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AN APPROACH TO GOOD LIVING AND INCLUSIVE HIGHER
EDUCATION IN ECUADOR
Kansas State University
August 6, 2014
AGENDA
Legal Framework Reforms
Good Living and Higher Education
Achievements
LEGAL FRAMEWORK REFORM
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
The regulations of the Constitution adopted in 2008
The Organic Law of Higher Education (LOES) adopted in
2010
The General Regulations of LOES approved on September
1st, 2011
The rules, technical documentation, code of ethics and regulations adopted by the
CES/CEAACES
The bylaws and regulations of each university
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM
CONSTITUTIONAL
PROCESS
CONSIDERS HIGHER EDUCATION AS A PUBLI C GOOD NOT TO BE AT THE DISPOSAL OF
INDIVIDUAL OR CORPORATIVE INTERESTS
GUARANTEES THAT PUBLIC HIGHER EDUCATION (UNDERGRADUATE) IS FREE
OF CHARGE
RECOVERS THE CAPACITY OF THE STATE TO FORMULATE AND IMPLEMENT PUBLIC POLICY
IN HIGHER EDUCATION
CREATES A SYSTEM OF LEVELING AND ADMISSION TO DECREASE THE
EDUCATIONAL INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION
LIMITS THE SELF-REGULATION OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM, THOSE REGULATED
CANNOT REGULATE
The Secretariat for Higher Education,Science, Technology and Innovation aims todirect the public policies of highereducation and coordinate actions betweenthe Government, the institutions of highereducation and entire system.
The Higher Education Council aims to plan, regulate andcoordinate the higher education system, and therelationship among the various players involved betweenthe Government and Ecuadorian society. It is composedby 10 members: 6 members elected by publiccompetition on merits and 4 members designated by theGovernment.
The Council of Evaluation, Accreditation andQuality Assurance of Higher Education has toensure the quality of institutions, programs andcareers offered in the higher education system,in order to make the social accountability ofhigher education institutions possible.
SECRETARIAT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
GENERAL UNDERSECRETARIAT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
Undersecretariat for Academic and Professional Training.
Undersecretariat for Technical and Technological Training, Arts, Music and
Pedagogy.
National Admissions and Leveling System
National Information System of HigherEducation
GENERAL UNDERSECRETARIAT FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION
Undersecretariat for Scientific Research
Undersecretariat for KnowledgeStrengthening and Scholarships
Undersecretariat for Innovation and Technological Transfer
Ancestral Knowledge Coordination
GOOD LIVING AND HIGHER EDUCATION
VISION• Generate in-country knowledge to satisfy
national needs, ensure rights and strengthenhuman capacities.
• Regain the sense of the public arena andensure the right to access knowledge.
• Move from a finite-resource economy to oneof infinite resources based on knowledge(ideas) through its links with “industrializingindustries”.
CURRENT HUMAN TALENT CHALLENGES IN ECUADOR: PRODUCTIVE MATRIX CHANGE
TRAJECTORY
Natural Resources
FINITE
Human Talent
&
Knowledge
INFINITE
Natural Resources
FINITE
Human Talent
&
Knowledge
INFINITE
MOVE FROM A FINITE - RESOURCE ECONOMY
TO ONE OF INFINITE RESOURCES
TOWARDS A SOCIETY BASED ON KNOWLEDGE
SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY
AND
INNOVATION
SYSTEM
HIGHER
EDUCATION
SYSTEM
“Industrializingindustries”
1. Agroecology2. Pharmaceutical3. Oil refinery
(petrochemical)4. Steelindustry5. Shipbuilding6. Copper refinery7. Biofertilizer8. Transport9. Renewable energy10. Sofware
REPRESENTATION OF THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATON AND INNOVATION
SOCIAL COLLECTIVE INTELLIGENCE: the government (central and local), universities, private sector and plural economies, social groups.
THEORETICAL APPROACH
COGNITIVE CAPITALISM
Knowledge artificiallyconceived as a scarce
resource
Knowledge as a private good
Supremacy of the exchangevalue
Knowledge producedcompetitively
Intellectual property rights exclusively confined to
private interests
Concentrated distribution of the benefits from
intellectual property rights
GOOD LIVING SOCIALISM
Knowledge as an infiniteresource
Knowledge as a publiccommon good
Supremacy of the value of use
Knowledge producedcollectively through
networking
Recognition of intellectual property plurality (public,
private, collective)
Social distribution of thebenefits from intellectual
property rights
PILLARS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION
THE STRENGTHENING OF HUMAN RESOURCES
DEMOCRATIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
RELEVANCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL
INNOVATION
QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION
AND THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL
INNOVATION
GENERATION OF KNOWLEDGE AND
SOCIAL INNOVATION
PILLARS FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
RELEVANCE
• Higher education ought to answer to the society’s needsand expectations, to the national planning, and to thedevelopment regime.
QUALITY
• The constant and systematic pursuit of excellence, optimalproduction, knowledge transmision and development ofthought via self-critique, external critique, and contantimprovement.
