An atlas of movements of Southwest Siberian waterbirds

An atlas of movements ofSouthwest Siberian waterbirds

J. Veen1, A.K. Yurlov2, S.N. Delany3, A.I. Mihantiev2, M.A. Selivanova2 & G.C. Boere4

Wetlands International – 2005

1 VEDA consultancy, Wieselseweg 110, 7345 CC Wenum Wiesel, The Netherlands2 Institute for Systematics and Animal Ecology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,11 Frunze Street, Novosibirsk 91, Siberia, Russian Federation

3 Wetlands International, Droevendaalsesteeg 3A, PO Box 471, 6700 AL Wageningen, The Netherlands4 Dorrewold 22, 7213 TG Gorssel, The Netherlands

Garganey – Chirok-treskunokAnas querquedula

Ringing dataFigure 24 shows recoveries of Garganeys ringed withinthe study area as breeding birds (adults and their young)or during wing moult. There are 22 recoveries (9 breed-ing birds and 13 moulting birds) within the study area,which have not been depicted. They refer to individualsrecovered in the post-breeding, post-fledging or postmoulting period or to birds which returned to the area inlater years (period April-October). Recoveries outside thestudy area (6 breeding birds and 31 moulting bird) weresituated W-S of the study area. Winter recoveries(November-February) mainly came from Italy, the south-ern Caspian Sea area, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan andIndia, where 65 recoveries from Bharatpur outnumberedall other recoveries combined. Figure 25 shows locations of birds ringed elsewhere,which were recovered in the study area in summer.Three types of sites can be distinguished: (1) wintering

sites (circles), in India and Africa, (2) moulting sites (tri-angles) in Kazakhstan and (3) sites where the specieswas ringed during summer or migration (squares) inwestern Europe and Iran. Birds ringed in Europe andIran (mainly ringed in March and August) may refer topassage migrants moving between Southwest Siberianbreeding areas and African winter quarters, as sug-gested by Cramp et al. (1977). Figure 26 shows the distribution of recoveries within thestudy area of birds ringed in western Europe, Africa-Caspian Sea, and India. Recoveries of European ringedbirds have an unexpected mean longitudinal positionbetween African and Indian ringed birds (see mean lati-tudinal positions indicated on map).

ConclusionGarganeys breeding in Southwest Siberia complete theirwing moult at lakes within the study area as well as atlakes in Kazakhstan. Main wintering areas are situated inAfrica, the Caspian Sea area and especially in India.Recoveries within the study area of birds ringed in differ-ent migration/wintering places are scattered and longitu-dinal positions of migration/wintering places do not corre-late with longitudinal mean position of the recoveries .The oldest bird recovered was at least 12 years.

Atlas of movements of Southwest Siberian waterbirds

34

Anas querquedula ringing placerecovery

Figure 24. Recoveries of Garganeys ringed as breeding birds or during wing moult in the Regions of Omsk, Tomsk andNovosibirsk.

Species accounts

35

11

2

65

2

1

1

2

2

173

43

2

1

4 4

1

1

Anas querquedula ringing place (wintering area)ringing place (moulting area)ringing place (summer/migration period)

Figure 25. Ringing places of Garganeys which were recovered in the study area. Figures near symbols refer to the number ofbirds recovered. The distribution of recoveries is given in figure 26.

Anas querquedula

NW, C & S Europemean position of recoveries

55.49N-75.35E (n=21)Africa 55.13N-72.76E (n=10)India 55.53N-78.99E (n=78)

Figure 26. Recoveries of Garganeys ringed in different win-tering areas (see also figure 25).

Common Pochard – Krasnogolovy NyrokAythya ferina

Ringing dataFigure 27 shows recoveries of Pochards which wereringed within the study area as breeding birds (adultsand their young) or during wing moult. There were 269recoveries (214 breeding birds and 55 moulting birds)within the study area, which have not been depicted.They refer to individuals recovered in the post-breeding,post-fledging or post-moulting period or to birds whichreturned to the area for breeding in later years (periodApril-October). Recoveries outside the study area showa more-or-less similar migration pattern for breeding (91)and moulting (48) birds, which is mainly in a W-SWdirection. Winter recoveries (November-March) wereconcentrated along the Mediterranean, Black andCaspian Seas, in Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadjikistanand in India and Pakistan. The four birds recovered northof the study area in summer (May-October) were eitherat the border, or far beyond the species’ breeding range.The most northerly point certainly does not refer to a

breeding bird, and may possibly have been taking anortherly route to Europe.Figure 28 shows locations of birds ringed elsewhere,which have been recovered in the study area. Two typesof sites can be distinguished: (1) wintering sites (circles),situated inwestern Europe, the southern shore of the Caspian Sea,Pakistan, India and Japan, and (2) a moulting site inRussia near the Sea of Azov. A total of 110 birds ringedat Bharatpur and 26 from a site in Kashmir show theimportance of India as a wintering area, and 44 birdsringed at one site in Switzerland, and 16 at a site inEastern England were also recovered in the study area.The recovery of four birds ringed in Japan breeding inthe study area suggests that regular migration may occurto the east, assuming extremely low ring recovery ratesin Mongolia and China.Figure 29 shows the distribution of recoveries within thestudy area of birds ringed in the wintering sites shown inFigure 28. It appears that birds wintering in Europe, theCaspian Sea region, the Indian sub-continent and Japan,were, on average, recorded from more westerly, centraland easterly positions within the study area (see meanpositions indicated on map).

ConclusionPochards breeding in Southwest Siberia complete theirwing moult at lakes within the area and near Sea ofAzov. Migration is in a W-S direction and main winteringareas are situated in western Europe, along theMediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas and in Indianand Pakistan. Some birds were recovered from Japan.The W to E position of wintering places correlates with asimilar mean position of recoveries within the study area.The oldest bird recovered was at least 19 years old.


36

Aythya ferina ringing placerecovery

Figure 27. Recoveries of Common Pochards ringed as breeding birds or during wing moult in the Regions of Kurgan, Omsk,Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk.

Species accounts

37

16

1

21

2

26

1

110

2

6

4

2

1

84

1

31

44 1

4

Aythya ferina

3

ringing place (wintering area)ringing place (moulting area)ringing place (summer/migration period)

Figure 28. Ringing places of Common Pochards which were recovered in the study area. Figures near symbols refer to thenumber of birds recovered. The distribution of recoveries is given in figure 29.

Aythya ferina

NW & C Europemean position of recoveries

55.43N-67.97E (n=88)Caspian Sea 55.27N-70.82E (n=6)India, Pakistan 54.59N-77.45E (n=139)Japan 53.19N-79.56E (n=4)

Figure 29. Recoveries of Common Pochards ringed in differ-ent wintering areas (see also figure 28).

