An Assessment of Current Training

7/21/2019 An Assessment of Current Training

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/an-assessment-of-current-training 1/130

FINAL

TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT:

AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING

RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN

THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF

RESPONSIBILITY

Department of the Navy

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific

258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100

JBPHH HI 96860-3134

Apri l 2012, Revised March 2013



This page is intentionally blank.



FINAL

TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT:

AN ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT TRAINING

RANGES AND SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN

THE U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND AREA OF

RESPONSIBILITY

Prepared for:

Department of the Navy

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Pacific

258 Makalapa Drive, Suite 100

JBPHH HI 96860-3134

Prepared by:

AECOM Technical Serv ices, Inc.

1001 Bishop Street, Suite 1600

Honolulu, HI 96813-3698

Under the TEC-AECOM Pacific Joint Venture

Apri l 2012, Revised March 2013

N62742-11-D-1801 Amd 01 Contract Task Order No. 002






April 2012 Executive Summary

FINAL ES-1Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and

Supporting Facilities in the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of the Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and

Supporting Facilities in the U.S. Pacific Command Area of Responsibility (Training Needs

Assessment) is to identify and validate unfilled training requirements for units/commands assigned

to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous

studies have identified training deficiencies within the PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that

finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The Training Needs Assessment validates

this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current capabilities of existing ranges, training

areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR, relative to their potential to fill each of the

unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e., "planning tool") that is intended to support the

planning for potential training ranges and supporting facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer

conclusions or recommendations.

ES-1 BACKGROUND

In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD)Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess the DoD’s training needs, capacities,

and options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR.

The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by the DoD in the PACOM AOR

and concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA

Study examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands’ strategic location

in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces throughout the AOR, particularly

those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations’ training ranges

and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of

constructing new, or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands.

The DoD’s 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forward-

stationed and forward-deployed U.S. presence in the Pacific due to the vast distances and low density

of U.S. basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its

Pacific presence. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture adaptation will be supported by the

transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a primary location for

security activities in the region.

Based on the geographical areas identified in the IDA Study, and supported in the QDR, the Office

of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) provided funds to PACOM to conduct a study and subsequent

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis to address training deficiencies. In August

2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive Agent

(EA) for the preparation of the planned DoD Training in the Pacific EIS . PACOM tasked the EAwith developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet unfilled training

requirements in the AOR for the PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S.

Army Pacific (USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special

Operations Command Pacific (SOCPAC).

Prior to initiating efforts under NEPA or Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of

Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared this Training Needs Assessment as a planning tool to assist






in defining the objectives and determining the purpose, need, and scope necessary to address the 62

unfilled training requirements identified by all Service Components for the PACOM AOR.

ES-2 APPROACH OF ASSESSMENT REPORT

The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earth’s surface, stretching from the west coast of

the U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S.interests in this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the

region.

To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four

independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their

associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as

“hubs” for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet

or exceed battalion or squadron size.

In addition to a concentration of units, a hub includes the associated Local Training Areas (LTAs)

and Major Training Areas (MTAs) that are routinely used by the military stationed within these hub

locations. An LTA is defined as a training area located in close proximity to the resident military personnel that supports frequent training for individual and small unit proficiency. In contrast, an

MTA is used when collective live-fire training and maneuver training occurs and is typically

separated from the LTA and the home station/base of the training unit. MTA training occurs less

frequently than individual skills and small unit proficiency training in LTAs.

As illustrated in Figure ES-1, this approach resulted in identifying the following four hubs in the

PACOM AOR:

Hawaii

Japan

Marianas Korea

The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM

AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently

forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while

not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive

picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated

throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The

Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from

Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. – Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States –

Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam,envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included

and assumed to be constructed in the near future.






Figure ES-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs

This document defines the 62 unfilled training requirements identified by the PACOM Services

based on existing range and facility inventories. Design/size criteria for ranges or facilities to satisfyeach unfilled requirement are provided. The assessment then reviewed the existing ranges and

facilities in each hub to determine the obstacles to meeting the 62 unfilled requirements. This

Training Needs Assessment is not an analysis of unit training or range/facility capacity, nor does it

account for the potential of units to overcome deficiencies in available ranges and facilities through

creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral exercises; rather, this

assessment attempts to validate and focus previous efforts to establish the purpose and need for

training in this theatre and the possible scope of any future planning efforts.

ES-3 U.S. PACOM HUBS

Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and

possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities. These are described below.

ES-3.1 Hawaii Hub

The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on

Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at

Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a

destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Force’s 15th

Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based at






JBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii

(MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force

Reserve and National Guard within this hub.

The LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the

Marine Corps’ Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the

Army’s Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku,Kawailoa, and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground

ordnance delivery training.

The MTAs available to ground and air forces in the Hawaii Hub are on the islands of Hawaii and

Kauai. These facilities include the Army’s Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) on the island of Hawaii

and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) complex on the island of

Kauai.

Land development and increased housing construction continue to exert pressure on training areas

and ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near the installations’ boundaries increases, use of

maneuver areas and impact areas become affected by noise restrictions. The presence of many

protected natural and cultural resources within or adjacent to training ranges and facilities also affectrange operations. Light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision

training for air crews.

Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce

training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. Live-fire ranges

near the ocean are required to cease operations when civilian watercraft enter the confines of a range

surface danger zone (SDZ) that extends into the ocean behind the impact area. These intermittent

cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events.

Acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii

Hub and has implications for training. For example, at MCBH, insufficient usable land area for range

development and lack of Special Use Airspace (SUA) preclude conducting collective training exceptat the most basic levels on ranges. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the

development of current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Army’s PTA and other smaller training

areas throughout the Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA

expansion is challenged by the present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial

aviation.

Another important aspect of training is the availability of an unimpeded electromagnetic spectrum.

Encroachment on the electromagnetic spectrum may cause range users to seek workarounds to

complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps

and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability.

However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and competition for

frequency spectrum will increase pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations.

ES-3.2 Japan Hub

The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on

mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U.S.

Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal,

military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navy’s

7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at Naval






Air Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air

Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa

primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground

regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air

Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports

two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also hasordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A

Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub.

The LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub are in and around Okinawa including the

Marine Corps’ Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training Area. Tori

Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support (CAS)

training.

The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area

on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas

surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for unit size force and above

exercises.

All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub are affected by increased urban encroachment that impacts and

limits current training operations and opportunities. Urban encroachment produces issues with noise,

light, and traffic. Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely

constrained due to a lack of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding

communities. For example, Okinawa’s Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp

Hansen and Camp Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small

towns.

Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on

mainland Japan would be difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or

sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Airspace available for

training on mainland Japan is limited because of the large volume of airport arrivals and departures,

as well as the high concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes, airways, and user

preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult because the U.S. Service Components

cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and acquisition of

new SUA, and thereby hamper training development.

Range development on Okinawa, such as locations around both MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air

Base, or the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central Training Area is virtually impossible due to

encroachment of urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable, unencumbered terrain. Land and

airspace are not large enough to allow for CAS training on Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited

training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan

experience similar commercial aviation constraints, further encumbering required training in SUAs.These restrictions limit the conduct of basic and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the

platoon level.

Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S. Government/

Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to meet unfilled

requirements are substantially made more difficult because the U.S. and Japan are also working to

reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the U.S. – Japan

Alliance Transformation and Realignment Agreement (ATARA). One of the follow on Agreed






Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the

U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages, south of Kadena Air Base, back to the GOJ.

However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military

training in and around the Japan Hub. As an example, because of past agreements with the GOJ,

Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are

based. This decision was based on the U.S. Japan Final Report of the Special Action Committee onOkinawa on December 2, 1996 (Sustainable Range Report 2011). The report provided 27

recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the Okinawan people. As a

result, the 3d Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central

Training Area on Okinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai host

nation training ranges on the mainland of Japan.

Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navy’s Tactical Combat Training

System. These limitations directly affect the Navy’s ability to fully and realistically train in the

Strike Warfare, Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare, and Anti-Surface Warfare mission areas. The

Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and to develop

strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum technologies.

ES-3.3 Marianas Hub

U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navy’s Commander Submarine Squadron

15 homeported on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in

the U.S. – Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Force’s 36th Wing

supporting rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units,

and the 36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There

are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard

within this hub.

The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB,

Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire

ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of the relocated Marines from Okinawa to Guam.

The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the

primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic

Control Assigned Airspaces provide area for large force exercises south of Guam.

The presence of cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for new

ranges and training areas. As training activities are proposed on additional islands, encroachment

may vary in severity depending on each island’s environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent

encroachment pressure is attributed to commercial aviation’s incompatibility with some Electronic

Warfare mission area training requirements. Some training events on FDM, the sole live-fire air-to-

ground and naval surface fire support range, are limited due to the presence of threatened and

endangered species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of live-fire munitions on FDM

has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and prohibitions on the use of

certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism.

Biosecurity restrictions, such as those outlined in the Brown Treesnake (BTS) Control and

Interdiction Plan, have been placed on military training throughout this region (U.S. Department of






Agriculture 2011). Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force facilities on Guam must

adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures.

As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military

training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Residential encroachment results in restrictions on

night flying and flight tracks affecting training events from Andersen’s Northwest Field on Guam.

There are limited areas available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing

beach utilization is restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana

Islands Range Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD

beaches may be subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and

accommodate beach size. However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing

Craft Air Cushion and Amphibious Assault Vehicle landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub

may require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts.

The current land target range in this hub is FDM, a single small island that presents unique training

challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground and some ground-to-ground training. Spectrum

encroachment is considered moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas Hub.

Importantly, the Marianas Hub has existing military land leases not available at the other hubs. In

1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM. These leases have a 50-year

renewal option that can extend the leases to 2083. The Tinian Military Lease Area encompasses

63.9 square kilometers (km²) (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. FDM is 0.7 km² (206 acres) and

primarily serves as a bombing range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels.

ES-3.4 Korea Hub

The Korea Hub primarily consists of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry Division at

Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air Base), and two

fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base).

The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub include the ranges and facilities at Camp Carroll,Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the Story Live-Fire

Complex. Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110), Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges

for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training. Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating

Areas and restricted areas, are also typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training.

The available training areas in the Korea Hub are challenged by encroachment as the civilian

population in and around the training areas increases. To address these issues, including challenges

to facility access, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the Republic

of Korea (ROK), titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March 2002. This plan

intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of

debarkation, and consolidate units in better position to support contingencies and improve and

protect training areas.

Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the

Senate Armed Services Committee that “The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate

training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct

of robust amphibious operations” (Sharp 2009). He also noted, “USFK still faces challenges with

insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the readiness of our air forces

in Korea” (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his assessment of training on






the peninsula, as follows: “Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued readiness by providing U.S.

forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges” (Sharp 2011).

ES-4 UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The 62 unfilled training requirements are shown in Table ES-1. To standardize an understanding of

these unfilled requirements, the Unified Facilities Criteria 2-000-05N was used as the primary sourcefor range definitions. As appropriate, Army, Air Force, and other Navy standards were also

consulted.

The majority of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines. As such, the Marine Corps

Reference Publication 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the

primary source for the size of specific training ranges or facilities that would satisfy the unfilled

requirements. In some cases, design parameters for specific types of training ranges or facilities

could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g., the Home Station Lanes [Counter

Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases, open source research was conducted

and/or Service Components provided amplifying details and information.

Types of training ranges or supporting facilities that would satisfy the unfilled training requirementsrange in size from large areas, such as the land needed to support the objective size of a Dudded

Impact Area for live-fire ranges of 12.5 kilometers (km) X 25 km (7.7 mile [mi] X 15.5 mi), to a

relatively small area needed for a pistol range of 135 meters (m) X 30 m (131 yards [yd] X 33 yd).

The types of training ranges and support facilities also vary from some relatively simple

construction, such as a sniper/rappel tower, to substantial facility development to accommodate a

company combined arms live-fire and maneuver range/battle area complex.

The unfilled requirements take into consideration the need for an expeditionary Base Camp when

forces are deployed to an MTA. The Base Camp would provide the following: troop housing, food

services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities. The type and standard of

construction will depend on the projected lifespan of the facilities.

ES-5 COMPARISON OF U.S. PACOM HUBS WITH UNFILLED TRAINING

REQUIREMENTS

Within the four identified PACOM Hubs, there exist a total of 62 unfilled training requirements

identified by the Service Components. Table ES-1 uses a color-coded system to illustrate the level of

mission capability of each training range or requirement.

The assessment provides the following four observations:

Fully Mission Capable

Partially Mission Capable

Not Mission Capable

Not Required

As shown in the Table ES-1, only two requirements are assessed as “Not Mission Capable” across all

four hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft.

Other significant deficiencies (identified as “Not Mission Capable” findings across three of the four

hubs) are found in 1000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary






Target Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked

Vehicle Driver’s Courses.

The Hawaii Hub has more “Fully and Partially Mission Capable” findings than “Not Mission

Capable” or “Not Required” findings.

The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of requirements as the other hubs based on the

assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of “Not Required” findings. Additionally, forces

in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the ROK to leverage their capabilities to meet their training

requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust, while greater training

challenges exist for aviation training.

The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of “Fully, Partially, and Not Mission Capable” findings.

This indicates that just over one third of existing training ranges fully support Service training

requirements. Many of the “Partially and Not Mission Capable” findings in the Japan Hub are a

reflection of the challenges imposed by encroachment and the inability to acquire additional land and

airspace.

Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs,

these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped

land available for increased training.

These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas

Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This

is evident by the largest amount of “Partially and Not Mission Capable” findings. This overall

assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for currently based

forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam.

This significant increase in both the number of forces and the training requirements needed to

maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities inventory.

Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure allowing for more

undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded trainingcapability.

The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that current

training deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the

central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support

U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific.

While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an

independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of

LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub,

closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the

requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, willrequire some investment to accomplish.






Table ES-1: Hub Assessment

Legend



Not Mission Capable

Not Required

H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit)

RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING

1 Impact Area Dudded

2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated)

3 Pistol KD Range

4 Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd)

5 Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd)

6 Live Hand Grenade Range – (qualification course)

7 Live Hand Grenade Range – (as part of a multipurpose range)

8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range

9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm)

10 Field Fire Range (Automated)

11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)

12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range

13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range

14 LAW Range Live

15 Grenade Launcher Range

16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range

17 BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)

18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from BZO range)

19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)

20 MPTR/MPTR (Automated)

21 Modified Record of Fire Range

22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC

23 MPMG Range (Automated)

24 Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training

(must have instrumentation capability—lease and installation)






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area

Complex

26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area

27 UAC/MOUT UAC

28 360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and

gas [CS and CN])

29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)

30 Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF

31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility)

32 CLF Range

33 Tracked Vehicle Driver’s Course

34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches

35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces

36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces

37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces

38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)

39 Sniper/Jungle Range

40 Infantry Immersion Trainer

RANGES THAT SUPPORT MARITIME TRAINING

41 MIW Range

RANGES THAT SUPPORT AVIATION TRAINING

42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing

Range)

43 CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range)

44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS)

45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice

46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice

47 LZs/DZs

48 UAS Operating Areas

49 AAW Range

50 LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing)

51 TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)

52 Short field take-off and landings, night

53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS

54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure

55 Range Control

56 Data Transfer Infrastructure

57 Aerial Target Support Facility

58 Ammunition Storage

59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)

60 SUA and Warning Areas

61 Adequate waterfront piers, harbor, and infrastructure (existing or new

construction)

62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges,

and facilities (existing or new construction)

Notes:

AAW = Anti-Air Warfare bn = BattalionBZO = Battle Sight ZeroCACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility

CAS = Close Air SupportCLF = Convoy Live-FireDZ = Drop ZoneIADS = Integrated Air Defense System

IED = Improvised Explosive DeviceKD = Known DistanceLAT = Low Altitude TacticsLAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon

LZ = Landing ZoneMIW = Mine Warfare

mm = millimeterMOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain

MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine GunMPRC = Multi-Purpose Range ComplexMPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range

NGFS = Naval Gunfire Supportsqdn = Squadron

SUA = Special Use AirspaceTERF = Terrain FlightUAC = Urban Assault CourseUAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systems

yd = yard or yards



April 2012 Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FINAL iTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


Executive Summary ES-1

CHAPTER 1. Introduction 1-1

1.1 Study Objective 1-1

1.2

Background 1-1 1.3 Assessment Steps and Report Organization 1-2

CHAPTER 2. Hub Concept 2-1

2.1

Local Training Area (LTA) 2-2

2.2 Major Training Area (MTA) 2-2

2.3 U.S. Pacific Command Hubs 2-2

CHAPTER 3. Unfilled Training Requirements 3-1

3.1 Description of Training Range Requirements 3-9

CHAPTER 4. Training Requirements Assessment by Hub 4-1

4.1

Hawaii Hub 4-6

4.2

Japan Hub 4-15

4.3 Marianas Hub 4-26

4.4

Korea Hub 4-34

APPENDICES

A PACOM Guidance

B U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Forces by Hub

C References

FIGURES

2-1 U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs 2-1

2-2 Training Areas in Hawaii Hub 2-3

2-3 Training Areas in Japan Hub 2-5

2-4 Training Areas in the Marianas Hub 2-8

2-5 Training Areas in South Korea Hub 2-10

TABLES

ES-1 Hub Assessment ES-10

2-1 Hub Description Matrix 2-2

3-1 U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and Service Components’ UnfilledTraining Requirements 3-1

4-1 Hub Assessment 4-3



April 2012 Contents

FINAL iiTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and





April 2012 Acronyms and Abbreviations

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

FINAL ii iTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


AAV Amphibious Assault Vehicle

AAW Anti-Air Warfare

ACE Air Combat Element

AFB Air Force Base

AFI Air Force InstructionAGL Above Ground Level

ALTRAV Altitude Reservation

AMW Amphibious Warfare

AOR Area of Responsibility

AT Anti-Tank

ATCAA Air Traffic Control Assigned Airspaces

BTS Brown Treesnake

BZO Battle Sight Zero

CACTF Combined Arms Collective Training Facility

CAS Close Air Support

CCN Category Code NumberCLF Convoy Live-Fire

CNMI Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

CONUS Continental U.S.

CSG Carrier Strike Group

DoD Department of Defense

DZ Drop Zone

EA Executive Agent

EAF Expeditionary Airfield

EIS Environmental Impact Statement

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FCC Facilities Category Code

FCLP Field Carrier Landing Practice

FDM Farallon de Medinilla

FIREX Firing Exercise

FOB Forward Operating Base

ft foot or feet

GOJ Government of Japan

IADS Integrated Air Defense System

IDA Institute for Defense Analyses

IED Improvised Explosive Device

IER Information Exchange Requirements

IIT Infantry Immersion Trainer

INRMP Integrated Natural Resource Management PlansIR Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Route

JBPHH Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam

KD Known Distance

kg kilograms

kph kilometers per hour

km kilometers

km² square kilometers




FINAL ivTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


LAT Low Altitude Tactics

LAV Light Armored Vehicle

LAW Light Anti-Armor Weapons

lbs pounds

LCAC Landing Craft Air Cushion

LHA Landing Helicopter Assault

LTA Local Training Area

LPP Land Partnership Plan

LZ Landing Zone

m meters

mm millimeter

MCAS Marine Corps Air Station

MCBH Marine Corps Base Hawaii

MCM Mine Counter Measures

MCRP Marine Corps Reference Publication

MEF Marine Expeditionary Force

MEU Marine Expeditionary Unit

MARFORPAC Marine Corps Forces, Pacific

mi mile

mi² square miles

MIW Mine Warfare Range

MK Mark

MLA Military Lease Area

MOA Military Operating Area

MOUT Military Operations on Urban Terrain

MPMG Multi-Purpose Machine Gun

MPRC Multi-Purpose Range Complex

MPTR Multi-Purpose Training Range

MSL Mean Sea LevelMTA Major Training Areas

NAF Naval Air Facility

NAVFAC Naval Facilities Engineering Command

NEPA National Environmental Policy Act

NGFS Naval Gunfire Support

nm nautical mile

nm² square nautical miles

NSFS Naval Surface Fire Support

OCE Officer Conducting Exercise

OPFOR Opposing Force

PACAF U.S. Air Forces PacificPACFLT U.S. Pacific Fleet

PACOM U.S. Pacific Command

PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility

PTA Pohakuloa Training AreaQDR Quadrennial Defense Review

RCD Navy Ranges Required Capabilities DocumentRDCPS Range Data Collection and Processing System




FINAL vTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


ROK Republic of Korea

SCC United States-Japan Security Consultative Committee

SDZ Surface Danger Zone

SOCPAC Special Operations Command Pacific

SR Slow Route

SRR Sustainable Ranges Report

STW Strike Warfare

SUA Special Use Airspace

TC Training Circular

TCTS Tactical Combat Training System

TERF Terrain Flight

TOW Tube Fired, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided Missile

UAC Urban Assault Course

UAS Unmanned Aircraft System

UAV Unmanned Air Vehicle

UCAS Urban Close Air Support

UFC Unified Facilities Criteria

U.S. United States

USARPAC U.S. Army Pacific

USFK United States Forces Korea

UUV Unmanned Undersea Vessel

VR Visual Flight Rules Military Training Route

VTOL Vertical Take-Off and Landing

X times

yd yard or yards




FINAL viTraining Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and





April 2012 Introduction

FINAL 1-1Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 STUDY OBJECTIVE

The objective of the Training Needs Assessment is to identify and validate unfilled training

requirements for units/commands assigned to the United States (U.S.) Pacific Command (PACOM)Area of Responsibility (AOR). Previous studies have identified training deficiencies within the

PACOM AOR; this study confirmed that finding by compiling a list of 62 unfilled requirements. The

Training Needs Assessment validates this list of unfilled requirements by assessing the current

capabilities of existing ranges, training areas, and supporting facilities within the PACOM AOR,

relative to the potential to fill each of the unfilled requirements. This is a technical report (i.e.,

"planning tool") that is intended to support the planning for potential training ranges and supporting

facilities in the Pacific. It does not offer conclusions or recommendations.

1.2 BACKGROUND

In 2009, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) conducted the Department of Defense (DoD)

Training in the Pacific Study (hereinafter IDA Study) to assess DoD’s training needs, capacities, and

options to mitigate gaps and exploit training opportunities in the PACOM AOR.

