l -l i e r s fo r t echn ica l suppor t . We are a l so thankfu l tot h e Ma i t l a n d a b a t t o i r a n d Sy n d a c h e m Sa l e s f o r t h e i rcon t r ibu t ions .

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