Tufted Duck – Khokhlataya ChernetAythya fuligula

Ringing dataFigure 30 shows recoveries of Tufted Ducks ringedwithin the study area as breeding birds (adults and theiryoung) or during wing moult. There were 37 recoveries(33 breeding birds and 4 moulting birds) within the studyarea, which have not been depicted. They refer to indi-viduals recovered in the post-breeding, post-fledging orpost moulting period or to birds which returned to thearea for breeding in later years (period April-October).Recoveries outside the study area (16 breeding birdsand 4 moulting birds) show migration in a mainly SWdirection. Winter recoveries (November-March) were sit-uated in Greece and along the Caspian Sea shore.Recoveries north of the study area (all May-June) refer

to individuals ringed as breeding birds, which may havechanged breeding places between years.Figure 31 shows ringing locations in the wintering areasfor birds recovered in the study area. Of 12 birds ringedin Europe eight came from Switzerland and, of 38 fromIndia no fewer than 31 were ringed at Bharatpur. Withinthe study area (figure 32) recoveries from Europe have amore westerly mean latitudinal position than those fromIndia (see mean positions on map).

ConclusionTufted Ducks breeding in Southwest Siberia migrate in aW-S direction and main wintering places are situated inwestern Europe, along the Caspian Sea shore and inIndia. The W to E position of wintering places correlateswith a similar mean position of recoveries within thestudy area. The oldest bird recovered was at least 9years.


38

Aythya fuligula ringing placerecovery

Figure 30. Recoveries of Tufted Ducks ringed as breeding birds or during wing moult in the Regions of Kurgan, Omsk andNovosibirsk.

Species accounts

39

3

31

1

1

8

Aythya fuligula

1

2

4

ringing place (wintering area)ringing place (moulting area)ringing place (summer/migration period)

Figure 31. Ringing places of Tufted Ducks which were recovered in the study area. Figures near symbols refer to the number ofbirds recovered. The distribution of recoveries is given in figure 32.

Aythya fuligula

NW Europemean position of recoveries

55.51N-67.31E (n=12)India 56.30N-80.17E (n=38)

Figure 32. Recoveries of Tufted Ducks ringed in differentwintering areas (see also figure 31).

Common Goldeneye – GogolBucephala clangula

Ringing dataFigure 33 shows recoveries of Goldeneyes ringed withinthe study area during wing moult. There were 68 recov-eries within the study area, which have not beendepicted. They refer to individuals recovered in the post-moulting period or to birds which returned to the area inlater years (period April-October). Recoveries outside thestudy area (57) are scattered. Autumn migration seemsto be in a SW direction, and recoveries from the Blackand Caspian Sea area all came from late autumn

and winter (October-February). Recoveries west, northand east of the study area were concentrated in theperiod March-September (many in June). They refer tobirds recovered during post-moulting dispersal (withinyear of ringing) or to birds returning to the breeding areain later years. The species appears to migrate shorterdistances than any other duck species found in the studyarea, with no recoveries in or from Europe or South Asia.

ConclusionGoldeneyes breeding in Southwest Siberia migrate in aSW direction. The Caspian Sea appears to be an impor-tant wintering area. The oldest bird recovered was atleast 17 years.


40

Bucephala clangularinging placerecovery

Figure 33. Recoveries of Common Goldeneyes ringed during wing moult in the Region of Kurgan.

Common Coot – LysukhaFulica atra

Ringing dataFigure 34 shows recoveries of Coots ringed within thestudy area as breeding birds (adults and their young).There were 12 recoveries within the study area, whichhave not been depicted. They refer to individuals recov-ered in the post-breeding and post-fledging period or tobirds which returned to the area for breeding in lateryears (period August-October). Recoveries outside thestudy area (13) show migration in a SW direction. Winterrecoveries (3, December-March) come from the CaspianSea shore, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Figure 35 showsringing sites of Coots which were recovered in the studyarea. Along the Caspian Sea, in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyz-stan the birds were ringed during autumn migration

(October-November); in India during autumn and(mainly) winter (October-March). Key wintering sites ofbirds breeding in the study area were Bharatpur and asite in Kashmir, where 53 and 28, respectively, birdswere ringed which were subsequently recovered in thestudy area. The species is apparently a shorter-distancemigrant than many of the ducks and none were recov-ered in Europe.

ConclusionCoots breeding in Southwest Siberia migrate in a SW-Sdirection. Wintering areas are situated near the CaspianSea, in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and in India. The oldestbird recovered was at least 8 years.

Species accounts

41

Fulica atraringing placerecovery

Figure 34. Recoveries of Coots ringed as breeding birds inthe Regions of Omsk and Novosibirsk.

4

53

28

2

1

4

Fulica atraringing placerecovery

Figure 35. Recoveries within the study area of CommonCoots ringed elsewhere. Figures near symbols refer to thenumber of birds recovered.

Northern Lapwing – ChibisVanellus vanellus

Ringing dataThere are 3 cases of birds ringed as chicks in the studyarea, which were recovered near the Caspian Sea(October), in Syria (March) and in France (December)(figure 36). Twenty birds ringed in western Europe andone in Finland were recovered in the study area in spring

and summer (late April-September). Most of them wereringed in late autumn or winter. Considering the migra-tion pattern of most Southwest Siberian waterbirds it istempting to conclude that these birds refer to SouthwestSiberian breeding birds wintering in Europe. However,six birds were ringed in Europe in May-September, twoof which as chicks in June. These birds were recovered3-4 years later in June-July in the Siberian study areawhich strongly suggests that there is an exchange ofbreeding birds between western Europe and SouthwestSiberia (distance 4000-5000 km). As a consequence itcannot be excluded that our records refer to Europeanborn birds, which subsequently bred in SouthwestSiberia, thereafter using other wintering areas. Lapwingsare rarely the quarry of hunters and the principal bias inthe distribution of recoveries is towards countries, mostlyin western Europe, where a lot of Lapwings have beenringed.

ConclusionLapwings breeding in Southwest Siberia appear tomigrate in a predominantly WSW direction. WesternEurope might be an important wintering area. However,the nature of the link between Southwest Siberia andEurope is unclear. Two recoveries suggest that theremight be an exchange of breeding birds between west-ern Europe and Southwest Siberia. The oldest birdrecovered was 12 years.


42

ringing placerecoveryringing placerecovery

1

11

22

2

2

6

4

Vanellus vanellus

Figure 36. Recoveries of Northern Lapwings ringed inside (Tomsk and Novosibirsk Regions) and outside the study area.Figures near symbols refer to the number of birds recovered

Wood Sandpiper – FifiTringa glareola

Ringing dataThere were three recoveries of birds ringed as adults(figure 37). One bird ringed in the study area (June) wasrecovered in India (March), whereas two birds ringed inIndia (March) and Kazakhstan (August) were recoveredfrom the taiga zone of the study area (June-July). Thesedata demonstrate that Wood Sandpipers which probablybred in the study area, showed N-S migration, winteringon the Indian sub-continent. These findings are in agree-ment with those of Lebedeva et al. (1985) showing thatthe Indian sub-continent is the main wintering area for

Wood Sandpipers breeding in Central Siberia between60° and 120°E. The oldest bird recovered was at least3 years.