The IDA Study examined training capabilities at ranges utilized by DoD in the PACOM AOR and

concluded that current training deficiencies exist, particularly in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study

examined several potential solutions and concluded that the Mariana Islands’ strategic location in the

PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support forces on both sides of the Pacific, particularly

those forces on the Western rim who are more reliant on access to foreign nations’ training ranges

and areas. To meet Service Component identified deficiencies, the IDA Study recommended that an

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) be prepared to analyze the environmental impact of

constructing new or expanding existing training ranges and support facilities in the Mariana Islands.

The 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) reiterated the important role of forward-stationed and

forward-deployed U.S. forces in the Pacific due to the vast distances and the low density of U.S.

basing and infrastructure in the region. Consequently, the U.S. seeks to augment and adapt its

defense posture and presence in the Pacific. The QDR states that part of the Pacific posture

adaptation will be the transformation of Guam, the westernmost U.S. sovereign territory, into a

primary location for security activities in the region.

In August 2010, PACOM appointed Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) as the Executive

Agent (EA) for the preparation of the DoD Training in the Pacific EIS. PACOM tasked the EA with

developing and analyzing alternatives that provide capabilities to meet training requirements in the

AOR for PACOM Service Components: U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT), U.S. Army Pacific

(USARPAC), MARFORPAC, U.S. Air Forces Pacific (PACAF), and Special Operations CommandPacific (SOCPAC).

Prior to initiating any planning or analysis under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) or

Executive Order 12114: Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions, the EA prepared

this Training Needs Assessment. This assessment builds upon previous documents and studies to

identify existing capabilities and shortfalls of training ranges and facilities in the PACOM AOR with

respect to the unfilled requirements provided by the PACOM Service Components. It will provide an

additional resource to help define training objectives, determine the purpose, need and scope



April 2012 Introduction



necessary to address the unfilled training requirements, and prioritize locations in the PACOM AOR

for development of new facilities to address unfilled training requirements.

1.3 ASSESSMENT STEPS AND REPORT ORGANIZATION

The overarching goal of the assessment was to determine where the greatest need for future training

development is required to best support force concentrations within the AOR. This assessment was broken down into the following three steps, each of which is detailed in subsequent chapters:

Step 1 established a parameter that helps focus the assessment across the expansive PACOM

AOR by focusing on independent geographic areas representing where major U.S. forces are

stationed and identifying the training areas those forces routinely access for training.

Challenges to expanding training at each location were also identified. This step is the

subject of Chapter 2.

Step 2 identified each of the PACOM Service Component’s unfilled training requirements

within hubs where U.S. forces are concentrated. To ensure a common understanding of these

requirements, they were defined and associated design/size criteria for solutions were

identified. This step is the subject of Chapter 3.

Step 3 compared unfilled requirements against currently available training facilities within

each hub and determined obstacles to meeting the requirements. This step identified the

areas in the PACOM AOR with unfilled training requirements. This step is the subject of

Chapter 4.

This assessment identified unfilled requirements based on existing range and facility inventories

provided by PACOM Service Components. It is important to note that this report is not an analysis

of unit training or range/facility capacity. For example, units may overcome deficiencies in available

ranges and facilities through creative local training initiatives and/or participation in multi-lateral

exercises that are not captured in this study. This assessment attempts to validate and focus previous

efforts to establish the purpose and need for training in this theatre and the possible scope of any

future planning efforts.



April 2012 Hub Concept



CHAPTER 2. HUB CONCEPT

The PACOM AOR encompasses about half of the earth’s surface, stretching from the west coast of the

U.S. to the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole. To protect U.S. interests in

this region, approximately one-fifth of total U.S. military strength is assigned to the region.

To best identify and validate unfilled training requirements in the expansive PACOM AOR, four

independent geographic areas representing the largest concentrations of U.S. forces and their

associated training areas were identified. These four independent geographic areas, classified as

“hubs” for the purpose of this study, are defined as a location with a concentration of units that meet

or exceed battalion or squadron size [Figure 2-1].

Figure 2-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Area of Responsibility (AOR) Hubs

The assessment considered current and reasonably foreseeable force structure within the PACOM

AOR. With the exception of the Marianas Hub, all hubs reflect forces in place, both permanently

forward deployed and those on unit rotational deployment. Reserve and National Guard units, while

not within the PACOM command structure, are included in order to provide a more comprehensive

picture of potential training range users. While modifications to force posture are contemplated

throughout the PACOM AOR, the hubs in this report depict areas with major U.S. forces. The

Marianas Hub includes the planned presence of Marine Corps units projected to relocate from

Okinawa to Guam, per the U.S. – Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation (United States –

Japan Security Consultative Committee [SCC]). In addition, studied training ranges on Guam,






envisioned to partially support training of the projected Marine Corps units on Guam, were included

and assumed to be constructed in the near future.

Training locations were associated with each hub and defined as Local Training Areas (LTAs) or

Major Training Areas (MTAs). Each hub has an associated LTA and MTA. Table 2-1 lists each hub

and its corresponding force concentration location, LTA, and MTA.

Table 2-1: Hub Description Matrix

Hub Force Concentration Location Local Training Area (LTA) Major Training Area

(MTA)

Hawaii Oahu Oahu/Kaula Rock Hawaiian Islands

Japan Japan/Okinawa Okinawa Japan

Marianas Guam Guam CNMI

Korea Korea Korea Korea

Note:

CNMI = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

2.1 LOCAL TRAINING AREA (LTA)

An LTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform training for individual and small unit

proficiency training. LTA ranges and facilities allow familiarization, qualification, and sustainment

training with minimum impact on resources for travel to and from other training areas. Training at an

LTA focuses on individual and collective training. If sufficient space is available at the LTA, small

unit combined arms training may be conducted.

2.2 MAJOR TRAINING AREA (MTA)

An MTA is defined as the area where a unit is able to perform collective live-fire training and

maneuver training according to doctrine and standards. Training at the MTA builds on the

proficiency gained at LTAs. The MTA is typically geographically separated from the LTA and thetraining unit’s home station/base due to the larger areas required to support collective live-fire and

maneuver training.

2.3 U.S. PACIFIC COMMAND HUBS

Training range growth and development throughout the PACOM AOR is challenged by lack of U.S.

ownership and control over land areas, encroachment on existing facilities, limited undeveloped

available land, air, and sea space, and spectrum availability. The challenges and limitations listed in

the following sections are primarily drawn from the 2011 Report to Congress on the Sustainable

Ranges Report (SRR) as well as other open source documents, such as Congressional testimony and

U.S. Government Accountability Office reports.

The SRR is the Service’s annual report to Congress and includes Service-specific mission-based

assessments using standardized range capability attributes and encroachment factors. These factors

can be summarized by the following themes: (1) encroachment; (2) land, sea, airspace availability

and acquisition; and (3) spectrum availability.

Each hub possesses different operational capabilities, size of facilities, available opportunities, and

possible constraints to facilitate and expand training opportunities, as described below. A full listing

of units in each hub is provided in Appendix B.






2.3.1 Hawaii Hub

The Hawaii Hub includes major units from the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps based on

Oahu. The units include two Army brigade combat teams of the 25th Infantry Division based at

Schofield Barracks; Cruisers of Naval Surface Group Mid Pacific, three submarine squadrons, and a

destroyer squadron homeported at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH); the Air Force’s 15th

Wing with one fighter squadron, one air refueling squadron, and two airlift squadrons based atJBPHH; and a Marine Corps infantry regiment and Marine Air Group at Marine Corps Base Hawaii

(MCBH), Kaneohe Bay. There are numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force

Reserve and National Guard within this hub.

LTAs available to forces in the Hawaii Hub are located on the island of Oahu and include the Marine

Corps’ Kaneohe Bay Ranges, Puuloa Ranges, Marine Corps Training Area Bellows, and the Army’s

Schofield Barracks Training Areas (comprised of smaller training areas, such as Kahuku, Kawailoa,

and the Tactical Flight Training Area). Aviation units use Kaula Rock for air-to-ground ordnance

delivery training.

The MTA available to ground forces in the Hawaii Hub is the Army’s Pohakuloa Training Area

(PTA) on the island of Hawaii and associated ranges within the Pacific Missile Range Facility(PMRF) complex on the island of Kauai.

Figure 2-2 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Hawaii Hub.

Figure 2-2: Training Areas in Hawaii Hub

Encroachment

Land development and housing construction continue to increase pressure on training areas and

ranges in the Hawaii Hub. As development near installation boundaries increases, use of maneuver






areas and impact areas are affected by noise restrictions. For example, Oahu’s urbanized nature

impacts MCBH’s capability to fully support training requirements and Marine units therefore

accomplish much of their required training by extensively using other-Service ranges in the Hawaii

Hub. As an example, light sources in the surrounding communities can preclude some night vision

training for air crews.

Natural and cultural resource issues can lead to range closures, stop or inhibit training. Endangeredspecies habitat constrains maneuvers to existing roads and trails. This limits training scenarios and

training realism. Even with PTA, Hawaii is still short on required maneuver land because much of

the area is environmentally restricted and does not support vehicle movement. Some existing range

areas on Hawaii are archaeologically or culturally sensitive and cannot be disturbed.

Maritime protective and mitigation measures have resulted in training restrictions that reduce

training flexibility, force segmented training, and ultimately reduce training realism. All Hawaii Hub

at-sea training is impacted to some degree. The most significant is integrated warfare training using

active underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance.

Maritime range transients, involving commercial shipping, commercial fishing, and private pleasure

boating encroach on training, either by delaying events or forcing relocation to less than optimumlocations. Commercial vessel and recreational vessel encroachment creates avoidance areas and segments

training, thereby reducing realism. Live-fire ranges near the ocean are required to cease operations when

civilian watercraft enters the confines of a range SDZ, which extends into the ocean behind the impact

area. These intermittent cease-fire events disrupt and degrade live-fire training events.

Land, Sea, Airspace Availability, and Acquisition

Due to pressure from surrounding communities and the premium for land on a heavily populated island,

acquisition or expansion of land, airspace, or sea space is difficult for the Services in the Hawaii Hub and

has implications for training. The urbanized character of Oahu further constrains the development of

current Army and Marine Corps ranges. The Army’s PTA and other smaller training areas throughout the

Hawaii Hub are limited by the lack of usable terrain. For all Services, SUA expansion is challenged bythe present airways structure supporting primarily civilian commercial aviation.

Due to proximity of civilian housing and other community infrastructure, live-fire training is

prohibited at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The community has noise concerns. Army and

Marine Corps convoy training on public roads is generally not feasible due to traffic congestion. All

of these constraints reduce the effectiveness of training to some extent. As a result, much of this

training is forced off Oahu to PTA. SUA proposals for new or modified airspace follow specific

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) procedures for approval. Requests for additional SUA

within the Hawaii Hub have been met with considerable resistance from many sectors of the public

community, such as the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.

Spectrum AvailabilityUnavailability of, or interference with required portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can place

constraints on training. This type of encroachment may cause range users to seek workarounds to

complete training that can become unrealistic, segmented, or irrelevant over time. The Marine Corps

and Army view the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with respect to spectrum availability.

However, the Navy notes that employment of certain data links is restricted and that competition for

frequency spectrum will add increased pressure on available bandwidth for Navy operations. The Air

Force had no range to assess within the Hawaii Hub in the SRR.






2.3.2 Japan Hub

The Japan Hub includes major forces based on mainland Japan and Okinawa. U.S. forces on

mainland Japan include the following Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps units: the U,S.

Army Forces Japan and I Corps (Forward) units are combat sustainment support, aviation, signal,

military intelligence, ordnance, transportation, military police and special troops battalions; Navy’s

7th Fleet surface units at Yokosuka Naval Base, Sasebo Naval Base, and Carrier Air Wing 5 at NavalAir Facility (NAF) Atsugi; two fighter squadrons of the Air Force 35th Fighter Wing at Misawa Air

Base; and a Marine Air Group based at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. Units on Okinawa

primarily consist of Marine Corps units of III Marine Expeditionary Force, to include one ground

regiment of the 3d Marine Division based at Marine Corps Base Camp Butler and a Marine Air

Group at Marine Corps Air Station Futenma. The Air Force 18th Wing, at Kadena Air Base, supports

two fighter squadrons, two rescue squadrons, and one air refueler squadron. The Army also has

ordnance, air defense artillery, quartermaster, signals, and transportation battalions on Okinawa. A

Special Forces battalion and numerous Special Operations squadrons are based in the Japan Hub.

LTAs available to ground forces in the Japan Hub include training areas on and around Okinawa

including the Marine Corps’ Central Training Area, Northern Training Area, and Ie Shima Training

Area. Tori Shima (W-176) and Idesuna Jima (W-174) island targets are used for Close Air Support

(CAS) training.

The MTA available to ground forces in the Japan Hub is the Marine Corps Camp Fuji Training Area

on the Japanese mainland island of Honshu. Aviation units also train in the Warning Areas

surrounding Okinawa. The Oki Daito Jima range (W-183) is used for large force exercises.

Figure 2-3 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Japan Hub.

Figure 2-3: Training Areas in Japan Hub






Encroachment

All U.S. bases within the Japan Hub have experienced increased urban encroachment that impact and

limit current training operations and opportunities. For example, another runway has been

constructed at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni to lessen noise impacts on the surrounding

community. U.S. air bases at Atsugi and Misawa face urban growth and greater noise restrictions

impacting the flexibility in scheduling times during which aircraft may take-off for training missions.The Navy’s carrier air wing is unable to conduct night carrier landing practice at NAF Atsugi due to

noise restrictions, forcing travel to Iwo To (Iwo Jima) to conduct such training. For Navy surface

forces, endangered species and critical habitat encroachment have created avoidance areas that have

resulted in some reduction of training days and prohibit certain training events. All at-sea training is

impacted to some degree. Impacts are most significant to integrated warfare training using active

underwater acoustic sources or in-water explosive ordnance.

Further growth and development of training ranges on Okinawa is severely constrained due to a lack

of sufficient buffer zones between U.S. training facilities and surrounding communities. For

example, Okinawa’s Central Training Area, located within the confines of Camp Hansen and Camp

Schwab in central Okinawa, is trisected by public roads, and surrounded by small towns.


Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized areas surrounding most U.S. bases on

mainland Japan is extremely difficult. Either urban growth severely limits potential expansion or

sufficient suitable terrain does not exist to support training requirements. Noise restrictions based on

proximity of training ranges or bases is the main limiting factor after physical restraints to growth.

Airspace available for training on mainland Japan is limit because of the large number of airport

arrivals and departures as well as concentration of commercial aviation transportation routes,

airways, and user preferred routes. Establishing new Joint SUA is difficult since the Service

Components cannot act as the proponent for a proposal. These factors hamper the development and

acquisition of new SUA, and thereby hamper training development.

Developing additional ranges in the compact, urbanized area of Okinawa, such as around both

MCAS Futenma and Kadena Air Base, as well as the vegetated and steep terrain of the Central

Training Area is virtually impossible due to urban growth and the lack of sufficient, suitable,

unencumbered terrain. Land and airspace are also not large enough to allow for CAS training on

Okinawa proper. Therefore, this limited training occurs on smaller islands at a distance from

Okinawa bases. Okinawa and mainland Japan experience similar situation concerning commercial

aviation, further encumbering required training in SUAs. These restrictions limit the conduct of basic

and combined-arms live-fire training operations to the platoon level. Because of these physical

constraints, training operations have been limited in the past, with little possibility of expanding

ranges.

Requests to expand training space and/or capabilities are handled through the U.S.

Government/Government of Japan (GOJ) Joint Committee. The challenges to expand training to

meet unfilled requirements are substantially made more difficult since the U.S. and Japan are also

working to reduce the footprint of U.S. forces on Okinawa. The U.S. and Japan approved the “U.S.-

Japan Alliance Transformation and Realignment (ATARA).” One of the follow on Agreed

Implementation Plans (AIP) is to relocate 8,600 Marines off Okinawa to Guam. Under this plan, the

U.S. will return 68% of the land it currently manages that is south of Kadena Air Base back to the

GOJ. However, there is a continual need for diplomatic effort to maintain the status of U.S. military






training in and around the Japan Hub. For example, because of past agreements with the GOJ,

Marine Corps artillery live-fire training is no longer conducted on Okinawa where the units are

based, and now takes place at Camp Fuji and five other Japanese Ground Self Defense Force ranges

on Japan. The Roadmap for Realignment effort to relocate Navy squadrons currently based at NAF

Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni may potentially bring greater challenges for access to training ranges and

airspace for the combined U.S. forces planned at MCAS Iwakuni (SCC 2010).Spectrum Availability

Japanese restrictions on electronic emissions limit the use of the Navy’s Tactical Combat Training

System (TCTS). This limitation directly affects the Navy’s ability to fully and realistically train in

the Strike Warfare (STW), Electronic Combat, Anti-Air Warfare (AAW), and Anti-Surface Warfare

mission areas. The Navy continues to coordinate with Japanese agencies to seek spectrum relief and

to develop strategies that will increase use while ensuring pending use of emerging spectrum

technologies.

2.3.3 Marianas Hub

U.S. forces in the Marianas Hub primarily consist of the Navy’s Submarine Squadron 15 homeported

on Guam; Marine Corps units that are planned to relocate from Okinawa to Guam in the U.S. –

Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation; and the Air Force’s 36th Wing supporting

rotational deployments of fighters, bombers and Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) units, and the

36th Contingency Response Group, at Andersen Air Force Base (AFB) (SCC 2010). There are

numerous battalions and squadrons of the Army and Air Force Reserve and National Guard within

this hub.

The LTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the island of Guam at Andersen AFB,

Andersen Northwest Field, Andersen South, and the Naval Munitions Site. The studied live-fire

ranges on Guam are integral to planned basing of Marines to be relocated from Okinawa to Guam.

The MTAs available to forces in the Marianas Hub are on the Commonwealth of the Northern

Mariana Islands (CNMI) of Tinian and Farallon de Medinilla (FDM). Aviation units use FDM as the

primary air-to-ground range for strike and CAS. The airspace, W-517, and the associated Air Traffic

Control Assigned Airspaces (ATCAAs) provide area for large force exercises south of Guam.

Figure 2-4 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Marianas Hub.

Encroachment

Overall, more land and less encroachment constraints are found in this hub due to relatively light

development. Cultural and natural resources in the Marianas Hub may limit locations for some

ranges and training areas. Additionally, public use, access, and recreation issues, particularly on

Guam, have raised public awareness and caused delays in implementing potential training solutions.

The SRR notes that while there has been little encroachment change during the past three years, astraining activities expand on Guam and spread to the other islands, encroachment may vary in

severity depending on each island’s environmental and mitigation protocols. Recent encroachment

pressure is attributed to commercial aviation’s incompatibility with some Electronic Warfare mission

area training requirements.






Figure 2-4: Training Areas in the Marianas Hub

Some training events on the sole live-fire air-to-ground and naval surface fire support (NSFS) range,

FDM, are limited due to threatened species and migratory bird habitat restrictions. The use of live-

fire munitions on FDM has contributed to de-vegetation and erosion, prompting restrictions and

prohibitions on the use of certain munitions expenditures, thereby decreasing training realism.

Biosecurity restrictions such as the Brown Treesnake (BTS) protocol have been incorporated into

military training throughout this region. Cargo and unit movements through Navy and Air Force

facilities on Guam must adhere to appropriate BTS containment and inspection measures.

As with training areas in the other PACOM hubs, transient boat traffic interrupts or stops military

training activity throughout the Marianas Hub. Training interruptions reduce range access, create

avoidance areas, segment training, reduce realism, and prohibit certain training events.

Another example of a restriction exists at Andersen’s Northwest Field on Guam. Privately owned

residential land near this training facility lies within aircraft operation zones. Night time flying

activities are restricted. Flight tracks are routed to avoid populated areas and noise complaint related

restrictions prohibit certain training events conducted at or from the Northwest Field.


Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has more unencumbered area for potential training areas.

These areas, however, are not without some challenges. For example, there are limited areas

available for amphibious maneuver training in the Marianas Hub. Landing beach utilization is

restricted as defined/identified by conservation measures set forth in the Mariana Islands Range

Complex (MIRC) EIS Record of Decision (ROD). Amphibious landings on DoD beaches may be

subject to alternate landing patterns to reduce potential coral impacts and accommodate beach size.

However, neither constraint significantly affects training realism. Landing Craft Air Cushion






(LCAC) and Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) landings on the beaches in the Marianas Hub may

require compensatory coral reef mitigation efforts.

The current land target range in this hub is a single small island, FDM, which presents unique

training challenges to all levels and types of air-to-ground training. There are no raked, strafe, or

moving targets present in this hub to conduct Strike or Offensive Air Support training. However, the

Marianas Hub does have other uninhabited islands that offer potential as live-fire target ranges.

The SRR notes that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available. Efforts are

underway to convert ATCAAs to Warning Areas, make current airspace boundaries contiguous with

each other, and establish Warning Areas over suitable land training areas. Multiple NEPA actions

with independent utility within the Marianas Hub require coordination with FAA. The EAs for these

NEPA actions have developed a phase plan to address, coordinate, and synchronize the myriad SUA

requirements stemming from each separate NEPA action.

Unique to the Marianas Hub is that the military has extensive land leases in place leasing large tracts

of undeveloped or minimally developed areas. These provide opportunities for expanded training not

found at other hubs. In 1983, DoD signed 50-year leases on portions of Tinian Island and FDM.

These leases have a 50-year renewal option that can extend the leases to 2083. The Tinian MilitaryLease Area (MLA) encompasses 62 km² (15,353 acres) on the island of Tinian. The MLA is broken

down into the Exclusive Military Use Area and the Lease Back Area, 7,574 acres (30.6 km2) and

7,779 acres (31.4 km2) respectively. FDM is 0.7 km² (206 acres) and primarily serves as a bombing

range for aircraft and Navy surface vessels.

Public support for building and operating training ranges is linked to residents of CNMI

identification as American territories and commonwealths proudly supporting U.S. forces. While

potential economic benefit from greater military training is possible, the residents of the Mariana

Islands seek to strike a balance with potential revenue from the tourism industry on islands such as

Tinian.

Tourism also accounts for a large portion of Guam’s economy. With the relocation of Okinawa based forces to Guam linked to ongoing political negotiations, the delay of unit movement to Guam

has led to a growing degree of uncertainty among the island communities.

Spectrum Availability

The 2011 SRR noted spectrum encroachment as moderate for naval forces training in the Marianas

Hub. In addition, employment of certain data links is restricted, affecting STW training.

2.3.4 Korea Hub

U.S. forces in the Korea Hub primarily consist of one Army brigade combat team of the 2nd Infantry

Division at Camp Hovey, two fighter squadrons of the Air Force’s 8th Fighter Wing (Kunsan Air

Base), and two fighter squadrons of the 51st Fighter Wing (Osan Air Base). There are numerousforces smaller than battalion/squadron sized located at various locations, such as co-located

operating bases, throughout South Korea.

The LTAs and MTAs available to the Korea Hub are in Korea and include the ranges and facilities at

Camp Carroll, Camp Casey/Hovey, Camp Humphreys, the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex, and the

Story Live-Fire Complex. Numerous small training areas are found throughout South Korea. The

listed ranges and facilities are those that support ranges identified in the PACOM Service

Components’ unfilled requirements list (Table 3-1). Aviation units use the Pil Sung (R-110),






Nightmare (P-518), and Chik-Do (R-105) ranges for air-to-ground ordnance delivery training.

Korean Training Areas, including Military Operating Areas (MOAs) and restricted areas, are

typically available to U.S. forces for air-to-air training.

Figure 2-5 depicts the LTAs and MTAs associated with the Korea Hub.

Figure 2-5: Training Areas in South Korea Hub

Encroachment

Korea was not addressed in the 2011 SRR. Challenges and limitations for this hub are drawn from

Congressional testimony. The available training areas are challenged by encroachment as the

population in and around the training areas increases. For example, Pocheon, where the Rodriguez

Range Complex located, is quickly becoming a bedroom community to Seoul; a subway and express

roadways are planned as urban development continues to sprawl northward from Seoul. To address

these and access challenges, an agreement between the U.S. Government and the Government of the

Republic of Korea, titled the Land Partnership Plan (LPP), was signed on 29 March 2002. This plan

intends to align installations with future requirements, modernize the aerial and sea ports of

debarkation, and consolidates units in better position to support contingencies, and protect training

areas.


Former Commander, United States Forces Korea (USFK), noted in his 2009 statement before the

Senate Armed Services Committee that “The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps possess adequate

training resources on the Korean Peninsula to maintain unit combat readiness including the conduct

of robust amphibious operations” (Sharp 2009). He also noted the following challenge, “USFK still

faces challenges with insufficient training range capacity and capability needed to maintain the

readiness of our air forces in Korea” (Sharp 2009). In a 2011 statement, the Commander offered his






assessment of training on the peninsula, as follows: “Provisions in the LPP help ensure continued

readiness by providing U.S. forces dedicated time on ROK training areas and ranges” (Sharp 2011).

As noted above, USFK is addressing the training range challenges through the LPP, primarily by the

use of access protocols involving current Korean ranges and facilities. All requests for expanding

training areas or capabilities are directed through the United States Forces Korea/Republic of Korea

Joint Committee established as the Facilities and Areas Subcommittee.Spectrum Availability

Available resources did not reveal shortfalls in spectrum availability.









April 2012 Unfilled Training Requirements



CHAPTER 3. UNFILLED TRAINING REQUIREMENTS

The PACOM Service Components participated in a series of meetings conducted by the EA in 2011

to identify the training ranges and supporting facilities required to meet training requirements in the

PACOM AOR. These meetings resulted in a list of 62 unfilled requirements by Service Component

and hub (Table 3-1). This section defines the training requirements and determines their size

requirements.

The Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) 2-000-05N was the primary source used for range definitions.

Requirements contained in the UFC were assigned the appropriate Category Code Number (CCN)

and the associated definition was recorded. If a requirement could not be found in the UFC 2-000-

05N, the Army’s Training Circular (TC) 25-8, Training Ranges, was reviewed and Army Facilities

Category Codes (FCC) and associated definitions were noted. The Navy’s Ranges Required

Capabilities Document (RCD) was consulted for Navy requirements. No Air Force publication exists

that is similar to TC 25-8 or the Navy’s RCD. Air Force Instruction (AFI) 13-212, Range Planning

and Operations, provides broad guidance pertaining to training range definition but does not offer

sufficiently detailed dimensions with which to measure range capability. The appropriate UFC wasused as the criteria source of Air Force requirements.

Since the CCN does not contain ground range size or design criteria information and the

preponderance of unfilled requirements were identified by the Marines, Marine Corps Reference

Publication (MCRP) 3-0C, Operational Training Ranges Required Capabilities, was used as the

primary source for determining requirements size. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 share common sizes for

ground ranges that are listed in both documents, so MCRP 3-0C criteria satisfy Army requirements

contained in TC 25-8. Again, TC 25-8 and the RCD were used if appropriate information was not

available in MCRP 3-0C.

In some cases, size/design criteria could not be found in any of the available service documents (e.g.,

the Home Station Lanes [Counter Improvised Explosive Device {IED} Facility]). In those cases,open source research was conducted and/or Service Components provided amplifying details

requiring, in some cases more, written descriptive information.

Table 3-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) and

Service Components’ Unfilled Training Requirements

H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

RANGES THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING Component

1 Impact Area Dudded USARPAC X X

PACFLT X X X

MARFORPAC X X X

PACAF X X X

SOCPAC






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated) USARPAC X X

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

3 Pistol Known Distance Range USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

4 Rifle Known Distance Qualification Range (500 yd) USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

5 Rifle Known Distance Range (1,000 yd) USARPAC X

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

6 Live Hand Grenade Range – (qualification course) USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC X

7 Live Hand Grenade Range – (as part of a multipurpose range) USARPAC

PACFLTMARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF

SOCPAC

9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm) USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

10 Field Fire Range (Automated) USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated) USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF

SOCPAC

12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAFSOCPAC

14 Light Anti-Armor Weapon Range Live USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

15 Grenade Launcher Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range USARPAC X X

PACFLTMARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

17 Battle Sight Zero Range (built to 100 yard Non Standard Small Arms

Range)

USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

18 100 yard Non Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from Battle Sight

Zero Range)

USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAFSOCPAC

19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated) USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X X X

PACAF X

SOCPAC






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

20 Multi-Purpose Training Range/ Multi-Purpose Training Range

(Automated)

USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

21 Modified Record of Fire Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose

Range Complex

USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

23 Multi-Purpose Machine Gun Range (Automated) USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

24 Combined Arms Training Range to support Close Air Support and Naval

Gun Fire Support training (must have instrumentation capability—lease

and installation)

USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC


Complex

USARPAC

PACFLTMARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC X

26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

27 Urban Assault Course/Military Operations on Urban Terrain Urban

Assault Course

USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC X

28 360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas

[CS and CN])

USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House) USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

30 Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain Training Site

(simulation ammunition) Combined Arms Collective Training Facility

USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improved Explosive Device

facility)

USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAFSOCPAC

32 Convoy Live-Fire Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

33 Tracked Vehicle Driver’s Course USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches USARPAC

PACFLT XMARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X

35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAFSOCPAC X

37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC X






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower) USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC X

39 Sniper/Jungle Range USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC X

40 Infantry Immersion Trainer USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC


41 Mine Warfare Range USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC



Range)

USARPAC

PACFLT X X

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF X X X

SOCPAC

43 Close Air Support Range (Air-to-Ground Range) USARPAC X X

PACFLT X X

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF X X X

SOCPAC

44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense

System/Counter Integrated Air Defense System)

USARPAC X X X

PACFLT X X

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF X X X

SOCPAC

45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice USARPAC

PACFLTMARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice USARPAC

PACFLT X X

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC

47 Landing Zones/Drop Zones USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X X

SOCPAC

48 Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operating Areas USARPAC X X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC

PACAF X

SOCPAC

49 Anti-Air Warfare Range USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

50 Low Altitude Tactics Route/Range (Fixed Wing) USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC

51 Terrain Flight Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) USARPACPACFLT

MARFORPAC X X

PACAF

SOCPAC

52 Short field take-off and landings, night USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC

PACAF X

SOCPAC

53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range USARPAC

PACFLT

MARFORPAC

PACAF XSOCPAC

Range Facilities and Enablers

54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

55 Range Control USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

56 Data Transfer Infrastructure USARPAC X X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

57 Aerial Target Support Facility USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC

58 Ammunition Storage USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical) USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC

PACAF

SOCPAC

60 Special Use Airspace and Warning Areas USARPAC

PACFLT X

MARFORPAC X

PACAF X

SOCPAC


construction)

USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and

facilities (existing or new construction)

USARPAC X

PACFLT

MARFORPAC X

PACAF

SOCPAC

Notes:

X = unfilled training requirementBlank space = no unfilled training requirement

mm = millimeter






3.1 DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING RANGE REQUIREMENTS

The following sections provide the definitions and metrics associated with the 62 training ranges and

supporting facilities. Each requirement will be further developed through the course of planning and

design, including preparation of Basic Facility Requirements, DD1391 project documentation, and

concepts of operation.

3.1.1 Impact Area Dudded

An Impact Area Dudded (CCN 17430) is defined as having designated boundaries within which all

ordnance will detonate or impact. This area includes all impact areas that do not contain automated

targets or targets classified as real property. Vehicle bodies are sometimes placed in the area to act as

targets for artillery direct and indirect fire. The primary function of the impact area is to contain

weapons effects as much as possible using earthen berms or natural terrain features. It is assumed

that the impact areas contain unexploded ordnance and may not be used for maneuver. This area is

typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation training or range

control manager, and is accounted for with a separate facility number and individual real property

record. To support the largest Dudded Impact Area for live-fire ranges identified in MCRP 3-0C/TC

25-8 , an area 12.5 km X 25 km (7.7 mi X 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) is required.

3.1.2 Combat Pistol Range, Automated

An Automated Combat Pistol/Military Police Firearms Qualification Course (CCN 17572) is a range

designed to meet training and qualification requirements with combat pistols and revolvers. This

range is used to train and test personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary

infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer

driven and scored from the range operations center. Weapons trained on this range may include

9 millimeter (mm) and 45 caliber pistols, M-4 carbines, and shotguns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call

for a 135 m X 30 m (131 yd X 33 yd) area to support this range.

3.1.3 Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range

A Pistol Known Distance (KD) Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training pistol and revolver

marksmanship and target engagement techniques. Marine Corps’ pistol qualification is conducted on

ranges using yards as the standard measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills

necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance.

MCRP 3-0C calls for a 135 yd X 25 yd (123 m X 23 m) area to support this range.

3.1.4 Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (500 yd)

A Rifle KD Range (CCN 17570) is designed for training rifle marksmanship and target engagement

techniques. Marine Corps’ rifle qualification is conducted on ranges using yards as the standard

measurement. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit

stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. MCRP 3-0C calls for a 500 yd X 500 yd(457 m X 457 m) area to support this range.

3.1.5 Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd)

A 1,000 yd (914 m) Rifle KD Range shares the same CCN (17570) with the 500 yd (457 m) range

and supports all the functions of the 500 yd (457 m) range for training rifle marksmanship and target

engagement techniques. This range is used to train personnel on the skills necessary to identify,

engage, and hit stationary targets in a static array from a known distance. The ranges in excess of






500 yd (457 m) allow this range to be used for Marine Corps Sniper Qualification training. The

Army uses this range for training advanced rifle marksmanship and target engagement techniques,

and squad-designated marksmanship training and qualification. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a

500 m X 1000 m (546 yd X 1,093 yd) area to support this range.

3.1.6 Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course)

A Live Hand Grenade Range (CCN 17810) is designed to satisfy the training requirement of

throwing live fragmentation grenades. This range familiarizes Marines, Soldiers, Sailors, and Airmen

with the effects of live fragmentation grenades. No automation is required for this facility. Each

throwing location is counted as one Firing Point. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 30 m X 80 m

(32 yd X 87 yd) to support this range.

3.1.7 Live Hand Grenade Range (Support for Multi-Purpose Range)

This range has the same criteria as the Live Hand Grenade Range (Qualification Course) listed in

Section 3.1.6. This range is located in close proximity to other ranges and MPRCs that support live-

fire grenade training. This allows units to conduct qualification and/or refresher training before

moving to more complex training evolutions with live hand grenades on other ranges.

3.1.8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range

A Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range (CCN 17671) is designed to meet the training and qualification

requirements of field artillery units. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills

necessary to apply fire mission data, engage, and hit stationary targets in a tactical array with indirect

fire. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to

support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 12.5 km X 25 km area

(7.7 mi X 15.5 mi or 77,220 acres) to fully meet this requirement.

3.1.9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm)

A Mortar Range (CCN 17670) is designed to meet the training requirements of mortar crewmen.

This range is used to train mortar crews on the skills necessary to apply fire mission data, engage,and hit stationary targets in a tactical array using live-fire mortars. No automation is required for this

facility. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to the mortar section (two

mortar teams). MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 2 km X 6 km area (1.2 mi X 3.7 mi or 2,965

acres) to fully meet this requirement.

3.1.10 Field Fire Range (Automated)

An Automated Field Fire Range (CCN 17520) is designed for training target engagement techniques

with rifles. This range is used to train and familiarize personnel on the skills necessary to identify,

engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All targets are fully automated and the event specific

target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC

25-8 call for a 320 m X 300 m (349 yd X 328 yd) area to support this range.

3.1.11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)

An Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and Live-Fire Range (CCN 17641) is a complex designed to

meet training and qualification requirements with medium and heavy anti-armor weapons systems

(e.g., Javelin, Tube-fired, Optically-tracked, Wire-Guided Missile [TOW], Shoulder Launched

Multi-Purpose Assault Weapon). This complex is used to train and test personnel on the skills

necessary to employ the weapon, identify, track, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor






targets presented individually or as part of a tactical array. All targets within this range are fully

automated, computer driven, and scored from the range operations center. One lane is designed to

accommodate up to 10 gunners/weapons. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,000 m X 5,000 m

(1,093 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this range.

3.1.12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range

A Field Artillery Direct Fire Range (CCN 17650) is designed to meet training requirements of field

artillery crews. This range is used to train field artillery crews on the skills necessary to employ

direct fire gunnery techniques with indirect fire equipment against stationary targets in a tactical

array using live direct fire artillery. No automation is required for this facility. The Engagement Area

is defined as the range area to support up to one battery of artillery. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for

a 1 km X 5 km (0.6 mi X 3.1 mi) area to support this range.

3.1.13 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Target Range

A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Stationary Gunnery Range (CCN 17650) is designed for conducting

weapons system bore sighting, screening, zeroing, and/or harmonization. Armor, infantry, and

aviation crews use this range. Within this range, targets may be fully automated and/or scored from

the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as the range area to support up to

15 guns. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1 km X 4 km (0.6 mi X 2.5 km) area to support this

range.

3.1.14 Light Anti-Armor Weapon (LAW) Range Live

A Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live (CCN 17631) is designed for training target

engagement techniques with LAW (e.g., LAW/AT-4). This range is used to train personnel on the

skills necessary to employ the weapon and hit stationary and moving targets using live rockets or a

sub-caliber training device. Targets are not fully automated and/or the scenarios are not computer

driven or scored. Ranges used for both live and sub-caliber firing are carried under this category

code. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 200 m X

600 m (218 yd X 656 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range.

3.1.15 Grenade Launcher Range

A Grenade Launcher Range (CCN 17610) is designed to meet training and qualification

requirements for the M203 Grenade Launcher (40 mm). This range is used to train and test personnel

on the skills necessary to engage and defeat stationary emplacements with the 40 mm grenade

launcher. No automation is required for this facility. Each Firing Point is counted as a collection of

points or lanes that allows completion of all training objectives. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size

requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a 30 m X 500 m (33 yd X 564 yd) area to support the

firing line and target area for this range.

3.1.16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification CourseA 40 mm Machine Gun Qualification Range (CCN 17620) is designed to conduct training

qualification firing with the grenade machine gun (e.g., Mark [MK]-19). This range is used to train

personnel with the weapon either ground or vehicle mounted. Targets in this range may be either

non-automated or fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and

scored from the range operations center. A lane is defined as the area for one gunner/weapon system

to complete the training objectives. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 500 m X 2,000 m (564 yd X

2,187 yd) area to support this range.






3.1.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range Built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range

A Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Firing Range (CCN 17510) is designed for training shot-grouping and

zeroing exercises with rifles and machine guns. This range is used to train individual personnel on

the skills necessary to align the sights and practice basic marksmanship techniques against stationary

targets. This range requires no automation. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 100 m X 25 m

(109 yd X 27 yd) area to support a standard BZO range. This requirement extends the length of therange from 25 m to 100 m (27 yd to 109 yd).

3.1.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range

The Non-Standard Small Arms Range (CCN 17502) is designed for training requirements that are

not associated with current published doctrine, but fall within a commander's training requirements.

The Non-Standard range includes all small arms ranges that do not fit into other categories. Targets

in this range are not fully automated and/or scenarios are not computer driven or scored. MCRP 3-0C

calls for a 100 m X 100 m (109 yd X 109 yd) area to support a Non-Standard Small Arms Range.

3.1.19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)

An Infantry Platoon Battle Course (CCN 17753) is designed for the training and qualificationrequirements of infantry platoons, either mounted or dismounted, on movement techniques and

operations. This complex is used to train and test platoons on the skills necessary to conduct tactical

movement techniques, detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry

targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is

computer driven and scored from the range operations center. The Engagement Area is defined as a

range area to support training of squad and platoon sized units. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a

1,500 m X 5,000 m (1,640 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement.

3.1.20 Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)/Multi-Purpose Training Range (MPTR)

(Automated)

An Automated Multipurpose Training Range is specifically designed to satisfy the training andqualification requirements for the crews, teams, and sections of combat units. This range supports

dismounted infantry squad tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously

with supporting vehicles. This range is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation teams,

crews and sections on the skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and

moving armor and infantry targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event

specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range operations center. Each range

lane is defined as a range to support training for two vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a

1,000 m X 4,000 m (1,093 yd X 4,374 yd) area to support this range.

3.1.21 Modified Record of Fire Range

A Modified Record of Fire Range is designed for training and day/night qualification with rifles.This range combines the capabilities of CCN 17520, Automated Field Fire Range; and CCN 17531,

Automated Record Fire Range to reduce land and maintenance requirements. All targets are fully

automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven and scored from the range

operations center. MCRP 3-0C does not identify size requirements for this range. TC-25-8 calls for a

320 m X 300 m (349 yd X 328 yd) area to support the firing line and target area for this range.






3.1.22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex/Multi-Purpose Range

Complex (MPRC)

A Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multi-Purpose Range Complex (MPRC), Heavy, Automated (CCN 17722),

is a complex specifically designed to satisfy the training and qualification requirements for the crews

and platoons of armor, infantry and aviation units. This complex supports dismounted infantry squad

tactical live-fire operations either independently of, or simultaneously with supporting vehicles. Thisrange is used to train and test armor, infantry, and aviation platoons, sections, teams and crews on the

skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving armor and infantry

targets in a tactical array. All targets are fully automated and the event specific targets scenario is

computer driven and scored from the range operations center. When the range can be used for both

heavy and light purposes, it will be classified under this Category Code. The Engagement Area is

defined as a range area to support training of platoon-sized units up to six vehicles. MCRP 3-0C and

TC 25-8 call for a 1,500 m X 5,000 m (1,640 yd X 5,468 yd) area to support this requirement.

3.1.23 Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range (Automated)

An Automated Multi-Purpose Machine Gun (MPMG) Range is designed for zeroing, training, and

qualification requirements with Squad Automatic Weapons and machine guns. This range is used totrain personnel on the skills necessary to identify, engage, and hit stationary infantry targets. All

targets within this range are fully automated and the event specific target scenario is computer driven

and scored from the range operations center. MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8 call for a 1,200 m X 5,200 m

(1,312 yd X 5,687 yd) area to support this requirement.

3.1.24 Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and Naval

Gunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease

and installation)

The requirement for a co-located (both CAS and NGFS) Combined Arms Training range to support

both CAS and Naval Gunfire Support (NGFS) training is not specifically addressed in published

Service Components’ requirements documents. The CAS range requirement is specifically addressedin Section 3.1.43 of this Training Needs Assessment. The NGFS, also termed NSFS, requirement, is

delineated in both the Amphibious Warfare (AMW) and STW range functions within the RCD.

The AMW range function specifies an area 5 square nautical miles (nm²) (9.3 square kilometers

[km²]) that should be cleared for the use of live NSFS ordnance. The STW range function should

provide sufficient airspace to allow the use of stand-off air-to-ground weapons, NSFS, and land

attack cruise missiles. Proximity of the NSFS target area to suitable contiguous operating sea space

for ships to maneuver is not specified, but is an assumed requirement.

Instrumentation requirements specify automatic scoring (vice manual method of scoring), both real-

time and post-mission feedback, and both automatic and voice real-time kill notification.

3.1.25 Company Combined Arms Live-Fire and Maneuver Range/Battle Area Complex

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. The Army’s TC 25-8 describes the Battle Area

Complex (FCC 17880) as used to train and test the Stryker Brigade Combat Team and Infantry

Brigade Combat Team crews, sections, platoons, companies, and dismounted infantry squads on the

skills necessary to detect, identify, engage, and defeat stationary and moving infantry and armor

targets in a tactical array in both open and urban terrain environments. This complex also supports

tactical live-fire operations independently of, or simultaneously with, supporting vehicles in free






maneuver. Company Combined Arms Live-Fire Exercises may also be conducted on this facility.

This complex accommodates training with sub caliber and/or training devices. A Convoy Live-Fire

(CLF) route may be included with use of qualification/tactical trails. MCRP 3-0C does not identify

size requirements for this range. TC 25-8 calls for a 2,400 m X 4,000 m (2,624 yd X 4,374 yd) area

to support firing positions and target area for this range.

3.1.26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. Marine Corps Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)

level training supports personnel and platforms of a MEU-sized Marine Air Ground Task Force or its

individual elements and Training and Readiness Requirements for each element of the MEU.

Accordingly, MEU-level training supports the training associated with Air Combat Element (ACE),

Ground Combat Element, and Logistics Combat Element units. MCRP 3-0C describes the following

space requirements to support MEU level live-fire training as: Airspace 50 X 80 nautical mile (nm)

(93 km X 148 km); Sea Space 7500 nm² (19,425 km²); Land Space 150 square miles (mi²) (388 km²

or 96,000 acres).

3.1.27 Urban/Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Assault Course (UAC)

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17878) describes the Urban Assault

Course (UAC) as a facility that is used to train individual Soldiers, squads, and platoons on the tasks

necessary to operate within a built-up/urban area. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 300 m X

200 m (328 yd X 219 yd) area to support the structures within this facility.

3.1.28 360° Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas [CS and

CN Tear Gas])

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. CS and CN are chemical classifications for Tear

Gas and Mace respectively. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the shoot house as providing units with

a facility to train and evaluate individual Soldiers and squads on tasks necessary to move tactically

(enter and clear a room; enter and clear a building), engage targets, conduct breaches, and practice

target discrimination in a live-fire environment. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 60 feet (ft) X

70 ft (18.3 m X 21.3 m) building to support this requirement.