Species accounts

43


1

1

Tringa glareola

Figure 37. Recoveries of Wood Sandpipers ringed inside(Tomsk Region) and outside the study area. Figures nearsymbols refer to the number of birds recovered within thestudy area.

Marsh Sandpiper – PorucheynikTringa stagnatilis

Ringing dataThere were three ring recoveries of birds ringed as fullgrown individuals in Ethiopia (1, date unclear) and inIndia (2, November), which were recovered in May-September in part of the study area where the species isa breeding bird (figure 38). These data show migration ina S and SW direction and suggest wintering on theIndian continent as well as in eastern Africa. Similar datahave been mentioned for Southwest Siberian MarshSandpiper by Dobrynina and Lebedeva (1985). The old-est bird recovered was at least 2 years.

1

1

1

Tringa stagnatilisringing placerecovery

Figure 38. Recoveries within the study area of MarshSandpipers ringed elsewhere. Figures near symbols refer tothe number of birds recovered.

Common Snipe – BekasGallinago gallinago

Ringing dataThere were three records of birds ringed in India asadults in December-March, which were recovered in thestudy area in the post-breeding/migration period(August-September) (figure 39). It shows that CommonSnipe which can be expected to be Siberian breedingbirds (whether they bred in the study area is uncertain)spend the winter on the Indian sub-continent. TheCommon Snipe is a very popular quarry species inEurope, and if there was migration from the study area toEurope on a large scale, recoveries there as a result ofhunting might be expected. The oldest bird recoveredwas at least 3 years.


44

3

Gallinago gallinagoringing placerecovery

Figure 39. Recoveries within the study area of CommonSnipe ringed in India.

Ruff - TurukhtanPhilomachus pugnax

Ringing dataThere were six records, three of birds ringed as adults atBharatpur, India (September-October), Norway (August),Italy (April) and South Africa (November), which wererecovered in the study area in summer and autumn (4 inMay, 2 in September-October) (figure 40). Two birdsringed as adults in the study area in August were recov-ered from central Africa (January) and eastern Siberia(August). Although data are scattered and few, they con-firm earlier analyses of ring recoveries of Ruff (Lebedevaand Dobrydina 1985, Cramp 1983) showing that Siberianbreeding Ruff mainly migrate in directions between Westand South to their wintering areas on the Indian sub-con-tinent, in Africa and, to a lesser extent, southern Europe.The recovery of the Norwegian ringed bird is surprising.This bird was caught in the study area in May, four yearsafter it had been ringed in Norway in August. The Ruff isknown to be a nomadic breeding bird and this recordmight refer to an individual changing breeding placesbetween northern Europe and northern Asia.Southwest Siberia appears to be an important stagingarea, which may be used by birds breeding in a largepart of northern Siberia, as far as 3000 km to the east.The oldest bird recovered was at least 9 years.

Species accounts

45


Philomachus pugnax

1

3

1

South Africa

1

Figure 40. Recoveries of Ruffs ringed inside (Novosibirsk Region) and outside the study area. Figures near symbols refer to thenumber of birds recovered within the study area.

Black-headed Gull – Ozernaya Chayka Larus ridibundus

Ringing dataThere were 96 recoveries, all of birds ringed as chicks incolonies in the Novosibirsk Region. 59 birds were recov-ered from within the study area in the period May-October (figure 41). They either refer to juvenile birds intheir first year of life or to adults, up to 9 years old, whichhad returned to the breeding area in later years (somewere recovered in the natal colony). Recoveries fromoutside the breeding area (38) were nearly all situated S-WSW from the breeding area. In autumn (August-November) most recoveries were concentrated in south-ern Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and the northern shore ofthe Caspian Sea, whereas most winter records(December-March) were more to the south (Iraq, Iran,Turkmenistan, Tadzjikistan, Afghanistan and India) andto the west (Black Sea coast). Only 5 records are avail-able from April, distributed over the wintering and migra-tion areas. As most birds arrive in the breeding area inthe second half of April, spring migration probably takesplace in a short period of time in the first half of thismonth.

ConclusionBlack-headed gulls breeding in the Novosibirsk Regionmigrate in a predominantly S-SW direction. Main winter-ing areas are situated along the shores of the Black andCaspian Sea, in the Middle East and on the Indian sub-continent. Only one was recovered in Europe. Springmigration probably takes place in a short period (mainlythe beginning of April). The oldest bird recovered was 9years.


46

Larus ridibundusringing placerecovery

Figure 41. Recoveries of Black-headed Gulls ringed aschicks in the Novosibirsk Region.

Common Gull – Sizaya ChaykaLarus canus

Ringing dataThere were 65 recoveries, all of birds ringed as chicks incolonies on islands in Lake Chany (figure 42). 43 recov-eries from inside the study area, all in the period August-October, refer to juvenile birds in their first year of life(post-fledging dispersal) or to adults returning to thebreeding area in later years (some were recovered intheir natal colony). Autumn migration appears to takeplace in a SW direction and most winter recoveries(November-March) were concentrated along and be-tween the Caspian and Black Seas although there wasone winter record of a juvenile bird from Italy. This sug-gests that some birds may be longer-distance migrants.There were no spring records. Two birds were recoveredas sub-adults in May-June from northern Kazakhstan ina region where the species is a breeding bird.

ConclusionCommon Gulls ringed as chicks at Lake Chany migratein a predominantly SW direction. The main winteringarea is between the Black and the Caspian Seas. Thespecies has a more northerly migration route and winterdistribution than the Black-headed gull, and none wererecorded in India, or in Central Asia south of northernKazakhstan. The oldest bird recovered was 14 years.

Species accounts

47

Larus canus ringing placerecovery

Figure 42. Recoveries of Common Gulls ringed as chicks at Lake Chany, Novosibirsk Region.

Yellow-legged Gull – HohotunijLarus cachinnans

Ringing dataThere were 30 recoveries, all of birds ringed as chicks incolonies on islands in Lake Chany and other lakes in theNovosibirsk Region (figure 43). 24 recoveries from insidethe study area, all in the period April-October, refer tojuvenile birds fledged in the same year (11) or to adults(13, age 1-6 years) returning to the breeding area in lateryears (7 birds were recovered in close vicinity of thenatal colony). Autumn migration appears to take place ina SW direction. Recoveries from the Caspian Sea regionwere from August, September and April. No winter recov-eries are available. There were 3 recoveries from the southern part of thestudy area (1 juvenile, 1 sub-adult and 1 adult inSeptember-October) of birds ringed as chicks in a colonyin east Kazakhstan.

ConclusionYellow-legged Gulls ringed as chicks in the Novosibirskregion migrate in a predominantly SW direction. Themain wintering area might be situated in the CaspianSea region but the number of recoveries are few. Nonewere recovered in Europe or Africa. The oldest birdrecovered was 6 years.

Sub-specific statusThe taxonomic status of the Yellow-legged Gulls ringedas chick at Lake Chany is uncertain. According to delHoyo et al. (1996) L. c. cachinnans breeds in the Blackand Caspian Sea area and east Kazakhstan, whereasL. c. barabensis is a breeding bird of the Central Asiansteppes. L. c. mongolicus is mentioned as a breedingbird from the Southeast Altai mountains and eastwards.So, all three sub-species are thought to be present asbreeding birds in a relatively small area. Lake Balkhash

in eastern Kazakhstan in thought to be the borderline forbreeding L. c. cachinnans and L. c . barabensis, the lat-ter being supposed to breed north of this line. However,birds ringed as chicks near Lake Balkhash (Lake Alakol)have been recorded in the breeding colonies at LakeChany, so mixing of breeding populations at the sub-spe-cific level may take place in the area. On the basis of ourpresent knowledge of the breeding distribution of the var-ious sub-species, the Chany breeding population shouldbe regarded as to belong to L. c. barabensis. However,according to Wetlands International (2002) L. c.barabensis (treated as Larus heuglini barabensis bythese authors) winters in Southwest Asia, mainly alongthe shores of the Persian gulf and the Arabian Sea,whereas L. c. cachinnans spends the winter along theBlack & Caspian Seas, SW Asia, NE Africa and SriLanka. The recoveries of the Chany birds, though few innumbers, fit with the latter and not with the first. Sobreeding and wintering distribution suggest different sub-species, which leaves the taxonomic status of Laruscachinnans breeding at lake Chany unknown.


48

ringing placerecoveryringing placerecovery Larus cachinnans

3

Figure 43. Recoveries of Yellow-legged Gulls ringed aschicks inside (Lake Chany, Novosibirsk Region) and outsidethe study area.

Ringing dataThere were 30 recoveries of birds ringed as chicks in thecolonies in Lake Chany (figure 44). Twenty birds wererecovered from inside the study area in July-October,three of which were sub-adult or adult birds which mayhave returned to the area for breeding. One two-year oldsub-adult bird was actually recovered near the natalcolony. All others (17) were juveniles recovered within afew months after fledging. Recoveries from outside thestudy area were situated in a WSW-S direction from theplace of ringing. There were 8 recoveries fromKazakhstan in late summer and autumn (August-October) and one ring recovery is available from the win-ter period (March), along the Indus river in northernPakistan. The number of recoveries are few, but data fitwith presumed wintering along the Caspian Sea and onthe Indian sub-continent (Cramp 1983, Flint et al. 1989).The figure also shows 10 recoveries from within thestudy area of birds (2 adults and 8 juveniles) ringed aschicks in colonies near Astrakhan (1) and in easternKazakhstan (9). One bird was recovered 24 days after ithad been ringed as a chick in Kazakhstan, showing thatdistances of more than 500 km can be covered within afew weeks after fledging. These data suggest that theremight be an exchange of breeding birds between thecolonies in the Novosibirsk Region and the colonies ineastern Kazakhstan and the Caspian Sea area.

ConclusionGreat Black-headed Gulls ringed as chicks at LakeChany migrate in a SW direction. The wintering area isapparently situated along the Caspian Sea coast and onthe Indian sub-continent. It is expected that there is anexchange of breeding birds between different colonies.The oldest bird recovered was 7 years.

Species accounts

49

Larus ichthyaetus

1 9


Figure 44. Recoveries of Great Black-headed Gulls ringedinside (Lake Chany, Novosibirsk Region) and outside thestudy area. Figures near symbols refer to the number ofbirds recovered within the study area.

Great Black-headed Gull – Chernogolovy KhokhotunLarus ichthyaetus

Black Tern – Chyornaya KrachkaChlidonias niger

Ringing dataThere were 4 recoveries of birds ringed as chicks incolonies in the Novosibirsk Region (figure 45).Recoveries from the northern Caspian Sea coast andItaly (August-November) fit with the main migration routeof the species which runs through the Caspian, Blackand Mediterranean Seas to the Atlantic coast of West Africa (Cramp 1985). One recovery in southern Iran(found dead January) may refer to an individual followinga migratory route leading to East African winter quarters. Two birds ringed in Italy (age and status unknown) havebeen recorded in summer in the study area, which fitswith the species’ known migration route.

ConclusionsBlack Terns breeding in Southwest Siberia probablymigrate to the species’ main wintering areas along thecoast of West Africa, passing the Caspian, Black andMediterranean Seas. The oldest bird recovered was 6years.


50


Chlidonias niger

2

Figure 45. Recoveries of Black Terns ringed inside (Lake Chany, Novosibirsk Region) and outside the study area.

A thorough discussion of the principles underlying theseparation of flyway populations can be found in Scottand Rose (1996). In their Atlas of Anatidae populations,the following types of “populations” are recognized: (1)the entire population of a species, (2) the entire popula-tion of a recognized subspecies, (3) a discrete migratorypopulation of a species or subspecies which rarely mixeswith other populations of the same species, (4) popula-tions of northern hemisphere birds which spend the win-ter in a relatively discrete area, and (5) a regional groupof sedentary, nomadic or dispersive birds with a rathercontinuous distribution.

Flyway populations are characterised by a clearlydefined range linking breeding, migration and winteringareas. Our Atlas of movements of Southwest SiberianWaterbirds deals with waterbirds migrating through orbreeding in part of Southwest Siberia. As a conse-quence, for most species only a relatively small propor-tion of the area used by each population is covered.Moreover, in most cases the number of recoveries isvery limited. This means, that it is not possible to identifygeographical limits of different flyway populations on thebasis of the material presented. It is, however, possibleto compare the distribution of the ring recoveries of eachspecies with the area covered by different flyway popula-tions as distinguished by earlier authors. A generaloverview of waterbird flyway populations is given byWetlands International 2002, and a detailed atlas for theAnatidae is published by Wetlands International in 1996.Furthermore, valuable information is given in the seriesof migration studies edited by Pavlov (1978, 1982, 1985,1989, 1997). Table 2 summarises the results of such acomparison. The following information is given:

Species: the name of the species (English and Latin)

Flyway population name: the name of the flyway popu-lation as used in the literature. We have followedWetlands International 2002 for all species unless other-wise stated. In two cases the entire population of a sub-species is considered (Larus canus heini and Chlidoniasniger niger). In all other cases the flyway populationsrefer to a more or less discrete part of the recognizedsubspecies, usually distinguished and named after thenon-breeding area. Names referring to non-breeding andbreeding areas are followed by (nb) and (br) respectively.In a few cases a second flyway population name is men-tioned between brackets, including literature reference.This has been done in cases in which a detailed flywaymap can be found in other literature sources underanother name.

Reference: literature reference used for comparing ringrecoveries with flyway descriptions. References markedwith an asterisk provide flyway maps.

Breeding range: Breeding area of the flyway populationaccording to Wetlands International 2002. Names usedfor geographical regions are explained in annex 2.Core non-breeding range: Core non-breeding range ofthe flyway population (usually wintering area) accordingto Wetlands International 2002. Names used for geo-graphical regions are explained in annex 2.