3.1.29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17879) describes the breach facility

as used to train Soldiers on the skills necessary to breach windows, walls, and doors. It is also used

to train tactics, techniques, and procedures and explosive techniques not trained on any other type of

facility. Neither MCRP 3-0C nor TC 25-8 provides the dimensions of this facility.

3.1.30 Force-on-Force Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) Training Site

(simulation ammunition) (Combined Arms Collective Training Facility

[CACTF])There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes the Combined

Arms Collective Training Facility (CACTF) as a training facility designed to conduct multi-echelon,

full-spectrum operations training up to battalion Task Force level. The CACTF replicates an urban

environment, and the facility consists of 2.25 km² (0.78 m2) of urban sprawl with 20 to 26 buildings,

roads, alleys, parking areas, underground sewers, parks, athletic fields, and command and control

building. The actual size and configuration of the CACTF depends on the local installation site

requirements. The CACTF is designed to support heavy and light infantry, armor, artillery, and






aviation positioning and maneuver. The CACTF will accommodate force-on-force and force-on-

target training. TC 25-8 calls for an approximately 1.5 km X 1.5 km (0.9 mi X 0.9 mi) area to

support this requirement.

3.1.31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter Improvised Explosive Device [IED] facility)

There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this facility. Local Counter Improvised Explosive Device

(IED) training lanes typically consist of an array of different IEDs representative of those personnel

might encounter in a deployed theater of operations. This requirement may be met by incorporating

IED events into other training facilities such as the UAC, CACTF, and/or the CLF Range.

3.1.32 Convoy Live-Fire (CLF) Range

There is no CCN that describes this requirement. TC 25-8 (FCC 17901) describes this complex as

used to train and test convoy crews, platoons, and companies on the skills necessary to detect,

identify, engage and defeat stationary and moving vehicle and infantry targets from a stationary or

moving platform using all assigned weapons and weapon systems. It is also designed to satisfy the

training and qualification requirements for the crews and sections of unstabilized platforms. The

targets may be presented individually or as part of a tactical array in an open or urban environment.

This complex is also used to train and test Soldiers to engage and defeat vehicle and infantry targets

from multiple firing points as part of an Entry Control Point. MARFORPAC has established the

threshold length for the course at 5 mi (8 km) and the objective length at 10 mi (16 km) length with

the range capable of supporting a tactically dispersed 10-vehicle convoy.

3.1.33 Tracked Vehicle Driver’s Course

A Tracked Vehicle Drivers Course (CCN 17907) is an area to teach the basic driving skills of

steering and gear shifting on a level course. The facility may also contain a hilly course for

developing advanced tracked vehicle driving skills such as turning on slopes and negotiating steep

grades. MCRP 3-0C does not provide criteria for this course.

3.1.34 Tactical Amphibious Landing BeachesThere are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this requirement. Amphibious beaches are typically

located in other training venues. MARFORPAC has agreed that this requirement is incorporated in

the Maneuver Area Amphibious Forces (Section 3.1.37) and Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious

Beaches (Section 3.1.26).

3.1.35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces

This category (CCN 17420) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice

movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or may

operate independently. The “heavy” designation refers to areas where maneuver is unrestricted and

can consist of all types of vehicles and equipment, including tracked vehicles. “Heavy”

maneuver/training areas can be used by “light” forces. This category includes bivouac sites, basecamps, and other miscellaneous training areas. This area is typically managed and scheduled by a

range name or code through the installation training or range control manager, and is accounted for

with a separate facility number and individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be

used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is

Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN

17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following

space requirements to support an infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting tank






platoon, AAV platoon, Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) Platoon, Artillery Battery, and Engineer

Platoon as: non-live-fire – 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) and live-fire – 260 mi² (673 km² or

166,400 acres).

3.1.36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces

This category (CCN 17410) includes all space for ground and air combat forces to practice

movements and tactics. Different types of units may support one another (combined arms), or a unit

may operate independently. The “light” designation refers to areas where maneuver is restricted to

only small units or units having only wheeled vehicles. “Light” maneuver/training areas are not

typically used by “heavy” or mechanized forces, other than in assembly areas where movement is

restricted to roads or trails. Included in this category are bivouac sites, base camps, and other

miscellaneous training areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code

through the installation training or range control manager with a separate facility number and

individual real property record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To

avoid inventory duplication, the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area,

Amphibious (CCN 17411); Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training

Area, Light (CCN 17410). MCRP 3-0C describes the following space requirements to support an

infantry company with organic weapons with, supporting LAV Platoon, Artillery Battery, and

Engineer Platoon as: non-live-fire – 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) and live-fire – 260 mi² (673

km² or 166,400 acres).

3.1.37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces

A Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces (CCN 17411) includes all space for ground and air combat

forces to practice movements and tactics during amphibious (ship-to-shore) operations. Different

types of units may work in support of one another (combined arms), or the units may operate

independently. Tasks can include both combat and logistics (especially Logistics Over-the-Shore).

This category also includes areas with bivouac sites, base camps, and other miscellaneous training

areas. Each area is typically managed and scheduled by a range name or code through the installation

training or range control manager, with a separate facility number and individual real property

record. Maneuver/training areas may be used for multiple purposes. To avoid inventory duplication,

the priority of assignment for CCNs is Maneuver/Training Area, Amphibious (CCN 17411);

Maneuver/Training Area, Heavy (CCN 17420); and Maneuver/Training Area, Light (CCN 17410).

MCRP 3-0C has set a 144 mi² (373 km² or 92,160 acres) as the threshold to support company sized

non-live amphibious training and 260 mi² (673 km² or 166,400 acres) as the threshold to support

live-fire training by the same force.

3.1.38 Rappelling Training Area (Rappel Tower)

A Rappelling Training Area (CCN 17917) is an area that includes at least one structure used to

practice rappelling (rope descent). The training area may also include modified towers for training in

helicopter rappels. The design criteria varies in size and dimensions based on local training

requirements.

3.1.39 Sniper/Jungle Range

There are no CCNs or FCCs that describe this training requirement. SOCPAC described this

requirement as a sniper proficiency course designed to allow target engagements from 1,000 yd to

2,000 yd (914 m to 1,828 m) from both elevated positions and ground hides. This requirement may

be incorporated into other range facilities.






3.1.40 Infantry Immersion Trainer

There is no CCN for this facility. The Infantry Immersion Trainer (IIT) prepares Marines and Sailors

for deployment to today’s battlefields. The facility uses virtual reality to re-create foreign urban

scenes, to include the sounds and smells, to give troops the necessary skills to win and survive in

battle overseas. The IIT facility is designed to be a decision house for the Marine Rifleman and the

Small Unit Leaders; focusing on increasing the tempo of the Observe, Orient, Decide, Act Loop. Anindividual Observes a situation, Orients to it and develops courses of action, makes a Decision, and

Acts. Stress inoculation is conducted at the facility where a rifleman is put into multiple situations

that in turn replicate the stressors and physiological responses faced in combat, thus building the

individual’s stress-immune system.

3.1.41 Mine Warfare (MIW) Range

There is no dedicated CCN for a Mine Counter Measures (MCM) range. UFC 2-000-05N, Table

17910-1 specifies a 3 nm X 8 nm (5.5 km X 14.8 km) minimum surface impact area and restricted

airspace for mine-laying. The RCD addresses a combined area for both mine-laying and

mine-counter measures training.

PACFLT has specified that shallow water minefield support of submarine MCM training requires a

depth of 250-420 ft (76-128 m), and a sandy bottom with flat contour in an area relatively free from

high swells and waves. The size of the sea and subsurface area should be a minimum of 2 nm X 2

nm (3.7 km X 3.7 km) and optimally 3 nm X 3 nm (5.6 km X 5.6 km).

Mine shapes would be approximately 500-700 yd (457-640 m) apart and 30-35 in (76-89 cm) in size,

and would consist of a mix of recoverable/replaceable bottom shapes (approximately 10 cylinders

weighed down with cement) and moored shapes (approximately 15 shapes, no bottom drilling

required for mooring). Shapes would typically need maintenance or cleaning every two years. The

MH-60S helicopter has similar requirements for shallow water minefield mine training shapes. A

fixed shallow water minefield site is not a requirement for organic airborne mine counter measures

(OAMCM) training. However, a fixed site would experience MH-60S usage for inert training.

The shallow water minefield would be used by submarines, surface vessels, and helicopters utilizing

a mix of mid- to high-frequency navigation/mine detecting sonar systems that are either platform

based or remotely operated. Airborne laser mine detection systems may also be used to locate

surface, moored, and bottom mines. Once located, mine neutralization of permanent shapes by

explosive shaped-charge, ordnance, or removal would be by simulation only.

3.1.42 Offensive Air Support Range (Aerial Gunnery and/or Aerial Bombing Range)

Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing and Rocket Ranges (Aircraft Weapons Ranges) (CCN 17910) provide

air crews with operating areas for the development of proficiency in gunnery, bombing, rocketry,

missile delivery, strafing, and mine laying. Ranges should generally be within 100 mi (185 km) of

the supporting air installation.

The Offensive Air Support Range targets require at least one range complex with at least two

separate live/inert weapons target sites composed of raked and strafe ranges, structural targets,

mobile targets, and targets located in revetments. Some of the structural targets should replicate

congested urban areas, requiring event participants to discriminate between valid and invalid targets

in order to practice minimizing collateral damage. Tactical target complexes should provide a

minimum of four targets with four Desired Mean Points of Impacts per target, as well as present

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_Loop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_Loop






target identification and discrimination challenges to the aircrew. This does not apply to raked and

strafe ranges. Tactical targets should possess visual, radar, and spectral signatures representing threat

systems. Building structures, revetted targets, and moving targets must replicate, to the greatest

degree practical, the physical characteristics and spectral signatures of the type of targets expected to

be encountered in the projected area of operations. At least one target site must allow the use of inert

weapons up to 2,000 pounds (lbs) (907 kilograms [kg]) and live weapons (including clustermunitions) up to 1,000 lbs (454 kg). At least some of the targets should allow the use of laser

designators.

MCRP 3-0C calls for an Offensive Air Support range that requires a 30-minute period on a 25 nm X

50 nm (46 km X 92 km) range with airspace that extends from the surface to 40,000 ft (12,192 m).

The area should be cleared for use of air-to-ground gunnery, free-fall and guided air-to-ground

munitions, laser-designating devices, and the expenditure of chaff and flares.

3.1.43 Close Air Support (CAS) Range (Air-to-Ground Range)

CAS is air action by fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft against hostile targets that are in close

proximity to friendly forces, and requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and

movement of those forces. Various definitions of a CAS range exist within the Service Components’training requirements publications.

The CAS Range (FCC 17936) is designed to support the training and qualification requirements of

CAS aircraft. This range is used to train and test aircraft crews on the skills necessary to provide air

support to ground forces under varying conditions. This range does not require automation but does

require surveillance of the target area. CCN Table 17910-1 specifies that a CAS and combat training

area minimum surface impact area is 16 nm X 20 nm (30 km X 37 km), with minimum restricted

airspace radius of 25 nm (46 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the

maximum altitude required by the using aircraft (nominally surface to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]). One

control tower and two spotting towers at each designated target site and target illumination for night

operations are required.

TC 25-8 specifies two complexes/facilities that support CAS training among other training

requirements. Digital Air/Ground Integration Range complex (FCC 17936) is designed to train and

test Army Aviation crews, teams, platoons, companies/troops along with Army ground units on skills

necessary to detect, identify and effectively engage stationary and moving infantry and/or armor

targets in a tactical array. The Digital Air/Ground Integration Range will enable critical air-ground

integration tactics, techniques, and procedures training to ensure the optimum teaming of ground and

air, Army and joint platforms. An 8 X 12 km (4 nm X 6.5 nm) area (Objective Area B) with static

targets to support indirect fire/CAS engagements is required by TC 25-8.

The Aerial Gunnery Range (FCC 17912) is a baseline facility with requirements similar to FCC

17721, but intended for training at less than a medium combat aviation brigade level. A 6 km X 9 km

(3.2 nm X 4.9 nm) area (alternate) with static targets to support indirect fire/CAS engagements is

specified by TC 25-8.

3.1.44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/Counter

Integrated Air Defense System [Counter IADS])

Criteria for the Electronic Warfare Training Range (FCC 17971) are not currently available in the

UFC.






The Electronic Combat range function, which is a subset of Command and Control Warfare,

supports the set of friendly force offensive and defensive tactics and operations associated with

Electronic Attack and Electronic Protection activities. The Electronic Combat range function

supports identifying, degrading, or denying hostile forces the effective use of their battlefield

surveillance, targeting radar and electro-optical systems, communications, counter fire equipment,

and electronically fused munitions.Electronic Attack consists of active offensive tactics, designed to confuse the enemy or deny the

enemy the use of its electronically-targeted weapons systems. The Suppression of Enemy Air

Defenses and active jamming against hostile aircraft and surface combatant radars are examples of

the application of Electronic Attack. Electronic Protection consists of active and passive defense

tactics, designed to intercept, identify, categorize, and defeat threat weapons systems that are already

targeting friendly platforms. Friendly aircraft hazard warning systems are designed, for example, to

recognize land-based, sea-based, and airborne radar, laser, and microwave transmissions and

correlate those transmissions with known weapons systems.

The RCD specifies Basic Electronic Combat training as requiring an area 30 nm X 60 nm (55.5 km

X 111 km), from surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m), allowing for the use of chaff, flares, and supporting

two concurrent training events.

Electronic Combat Threat levels 1 through 4, describe in general terms the complexity and degree of

integration or sophistication exhibited by threat systems.

MCRP 3-0C specifies that MEU training requires combat threat level 2 with sufficient electronic

combat emitters to provide multiple coordinated threats with accurate threat replication.

3.1.45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice

UFC 3-260-01 Airfield and Heliport Planning and Design calls for a 1,000 foot long runway (no

temperature and altitude correction is applied) is considered sufficient to conduct proficiency

training and autorotation exercises for most Navy air installations.

The standard width for rotary wing runways is 75 ft (23 m). Rotary wing runways that support CH-

53 or any helicopter with rotor diameter greater than 70 ft (21 m) shall have a width of 100 ft (30 m).

The basic rotary wing runway length is 1,600 ft (488 m) corrected for elevation and temperature.

For planning purposes, helicopter landing/takeoff surfaces greater than 400 ft (122 m) in length shall

be considered a runway. Pavements equal to or less than 400 ft (122 m) in length and width (or

diameter) shall be classified as CCN 11120, Helicopter Landing Pad.

A helicopter-landing pad (helipad) is a prepared area for the hovering, Vertical Take-Off and

Landing (VTOL) of helicopters and other VTOL aircraft. The pad is designed to accommodate only

one helicopter/VTOL aircraft at a time. The standard helipad is 100 ft X 100 ft (30 m X 30 m). A

shipboard-sized pad may be 50 ft X 50 ft (15 m X 15 m) for shipboard landing practice. Where morethan one helicopter is to be at the helipad location at one time, a connecting taxiway and parking

apron is required.

Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC 3-260-01 for planning and design criteria

and Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria

for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield

safety clearances. Expeditionary airfields (EAFs) are exempt from P-80.3 criteria.






3.1.46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice

The maximum planned length of a runway shall be long enough to accommodate a selected critical

aircraft in takeoff and landing operations under stipulated load and environmental conditions. A

runway length computation example for an F/A-18 produced an 8,500 ft (2591 m) minimum length

requirement (UFC 2-000-05N, Figure 1110-2). UFC Table 110-2 provides runway classification by

aircraft type.

The standard runway width shall be 200 ft (61 m) for all Class B runways.

Other site-specific considerations are located within UFC 3-260-01, Airfield and Heliport Planning

and Design for planning and design criteria and NAVFAC P-80.3, Facility Planning Factor Criteria

for Navy and Marine Corps Shore Installations; Appendix E, Airfield Safety Clearances for airfield

safety clearances. Note: EAFs are exempt from P-80.3 criteria.

3.1.47 Landing Zones (LZs)/Drop Zones (DZs)

CCN 17440, personnel/equipment Drop Zone (DZ) is defined as a large, flat, cleared area for

personnel and equipment to land following a parachute jump. No dimensions are specified.

TC 25-1, Training Land , specifies a 1 km2 (0.3 nm²) maneuver area requirement for the conduct of

tactical operations by a quartermaster airdrop equipment support company.

AFI 13-217, Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations, specifies Air Force requirements for both

Landing Zones (LZs) and DZs. Some of the variables used to calculate safe DZ operations include

type and number of delivery aircraft, delivery system, altitude, number of parachutist, cultural and

natural environment, and weather conditions. LZ suitability factors include type of aircraft, runway

dimensions, and runway category (prepared or semi-prepared). The Zone Availability Report is a

comprehensive listing of DZs and LZs available for use by the DoD and maintained by the Air Force

Air Mobility Command.

3.1.48 Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operating Areas

There are no specific UAS training range requirements within current requirements publications. The

use of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) is articulated in sections of the STW and AAW range

functions.

The STW range function could support tactics and operations associated with unmanned Tactical

Airborne Reconnaissance and Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles. Surface combatants, within the

AAW range function, should be able to conduct overland detection and tracking exercises. This

required capability can be best satisfied if some portion of the airspace (that can be used by manned

and unmanned aircraft and drones) overlies a land mass with a littoral component.

UAVs generally operate in airspace where they are segregated from other airspace users (restricted

airspace). FAA approval of UAV operations conducted wholly within an active Restricted,

Prohibited, or Warning Area airspace is not required when operating with permission from the

appropriate authority or using agency of that airspace. There are two acceptable means of operating

UAS in the National Airspace outside of restricted airspace: a Special Airworthiness Certificate –

Experimental Category or a Certificate of Waiver or Authorization. The International Civil Aviation

Organization is addressing UAS operations within international airspace.






3.1.49 Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Range

Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon Ranges

(CCN 17910-1.1), specify that the Rocket and Missile Ranges minimum surface impact areas and

coincident restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using

aircraft, is 50 nm2(171 km²).

Specific AAW range dimensional characteristics are not published within current open source Air

Force training requirements documents.

AFI 13-212, Section 1.4, specifies that the land or sea encompassed within the Danger Area or

underlying an air-to-air range used for actual weapon employment must be protected by purchase,

lease, or other means to ensure the safety of personnel, structures, and the public from expended

weapons, laser and electromagnetic emissions, and target debris.

Air-to-air operations cover a wide range of mission requirements. Ranges that support, for example,

air-to-air operations involving simulated and actual employment of missiles, air-to-air gunnery,

aeronautical system testing, unmanned vehicles, and Electronic Combat require a substantial amount

of range space and a sophisticated range infrastructure. This infrastructure may include high fidelity

simulators, visual simulators, end-game scoring capabilities, command and control systems,

communications networks, data display/processing capabilities, instrumentation systems, flight

termination systems, and flight hazard analysis/strike prediction capability.

An instrumented air-to-air range monitored by a Range Training Officer to facilitate training is

categorized as a Class D range.

MCRP 3-0C specifies an ACE level AAW range as a 40 nm x 60 nm (74 km X 111 km) range with

airspace that extends from the surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). The range must support supersonic

operations. Some portion of the airspace should overlay land area with significant topography. AAW

targets require gunnery banners or darts, which are subsonic and supersonic UASs that can operate

from surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m). These UASs should be capable of being augmented to replicate

the radar and spectral signature of anticipated threat aircraft and anti-ship and/or air-to-ground

missiles.

3.1.50 Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) Route/Range (Fixed Wing)

Specific Low Altitude Tactics (LAT) route/range (fixed wing) requirement characteristics are not

specifically addressed within current open source publications. FAA Special Military Operations

Order 7610.4K, defines Military Training Routes as routes developed for use by the military for the

purpose of conducting low-altitude, high-speed training.

Two types of high-speed routes exist: Instrument Flight Rules Military Training Routes (IRs) and

Visual Flight Rules Military Training Routes (VRs). IRs are used by the DoD units for the purpose

of conducting low−altitude navigation and tactical training in both Instrument Flight Rules andVisual Flight Rules weather conditions at airspeeds in excess of 250 knots (462 kilometers per hour

[kph]) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) Mean Sea Level (MSL). The VRs are used for

the purpose of conducting low altitude navigation and tactical training under VFR at airspeeds in

excess of 250 knots (462 kph) Indicated Air Speed below 10,000 ft (3,048 m) MSL.

For Marine fixed wing aircraft operations, Marine Aircraft Wing Orders specifying Standard

Operating Procedures for Flight Operations articulate LAT policy for fixed wing aircraft, to include

certification procedures of unpublished routes. These Orders specify that LAT training shall be






conducted in restricted airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR or other training areas so designated by

the respective Wing Commanding General.

3.1.51 Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)

Specific Terrain Flight (TERF) Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor) requirement

characteristics are not within current open source publications.

Marine Aircraft Wing Orders dealing with Standard Operating Procedures for Flight Operations

articulate TERF policy for rotary wing and tilt wing aircraft, to include certification procedures of

unpublished routes. These Orders specify that TERF training shall be conducted in restricted

airspace, MOAs or published IR/VR/Slow Routes (SRs) or other training areas so designated by the

respective Wing Commanding General.

SRs are slow speed, low altitude training routes and are used for military air operations flown from

the surface up to 1,500 ft (457 m) Above Ground Level (AGL) at air speeds of 250 (462 kph) knots

indicated airspeed or less and usually involve C-130 or helicopter type aircraft.

3.1.52 Short Field Take-Off and Landings, Night

This requirement was identified as specific to Air Force C-17 and C-130 crew training in the Hawaii

and Japan Hubs. The short field (small austere airfield) minimum runway length requirement is

3,500 ft (1.067 m) and the maximum runway length requirement for training credit is 5,000 ft (1,524

m), based on the Air Force C-17 Fact Sheet and AFI 11-2C-17, C-17 Aircrew Training and AFI 11-

2C-130 C-130 Aircrew Training.

3.1.53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range

Within Aircraft Gunnery, Bombing, and Rocket Ranges (CCN 17910), and Air-to-Air Weapon

Ranges (CCN 17910-1.1), the Gunnery Range minimum surface impact areas and coincident

restricted airspaces, whose minimum altitude is based on characteristics of the using aircraft, are

23 nm X 50 nm (43 km X 93 km).

AFI 13-212, Section 1.4.4.1 specifies that towed targets and drones are used for live air-to-air

gunnery operations. The aircraft performance capabilities and the appropriate munitions ballistic

tables determine the airspace and surface area required for safe accomplishment.