Occurrence: the occurrence within the flyway areabased on ring recoveries presented in this atlas.Occurrence has been given by means of symbols (+, ++or +++) and figures. The number of plusses indicate theextent to which birds ringed in the study area make useof a particular flyway. They should be read as follows:+ a small number of recoveries come from this fly-

way. The flyway is probably unimportant for birds from the study area.

++ a considerable number of recoveries come from this flyway. The flyway is regarded important for birds from the study area .

+++ a relatively large number of recoveries come from this flyway. It is regarded as (one of ) the main fly-way areas for birds from the study area.

The number of plusses given should be seen as a roughindication. They are based on the relative frequency ofoccurrence of the recoveries. As a rule direct recoverieshave been given more weight as compared to indirectrecoveries, because the distribution of the latter is verymuch influenced by ringing activity (see methods sec-tion). For species with less than 10 recoveries (direct +indirect) any indication with respect to the use of flywayswas regarded speculative. In such cases a 0 has beenused instead of a + symbol.

The figures in the last three columns denote the numberof direct recoveries, indirect recoveries and indirectrecoveries of birds ringed in moulting areas, respectively.Recoveries in overlapping parts of two flyways havebeen allocated to the most likely flyway in one the follow-ing ways: if (nearly) all recoveries are in one flyway, arecovery in the area overlapping with a neighbouring fly-way is allocated to the first; if (several) recoveries havebeen obtained from two neighbouring flyways, datapoints in the overlapping area have been split up andallocated to both flyways on the basis of the frequency ofoccurrence of points in the non-overlapping areas.Recoveries close to the study area have not beenincluded if it was not possible to allocate them to a par-ticular flyway. As a consequence, the total number ofrecoveries indicated in the table is not necessarily identi-cal to the total number mentioned in the text of thespecies accounts or depicted on the maps.

From ring recoveries to flyway populations

51



52

Spe

cies

Flyw

ay p

opul

atio

n na

me

Ref

.B

reed

ing

rang

eC

ore

non-

bree

ding

rang

e

Gre

y H

eron

SW

Asi

a (n

b)W

IC

& S

W A

sia

E B

lack

Sea

& W

, SW

Asi

a, C

aspi

an00

09

00

Ard

ea c

iner

ea

Bea

n G

oose

NW

Eur

ope

(nb)

WI

Sca

ndin

avia

, E to

W S

iber

iaN

W E

urop

e00

05

0A

nser

faba

lis

Gre

ater

Whi

te-fr

onte

dB

altic

-Nor

th S

ea (n

b)W

IE

urop

ean

Arc

tic R

ussi

a &

NW

Sib

eria

NW

Eur

ope

000

40

Goo

se A

nser

alb

ifron

s

Gre

ylag

Goo

seC

aspi

an, I

raq

(nb)

WI

W S

iber

ia, C

aspi

anS

Cas

pian

, Ira

q++

+2

120

Ans

er a

nser

Mal

lard

W M

edite

rran

ean

(nb)

SR

*N

Eur

ope

C E

urop

e, W

Med

iterr

anea

n+

02

0A

nas

plat

yrhy

ncho

sE

Med

iterr

anea

n (n

b)S

R*

E E

urop

eB

lack

Sea

, E M

edite

rran

ean

+2

20

SW

Asi

a (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, S

W A

sia

SW

Asi

a++

+11

776

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

C A

sia

S A

sia

+1

56

Gad

wal

lC

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

SR

*C

& E

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

+1

00

Ana

s st

repe

raS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, S

W A

sia

SW

Asi

a, N

E A

frica

+++

60

53S

Asi

a (n

b)W

IC

Asi

aS

Asi

a++

146

0

Nor

ther

n P

inta

ilB

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n, W

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

NE

Eur

ope,

W S

iber

iaB

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n, W

Afri

ca+

09

0A

nas

acut

aS

W A

sia,

E &

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

iaS

W A

sia,

E &

NE

Afri

ca++

+25

514

7S

Asi

a (n

b)W

IC

Sib

eria

, C A

sia

S A

sia

+++

2313

24

E &

SE

Asi

aW

IE

Sib

eria

E &

SE

Asi

a S

to T

haila

nd+

01

0

Nor

ther

n S

hove

ler

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean,

W A

frica

(nb)

SR

*W

Sib

eria

, NE

& E

Eur

ope

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean,

W A

frica

+1

50

Ana

s cl

ypea

taS

W A

sia,

NE

& E

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, C

Asi

aS

W A

sia,

NE

& E

Afri

ca++

+13

420

S A

sia

(nb)

(Wes

t Sib

eria

/Indo

stan

MH

*)M

H*

C S

iber

ia, C

Asi

aS

. Asi

a++

+0

640

Eur

asia

n W

igeo

nN

W E

urop

e (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia &

NW

, NE

Eur

ope

NW

Eur

ope

+0

290

Ana

s pe

nelo

peB

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, N

E E

urop

eB

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n+

10

0S

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

C &

W S

iber

iaS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca++

+5

865

S A

sia

(nb)

(Eas

t Sib

eria

n by

O*)

O*

C S

iber

iaS

Asi

a++

034

0 E

ast A

sia

WI

E S

iber

ia, N

E C

hina

, Mon

golia

E A

sia

+1

00

Com

mon

Tea

lB

lack

Sea

/Med

iterr

anea

n (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, N

E E

urop

eB

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n, W

Afri

ca++

47

0A

nas

crec

caS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

iaS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca++

+12

625

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

W &

Sib

eria

S A

sia

+++

1578

0

Occurrence

Direct Recovery

Indirect Recovery

Recovered inMoulting area

Tab

le 2

.Occ

urre

nce

of r

ecov

erie

s of

bird

s fr

om th

e st

udy

area

in d

iffer

ent f

lyw

ays

as d

istin

guis

hed

by W

etla

nds

Inte

rnat

iona

l 200

2. L

arus

cac

hinn

ans

has

been

om

itted

from

the

tabl

ebe

caus

e its

sub

-spe

cific

sta

tus

is u

nkno

wn.

Exp

lana

tion

in te

xt.


53

Gar

gane

yW

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

Eur

ope,

W. S

iber

iaW

. Afri

ca++

+7

300

Ana

s qu

erqu

edul

aS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

iaS

W A

sia,

NE

& E

Afri

ca++

+19

35

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

W &

C S

iber

iaS

. Asi

a++

+2

780

Com

mon

Poc

hard

NE

& N

W E

urop

e (n

b)S

R*

Rus

sia,

NE

, NW

Eur

ope

NE

, NW

Eur

ope

++0

350

Ayt

hya

ferin

aC

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

(nb)

SR

*C

& N

E E

urop

eC

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

+++

2050

6S

W A

sia

(nb)

SR

*W

Sib

eria

SW

Asi

a++

+61

60

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

C A

sia

S A

sia

+++

213

90

E A

sia

(nb)

(Eas

tern

/Sou

thea

ster

n A

sia

MM

*)M

M*

Sib

eria

, Sak

halin

, NE

Chi

na, H

okka

ido

(mai

nly

Kor

ea a

nd J

apan

)+

04

0

Tufte

d D

uck

NW

Eur

ope

(nb)

SR

*N

& N

W E

urop

eN

W E

urop

e+

03

0A

ythy

a fu

ligul

aC

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

(nb)

SR

*E

& C

Eur

ope,

Bla

ck S

ea, M

edite

rran

ean

C E

urop

e, B

lack

Sea

, Med

iterr

anea

n++

09

0S

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

ia, S

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

caS

W A

sia,

NE

Afri

ca++

+6

10

C &

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

W &

C S

iber

iaC

& S

Asi

a++

+1

380

Com

mon

Gol

dene

yeB

lack

Sea

(nb)

SR

*W

Sib

eria

, NE

Eur

ope

Bla

ck S

ea++

22

0B

ucep

hala

cla

ngul

aC

aspi

an S

ea (n

b)S

R*

W S

iber

iaC

aspi

an S

ea++

+6

00

Com

mon

Coo

tS

W A

sia

(nb)

(Cas

pian

-W S

iber

ian

BL*

)W

IW

& C

Asi

aS

W A

sia

++2

20

Fulic

a at

raS

Asi

a (n

b) (W

Sib

eria

n-K

azak

hsta

n B

L*)

WI

C &

S A

sia

S A

sia

+++

075

0

Nor

ther

n La

pwin

gE

urop

e (b

r)W

IE

urop

eE

urop

e, A

sia

min

or, N

orth

Afri

ca++

+1

210

Vane

llus

vane

llus

W A

sia

(br)

WI

W A

sia

SW

Asi

a, C

aspi

an+

20

0

Woo

d sa

ndpi

per

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

C &

E S

iber

ia to

Kam

chat

kaS

Asi

a00

12

0Tr

inga

gla

reol

a

Mar

sh S

andp

iper

SW

Asi

a, E

& S

Afri

ca (n

b)W

IS

iber

iaS

W A

sia,

E &

S A

frica

00

10

Trin

ga s

tagn

atili

sS

Asi

a (n

b)W

IS

iber

iaS

Asi

a00

02

0

Com

mon

Sni

peS

Asi

a (n

b)W

IN

C A

sia

to K

amch

atka

S A

sia

000

30

Gal

linag

o ga

llina

go

Ruf

fW

Afri

ca (n

b)W

IN

&C

Eur

ope,

NW

Rus

sia,

W&

C S

iber

iaW

Afri

ca00

12

0P

hilo

mac

hus

pugn

axS

W A

sia

& S

Afri

ca (n

b)W

IW

, C &

E S

iber

iaE

& S

Afri

ca, S

W A

sia

00

10

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

W, C

& E

Sib

eria

S A

sia

000

30

Bla

ck-h

eade

d G

ull

SW

Asi

a, E

Afri

ca (n

b)W

IW

Rus

sia,

C A

sia

SW

Asi

a, E

Afri

ca++

+31

00

Laru

s rid

ibun

dus

S A

sia

(nb)

WI

Rus

sia,

C A

sia

S A

sia

++9

00

Com

mon

Gul

lhe

ini

WI

NW

Rus

sia,

W&

C S

iber

ia E

to L

ena

RS

E E

urop

e, B

lack

& C

aspi

an S

eas

+++

170

0La

rus

canu

s

Gre

at B

lack

-h. G

ull

E E

urop

e, W

Asi

a (b

r)W

IB

lack

and

Cas

pian

Sea

sS

Cas

pian

, E M

ed, A

rabi

an P

en, E

Afri

ca++

81

0La

rus

ichh

tyae

tus

C A

sia

(br)

WI

C A

sia

E to

LB

alka

sh, S

to T

ibet

S A

sia,

Mya

nmar

+1

9?0

Bla

ck T

ern

nige

rW

IW

, C &

S E

urop

e, W

&C

Asi

a, E

to A

ltai

Coa

stal

W &

C A

frica

to N

amib

ia00

03

20

Chl

idon

ias

nige

r


54

Crossroads of flyways

This atlas deals with the movements of 25 species ofmigratory waterbirds, occurring in a 1700x1200 km“study area”, situated in Southwest Siberia. It depictsand analyses data from birds ringed in the area andrecovered elsewhere as well as of birds ringed in otherparts of the world which were recovered in the studyarea.

Ringing data have been related to flyway populations asthese have been described in the literature (see table 2).In order to have a general overview of the extent towhich the various species make use of different flyways,part of the data presented in table 2 have been sum-marised in table 3. To this end the following, somewhatgeneralised flyway regions have been distinguished,each of them named after the main staging and/or win-tering areas: (1) Northwest and Central Europe, (2)Black Sea, Mediterranean, West Africa, (3) Caspian Sea,Southwest Asia, Eastern and Southern Africa, (4) SouthAsia and (5) East Asia. The symbols in the figure denotethe extent to which a particular species ringed or recov-ered in the study area appears to use a particular flyway.(Symbols have the same meaning as those in column 6of table 2.) It should be stressed that the symbols do notgive any information about what part of the flyway isused by the species. For instance, a species using theCaspian Sea, Southwest Asian, Eastern African Flywayarea may either winter along the Caspian Sea or moveas far south as Southern Africa.

The table shows that nearly all species analysed makeuse of a number of flyways. Exceptions are Grey Heron,Bean Goose, Greater White-fronted Goose, GreylagGoose and Wood Sandpiper, though it should bestressed that only few data are available for most ofthese species. Bean Goose and Greater White-frontedGoose are difficult to relate to one of the flyways distin-guished. These species seem to migrate from the studyarea to the west, traversing different flyways ending up inNW Europe. Good data are available for the ducks, asmany recoveries have been obtained for these heavilyhunted species. It appears that Mallard, Gadwall,Northern Pintail, Northern Shoveler, European Wigeon,Common Teal, Garganey, Common Pochard and TuftedDuck use three to five different flyways. By far the mostimportant are the Caspian Sea, Southwest Asia, Easternand Southern Africa Flyway and the South Asia Flyway.The Common Goldeneye is an exception among theducks as it travels less far, almost exclusively makinguse of the Caspian Sea, Southwest Asia, Eastern andSouthern Africa Flyway. For most wader species thenumber of data available is very small. All speciesappear to migrate along the South Asia Flyway with theexception of the Northern Lapwing. Moreover, it is likelythat at least some species make use of the Caspian Sea,Southwest Asia, Eastern and Southern Africa Flyway,migrating to the African continent, as far as its southerntip (Marsh Sandpiper and Ruff). All gull species and

Common Coot migrate less far than most ducks and thewaders and recoveries mainly come from the northernparts of the Caspian Sea, Southwest Asia, Eastern andSouthern Africa Flyway and the South Asia Flyway, withthe Common Gull wintering further north on averagethan the other species.. The Black Tern does not really fitwithin the scheme as it roughly migrates from east towest, passing the Caspian, Black and MediterraneanSeas to the Atlantic coast of West Africa, where it wintersin an area belonging to the East Atlantic Flyway which isnot included in our table (but see figure 45).