3.1.54 Base Camp and Associated Facilities and Infrastructure

A Base Camp contains expeditionary facilities that support deployed forces and provide troop

housing, food services, electricity, water, sanitation, maintenance, and storage facilities when

deployed to their MTA. The type and standard of construction will depend on the projected lifespan

of the facilities. MARFORPAC, as a PACOM Service Component, identified its threshold

requirement as needing facilities to support a deployed training force of 1,500 personnel. The

MARFOPAC stated objective requirement is for facilities to support 3,000 personnel.

3.1.55 Range Control

Range Operations Buildings (CCN 17310) are designed for the direct support to range operations.

Such buildings can support a variety of operations for a firing range such as: range operations,

administrative support, target storage and issue, equipment storage and maintenance, and

ammunition breakdown and distribution (not storage). This category includes buildings associated

with range operations such as range operations centers and operations/storage buildings. Range






control provides real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the range resources that

support those events.

3.1.56 Data Transfer Infrastructure

There is no CCN to describe this requirement. MCRP 3-0C defines Information Exchange

Requirements (IERs) as a common attribute of Marine Corps Ranges. An IER characterizes the

information exchanges to be performed by and with a proposed system of systems. The Data

Transfer Infrastructure should be capable of supporting the transfer of information between all of the

following: the Officer Conducting Exercise (OCE), participants, Range Control, Range Scheduling,

Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, Range Data Collection and Processing

Systems (RDCPS), Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing.

3.1.57 Aerial Target Support Facility

There is no CCN for this facility. PACFLT has specified that an aerial target support facility is

intended to support the preparation and storage of a dual, aerial target presentation to surface vessels

or aircraft, with two target backups. Four BQM-74E targets, support equipment, and ready stores

shall be staged in storage. When required, a fly away personnel team will deploy from the Pacific

Missile Range Facility to support aerial target operations. Targets in layup storage will require

buildup, installation of mission augmentation (if additionally required), testing, and other

maintenance to prepare targets for dual target flight presentations, with two backup targets, when a

live-fire missile exercise (MISSILEX) event is scheduled. PACFLT has provided further details

related to storage, target preparation and decontamination, ordnance and additional support

requirements, but these are not included in this assessment.

3.1.58 Ammunition Storage

High explosive magazines (CCN 42122) are used for storage of mass-detonating explosives. Some

examples of munitions generally stored in high explosive magazines include bombs, warheads, naval

mines, and demolition charges. The type and amount of material that may be stored in any magazine

is dependent on the safety quantity-distance requirements, permissible storage limits, and

ammunition compatibility relationships as established by the DoD Explosives Safety Board and as

approved by Naval Sea Systems Command. Sufficient ammunition storage will be required at MTAs

to support deployed unit training evolutions.

3.1.59 Staging Areas (Administrative and Tactical)

Joint Publication 1.02, DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, 15 November 2011

defines a staging area as a general locality established for the concentration of troop units and

transient personnel between movements over the lines of communications. The staging area will

typically be located at or near an air or sea point of embarkation at the hub and will support

movement to the MTA. At the MTA, the staging area will support the debarkation of training units

and their eventual re-embarkation at the completion of training. Staging areas may include bio-security and/or quarantine facilities to prevent the inadvertent spread of biological contaminants

between geographic areas.

3.1.60 Special Use Airspace (SUA) and Warning Areas

Airspace requirements are discussed with the respective air-to-air and air-to-ground training

requirements. Almost all unfilled training requirements may need some form of SUA. An example of

an unfilled training requirement that will drive a large SUA requirement is CAS Range. While a






CAS Range primarily needs land in order for aircraft to employ weapons against various targets, it

also requires SUA in order to provide safe aircraft maneuvering area and separation from civilian air

traffic. Therefore, where an unfilled training requirement is described in the document, such as CAS

Range, the SUA is also specified as a component part (airspace) of the total requirement (land,

airspace, sea space, etc). Airspace has three dimensional requirement components: length, width, and

height. Determining which type of SUA is required (restricted, warning, or alert area) is for followon steps, done with the local airspace agency with jurisdictional authority, such as the FAA for U.S.

airspace.

3.1.61 Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure

UFC 4-150-06, Military Harbors and Coastal Facilities, provides adequate harbor and dredging

project criteria, design and maintenance guidance, and relevant lessons learned with respect to shore

infrastructure.

3.1.62 Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Area (existing or possible

construction)

Infrastructure guidance for facilities to support training areas can be found in the following

documents: UFC 3-230-19N, Water Supply Systems; UFC 3-240-02N, Wastewater Treatment

Systems Augmenting Handbook ; UFC 3-240-04A, Wastewater Collection; and UFC 3-250-01FA,

Pavement Design for Roads, Streets, Walks, and Open Storage Areas.



April 2012 Training Requirements Assessment by Hub



CHAPTER 4. TRAINING REQUIREMENTS ASSESSMENT

BY HUB

The list of 62 unfilled requirements was assessed against the existing ranges and facilities inventory

in each hub. This was done to meet the PACOM guidance of attempting to minimize costs byexamining existing ranges in U.S. territories and overseas. Information was gathered from PACOM

Service Component interviews, Service Component-provided range inventories, Range Standing

Operating Procedures, AFIs, DoD Flight Information Publications, Navy range publications, Army

Training SOPs, and DoD public websites. This assessment resulted in a finding in one of four

categories for each requirement. The following four categories selected for this assessment match the

categories used in the 2011 SRR.

A requirement was assessed as Fully Mission Capable if the existing range/facility meets one

or more of the following:

− Established Service range/facility design criteria

−

Service training standards− Not identified by Service Components as an unfilled training requirement in the

specific hub

− Author’s assessment of available information

− Substantial planning has been initiated for this requirement

A requirement was assessed as Partially Mission Capable if the training is being conducted

on a range/facility that does not meet the established Service doctrinal standards for range

and facility and design. No assessment was made on the quality or quantity of training that

the range/facility supports.

A requirement was assessed as Not Mission Capable if no range/facility is available to meet

a requirement. A requirement was assessed as Not Required if no units based in the hub required the type of

training.

Requirements assessed as Partially Mission Capable or Not Mission Capable are considered unfilled

requirements for that particular hub.

In the Marianas Hub, the ranges included in the planned live-fire training range complex in Guam

were assessed in this study for their potential to meet requirements. Although they may still be in the

planning stages, the establishment of these ranges is linked to the relocation of Marine forces from

Okinawa to Guam.

As shown in Table 4-1, only two requirements are assessed as “Not Mission Capable” across all four

hubs: Electronic Training Ranges and Low Altitude Tactics Routes for Fixed Wing Aircraft. Other

significant deficiencies (identified as “Not Mission Capable” findings across three of the four hubs)

are the 1,000 yard Known Distance Rifle Ranges; Field Firing Ranges; Tank/Stationary Target

Ranges; Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area; and Tracked Vehicle

Driver’s Courses.






The Hawaii Hub has more “Fully Mission Capable” and “Partially Mission Capable” findings than

“Not Mission Capable” or “Not Required” findings.

The Korea Hub does not have the same diversity of training requirements as the other hubs based on

their assigned forces. This results in the greatest number of “Not Required” findings. Additionally,

forces in the Korea Hub use ranges owned by the Republic of Korea to leverage their capabilities to

meet their training requirements. Ground training range capabilities in Korea are relatively robust,while greater training challenges exist for aviation training.

The Japan Hub has almost an equal number of “Fully Mission Capable”, “Partially Mission

Capable”, and “Not Mission Capable” findings. This indicates that just over one third of existing

training ranges fully support Service training requirements. Many of the “Partially Mission Capable”

and “Not Mission Capable” findings in the Japan Hub are a reflection of the challenges posed by a

constrained training area.

Because of highly developed economies and infrastructure in the Hawaii, Japan, and Korea Hubs,

these three hubs present the greatest encroachment difficulties and the least amount of undeveloped

land available for increased training.

These observations contrast substantially with the assessment of the Marianas Hub. The Marianas

Hub has significantly more unfilled training requirements than other hubs in the PACOM AOR. This

is evident by the largest amount of “Partially Mission Capable” and “Not Mission Capable” findings.

This overall assessment for the Marianas Hub reflects an increase in training requirements for

currently based forces and the requirements for the Marines that are planned to relocate from

Okinawa to Guam. This significant increase in both number of forces and the training requirements

needed to maintain combat readiness cannot be met by the existing training range and facilities

inventory. Unlike the other hubs, the Marianas Hub has a less developed infrastructure, allowing for

more undeveloped land with potentially less encroachment pressures available for expanded training

capability.

The findings of this assessment are consistent with the IDA Study that concluded that currenttraining deficiencies exist, especially in the Western Pacific. The IDA Study further stated that the

central location of the Mariana Islands in the PACOM AOR makes it a prime location to support

U.S. DoD forces on both sides of the Pacific.

While the four hubs make up the majority of the Pacific region force structure, each hub has an

independent collection of forces that has its own training requirement. This is particularly true of

LTAs due to the relative frequency of the training that occurs in these areas. Regardless of the hub,

closing the gap between the existing training capabilities in any of the hubs, based on the

requirements identified by the PACOM Service Components with units assigned to that hub, will

require some investment to accomplish.






Table 4-1: Hub Assessment

Legend



Not Mission Capable

Not Required

H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

Hub - defined as current force posture location (sqdn/bn as the bottom limit)

RANGES/ENABLERS THAT SUPPORT GROUND TRAINING

1 Impact Area Dudded

2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated)

3 Pistol KD Range

4 Rifle KD Qualification Range (500 yd)

5 Rifle KD Range (1,000 yd)

6 Live Hand Grenade Range – (qualification course)

7 Live Hand Grenade Range – (as part of a multipurpose range)

8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range

9 Mortar Range (60 mm, 81 mm, 120 mm)

10 Field Fire Range (Automated)

11 Anti-Armor Tracking Range (Automated)

12 Field Artillery Direct Fire Range

13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range

14 LAW Range Live

15 Grenade Launcher Range

16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range

17 BZO Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)

18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arm Range – (separate from BZO range)

19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)

20 MPTR/MPTR (Automated)

21 Modified Record of Fire Range

22 Tank/Fighting Vehicle MPRC/MPRC

23 MPMG Range (Automated)

24 Combined Arms Training Range to support CAS and NGFS training (must

have instrumentation capability—lease and installation)






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a


Complex

26 Combined Arms Live-Fire Amphibious Beaches with Maneuver Area

27 UAC/MOUT UAC

28 360 Day/Night Live-fire Exercise Shoot House (vented-live ammo and gas

[CS and CN])

29 Live-fire Exercise Breach Facility (Breach House)

30 Force-on-Force MOUT Training Site (simulation ammunition) CACTF

31 Home Station Training Lanes (Counter IED facility)

32 CLF Range

33 Tracked Vehicle Driver’s Course

34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches

35 Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces

36 Maneuver Area, Light Forces

37 Maneuver Area, Amphibious Forces

38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)

39 Sniper/Jungle Range

40 Infantry Immersion Trainer


41 MIW Range



Range)

43 CAS Range (Air-to-Ground Range)

44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (IADS/Counter IADS)

45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice

46 Fixed-Wing Aviation Landing Practice

47 LZs/DZs

48 UAS Operating Areas

49 AAW Range

50 LAT Route/Range (Fixed Wing)

51 TERF Maneuver Area/Route (Rotary Wing/Tilt Rotor)






H a w a i i

J a p a n

M a r i a n a s

K o r e a

52 Short field take-off and landings, night

53 Live Air-to-Air Gunnery Range

RANGE FACILITIES AND ENABLERS

54 Base Camp and associated facilities and infrastructure

55 Range Control

56 Data Transfer Infrastructure

57 Aerial Target Support Facility

58 Ammunition Storage59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)

60 SUA and Warning Areas


construction)

62 Adequate roads, utilities, and infrastructure for training areas, ranges, and

facilities (existing or new construction)

Notes:

AAW = Anti-Air Warfare bn = BattalionBZO = Battle Sight ZeroCACTF = Combined Arms Collective Training Facility

CAS = Close Air SupportCLF = Convoy Live-FireDZ = Drop ZoneIADS = Integrated Air Defense System

IED = Improvised Explosive DeviceKD = Known Distance

LAT = Low Altitude TacticsLAW = Light Anti-Armor Weapon

LZ -= Landing ZoneMIW = Mine Warfaremm = millimeterMOUT = Military Operations on Urban Terrain

MPMG = Multi-Purpose Machine GunMPRC = Multi-Purpose Range ComplexMPTR = Multi-Purpose Training Range

NGFS = Naval Gunfire Supportsqdn = SquadronSUA = Special Use AirspaceTERF = Terrain FlightUAC = Urban Assault Course

UAS = Unmanned Aircraft Systemsyd = yard or yards






4.1 HAWAII HUB

The results of the Hawaii Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the Army’s assessment in

the 2011 SRR. The Marine Corps operates a small Dudded Impact Area at Kaneohe Bay, as part of

the 800 acre (3.2 km²) Mokapu Peninsula Range Area. This Dudded Impact Area supports 60 mm

mortar training. At Schofield Barracks, the Schofield range and impact area encompass 2,800 acres

(11.3 km²). On Hawaii, the Army’s PTA has a 51,000-acre (206 km²) Dudded Impact Area.

Although the total of 54,600 acres (220 km²) on Hawaii fall short of the 77,220 acre (312 km²)

objective outlined by MCRP 3-0C and TC 25-8, in the SRR the Army’s more detailed assessment of

its ability to conduct fire support training it the Hawaii Hub was assessed as Fully Mission Capable

with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring and feedback.

4.1.2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates three Combat

Pistol Ranges in the Hawaii Hub that meet the TC 25-8 standard. The Marine Corps has no rangeslisted under this facilities code in the Hawaii Hub.

4.1.3 Pistol Known Distance (KD)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four

ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-2 and R-6 meet this

requirement. Ranges E and F at Puuloa meet this requirement.

4.1.4 Rifle Known Distance (KD) Qualification Range (500 yd)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates three

ranges on Oahu that meet the MCRP 3-0C standard. At Kaneohe, ranges R-1 meets this requirement.

Ranges A and B at Puuloa meet this requirement. The Army also operates one 500 m (547 yd) RifleKD Range at Schofield Barracks.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has completed the

construction of a 10 firing point/1,000 yd (914 m) KD/Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a

1,000 m (1,093 yd), 10 firing point KD Range at PTA. The Army also operates a Sniper Range (FCC

17811) in the PTA with 4 firing points and 1,000 m (1,093 yd) of range that meets the TC 25-8

standard.

4.1.6 Live Hand Grenade Range – (qualification course)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates four handgrenade ranges in the Hawaii Hub. At Schofield Barracks, the Army has one Grenade Range built to

MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards. At the PTA, the Army has two Grenade Ranges and a Hand

Grenade Qualification Course. All ranges at PTA meet the MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.






4.1.7 Live Hand Grenade Range – (as part of a multipurpose range)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author’s assessment of

available information. The Marine Corps operates a Grenade House as part of its Grenade/Shoot

House complex on Range R-8A at Kaneohe Bay.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii

Hub that are currently classified under this CCN/FCC. However, the Army and Marine Corps

conduct artillery indirect fire training at PTA. In the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to

conduct fire support training in the Hawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space,

airspace, targets, infrastructure, scoring, and feedback.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a 60 mm

mortar range at Kaneohe Bay. Although it does not classify any ranges under this CCN/FCC, the

Army operates numerous mortar firing points at PTA and these firing points are also used by Marine

Corps units. Under the 2011 SRR, the Army assesses its ability to conduct fire support training in theHawaii Hub as Fully Mission Capable with adequate land space, airspace, targets, infrastructure, and

scoring and feedback.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Hawaii

Hub that meet this requirement. The Army’s 10 firing point Automated Field Fire Range at Schofield

Barracks has been deactivated.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an Anti-

Armor Tracking Range and an Automated Anti-Armor Range at Schofield Barracks. These ranges

do not meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a MCRP

3-0C/TC 25-8 standard Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at PTA.

4.1.13 Tank/Fighting Stationary Target Range


Hub classified under this CCN/FFC. The MPTR on the PTA that could support the training provided

by a Tank/Stationary Target Range has been deactivated.

4.1.14 Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range LiveThis training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable based on the author’s assessment of

available information. The Marine Corps operates a Static Rocket Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army

Light Anti-Armor Live-Fire Range at PTA has been deactivated.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8

standard Grenade Launcher Range at PTA.






4.1.16 40 mm (Grenade) Machine Gun Qualification Range


standard Grenade Launcher Qualification Range at PTA.

4.1.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates three BZOranges at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. All four ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards

for a BZO range, which means they are 25 m (27 yd) in length versus 100 yd (91 m).

4.1.18 Non-Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO] range)


available information. The Marine Corps operates Range R-9 at Kaneohe Bay and Ranges C and D

at Puuloas.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates an

Automated Infantry Platoon Battle Course at PTA, but the current range does not meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards for length and range features.


(Automated)


Hub that meet this requirement. The MPTR at PTA has been deactivated.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates one Modified

Record of Fire Range at Schofield Barracks and one at PTA. Both ranges meet MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8

standards.


Complex (MPRC)


Hub that meet this requirement.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a

Machine Gun Field Firing Range at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates two Automated MPMG

Ranges at Schofield Barracks. One range meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards.

4.1.24 Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and NavalGunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease

and installation)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army’s PTA supports CAS

training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy Carrier

Strike Groups (CSGs) from the U.S. Pacific Coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air

bases external to the Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation

training at PTA that includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have






deployed from Continental U.S. (CONUS) bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground

units at PTA. The 1st Battalion, 12th Marines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA.

Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper Airstrip near Forward Operating Base (FOB) Warrior,

which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed construction of an Urban Close Air

Support (UCAS) range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern portion of

the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators.PTA’s impact area (Range 16, the CAS and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area

approximately 10 nm X 9 nm (18.5 km X 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box

area of approximately 5 nm X 3 nm (9.3 km X 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an

irregular area approximately 14 nm X 14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the

surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an

observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS.

The PTA does not meet CCN Table 17910-1 specification for CAS and combat training area

minimum surface impact area, 16 nm X 20 nm (29.6 km X 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace

radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum

altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m).

Navy surface combatants conduct Fire Support Exercises events at PMRF on a virtual range against

“Fake Island,” located on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range. Fake Island is a virtual

landmass simulated in three dimensions. Ships conducting Fire Support Exercises training against

targets on Fake Island are given the coordinates and elevation of targets. PMRF is capable of

tracking fired rounds to an accuracy of 30 ft (9.1 m). Live gunnery rounds are fired into the ocean

during this training event. The AMW range function specifies an area 5 nm X 5 nm (9.2 km X

9.2 km) should be cleared for use of live NSFS ordnance. The 10 nm X 12 nm (18.5 km X 22.2 km)

on Barking Sands Tactical Underwater Range area exceeds the training requirement for an MIW

Range as defined in the RCD.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army has one Battle Area

Complex under construction at Schofield Barracks and one planned for PTA (based on current

planning status).





This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates a TC 25-8

standard UAC at Schofield Barracks; however it does not support the full compliment of live-fireweapons for use on this course.


CN])

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates shoot

houses at Ranges R-3 and R-8A at Kaneohe Bay. The Army operates TC 25-8 standard shoot houses

at Schofield Barracks and PTA.








standard Live-Fire Breaching Range at Schofield Barracks.



(CACTF)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four

Military Operations on Urban Terrain (MOUT) sites at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The

Army operates five large MOUT facilities and one MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 non-standard small MOUT

complex at Schofield Barracks.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Home Station

Counter IED Training Lane at Schofield Barracks. The Service Components did not identify this as

an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at

PTA. Live-fire convoy training was planned for the Army’s Makua Valley Training Area, but has

not been conducted due to environmental concerns. The Service Components did not identify this as

an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.




4.1.34 Tactical Amphibious Landing Beaches

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. TA-1 at Marine Corps Training Area

Bellows consists of a 1,000 m (3,281 ft) long beach suitable for amphibious landings with 11 AAV

and one LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to transition from the beach training

area (TA-1) directly into TAs 2 and 3. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled

training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Some heavy forces maneuver

areas exist at Schofield Barracks, Bellows, and the PTA, but these are insufficient to fully support

this requirement.

4.1.36 Maneuver Area, Light ForcesThis training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains

three light force maneuver areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code 17410. At Marine Corps

Training Area Bellows, TA-2 is a 376 acre (1.5 km²) training area dominated by three partially

overgrown runways and a FOB consisting of two buildings enclosed with metal barriers and a

MOUT training site. TA-3 is 582 acres (2.4 km²) of scrubland, abandoned runways, a mix of flat and

hilly terrain and three modular MOUT training sites. At Kaneohe Bay, the Mokapu Peninsula Range

Area is 800 acres (3.2 km²) and contains the Ulupau Multipurpose Range Area. The range is used for






squad fire and maneuver, static small arms up to .50 cal, 40 mm MK19, anti-tank (AT) and assault

weapons training, 60 mm mortars, and explosive training.

The current facilities available (1758 acres or 2.7 mi² [6.9 km²]) in the Hawaii Hub represent a 141.3

mi² (141 km²) shortfall from the Marine Corps objective of 144 mi² (372 km²). At PTA, there are

approximately 32,000 acres (50 mi² or130 km2) of land level enough for large maneuvers. On Oahu,

the Schofield Training Area totals 4,695 acres (19 km²). None of the available Light Force ManeuverAreas meets the Marine Corps’ objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps maintains two

amphibious force-training areas in the Hawaii Hub under CCN code 17411. Marine Corps Training

Area Bellows (1,049 acres or 4.2 km²) consists of a 1,000 m (1,093 yd) long beach suitable for

amphibious landings with 11 AAV and 1 LCAC road crossing points. Crossing points allow units to

transition from the beach training area (TA1) directly into TA 2 and 3. A FOB is also located in the

center of the training area. Marine Corps Training Area Bellows also provides space for mounted

and dismounted maneuver, helicopter LZs, military vehicle operators training, MOUT, combat

operations center training, artillery Reconnaissance, Selection, and Occupation of Position, FOBoperations and engineer (excavation/berming) training. TA-1 is a 43 acre (0.2 km²) beach area for

amphibious training.

The current facilities available in the Hawaii Hub represent a 143 mi² (370 km²) shortfall from the

Marine Corps’ objective.

4.1.38 Rappelling Training Area (Sniper/Rappel Tower)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Rappelling

Tower at Schofield Barracks. The Marine Corps operates Rappelling Towers at Kaneohe Bay and

Marine Corps Training Area Bellows. The Marine Corps conducts elevated sniper training from

terrain adjacent to the Kaneohe Bay Rifle Range. The Service Components did not identify this as an

unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps has a 1,000 yd

(914 m) Sniper Range at Puuloa. The Army operates a TC 25-8 standard Sniper Range at PTA.