Our data show that the Southwest Siberian study area issituated on a crossroads of flyways and that most water-bird species ringed in the area use several of these fly-ways. This raises the question to what extent birdsbreeding in or migrating through different parts of thestudy area may migrate in different directions. This hasbeen studied in some detail in eight duck species forwhich maps have been drawn showing the locationwithin the study area of recoveries for birds ringed in thewintering areas (see figures 9, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29,32). These data have been summarised in figure 46showing the mean positions of recoveries for birds beingringed in the following directions relative to the studyarea: west (Northwest and Central Europe), southwest(Caspian Sea area, Africa), south (South Asia) and east(Japan).

For all species, the west to east position of winteringsites appears to be correlated with a west to east meanposition of recoveries in the study area, respectively. In

55

Conclusions and discussion

MallardAnas platyrhynchos

Northern PintailAnas acuta

Northern ShovelerAnas clypeata

Eurasian WigeonAnas penelope

Common TealAnas crecca

GarganeyAnas querquedula

Common PochardAythya ferina

Tufted DuckAythya fuligula

60°30' 70° 70°30' 80° 80°30'

west (Europe)

southwest (Caspian Sea, Africa)

south (India, Pakistan)

east (Japan)

Figure 46. Mean longitudinal positions of recoveries withinthe study area of ducks ringed in different wintering areas.



56

NW & C Europe Black Sea Caspian Sea South Asia East AsiaMediterranean SW Asia

West Africa E & S Africa

Grey Heron 000Ardea cinerea

Bean Goose 00Anser fabalis

Greater White-fronted Goose 00Anser albifrons

Greylag Goose +++Anser anser

Mallard + + +++ +Anas platyrhynchos

Gadwal + +++ ++lAnas strepera

Northern Pintail + +++ +++ +Anas acuta

Northern Shoveler + +++ +++Anas clypeata

Eurasian Wigeon + + +++ ++ +Anas penelope

Common Teal ++ +++ +++Anas crecca

Garganey +++ +++ +++Anas querquedula

Common Pochard ++ +++ +++ +++ +Aythya ferina

Tufted Duck + ++ +++ +++Aythya fuligula

Common Goldeneye ++ +++Bucephala clangula

Common Coot ++ +++Fulica atra

Northern Lapwing +Vanellus vanellus

Wood Sandpiper 00Tringa glareola

Marsh Sandpiper 0 00Tringa stagnatilis

Common Snipe 00Gallinago gallinago

Ruff 00 0 00Philomachus pugnax

Black-headed Gull +++ ++Larus ridibundus

Common GullLarus canus

Yellow-legged Gull 00Larus cachinnans

Great black-headed Gull ++ +Larus ichthyaetus

Black Tern 000Chlidonias niger

Legend+ flyway rarely used++ flyway regularly used+++ flyway often used0, 00, 000 as + symbols, but highly speculative (for species with a total of less than 10 recoveries)

Table 3. The extent to which waterbird species from the Southwest Siberian study area make use of different flyways, based onring recoveries analysed in this study. For details see table 2.

+++

+++

two species (Northern Shoveler and Tufted Duck, seefigure 17 and 32) the recoveries of birds ringed inNorthwest and Central Europe are quite well separatedfrom those ringed in South Asia. However, in all otherspecies, recoveries from different wintering areas,although having a different position on average, arespread over the whole study area. This is especially thecase for recoveries of birds coming from the southwest(Caspian Sea, Africa). Considering that the study areameasures about 1700 km from west to east, the enor-mous mixing of birds using different flyways is a remark-able feature, which raises the question of what deter-mines the migratory direction in individual birds.

The importance of the area for moultingducks

The period of moult, especially wing moult, is a criticaltime in the annual cycle of ducks. Food requirements arehigh because of energy demand for moult feathergrowth and there is an increased risk of predationbecause of decreased manoeuvrability or even completeflightlessness. It is therefore likely that most species willhave particular habitat requirements during the moultingperiod relating to feeding conditions and safety frompredators. In a number of duck species, huge numbersof birds concentrate at a few favoured localities for wingmoult. At this time, the birds are extremely vulnerable todisturbance, over-exploitation and man-made catastro-phes. Thus, sites with large concentrations of moultingducks are of special importance.

Within the study area nearly all ducks ringed during wingmoult, originate from two important moulting areas: Mai-Sor Lake (Omsk Region) and Lake Chany (NovosibirskRegion). No information on species, numbers and trendsare available for Mai-Sor Lake. In case of Lake Chanyextremely large numbers have been reported from thefirst half of the twentieth century. No data are availableon the species composition of these moulting concentra-tions, but ringing records make it likely that Mallard,Northern Pintail, Northern Shoveler, Eurasian Wigeon,Garganey and Common Pochard must have all beenpresent in large numbers, Northern Pintail and CommonTeal being especially abundant. The ducks moulting inthe study area were heavily exploited and an uncon-firmed record mentions that 500,000 ducks were har-vested in the area and sold for consumption in 1933(Yurlov, pers com.). If this is a realistic figure the actualnumber of moulting ducks must have been enormous.The number of ducks has strongly decreased over time.At Lake Chany, in 1969, numbers had decreased toabout 200,000, whereas in 1992 no more than 60-80,000individuals were estimated (Yurlov pers. com.). Despitethis decrease, Lake Chany still qualifies as a cruciallyimportant area for ducks. The reasons for the strongdecline are said to be unknown. However, one canhardly imagine that the extraordinary toll taken by mandid not have an influence on the negative trend in num-bers observed.

The question arises whether the decrease in numbers ofmoulting ducks coincided with a decline of populations orwith a switch to other moulting areas (or both). On the

one hand it should be noted that several authors havesuggested that the Russian duck populations havedecreased enormously in the course of the twentiethcentury. Despite the fact that no reliable estimates of thepopulations are available, this factor may have played asignificant role. On the other hand, large concentrationsof moulting ducks have also been recorded at lakes inthe Regions Aktubinsk, Kustanay, Akmolinsk andPavlodar in northern Kazakhstan, at a relatively shortdistance from the Russian border, as well as along thenorthern shore of the Caspian Sea. This makes it possi-ble that other wetlands have (partly) taken over theregional function of Lake Mai-Sor and Lake Chany asmoulting areas.

Moulting areas are of special importance because theyare unusual. They often attract breeding birds from avery wide geographical area. Ducks moulting at LakeMai-Sor and Lake Chany could be linked to breedingsites in the taiga and tundra zones up to between 1250and 1750 km away (see recoveries of Northern Pintail,Northern Shoveler, Eurasian Wigeon and Common Teal).Similar observations are known from other moultingsites, e.g. those from northern Kazakhstan and thenorthern Caspian Sea. An analysis of data of NorthernPintails ringed during wing moult along the northernCaspian Sea shore shows several recoveries from theSiberian breeding grounds as far as 2000-3000 km tothe NW, N and NE (Ostapenko et al. 1997). The area of‘mass recoveries’ as defined by these authors rangesfrom about 40°– 85° E and 47°–70° N, showing thatmoulting sites may attract ducks breeding in an enor-mous area.

Policy implications

The conservation of long-distance migrant birds is aninternational matter which depends on proper co-ordina-tion of conservation activities and co-operation betweencountries. A range of inter-governmental Agreementshave been put in place in order to achieve this goal. Allof the species dealt with in this atlas are protected by theAfrican-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement(AEWA) under the Convention on Migratory Species(Bonn Convention). The Agreement area covers Europe,Africa and part of Asia with eastern boundaries runningfrom the delta of the Lena River in Northeast Siberia, viathe most westerly border of Mongolia and the southeastborder of Afghanistan to the western tip of the ArabianPeninsula. The Southwest Siberian study area coveredin this atlas lies within the AEWA region at its far easternborder. This study has shown that waterbirds breeding inor migrating through Southwest Siberia winter to a largeextent to the south (Indian sub-continent) and the south-west (SW Asia and Africa) and to a lesser extent to thewest (W, C & E Europe). This suggests that the areapresently considered as the Central Asian Flyway (CAF)area for which an inter-governmental Action Plan isbeing developed, forms an integral part of the flywaysystems used by waterbirds which are the focus of theAEWA. The findings of this study, therefore, reinforce thesuggestion of including the Central Asian Flyway withinthe AEWA.


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Blums, P.N., & H. Litzbarski 1982. Coot, Fulica atra.In: Pavlov, D.S. (ed). Migrations of birds of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Falconiformes – Gruiformes. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian).

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Cramp, S. (ed.) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume I . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Cramp, S. (ed.) 1983. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume III . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Cramp, S. (ed.) 1985. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Volume IV . Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.

Dobrynina, I.N. & M.I. Lebedeva 1985. Marsh Sandpiper - Tringa stagnatilis Bechst. In: Pavlov, D.S. (ed.) Migrations of birds of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Gruiformes and Charadriiformes. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian).

Ebbinge, B.S. & H. Dekkers, 2004. Ganzen en zwanen: arctische trekvogels bij boeren te gast.Fontaine, ’s-Graveland.

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Kats, E.B., G.A. Krivonosov & D.N. Nankinov 1997. Garganey, Anas querquedula. In: Pavlov, D.S. (ed.) Migrations of birds of Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Anseriformes. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow (in Russian).

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Teplova, E.N., 1957. Results of ringing the Wigeon in theUSSR In: Proceedings of the Moscow Ringing Center. 9:144 – 161 (in Russian).

Treus, V.D. 1957a. Seasonal distribution and migrations of Northern Shoveler according to ringing data. In: Proceedings of the Moscow Ringing Center. 9:187-207 (in Russian).

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Vinokurov A.A. 1961b. Results of coots ringing. In: Ringing and Marking of Animals. Information Bulletin 1, 52-66 (in Russian).

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Wuczeticz, W. 1941. Seasonal distribution and migrationsof ducks (subfam. Anatinae) on the base of bird ring-ing in the USSR. Part IV: Querquedula crecca (L.), Querquedula querquedula (L.), 87 pages (in Russian).

Wuczeticz, W. & Tugarinov A, 1937. Seasonal distributionand migrations of ducks (subfam. Anatinae) on the base of bird ringing in the USSR, part II, The Pintail –Dafila acuta L. Moscow, 37 pages (in Russian).


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References

Annex I

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Annex I

Species Ringed Recovered

Date Place Co-ordinates Date Place Co-ordinates

Pluvialis apricaria 22-03-72 Belgium 51.03-02.95 28-05-73 SW Siberia 58.93-81.58Tringa totanus 06-10-65 India 27.25-77.53 03-05-66 SW Siberia 52.83-79.88Limosa lapponica 07-11-77 Great Britain 55.68-01.63 25-05-79 SW Siberia 61.10-80.25Calidris minuta 15-01-65 South Africa 34.08-18.52 17-08-65 SW Siberia 54.95-72.67Calidris ferruginea 26-08-76 SW Siberia 54.57-78.12 08-08-80 India 10.30-79.85Calidris alba 13-09-84 SW Siberia 54.57-78.12 24-11-84 Thailand 13.45-100.20

Table 4. Waterbird species occurring in Southwest Siberia for which fewer than three ring recoveries have been obtained. Onlylong-distance recoveries have been included.

Geographical regions in Europe, Asia and Africa,as defined by Wetlands International (2002) fordescribing the ranges of waterbird populations

North Africa – Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,Morocco, Tunisia.

West Africa – Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, CapeVerde, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana,Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger,Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.

Eastern Africa – Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, UnitedRepublic of Tanzania.

North-east Africa – Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,Somalia, Sudan.

Southern Africa – Angola, Botswana, Lesotho,Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, SouthAfrica, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.

Central Africa – Cameroon, Central African Republic,Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, EquatorialGuinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.

Sub-Saharan Africa – All African states excluding NorthAfrica as defined above.

Tropical Africa – Sub-Saharan Africa excludingLesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.

North-west Europe – Belgium, Denmark, Finland,France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, TheNetherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United king-dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

North-east Europe – The northern part of the RussianFederation west of the Urals.

Central Europe – Austria, Czech Republic, Estonia,Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,Poland, the Russian Federation around the Gulf ofFinland and Kaliningrad, Slovakia, Switzerland.

Eastern Europe – Belarus, the Russian Federation westof the Urals and Ukraine.

Western Siberia – The Russian Federation from theUrals to the Yenisey River and south to the Kazakhstanborder.

Central Siberia – The Russian Federation from theYenisey River to the Lena River and south to the AltaiMountains.

West Mediterranean – Algeria, France, Italy, Malta,Monaco, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia.

East Mediterranean – Albania, Bosnia andHerzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel,Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Slovenia, Syrian ArabRepublic, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,Turkey, Yugoslavia.

Black Sea – Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Republic ofMoldavia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey,Ukraine.

Caspian – Azerbaijan, Islamic Republic of Iran,Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan.

South-west Asia – Bahrein, Islamic Republic of Iran,Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon,Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic,eastern Turkey, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates,Uzbekistan, Yemen.

Western Asia – The western part of the RussianFederation east of the Urals and the states bordering theCaspian Sea.

Central Asia – Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

South Asia – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

Eastern Asia – China (Mainland and Taiwan Island),Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan,Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation fromthe eastern edge of the Taimyr to the Sea of Okhotskand the Bering Sea.

South-east Asia – Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic republic, Malaysia,Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam.


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Annex II

Documents

An atlas of movements of Southwest Siberian waterbirds