These facilities provide basic and advanced sniper training, but the available target distances fall

short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd).


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps opened an IIT at

Marine Corps Training Area Bellows in 2011.The Service Components did not identify this as an



This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. PACFLT units currently execute

aerial mine laying training within the PMRF (R-3101) and MCM training within the Hawaiian

Operating Area, Kingfisher, Shallow-water Minefield Sonar Training Range off the western coast of

Kahoolawe in the Maui Nui area. Aerial mining lines are generally developed off the southwest coast

of Kauai and the southeast coast of Niihau, within PMRF Warning Areas W-186 and W-188. The






Kingfisher area lies within R-3101 and is approximately 3.5 nm X 1 nm (6.5 km X 1.9 km).

Submarine mining events are conducted within PMRF Warning Area W-188. Inert mine shapes are

released into the ocean during these training events. The Kingfisher area (within R-3101 surface to

unlimited airspace, with the adjacent Warning Areas) meets MIW airspace requirements, meets the

sea space requirements, is in close proximity to one or more prominent land formations, and meets

the undersea space requirements. The SRR notes that the existing mine training field does notrealistically portray a threat environment.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army’s PTA partially fulfills

this training requirement. PTA ranges support helicopter door gunnery and air-to-ground fixed wing

bombing and gunnery. PTA supports laser designating and ranging but does not have a ground-based

scoring system. Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an irregular area approximately 14 nm X

14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the surface to 30,000 ft (9.1 km). These

characteristics partially meet CCN 17910 specifications, not meeting the 30 nm (55.6 km) length

requirement, nor the MCRP 3-0C requirement for 40,000 ft (12.2 km) restricted airspace.

R-3107, 3 nm radius, surface to 18,000 ft (5.5 km radius, surface to 5,486 m) contains Kaula Rock, asmall 108 acre (0.4 km²) crescent-shaped island located southwest of Niihau. A 10 acre (0.04 km²)

portion at the southern end of Kaula Rock is used for aircraft gunnery and inert ordnance target

practice. This target range does not have a scoring system.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army’s PTA supports CAS

training of local units from all the Service Components, as well as transiting MEUs and Navy CSGs

from the U.S. Pacific coast and Air Force strategic bombers flying from air bases external to the

Hawaii Hub. Marine Aircraft Group 24, located at MCBH conducts aviation training at PTA that

includes assault support training and CAS training. Marine aviation units have deployed from

CONUS bases to MCBH in order to train with Marine ground units at PTA. 1st Battalion, 12thMarines (artillery battalion) conducts regular firing at PTA. Marines conduct UAS training at Cooper

Airstrip near FOB Warrior, which is also located at PTA. The Marine Corps has proposed

construction of an UCAS range, to be located adjacent to the Navy Mock Runway, in the southern

portion of the PTA impact area to aid in training exercises for Marine aviators.

PTA’s impact area (Range 16, CAS, and Bomber Bombing Range) is an irregular area

approximately 10 nm X 9 nm (18.5 km X 16.7 km) at its widest point, with an aerial bombing box

area of approximately 5 nm X 3 nm (9.3 km X 5.6 km). Restricted airspace R-3103 above PTA is an

irregular area approximately 14 nm X 14 nm (26 km X 26 km), with airspace extending from the

surface to 30,000 ft (9,144 m). PTA does not have a ground-based scoring system. PTA has an

observer position for Tactical Air Control Party use in conducting CAS.

The PTA does not meet CCN Table 17910-1 specification for CAS and combat training area

minimum surface impact area, 16 nm X 20 nm (29.6 km X 37 km) with minimum restricted airspace

radius of 25 nm (46.3 km), with maximum restricted airspace that extends vertically to the maximum

altitude required by the using aircraft, nominally surface to 50,000 ft (15,240 m).







Integrated Air Defense System [IADS])

This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated electronic warfare

training range exists within this hub. Adequate quantity and types of threat Opposing Force

(OPFOR) are not available, including Electronic Combat threat levels. Restrictions limit spectrum

operations. Hawaii-based Marine units rely extensively, and for some training exclusively, on other-Service ranges. MCBH ranges lack realistic, modern threat representation/simulation capability. The

Army assessment in the SRR does not address threat training in the Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by current

hub training facilities. Marine Corps Air Facility Kaneohe Bay (7,771 ft X 200 ft [2,369 m X 61 m],

asphalt), Wheeler Army Airfield (5,604 X 295 ft [1,708 m X 90 m], asphalt) and Bradshaw Army

Airfield (3,695 ft x 90 ft [1,126 m X 27 m], asphalt) provide sufficient runway length for rotary wing

landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 3-260-01 standards.



hub training facilities. Hickam AFB (co-use, numerous runways, and asphalt), Marine Corps Air

Facility Kaneohe Bay, and PMRF Barking Sands (6,006 ft X 146 ft [1,830 m X 45 m], asphalt)

provide sufficient runway length for fixed-wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 2-

000-05N standards.



hub training facilities, listed below:

LZs. Four LZs at Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: LZ Owl, LZ Noni, LZ Hawk, and LZ Gull.

Three LZs at Kahuku Training Area: Kahuku Range, Kahuku Split Rock, X-Strip. Six LZs at

Kawailoa Training Area: LZs Red, Elephant’s Foot, Nixon, Black, Puu Kapu, Non-Stop. Seven LZs

at Schofield Barracks East Range: DZ Lightning, Lower 36, Upper 36, Lower 72, Upper 72, Italy,

and Ku Tree. Five LZs at Dillingham Military Reservation: LZs Dillingham, Albatross, Blue Jay,

Finch, and Rooster. There are 24 LZs within the Keamuku area of PTA: Brad, Noble, Rob, Tango,

T11, X-ray, Yankee, Zulu, Buzzard, Chick, Dodo, Dove, Emu, Finch, Gamecock, Kiwi, Loon, Parrot

Option, Peacock, Penguin, Robin, Rooster, Seagull, Turkey.

DZs Marine Corps Training Area Bellows: DZ Tiger. Dillingham Military Reservation: DZ

Dillingham, PTA: DZs Fisher and Mikilua. The Zone Availability Report lists the Kanes, Keekee

East-West, Keekee West-East, Keekee North-South, and the Keekee South-North DZs as having

current surveys.The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable.

UAV flights primarily are conducted within previously designated restricted areas (e.g., R-3109 and

R-3103). For UAV flights that cannot be conducted entirely within restricted areas, operations occur

in accordance with well-defined FAA procedures for remotely operated aircraft. These procedures






include approval of the UAV flights by the FAA regional office in Honolulu at least 60 days in

advance. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the

Hawaii Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Warning Areas (W-189, 190,

192, 193, 194) provide sufficient airspace for AAW training and the Quick Draw Areas (KAPU and

WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 [15,240 m]) allow for hot events

such as surface/air-to-air/AAW gunnery.

No land space (terrain) exists beneath the AAW airspace described directly above. Airspace over

land is required for Air Combat Maneuver training. The lack of land space reduces realism by

preventing detection and targeting of terrain following aircraft. No land space is available to solve

this problem. There is no dedicated threat OPFOR. There is a shortage of the required number and

variety of threat aircraft. The AAW scoring and feedback system lacks required capacity and needs

upgrades to prevent obsolescence. Lack of adequate instrumentation reduces the overall

effectiveness of flights due to lower quality debrief information.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no aviation over-land, low

level training routes in the Hawaii Hub for fixed-wing LAT. Due to the paucity of usable land space,

carrier aviation units are unable to conduct low-level ingress over land to an air-to-ground range area

with a realistic strike package.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Army and Marine Corps rotary

wing TERF flights are primarily conducted within Army training areas and associated controlled

airspace. The two main Army training areas where TERF is conducted are Alert Area A-311 on the

island of Oahu and Restricted Area R -

3101 at PTA on the island of Hawaii. In these areas, trainingactivities such as TERF involve aircraft at a minimum altitude of 50 ft (15 m), but is insufficient to

fully meet the training requirement.

4.1.52 Short Field Take-off and Landings, Night

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A purpose-built runway for this

specific requirement does not exist in the Hawaii Hub. Under a waiver to receive training credit, Air

Force C-17 aircrew currently use Kalaeloa airfield (formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point) with a

painted strip on the runway to simulate a short field for night take-off and landing training.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Quick Draw Areas (KAPU

and WELA, located in W-192, SOA 4 and SOA 6, ocean floor to 50,000 ft [15,240 m]) allow for hot

events such as surface/air-to-air/AAW gunnery but do not fully meet the lateral airspace

requirements.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Base Camp at

PTA to support units deployed to the MTA for training. The PTA Base Camp is capable of providing






life support to a 2,000 personnel exercise force. Present planning provides for expansion of this

capability.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on Oahu

and at PTA are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range events and the

range resources that support those events. The Service Components did not identify this as an



This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Current infrastructure is adequate to

support the transfer of information between all of the following: the OCE, participants, Range

Control, Range Scheduling, Range Tracking, Range Electronic Warfare, Range Targets, RDCPS,

Range Simulation, and Range Debriefing. The Service Components did not identify this as an



This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. This requirement is met by training

support facilities at PMRF Barking Sands. The Service Components did not identify this as an



This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is inadequate ammunition

storage to fully support LTAs on Oahu and the MTA at PTA.

4.1.59 Staging Areas (administrative and tactical)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas are planned

on Oahu for units deploying to PTA and at PTA for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise forces.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. These requirements are met,

except where noted in specific unfilled requirements within the sections in this hub’s assessment.

4.1.61 Adequate Waterfront Piers, Harbor, and Infrastructure (existing or new

construction)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. Pearl Harbor on Oahu supports

Logistics Support Vessel 2000 vessels and barges that transport training forces to Kawaihae Harbor

on the island of Hawaii. Kawaihae Harbor supports the receipt of vessels and barges transporting

equipment and personnel to the PTA. This harbor is not sited for storage of ammunition.

4.1.62 Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges andFacilities (existing or new construction)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The harbor is too shallow to

handle ammunition supply ships that are used to deliver ammunition to the Hawaiian Islands.

4.2 JAPAN HUB

The results of the Japan Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.







This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The United States and Japan

released the Final Report of the Special Action Committee on Okinawa on December 2, 1996. The

report made 27 recommendations to reduce the impact of the U.S. military presence on the

Okinawan people including the relocation of artillery live-fire. Because of this agreement, the 3d

Marine Division's artillery live-fire exercises have been relocated from the Central Training Area onOkinawa to the Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the

Japanese mainland. The Marine Corps operates a 3,100 acre (12.5 km²) Dudded Impact Area at

Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the 77,220 contiguous acre (312 km²) objective

mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan Hub

that meet this requirement.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corpsoperates the Hansen Pistol Range KD range with 40 firing positions. This range has an alternate use

as a shotgun familiarization range and Close Combat Pistol Course. To support training and annual

qualification on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates a 25 yd (23 m) Indoor Pistol Range at

MCAS Iwakuni. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two

Rifle KD Qualification Ranges on Okinawa. The Hansen Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared

firing positions and the Schwab Rifle KD Rifle Range with 50 prepared firing positions. The Schwab

Range has alternate uses for sniper training and rifle team practice. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C

standard. 4.2.5 Rifle Known Distance (KD) Range (1,000 yd)


that meet this requirement. The Hansen and Schwab Rifle ranges on Okinawa each have a 600 yd

(548 m) firing line, but there are no facilities with firing lines at greater distances.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa the Marine Corps

Operates the Range 3 Hand Grenade Range. Range 3 is a hand grenade-training range complex

consisting of three separate training ranges. Range 3A is the Familiarization/Accuracy Range, Range

3B is the Grenade Pits Range, and Range 3C is the Grenade House. The Grenade House is a single-

story, two-room structure constructed of Shock Absorbing Concrete and used for close quarter room

entry and room clearance training. At Camp Fuji on mainland Japan, the Marine Corps operates two

Hand Grenade Ranges at Camp Fuji. These ranges meet MCRP 3-0C standard.




https://rtam.tecom.usmc.mil/rm/%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09javascript:void(0);%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09%09










This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps conducts

artillery training at Kita-Fuji, Higashi-Fuji, Ojojihara, Yausubetsu, and Hijudai training ranges on the

Japanese mainland as part of the Artillery Relocation Exercises. The Marine Corps operates a

3,100 acre (12.5 km²) Dudded Impact Area at Camp Fuji on Honshu. None of these areas offer the

77,220 contiguous acre (312 km²) objective mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two

ranges on Okinawa that support mortar training. Range R-2 has one firing point for 60 mm or 81 mm

mortars and three designated targets. Range R-10 has one firing point for 60 mm mortars and four

designated targets. There are 13 mortar-firing positions at Camp Fuji for 60 mm and 81 mm mortars.

120 mm mortar training is supported at Camp Fuji and other locations on Japan as part of Artillery

Relocation Training Exercises. The small impact areas and limited number of firing positions do not

meet the Marine Corps objective for a Mortar Range.





This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates two

TOW Ranges, two Javelin Ranges, and two AT Guided Missile Moving Target Ranges at Camp

Fuji. These ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a

Field Artillery Direct Fire Range at Camp Fuji, but this range does not meet the objective size

mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.




4.2.14 Light Anti-Armor Weapons (LAW) Range Live


available information. The Marine Corps operates two AT-4/LAW Ranges at Camp Fuji.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. . Although not specifically listedunder CCN 17610, the Marine Corps operates seven ranges on Okinawa that support M203 Grenade

Launcher Training.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.. The Marine Corps operates two

ranges at Camp Fuji that partially meet this requirement (CCN 17620).







This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the

Schwab BZO Range on Okinawa. This range is 50 m (55 yd) long vice the 100 yd (91 m)

requirement.

4.2.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]

range)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates the

Range 16A Square Bay as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex.

This range is 50 yd (45 m) in length vice the 100 yd (91 m) requirement.





(Automated)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates four

ranges on Okinawa that are classified under the MPTR CCN 17710 (Ranges 4, 5, 8, and 14). These

ranges lack the automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.





Complex (MPRC)


25 mm LAV firing range (Range 12) on Okinawa. At Camp Fuji, five ranges fall under the

Tank/Fighting Vehicle Multipurpose Range Complex CCNs (17721/22). These ranges lack the

automation and distances mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.






and installation)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable.

The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists

of a 12,000 acre (48 km²) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver

Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains

live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm X 14 nm (13 km X 26 km),

surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert













spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to

airspace limitations.

W-174, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an

uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert

ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base.

Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm(3.7 km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Parties may control CAS aircraft from a hill at the

southern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft

(27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing 15 nm

X 20 nm (27.8 km X 37.0 km) airspace.

The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-

to-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies

within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately

53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface

contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius.

The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 kmcircular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa,

occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface firing exercises (FIREXs). Live-fire

strafing is permitted on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance

delivery.

The SRR notes that the current Okinawa naval training beach area does not support NSFS and the

available range is not contiguous with required size of beachfront training area.

MCB Camp Butler SUA dimensions are very limited, particularly vertically. Its ceiling varies from

1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument approaches into Kadena Air Base

overlay this SUA. The relatively low ceilings for this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar

employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from providing training support for ground units, such assimulated CAS. Simulated rotary and fixed wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size

and geographic constraints of the training area and existing political constraints and noise concerns.

Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air

Controller training occur at an island location off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well

clear of the Central Training Area.








This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Japan

Hub that meet this requirement with live-fire capability.







CN])

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a Shoot

House as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the Central

Training Area on Okinawa. This range meets the TC 25-8 standard.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Marine Corps operates a

Breacher Facility as part of the Range 16 Special Operations Training Group Range Complex in the

Central Training Area on Okinawa. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled

training requirement in the Hawaii Hub.



(CACTF)


small non-live-fire MOUT facility on Okinawa consisting of six concrete buildings, a plaza, and six partial wall buildings. This range has alternate uses for Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations and

hostage rescue training. At Camp Fuji, the Fuji School has 10 buildings that can be used for MOUT

training. These ranges lack the size and number of buildings mandated by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.











This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no beaches in the Japan Hub

that meet this requirement and support amphibious landings by AAV, Landing Craft Utility, and

LCAC.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. At Camp Fuji the 22,000 acre(89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver Area has three training areas of approximately 3,300 acres (13 km²)

that are designated as Maneuver Area, Heavy Forces. This area falls short of the MCRP 3-0C

objective of 92,160 acres (372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps

operates 27 non live-fire training areas in the Central Training Area covering 11,000 acres (44 km²)






and containing single layer canopy with moderate to steep jungle terrain and mountainous areas. The

Jungle Warfare Training Center is approximately 19,000 acres (77 km²) of maneuver area located in

northern Okinawa, (sometimes referred to as the Northern Training Area). It is utilized for counter

guerilla training, jungle infantry maneuvers, helicopter exercises, escape, evasion, survival training,

and jungle patrolling. Off shore of Okinawa, the Ie Shima Training Facility is comprised of

1,900 acres (7 km²) of land area. On Honshu, Camp Fuji offers 34,000 acres (137 km²) of maneuverarea between the East and North Fuji Maneuver Areas. None of the available Light Force Maneuver

Areas meets the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Ie Shima Training Facility is

comprised of 1,900 acres (7 km²) of land area, two Water Surface Areas (WSA 1 and 2), and

Warning Areas W-178 and 178A. The Ie Shima facility is designed to enable units to conduct

training in a tactical environment. No live-fire of any kind is authorized within Ie Shima. Normal

training operations include: fixed- and rotary-wing training; EAF training; small unit (company and

smaller) infantry maneuver training; and Rigid Raiding Craft training.

The current facilities available in Okinawa represent a 90,070 acre (364 km²) shortfall from theMarine Corps objective of 92,160 acres (372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corps

operates the Schwab Rappelling Tower and Camp Hansen Multi-Purpose Tower. Range 4A has a

rappel tower primarily used for rappelling, fast rope training, and building climbing. Sniper training

from the tower is permitted. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training

requirement in the Japan Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Okinawa, the Marine Corpsconducts sniper training of Ranges 10, 12, 13, and 14 with maximum ranges out to 1,175 m

(1,285 yd). The available target distances fall short of the SOCPAC objective of 2,000 m (2,187 yd).





This training requirement is assessed as Partial Mission Capable. The SRR notes that mainland Japan

lacks shallow water MIW training areas and geographic references. There are no dedicated or

instrumented targets available, and units will typically provide their own targets where feasible.

Limited OPFOR are available, and no permanent instrumentation exists. The SRR notes that the

Navy’s Okinawa MIW range has sufficient space, but the bottom type does not have required

characteristics, the water depth is too deep, no underwater training range, no dedicated Shock Wave

Action Generator training area, no mine avoidance area, and insufficient geographic references.

While limited targets are available, there are no dedicated targets that meet full training requirements

and the range has no dedicated OPFOR available. No permanent instrumentation exists for this

range.







This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Offensive Air Support range

training requirements are partially met by the R-130, Draughon Range, approximately 2 nm X 6 nm

(3.7 km X 11.1 km), surface to 23,000 ft (surface to 7,010 m), which is a joint use air-to-ground

training range, located 10 nm (18.5 km) north of Misawa Air Base. This facility is for the delivery of

inert ammunition only. It has raked range, strafe, and tactical targets that are laser capable. The rangehas a single Electronic Warfare emitter. The airspace limitations and paucity of targets contribute to

the partial mission capable assessment. The characteristics of the CAS ranges within this hub

articulated below in Section 4.2.43 also partially meet CCN 17910 specifications for an Offensive

Air Support Range.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Current range facilities lack

proximity to ground forces and do not provide sufficient target variety in order to practice target

discrimination for both aircrew and Tactical Air Control Party.

The Combined Arms Training Center, Camp Fuji supports the Fuji Maneuver Area, which consists

of a 12,000 acre (48 km²) North Fuji Maneuver Area and a 22,000 acre (89 km²) East Fuji Maneuver

Area, and is jointly used by U.S. forces and the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force. It contains

live-fire ranges as well as maneuver areas. R-114, approximately 7 nm X 14 nm (13 km X 26 km),

surface to 14,000 ft (surface to 4,267 m) is the SUA over the CATC. Aircraft may employ inert

spotting charges only. The Camp Fuji facility partially meets the CAS training requirement due to

airspace limitations.

W-174, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft (27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is an

uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-to-surface weapons range for training and inert

ordnance delivery, located on Idesuna Jima, approximately 36 nm (66.7 km) from Kadena Air Base.

Live ordnance delivery is prohibited. Strafe and laser use are authorized. The target is a 2 nm (3.7

km) circle on the island. Tactical Air Control Party may control CAS aircraft from a hill at thesouthern edge of the island. Additional airspace, W-174A, 15 nm X 10 nm, surface to 15,000 ft,

(27.8 km X 18.5 km, surface to 4,572 m) is available and is contiguous with W-174, providing 15 X

20 nm (27.8 km X 37.0 km) airspace.

The Tori Shima (W-176) air-to-surface range is an uncontrolled tactical air-to-surface and surface-

to-surface weapons range for live and inert ordnance delivery. The target, Tori Shima Island, lies

within W-176, 5 nm radius, surface to 15,000 ft (9.3 km radius, surface to 4,572 m), approximately

53 nm (98 km) from Kadena Air Base. Weapons impact area is the island and water surface

contiguous to Tori Shima within a 3 nm (5.6 km) radius.

The Oki Daito Jima Range, W-183, 3 nm circular radius, surface to unlimited airspace (5.6 km

circular radius, surface to unlimited) approximately 260 nm (481 km) southeast of Okinawa,occupies an entire island and is used to conduct air to surface FIREXs. Live-fire strafing is permitted

on the west side of the island only. East side targets are for inert ordnance delivery.

The Marine Corps Base Camp Butler SUA, R-177, dimensions are very limited, particularly

vertically. Its ceiling varies from 1,000 ft to 3,000 ft (305 m to 914 m) and some of the instrument

approaches into Kadena Air Base overlay this SUA. Additionally, the relatively low ceilings for this

SUA are minimally adequate to support individual weapons firing. The relatively low ceilings for

this SUA limit live-fire operations like mortar employment and restrict fixed-wing aircraft from






providing training support for ground units, such as simulated CAS. Simulated rotary wing and fixed

wing CAS training remain unlikely because of the size and geographic constraints of the training

area and existing political constraints and noise concerns. Accordingly, fixed wing and rotary wing

simulated CAS and Fire Support Team/Forward Air Controller training occur at an island location

off the west coast of the main island of Okinawa, well clear of the Central Training Area.

4.2.44 Electronic Warfare Training Range (Integrated Air Defense System [IADS]/CounterIntegrated Air Defense System [IADS])

This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare

threats for aviation on Okinawa or mainland Japan. There are no standing OPFOR to support ground

training.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated Landing

Helicopter Assault (LHA) deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice. This air

facility meets UFC 3-260-01 standards.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ie Shima has a simulated LHA

deck for both rotary wing and AV-8 landing and take-off practice.

PACFLT Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) squadrons are unable to conduct night carrier landing

practice at home base (NAF Atsugi). Aircraft must travel to remote location for training. Inability to

conduct training at home base location reduces air-wing readiness and impacts STW and AAW

mission. Noise encroachment at NAF Atsugi prohibits certain training events, segments

training/reduces realism, reduces training days, limits application of new weapons technologies, and

inhibits new tactics development. The CVW-5 move to MCAS Iwakuni moves the noise

encroachment at NAF Atsugi to MCAS Iwakuni. This requirement is partially fulfilled by Field

Carrier Landing Practice (FCLP) exercises conducted by the Navy’s Carrier Air Wing Five, based at NAF Atsugi, at Iwo To (formerly Iwo Jima) airfield, 760 nm (1,400 km) south-southeast of Tokyo.

The use of Iwo To as a FCLP site was jointly agreed to by the Japanese and United States

governments as a temporary measure due to noise level concerns, until the GOJ provides the U.S.

Navy with a permanent FCLP site. The NAF Atsugi FCLP pattern presents unrealistic cultural

lighting and a higher flight pattern than executed during carrier flight operations. The distance from

NAF Atsugi or MCAS Iwakuni air bases to Iwo To present safety challenges, due to the distances of

suitable divert bases while enroute to and from Iwo To. MCAS Iwakuni air base remains an option

for Carrier Wing Five FCLP, based on governmental agreement.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The DZ Ie-Shima (W-178) meetsthe dimensional requirement but does not have a current survey for use by units outside the local

commands. The Zone Availability Report lists DZs Iwate, Misawa East and Misawa West at Misawa

and DZ Lucky at Yokota as having current surveys.

The Jungle Warfare Training Center on Okinawa contains 22 helicopter LZs.







This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. SUA exists within the Japan Hub;

however, limited frequency bandwidth prevents full capability.



Current ranges lack suitable opposing force platforms and electronic warfare levels, maximum

altitude availability, supersonic flight authorization and some lack an overland training characteristic.

Restrictions on RF emissions limit the use of the TCTS.

A-567A and A-567B, are triangular airspace blocks, 56 nm X 47 nm X 35 nm (104 km X 87 km X

65 km), surface to 23,000 ft (7,010 m) and 11,000 (3,352 m) to 23,000 ft (7,010 m), entirely over

land is authorized for AAW training. No ordnance may be employed. This airspace is near MCAS

Iwakuni. It is not authorized for supersonic flight nor does the airspace reach the 50,000 ft

(15,240 m) requirement.

Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, west of northern Japan. A-561A, also termed

Charlie One, is 373 nm X 283 nm (690 km X 525 km), surface to unlimited airspace. A-561B, also

termed Charlie two, is a triangular airspace, 25 nm X 41 nm X 60 nm (46 km X 76 km X 111 km),

surface to 15,000 ft (4572 m).

Two areas are used for AAW training in this hub, both in the southern half, one east, and one west of

land. R-134, 20 nm X 40 nm (37 km X 74 km), surface to 35,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), is

entirely over water southwest of Japan. R-109, 60 x 80 nm (111 km X 148 km), surface to unlimited,

is entirely over water southeast of Japan.

Collectively, the following AAW ranges around Okinawa meet or exceed training requirements at

this hub, with the exception of suitable opposing force platforms, unavailability of electronic warfare

levels and lack of sufficient terrain under the available airspace:

W-172 is an air-to-air training range, 60 nm X 60 nm, (111 km X 111 km), surface to

unlimited) is an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air

weapons may be employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 is a large altitude

reservation (ALTRAV) overlaying and extending W-172 airspace on all sides,

approximately 100 nm X 100 nm (185 km X 185 km), 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (1,676 m to

12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172.

W-173A is an air-to-air training range, 40 nm X 80 nm (75 km X 150 km), 3,000 to

60,000 ft, (914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized.

W-173B is an air-to-air training range, 16 nm X 95 nm (30 km X 176 km), 3,000 to 60,000 ft

(914 m to 18,288 m) east of Okinawa. No ordnance delivery is authorized.

W-173C is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons delivery

range, 56 nm X 140 nm (104 km X 260 km), surface to unlimited. All conventional naval,

aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized for delivery.

W-179, 48 nm X 120 nm (89 km X 222 km), surface to unlimited is an air-to-air range

located northwest of Kadena Air Base. Air-to-air weapons may be employed.






W-185 (Mike-Mike), approximately 25 nm X 100 nm (46 km X 185 km), surface to

unlimited, is an air-to-air, air-to-surface, and surface-to-surface training and weapons

delivery range. All conventional naval, aircraft and air-to-air ordnance are authorized.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. Low altitude navigation routes exist,however no LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing) routes exist within Japan.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No TERF areas/routes (rotary

wing/tilt wing) exist within Japan.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable in this hub. Runways exist in this

hub, such as Yokota Air Base, however, no purpose-built 5,000 ft (1,524 m) runway is present for

this training requirement.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. R-134, 20 nm X 40 nm (37 km X

74 km), surface to 350,000 ft (surface to 106,680 m), entirely over water southwest of Japan, is

authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. R-109, 60 nm x 80 nm (111 km X 148 km), surface to

unlimited, entirely over water southeast of Japan, is authorized for live air-to-air gunnery. W-172 is

an air-to-air range located southeast of Okinawa. All conventional air-to-air weapons may be

employed in this range. Additionally, Mobile 9 (Mob 9) is a large ALTRAV overlaying and

extending W-172 airspace on all sides, approximately 100 nm X 100 nm, 5,500 to 40, 000 ft (185 km

X 185 km, 1,676 m to 12,192 m). Ordnance expenditure is not authorized outside W-172. These

ranges meet UFC 2-000-05N standards.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Fuji Base Camp provides

support to units deployed to the MTA for training. The Fuji Base Camp is capable of providing life

support to an approximately 1,500 personnel exercise force. The Service Components did not

identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Range Control facilitates on

Okinawa and at Camp Fuji are adequate to provide real time monitoring and control of on-range

events and the range resources that support those events.

4.2.56 Data Transfer InfrastructureThis training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There is no capability to monitor

air traffic in the Okinawa training areas and there are no means to monitor air traffic situational

awareness. There are a limited number of ranges with automated targets or scoring.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Targets Department,

Commander Naval Forces Okinawa, provides the required support to 7th Fleet units for this






requirement in this hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training

requirement in the Japan Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There is adequate ammunition

storage to support LTAs on Okinawa and the MTA at Camp Fuji. The Service Components did not

identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Adequate staging areas exist on

Okinawa for units deploying to Japan and on Japan for debarking and re-embarkation of exercise

forces. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Japan

Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Areas lacking suitable SUA are

noted in sections with SUA requirements, above.


construction)


available information. Naha Harbor, White Beach, and Kin Red Beach on Okinawa support High

Speed Vessels and amphibious shipping that transport training forces to the Camp Fuji. There are

numerous modern port facilities on mainland Japan including Naval Bases Yokosuka and Sasebo.

4.2.62 Adequate Roads, Utilities, and Infrastructure for Training Areas, Ranges and

Facilities (existing or new construction)


available information. There are no existing infrastructure shortfalls at Japan’s LTAs and MTA.

4.3 MARIANAS HUB

The results of the Marianas Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. FDM has an approximately

206 acres (0.8 km²) Dudded Impact Area that supports air-to-ground training and NSFS. There are

no Dudded Impact Areas that support ground training. The 206 acres (0.8 km²) on FDM falls 77,004

acres (311.6 km²) short of the MCRP 3-0C objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²).

4.3.2 Combat Pistol Range (Automated)This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas



This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Pistol KD Range that meets

MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range

will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.







This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Rifle KD Range that meets MCRP

3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will

meet all requirements for forces on Guam.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Marianas



This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live Hand Grenade Range that

meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on

Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.



Hub that meet this requirement.4.3.8 Field Artillery Indirect Fire Range
















This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the MarianasHub that meet this requirement.














4.3.17 Battle Sight Zero (BZO) Range (built to 100 yd Non Standard Small Arms Range)



4.3.18 100 yd Non Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]

range)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A 100 yd (91 m) Square Bay, Non-

Standard Small Arms Range that meets MCRP 3-0C standards is planned as part of the live-fire

training range complex on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.4.3.19 Infantry Platoon Battle Course (Automated)




(Automated)




This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Modified Record of Fire Range

that meets MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8 standards is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex

on Guam. This range will meet all requirements for forces on Guam.


Complex (MPRC)




This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. An MPMG Range (Automated) is

planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will meet Service(Marine Corps) training standards for forces on Guam.



and installation)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The NSFS and CAS missions

with Tactical Air Control Party/spotter support are authorized within the FDM Restricted Area, R-






7201, 3 nm (5.6 km) radius centered on the island, surface to 60,000 ft (surface to 18,283 m). FDM,

leased by the DoD from the CNMI, consists of a single island land mass and a restricted airspace,

designated R-7201. The land mass, approximately 206 acres (0.8 km2), is approximately 1.7 nm (3.1

km) long and 0.3 nm (0.6 km) wide. It contains a live-fire and inert bombing range and supports live-

fire and inert engagements such as surface-to-ground and air-to-ground Gunnery Exercises, Bomb

Exercises, Missile Exercises, Fire Support, and Precision Weapons (including laser seeking)employment training as well as NSFS FIREX (Land). A NSFS FIREX (Land) consists of the shore

bombardment of FDM by Navy ships (with 5 inch Guns and High Explosive shells), as part of the

training of both the ship gunners and Shore Fire Control Parties.

FDM does not have instrumentation capability. There are limited targets available on FDM.










CN])

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Shoot House at

Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range will

meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. A Live-fire Exercise Breach House

at Andersen South is planned as part of the live-fire training range complex on Guam. This range

will meet TC 25-8 standards and all requirements for forces on Guam.



(CACTF)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. An abandoned housing area at

Andersen South on Guam is currently used for MOUT training. This area lacks the size and

instrumentation required by MCRP 3-0C/TC 25-8.















This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Amphibious landings have been

conducted on Tinian, but the Tinian beaches are currently incapable of supporting AAVs due to the

presence of coral reefs and have a limited ability to support LCACs.





This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. On Guam, approximately

2,060 acres (8 km²) at Andersen South are available for Light Force Maneuver Training. At the

Naval Munitions Site, approximately 3,000 (12 km²) acres are available for Light Force Maneuver

Training. These areas fall well short of the Marine Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres

(372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Tinian MLA is a 24.7 mi²

(63.9 km²) area on the northern two-thirds of Tinian Island in the CNMI. The MLA has hosted a

variety of military training and exercises ranging from small-scale raid operations to large regional

exercises such as Operation Tandem Thrust. Under the Mariana Islands Range Complex, the MLA is

approved for four MEU level non-live-fire exercises (Ship-to-Objective-Maneuver and/or

Noncombatant Evacuation Operations) per year.

The Tinian MLA is 119.3 mi2 short of the Marine Corps objective. The CNMI island of Pagan is

being considered for future training. Pagan’s 18.1 mi² falls 125.9 mi² (326 km²) short of the Marine

Corps objective of 144 mi² (372 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. A rappelling tower is planned for

Andersen South as part of the MOUT complex, however it does not support sniper training since it is

planned for a non-live-fire training area.4.3.39 Sniper/Jungle Range












This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Within the waters near Guam,Agat Bay supports deepwater MCM training and the Piti Floating Mine Neutralization Area is used

for training in locating and neutralizing floating or near surface mines by Explosive Ordnance

Disposal divers.

The SRR indicates there are insufficient geographic references and no designated operating area for

mine laying. The aerial MINEX training events use W-517, approximately 80 X 100 nm (148 km X

185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international waters. W-517

lacks any geographic reference features. No dedicated area for Surface Wave Action Generator use

or mine avoidance training exists. The extreme water depth and lack of variance in sea bottom is

problematic and limits mine countermeasures training. There are no targets available from the range

and users sometimes supply their own targets. There is no OPFOR or instrumentation at the range.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The FDM R-7201 target area

does not have an instrumentation capability or a raked range. The size and altitude of current FDM

airspace cannot accommodate multiple strike packages. There are limited targets available and no

targets replicating congested urban areas, requiring aircrew to discriminate between valid and invalid

targets in order to practice minimizing collateral damage.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are limited targets

available on FDM. The limited targets do not present the required target identification and

discrimination challenges to the aircrew and forward air controllers.



This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no Electronic Warfare

training ranges for aviation in the Marianas Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Andersen AFB is suitable;

however, the simultaneous mix of fixed wing and rotary wing landing practice is operationally

undesirable.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Andersen AFB provides suitable

runways for this training requirement. This air facility meets UFC 2-000-05N standard.


These training requirements are assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs support

training on Guam: Ferguson-Hill LZ/DZ is used for parachute insertion and special warfare training.






Orote Point Triple Spot supports personnel transfer, logistics, parachute training, and a variety of

training activities reliant on helicopter transport. Breacher House LZ supports airborne raid type

events.

There are six DZs on or near Andersen AFB: Machete North (East), Machete North (West), Machete

South (East), Machete South (West) Fortress (East) and Fortress (West). These six DZs have expired

surveys in the Zone Availability Report.

Other DZs on Guam are: DZs Chelsey, Apra Harbor, Trident, Singha, Agat Bay, Neptune, and Gab

support Special Warfare/Mine Warfare parachute insertion.

There is one published DZ on Saipan: Dan DZ.

There is a surveyed parachute DZ east of West Tinian Airport.

The Andersen AFB DZs meet TC 25-1 standard.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. This is a specific PACAF

Marianas Hub requirement. SUA overlaying significant terrain and cultural features is desired forcrew training and maintenance check flights of various UAS onboard sensors. The paucity of such

land space in this hub renders this requirement problematic.



W-517, approximately 14,000 nm2 (48,018.656 km2), overlays deep open ocean approximately

50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and provides a large contiguous area that is relatively

free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic lanes constrain the warning area; however,

ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace

training events with the FAA. W-517 altitude limits are from the surface to infinity and capable of

supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, Missile Exercise, and Mine Exercise.The SRR states that Marianas Hub airspace is adequate when the ATCAAs are available; however,

scheduling can be problematic as FAA is not always flexible to short notice requests.

No permanent instrumentation exists at the range. The Navy deployed a TCTS to Guam in support of

a biennial Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW-5) Strike Fighter Advanced Readiness Program, in March

2011. TCTS is a GPS-based training instrumentation system that allows real-time monitoring of

tactical missions as well as high-resolution post-flight debriefing for the aircrews.

No OPFOR is available at any of the Marianas Hub ranges.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing)exist within the Marianas Hub. The IR-983, the sole published military training route within the

Marianas Hub, is entirely over water and authorized for Strategic National level training missions

only. The lowest authorized flight altitude is 1,000 ft (304.8 m). Quantity of suitable land mass does

not exist.







This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No published TERF areas/routes

(rotary wing/tilt wing) exist within Marianas Hub.


This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require thistraining.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. W-517, approximately 80 X 100 nm

(148 km X 185 km), surface to unlimited, a polygon-shaped area of airspace over international

waters, overlays deep open ocean approximately 50 nm (92.6 km) south-southwest of Guam and

provides a large contiguous area that is relatively free of surface vessel traffic. Commercial air traffic

lanes constrain the warning area; however, ATCAA 2 overlays most of W-517, permitting

coordination of scheduling of short-lived airspace training events with the FAA. W-517 is capable of

supporting Gunnery Exercise, Chaff and Electronic Combat, and Missile Exercise training events.

This airspace meets UFC 2-000-0N standard.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no base camp and

associated facilities and infrastructure in the Marianas Hub that meet this requirement.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Local control of ranges is

adequate, but there is no Marianas Hub-wide range control. A new range control is planned on Guam

to support the new Marine Corps ranges, but there is no infrastructure in place to link it to planned

ranges on Tinian.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No facilities in the Marianas Hub that

meet this requirement and training areas on Tinian are not linked to range infrastructure on Guam.

There is no web based scheduling for scheduling or post event documentation of range usage.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. A permanent aerial target support

facility does not exist in this hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Ammunition storage is adequate

on Guam, but there is no storage elsewhere in the Marianas Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. There are adequate staging areas

on Guam, but there are no dedicated staging areas on Tinian. This shortfall presents challenges to

meeting bio-security concerns.









PACOM has initiated a multi-phased SUA plan to support training range evolution and other area

goals in the Marianas Hub.


construction)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Apra Harbor on Guam has

adequate harbor infrastructure to support training deployments. Tinian Harbor requires extensive

work to repair and/or replace its aging breakwater and wharves. Saipan Harbor was modernized in

1999 and is now capable of supporting medium and deep draft vessels. Rota Harbor requires

dredging and dock/revetment repairs.



This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Upgrades to infrastructure are

required on Guam and Tinian to support the full range of desired training ranges and facilities.

4.4 KOREA HUB

The results of the Korea Hub assessment are depicted in Table 4-1.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army maintains an

extremely small Dudded Impact Areas at the Story Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8

km²) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (466 acres or 1.9 km²). These areas do not

meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²).



available information. The Army operates the Idaho Range Auto Pistol Range and two additional

ranges are programmed in 2012.


This facility is Not Required in this hub. There are no forces assigned to this hub that require this

training.




This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no ranges in the Korea Hub









available information. The Army operates the California Range Live Hand Grenade Range.




This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates Story

Live-Fire Exercise Impact Area (448 acres or 1.8 km²) and the Rodriguez Live-Fire Exercise Impact

Area (466 acres or 1.9 km²). These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of

77,220 contiguous acres (312 km²).


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. The Army operates the St.

Barbara Live-Fire Exercise Area, Nightmare Range Mortar Range, and Whiskey 4 Mortar Range.These areas do not meet the MCRP 3-0C or TC 25-8 objective of 2,965 contiguous acres (11.9 km²).



training.



available information. The Army operates the Utah Range Automated Anti-Armor Tracking and

Live-fire Range.






available information. The Army utilizes the Republic of Korea Army’s Chipori Range.



available information. The Army operates the Sioux Range LAW/AT-4 Range and the Baekil AT-4

Range.



available information. The Army operates the Oregon Range and Seminole Range Grenade Launcher

Ranges.








available information. The Army operates the Baekil MK-19 Range, Story MK-19 Range, and the

Rodriguez MPMG Range that supports MK-19 qualification training.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates nine Basic

10 m/25 m (10.9 yd/27 yd) BZO Ranges in Korea (three at Camp Casey, one at Camp Henry, one at

Camp Humphreys, two at Camp Red Cloud, one at Yongsan Garrison, and one at the Story Live-Fire

Complex). These ranges are built to Army TC 25-8 standards.

4.4.18 100 yd Non-Standard Small Arms Range – (separate from Battle Sight Zero [BZO]

range)


training.



available information. The Army operates the Georgia Range Infantry Platoon Battle Course.


(Automated)


available information. The Army operates the Warrior Valley Digital MPTR.



available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Range Modified Record of Fire Range.


Complex (MPRC)


available information. The Army operates the Rodriquez MPRC.



available information The Army operates the Montana Range MPMG Range and the Rodriguez

MPMG Range.

4.4.24 Combined Arms Training Range to Support Close Air Support (CAS) and NavalGunfire Support (NGFS) Training (must have instrumentation capability-lease

and installation)

This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. No dedicated NSFS range exists

to support this training requirement within this hub.

Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km)

east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea






Operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and

live ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical

targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the

Tactical Valley Target Complex is the Television Ordnance Scoring System. The range complex is

available for electronic warfare training with several enemy air defense radar emitters and laser

target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller. Nightmare Range, 4 nm X 4 nm (7.5 km X 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ,

surface to unlimited) 40 nm (74 km) north east of Seoul is a Republic of Korea controlled range

within the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. Hard targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback.

Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not

provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges during CAS training

events.



training.



training.



available information. The Army operates the Black Hawk Village UAC.


CN])


available information. The Army operates the New Mexico Shoot House and the Rodriguez Shoot

House.






(CACTF)


available information. The Army operates the Rodriguez Combined Arms Collective Training

Facility.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a Counter IED

Training Lane at the Rodriguez Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as

an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub.







This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates a CLF Range at

the Story Live-Fire Complex. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training

requirement in the Korea Hub.



training.



training.



training.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable based on the author’s assessment

of available information. The Army operates 11 small active maneuver areas in Korea that support

squad to company level dismounted maneuver. The total area of these 11 maneuver areas is 9,563

acres (38.7 km² or 14.9 mi²). None of the available Light Force Maneuver Areas meets the Marine

Corps objective of 92,160 contiguous acres (372 km² of 144 mi²).



training.



training.



training.



training.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No dedicated MIW exists within this

hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Chick-Do (also Jikdo) Range, R-

105, 10 nm (18.5 km) radius, surface to 25,000 ft (7,620 m) is a target area made up of two small






islands located 27 nm (50 km) west of Kunsan Air Base. This target range is jointly scheduled by the

Republic of Korea Air Force and U.S. Air Force. There are no restrictions to ordnance employment.

An electronic Weapons Impact Scoring System provides delivery feedback. The airspace and nature

of the targets partially meet this training requirement.

Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range, R-110, 18 nm X 17.5 nm (33.3 km X 32.5 km), surface to 25,000 ft

(7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung Range is the primary tactical range in theRepublic of Korea. It is operated by the Republic of Korea Air Force for practice tactical deliveries

with training, inert, and live ordnance. The Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical

targets deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the



target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller.

Nightmare Range, 4 nm X 4 nm (7.5 km X 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ,



Realistic ground training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not

provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Pil Sung (also Pilseung) Range

R-110, surface to 25,000 ft (surface to 7,620 m), 87 nm (161 km) east of Osan Air Base. Pil Sung

Range is the primary tactical range in the Republic of Korea and is jointly operated by the Republic

of Korea Air Force and Air Force for practice tactical deliveries with training, inert and live

ordnance. An area referred to as the Tactical Valley Target Complex has numerous tactical targets

deployed around a dummy airfield and rail yard complex. The primary method of scoring the



target arrays. This range supports CAS training with a forward air controller.

Nightmare Range, 4 nm X 4 nm (7.5 km X 7.5 km), within the Korean Tactical Zone (P-518, DMZ,



Realistic Army training is sufficient with these targets; however, these targets on a single hill do not

provide aircrew with sufficient identification/target discrimination challenges.



This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. There are no dedicated Electronic

Warfare training ranges for aviation in South Korea.4.4.45 Rotary Wing Aviation Landing Practice

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base, Kunsan (K-8)

Air Base, Desiderio Army Airfield (A-511), and Cochran Army Airfield (H-207) provide suitable

runways for rotary wing landing practice. These air facilities meet UFC 3-260-01 standard.







This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. Osan (K-55) Air Base and Kunsan

(K-8) Air Base provide suitable runways for fixed wing landing practice. These air facilities meet

UFC 2-000-05N standard.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The following LZs/DZs are within

South Korea: Angang, Cory, Kakdong, Kumsung, Namji, Rigger, and Soonchang. These meet TC

25-1 standard.



training.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Korean Training Areas include

MOAs, low-level zones, and restricted areas typically available to U.S. units. These areas are dividedinto two general categories: Centrally Scheduled Airspace and Republic of Korea Air Force Wing

Owned Airspace. MOA-16, 42 nm X 25 nm (78 km X 46 km), 5,000 ft (1,524 m) is the only

Centrally Scheduled Airspace allocated to 7th Air Force units for 100% of daylight hours. Other

potential airspace blocks range from 0% to 60% allocation level per month. The MOA-16 single

block of airspace is less than AAW training requirements and lacks a suitable terrain component.


This training requirement is assessed as Not Mission Capable. No LAT routes or ranges (fixed wing)

exist within South Korea. “Low level zones” blocks exist that allow for flight down to 500 ft (153 m)

AGL but no specific LAT routes exist.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. TERF areas/routes (rotary

wing/tilt wing) exist within South Korea, and are unit specific, designated by Army aviation units in

this hub.



training.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Various Korea Training Area

restricted areas and MOAs support this requirement, such as MOA-16. However, none fully meet thelateral airspace requirement.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriquez

Live-Fire Complex Cantonment. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled training

requirement in the Korea Hub.







This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. Range Communications are non-

secure FM, hand-held radios, Land Lines, and Cell Phones. There is no Exercise Command and

Control beyond hand-held radios. The lack of communications resources reduces flexibility, safety,

and Command and Control.


This training requirement is assessed as Partially Mission Capable. All targets lack automated

scoring feedback. Infantry targets are fixed with no automated scoring feedback.



training.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Rodriguez

Ammo Holding Area to support training forces. The Navy and Air Force operate several ammunitionstorage facilities in the Korea Hub. The Service Components did not identify this as an unfilled

training requirement in the Korea Hub.


This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. The Army operates the Watkins

Logistic Training Area as a staging area for deployed training forces. The Service Components did

not identify this as an unfilled training requirement in the Korea Hub.





construction)

This training requirement is assessed as Fully Mission Capable. There are numerous modern port

facilities in Korea including Inchon, Busan, and Pohang. This assessment is based on the author’s

assessment of available information.




available information. Korea has a modern infrastructure that supports movement throughout the

country.









Appendix A

PACOM Guidance








This page intentionally left blank



UNITED ST TES M RINE CORPS

COMMANDER U.S. MARINE CORPS FORCES PACIFIC

CAMP

H M

SMITH

HI

96861-4139

IN REPLY REFER TO:

5090

DPRI/Dir

UNN

220ft

I

From:

Commander, U.

S.

Marine

Corps

Forces , P ac i f i c

To:

Commander,

U.

S.

Pac i f i c

Command

Subj :

REQUEST

REFINEMENT OF

GUIDANCE

FOR THE

DOD

TRAINING IN

THE

PACIFIC

ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACT

STATEMENT

(DTP

EIS)

Ref: (a)

USPACOM

DoD Tra in ing in

the

Pac i f i c

EIS

Execut ive

Agent Appointment l e t t e r of 25 Aug 10

1.

U.

S. Pac i f i c

Command

USPACOM) des igna ted Marine Corps

Forces , Pac i f i c MARFORPAC) Execut ive Agent

(EA) to

prepare the

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for

the

development of new

t r a i n i n g

ranges

and

inc reased

c a pa b i l i t i e s a t

e x i s t i n g

ranges

in

the

USPACOM AOR

pe r

the

re fe rence .

As EA,

MARFORPAC

cont inues to

co l labora te with USPACOM Service Components and wi l l execute a

prac t i cab le and j u s t i f i a b l e EIS.

2. MARFORPAC hos ted

an

EIS

Working

Group

meeting with a l l

Serv ice Components

on 24 May 2011 to

begin the NEPA planning

process .

The

Working Group

proposed

ref inement of the

USPACOM

guidance

to

e s t a b l i s h parameters for

the

Statement

of Work

SOW)

for execut ion of the

EIS.

3.

MARFORPAC

recommends

USPACOM

guidance

be

r e f ined to

d i r e c t

t ha t

the EIS develop

and

analyze a l t e rna t ive s t ha t provide

USPACOM Serv ice Components assured access

to a

permanent system

of

ranges to

address t r a i n i n g requirements

in

the

USPACOM AOR.

Assured

access includes the use of t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s without

undue r e s t r i c t i o n s

t ha t

may

impede requirements , inc lud ing bu t

not

l imi ted

to

force pro tec t ion m ul t i l a t e r a l t ra in ing and

cont ingency

response .

As

the

EIS

ana lys i s

progresses

t h i s

guidance may be

r e v i s i t e d

should t prove too l imi t ing .

4.

MARFORPAC

reques ts

Commander, USPACOM

approval

of

the

r e f ined

guidance

as

the

next

s tep in

development

of the

SOW,

t imely ob l iga t ion

of the

$30M in

EIS

funding, and complet ion

of

the tasking

in

the re fe rence .

~ : t D L ~ ~

CRAIG B.

WHELDEN

Execut ive

Direc to r

Marine

Corps Bases

Pac i f i c



Subj :

REQUEST

REFINEMENT OF GUID NCE FOR THE DOD TRAINING

IN

THE PACIFIC

ENVIRONMENT L IMP CT

ST TEMENT (DTP EIS

Copy to

Commander, US Army Pac i f ic

Commander, US Pac i f ic Flee t

Commander, US

Pac i f ic

Air Force

Commander, US Marine

Corps

Forces ,

Pac i f ic

Commander,

US

Specia l

Operat ions

Command,

Pac i f i c

Commander, Naval Fac i l i t i e s Engineering Command,

Pac i f i c

2





This page intentionally left blank



Appendix B

U.S. Pacif ic Command (PACOM) Forces by Hub






April 2012 PACOM Forces by Hub

FINAL B-1Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


Table B-1: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Units within the Hawaii Hub

USARPAC

1st Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment

1st Battalion, 21st Infantry Regiment

1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment

2nd Squadron, 14th Cavalry Regiment

2nd Battalion, 11th Field Artillery Regiment

225th Brigade Support Battalion

2nd Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment


3rd Squadron, 4th Cavalry Regiment

3rd Battalion, 7th Field Artillery Regiment


3rd Brigade Special Troops Battalion

2nd Squadron, 6th Cavalry Regiment2nd Squadron, 25th Cavalry Regiment

3rd Squadron, 25th Cavalry Regiment

209th Aviation Support Battalion

HQ and HQ Battalion, 25th Infantry Division

728th Military Police Battalion

524th Combat Sustainment Support Battalion

45th Special Troops Battalion

65th Engineer Battalion

84th Engineer Battalion

8th Special Troop Battalion

30th Signal Battalion

307th Expeditionary Signal Battalion

4th Signal Center

205th Military Intelligence Battalion (ISR)

715th Military Intelligence Battalion (SIGINT)

100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry (Army Reserve)

322nd Civil Affairs Brigade (Army Reserve)

303rd Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (Army Reserve)

411th Engineer Battalion (Army Reserve)

1st Battalion, 487th Field Artillery (Army National Guard)

1st Battalion, 299th Cavalry (Army National Guard)

29th Brigade Support Battalion (Army National Guard)

29th Brigade Special Troops Battalion (Army National Guard)

PACFLT

USS Bremerton






USS La Jolla

USS Charlotte

USS Greeneville

USS Texas

USS Hawaii

USS Jacksonville

USS Olympia

USS Chicago

USS Key West

USS Louisville

USS North Carolina

USS Pasadena

USS Columbus

USS Houston

USS Santa Fe

USS Tucson

USS Colombia

USS Cheyenne

USS Chosin

USS Lake Erie

USS Port Royal

USS Russell

USS Paul Hamilton

USS Hopper

USS O'Kane

USS Chafee

USS Chung-Hoon

USS Crommelin

USS Reuben James

USS City of Corpus Christi

PACAF

15th Operations Support Squadron

535th Airlift Squadron

65th Airlift Squadron96th Air Refueling Squadron

19th Fighter Squadron

15th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron

15th Maintenance Operations Squadron

15th Maintenance Squadron

15th Aeromedical-Dental Squadron






15th Medical Operations Squadron

15th Medical Support Squadron

48th Aerial Port Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

614th Aeromedical Staging Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

624th Civil Engineering Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

169th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron (Air National Guard)

199th Fighter Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

203rd Air Refueling Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

204th Airlift Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Operations Support Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Aircraft Maintenance Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Maintenance Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Security Forces Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Force Support Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

154th Civil Engineering Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)154th Logistics Readiness Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

291st Combat Communications Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

292nd Combat Communications Squadron (Hawaii Air National Guard)

MARFORPAC

Headquarters & Service Battalion, Marine Forces Pacific

1st Battalion, 3d Marines

2nd Battalion, 3d Marines

3d Battalion, 3d Marines

1st Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment

Marine Aviation Logistics Squadron 24

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron 362



Combat Logistics Battalion 3

Table B-2: U.S. Pacific Command (PACOM) Units within the Japan Hub

USARPAC


78th Aviation Battalion


441st Military Intelligence Battalion

83rd Ordnance Battalion

836th Transportation Battalion

Military Police Battalion

USARJ and I CORPS Special Troops Battalion






1st Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment

505th Quartermaster Battalion

58th Signals Battalion

835th Transportation Battalion

PACFLT

USS George Washington

Strike Fighter Squadron 27




Electronic Attack Squadron 136

Carrier Airborne Early Warning Squadron 115

Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron 14

USS Cowpens

USS ShilohUSS Curtis Wilbur

USS John S. McCain

USS Stethem

USS Lassen

USS McCampbell

USS Mustin

UDP Patrol Squadron

USS Essex

USS Denver

USS Tortuga

USS Germantown

USS Blue Ridge

Maritime Expeditionary Security Squadron 7

USS Avenger

USS Defender

USS Patriot

Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron Light 51

Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (UDP)

PACAF13th Fighter Squadron




35th Maintenance Squadron







35th Civil Engineer Squadron

35th Contracting Squadron

35th Communications Squadron

35th Force Support Squadron

35th Logistics Readiness Squadron

35th Security Forces Squadron

35th Aerospace Medicine Squadron

35th Dental Squadron







374th Maintenance Operations Squadron374th Maintenance Squadron









374th Aerospace Medicine Squadron

374th Dental Squadron

374th Surgical Operations Squadron



909th Air Refueling Squadron

961st Airborne Air Control Squadron

31st Rescue Squadron

33rd Rescue Squadron

18th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron18th Operations Support Squadron

18th Equipment Maintenance Squadron

18th Component Maintenance Squadron









18th Munitions Squadron

MARFORPAC


Marine All Weather Fighter Attack Squadron 242

UDP Marine Fighter Attack Squadron

UDP Marine Fighter Attack Squadron

UDP Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron

Marine Wing Support Squadron 171

III MEF, Command Element

III MEF, MEF Headquarters Group

3d Reconnaissance Battalion

5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company

7th Communications Battalion

Special Operations Training Group

Headquarters Battalion, 3d Marine Division3d Radio Battalion

3d Intelligence Battalion

UDP Infantry Battalion


3d Battalion, 12th Marine Regiment

Combat Assault Battalion

Jungle Warfare Training Center

Marine Wing Headquarters Squadron 1

Marine Wing Support Squadron 172

Marine Air Control Squadron 4

Marine Air Support Squadron 2

Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron 18

Marine Wing Communications Squadron 18


Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 262

Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 265

Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadron 152


9th Engineer Support Battalion3d Maintenance Battalion

3d Medical Battalion

3d Supply Battalion


Headquarters and Service Battalion, Marine Corps Bases Japan, Camp Butler






SOCPAC

1st Special Operations Squadron

17th Special Operations Squadron

320th Special Tactics Squadron

353rd Special Operations Maintenance Squadron

353rd Special Operations Support Squadron

1st Battalion, 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne)

Table B-3: PACOM Units within the Marianas Hub

USARPAC

322nd Civil Affairs Brigade (Army Reserve)

4960th Multifunctional Training Brigade (Army Reserve)

Theater Support Group (Army Reserve)

Echo Company 100th Infantry; 797th Engineer Company; 302nd Quartermaster Company; 368th

Military Police Company (Army Reserve)

1st Battalion, 294th Infantry (Guam Army National Guard)

105th Troop Command (Guam Army National Guard)

PACFLT

USS Buffalo

USS Frank Cable

USS Oklahoma City

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobile Unit 5

Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 25

PACAF

Rotational deployments (F-22, B-52, B-1, B-2, squadrons and/or dets)

12th Reconnaissance Squadron det (Global Hawk)








36th Medical Support Squadron36th Maintenance Squadron

36th Munitions Squadron


36th Mobility Response Squadron

554th Red Horse Squadron

644th Combat Communications Squadron






44th Aerial Port Squadron (Air Force Reserve)

724th Aeromedical Staging Flight (Air Force Reserve)

254th Civil Engineering Squadron (Guam Air National Guard)

254th Security Forces Squadron (Guam Air National Guard)

MARFORPAC

U.S. – Japan Roadmap for Realignment Implementation Forces

III MEF, Command Element

7th Communications Battalion

3d Intelligence Battalion

III MEF Headquarters Group

5th Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company

Force Reconnaissance

Base Support

Headquarters Battalion, 3d Marine Division

Headquarters, 12th Marine RegimentMarine Wing Headquarters Squadron 1

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadron (or Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron)

Marine Air Control Group 18, Headquarters

Marine Wing Communications Squadron 18

Marine Air Control Squadron 4

Marine Air Support Squadron 2

Marine Tactical Air Command Squadron 18

Marine Wing Support Group 17, Headquarters

Marine Wing Support Squadron (det)

3d Marine Logistics Group, Headquarters

Combat Logistics Regiment 37

3d Maintenance Bn and Supply Bn

3d Medical Battalion

3d Dental Battalion

9th Engineer Support Battalion

Combat Logistics Battalion (Direct Support)


UDP Artillery Battery

UDP SquadronTransiting West Coast MEU (SOC)

Command Element

Ground Combat Element (reinforced infantry battalion)

Aviation Combat Element (composite/reinforced medium lift or tilt-rotor squadron)

Logistics Combat Element (combat logistics battalion)






SOCPAC

Naval Special Warfare Unit One

Table B-4: PACOM Units within the Korea Hub

USARPAC

Headquarters and Headquarters Battalion

1st Brigade Special Troops Battalion

4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment

1st Battalion, 72nd Armor Regiment


1st Battalion, 15th Field Artillery Regiment

302nd Brigade Support Battalion

2nd Assault Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment

3rd General Support Aviation Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment

4th Attack Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment

602nd Aviation Support Battalion1st Battalion, 38th Field Artillery Regiment

6th Battalion, 37th Field Artillery Regiment


501st Special Troops Battalion

94th Military Police Battalion



6th Ordnance Battalion

25th Movement Control Battalion


41st Signal Battalion

304th Integrated Theater Signals Battalion

6th Signals Center

2nd Battalion, 1st Air Defense Artillery Regiment

6th Battalion, 52nd Air Defense Artillery Regiment

16th Medical Logistics Battalion

121st Combat Support Hospital

168th Medical Battalion

3rd Military Intelligence Battalion

368th Military Intelligence Battalion




Special Troops Battalion - Korea

Korean Service Corps Battalion






UNC Security Battalion - Joint Security Area

4th Battalion, 58th Aviation Regiment (Airfield Operations)

PACFLT

No unit of squadron or battalion strength.

PACAF





8th Communication Squadron





8th Medical Support Squadron8th Maintenance Squadron





51st Operations Support Squadron

51st Civil Engineer Squadron

51st Force Support Squadron

51st Logistics Readiness Squadron

51st Security Forces Squadron

51st Communications Squadron

51st Aerospace Medicine Squadron

51st Medical Support Squadron

51st Medical Operations Squadron

51st Dental Squadron

51st Maintenance Operations Squadron

51st Maintenance Squadron

51st Aircraft Maintenance Squadron

51st Munitions Squadron607th Material Maintenance Squadron

607th Weather Squadron

607th Combat Communications Squadron

607th Air Support Squadron

607th Air Intelligence Squadron

607th Air Support Operations Squadron






607th Combat Plans Squadron

607th Air Communications Squadron

621st Air Control Squadron

303d Intelligence Squadron

5th Reconnaissance Squadron

MARFORPAC

No unit of squadron or battalion strength









Appendix C

References






April 2012 References

FINAL C-1Training Needs Assessment: An Assessment of Current Training Ranges and


Commander, U.S. Pacific Command. 2011. Refinement of Guidance for the DoD Training in the

Pacific Environmental Impact Statement. Camp H.M. Smith, HI. July.

Institute for Defense Analyses. 2009. DoD Training in the Pacific Study: Needs, Capacities and

Options for the Future. Requirements and Funding for an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

in FY 11. Alexandria, VA. Unclassified briefing slides. October.

Naval Facilities Engineering Command. 2005. Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 2-000-05N (P-80),Facility Planning Criteria for Navy/Marine Corps Shore Installations. Washington, DC. January.

Naval Facilities Engineering Command. 2006. Unified Facilities Criteria, UFC 3-260-01, Airfield

and Heliport Planning and Design. Washington, DC. May.

Sharp, Walter L. 2009. Hearing to Receive Testimony on United States Pacific Command, United

States Strategic Command, and United States Forces Korea: U.S. Senate, Committee on ArmedServices, 111th Cong. 10 (2009) (testimony of General Walter L. Sharp, Commander, United

Nations Command; Commander, Republic of Korea-United States Combined Forces Command;

and Commander, United States Forces Korea).

Sharp, Walter L. 2011. Hearing to Receive Testimony on U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. ForcesKorea in Review of the Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2012 and the Future Years

Defense Program: U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services, 112th Cong. 8 (2011) (testimonyof General Walter L. Sharp, Commander, United Nations Command; Commander, United States-Republic of Korea-United States Combined Forces Command; and Commander, United StatesForces Korea).

U.S. Air Force. 2003. 18th Wing Air Force Instruction 13-212. Weapons Range. Commander, 18thWing, Kadena Air Base, Japan. February.

U.S. Air Force. 2005. Air Force Instruction 11-2C-17, C-17 Aircrew Training. Commander, AirMobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. January.

U.S. Air Force. 2007a. Air Force Instruction 13-212, Range Planning and Operations. Headquarters

U.S. Air Force, AF/A3O-AR, Washington, DC. November.

U.S. Air Force. 2007b. Air Force Instruction 13-217, Drop Zone and Landing Zone Operations.

Headquarters U.S. Air Force, A3OS, Washington, DC. May.

U.S. Air Force. 2009a. 7th Air Force Instruction 10-1301. Korean Training Airspace Scheduling.

Commander, 7th Air Force, Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea. June.

U.S. Air Force. 2009b. Kadena Air Base Instruction 13-204. Airfield Operations Instruction.

Commander, Kadena Air Base, Japan. October.

U.S. Air Force. 2011a. 35th Fighter Wing Air Force Instruction 13-203. Range Operations and

Maintenance. Commander, 35th Fighter Wing, Misawa Air Base, Japan. September.

U.S. Air Force. 2011b. 36th Wing Instruction 13-204. Airfield Operations Instruction. Commander,

36th Wing, Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. July.

U.S. Air Force. 2011c. Air Force Instruction 11-2C-130, C-130 Aircrew Training. Commander, Air

Mobility Command, Scott Air Force Base, IL. April.






U.S. Air Force. 2012. Zone Availability Report (ZAR).https://afkm.wpafb.af.mil/ASPs/CoP/OpenCoP.asp?Filter=OO-OP-AM-40. Last updated 18

January 2012, accessed 18 January 2012.

U.S. Army. 2004. Training Circular 25-1 , Training Land. Headquarters, Department of the Army,Washington, DC. March.

U.S. Army. 2006. Field Manual 3-21.38 , Pathfinder Operations. Headquarters, Department of theArmy, Washington, DC. April.

U.S. Army. 2008. Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) External Standard Operating Procedures.

Headquarters, U.S. Army Garrison Hawaii, Hilo, HI. October.

U.S. Army. 2010. Training Circular 25-8 , Training Ranges. Headquarters, Department of the Army,

Washington, DC. May.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2011. Brown Treesnake Containment Plan for Guam. Barrigada,

Guam. September.

U.S. Department of Defense. 2009. Joint Publication 3-09.3, Close Air Support. Washington, DC.July.

U.S. Department of Defense. 2011a. Flight Information Publication, Area Planning, Special Use

Airspace (AP/3A), Pacific-Australia-Antarctica. Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence

Agency, St. Louis, MO. May.

U.S. Department of Defense. 2011b. Flight Information Publication, Area Planning (AP/3), Pacific-

Australia-Antarctica. Published by National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, St. Louis, MO.

June.

U.S. Department of Defense. 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review Report. Washington, D.C.

February.

U.S. Department of Defense. 2011. Report to Congress on Sustainable Ranges. Undersecretary of

Defense (Personnel and Readiness).Washington, DC. July.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2004. Joint Order 7610.4K ,Special Military Operations. February.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. 2008. Interim Operational

Approval Guidance 08-01, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations in the U.S. National Airspace

System. March.

U.S.-Japan Security Consultative Committee (SCC). 2010. Joint Statement of the U.S.-Japan

Security Consultative Committee, May 28, 2010 by Secretary of State Clinton, Secretary of Defense Gates, Minister for Foreign Affairs Okada, Minister of Defense Kitazawa. May.

U.S. Marine Corps. 2009. Marine Corps Reference Publication 3-0C , Operational Training Ranges

Required Capabilities. Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, DC. May.

U.S. Navy. 2005. Final Draft Navy Ranges Required Capabilities Document. Commander, FleetForces Command, Norfolk, VA. September.






U.S. Navy. 2010. Air Traffic Control Facility (FACMAN) Pearl Harbor. Fleet Area Control and

Surveillance Facility (FACSFAC), San Diego Detachment Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor, HI.

November.



Documents

An Assessment of Current Training