DEMOCRATIZATION
• The garatees that public higher education, up the third(undergraduate) level is free of charge.
CHALLENGES IN HIGHER EDUCATION
MAIN PROBLEMS
Access and equality of opportunity
Academic offering not relevantto national needs
Quality
Outdated financing policies
Unregulated System
ONGOING TRANSFORMATIONS
Free of charge / Scholarships
Relevance
Quality Evaluation and Accreditation System
Financing model based onresults
New Institutions
ACHIEVEMENTS
ECUADOR: THE COUNTRY THAT INVESTS THE MOST ON HIGHER EDUCATION IN LATIN AMERICA IN RELATION TO GDP
The investment on higher educationhas grown steadily in the last 5 years.2 %
2.0
Ecuador
1.7
OECD(promedio)
1.2
Argentina
1.1
Colombia
1.0
Brasil
0.9
Chile
0.8
Paraguay
0.4
Perú
Fuente: Banco Mundial. Matrícula ESD UNESCO, Data Center
DEMOCRATIZATION
FREE HIGHER EDUCATION IS GUARANTEED IN ORDER TO INCREASE ACCESS AND COMPLETION
Rate of attendance to a higher education institution of the population between 18 and 24 years of age (net and gross)
2006 - 2013
Net rate
Gross rate
Source: INEC-ENEMDUR 2006-2012. SNIESE-SNNA, 2013* Note: the net and gross rates for 2013 include those students taking leveling coursework in their chosen degree
DEMOCRATIZATION
HIGHER EDUCATION IS FREE OF CHARGE (undergraduate)
People who do not enroll in higher education programsdue to financial reasons
(percentage)
60
40
20
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
45.3
40,538,9
28,727,1 27,4
26.0
Non enrollment due to financial reasons has decreased 18 %
Source: INEC, ENEMDUR 2007-2012
DEMOCRATIZATION
THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN THOSE FAMILIES WHO NEED IT THE MOST HAS BEEN MOST IMPRESSIVE
The enrollment of the population in the first and secondquintiles doubled.
2006 11%
2013 19%
Source: INEC, ENEMDUR 2006 y 2013
Indígena Afroecuatoriano
DEMOCRATIZATION
THE HISTORICALLY EXCLUDED POPULATIONS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION
(Gross enrollment rate in higher education)
2006 2013
INDIGENOUS
9.5
17.5
AFROECUADOREAN
14.1
25.5
Source: INEC, ENEMDUR 2006 y 2013
DEMOCRATIZATION
THE POVERTY CYCLE HAS BEEN BROKEN WITH THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF PREPARATION AND ADMISSION
Number of applicants from BDH families 10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
-
Mayo 2012 Noviembre 2012 Abril 2013
8,762 8,363
6.275
13% of all applicantsbelong to a BDH family
The BDH applicants has a scholarship of 159
USD* for thepreparatory period and 318 USD** for the first
year of the programonwards
Source: SENESCYT, SNNA 2012-2013. *Equivalent to half of the minimum wage by 2013. **Equivalent to a full minimum wage by 2013
DEMOCRATIZATION
THE FIRST CALL OF THE NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAM FOR PEOPLES AND NATIONALITIES WAS CARRIED OUT
(Number of recipients)
37 INDIGENOUS 22 AFROECUADOREAN 19 MONTUBIO
Source: SENESCYT, SNNA 2012-2013
DEMOCRATIZATION
THE NUMBER OF SCHOLARSHIPS FOR INTERNATIONAL UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE PROGRAMS
HAS BEEN TRIPLED
Scholarships for International Graduate Programs2007-2014*
(number)10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1995-2006
237
2007-2010
660
2011
1790
2012
4892
2013
8488
2014 *
8999
Source: SENESCYT, SFCB. *Up to 30 June,2014. Note: economic assistance data is not included
QUALITY
IN APRIL 2012 CEAACES,DETERMINED THAT 14UNIVERSITIES OUGHT TO BESUSPENDED, FOR NOT HAVINGSTABLE FINANCING CONDITIONS
IN APRIL 2013 THE EVALUATIONOF 86 UNIVERSITY BRANCHESCONCLUDED, 44 DID NOT PASSTHE EVALUATION BY CEAACES
IN NOVEMBER 2013 ANOTHERUNIVERSITY WAS SUSPENDED ANDALL UNIVERSITIES WERE RE-CATEGORIZED
QUALITY
DEGREES FROM INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITIES ARE REGISTERED FREE OF CHARGE
(number of registrations of international degrees) 9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
-
2006
631
2007
1,079
2008
1,146
2009
1,571
2010
1,241
2011
3,686
2012
6,288
2013
8,179
Source: SENESCYT, SNIESE 2006-2013
QUALITY
NEW FORMULA FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES FOR PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES AND POLITECHNICAL SCHOOLS
EXCELLENCE
4 WORLD CLASS UNIVERSITIES HAVE BEEN CREATED
CITY OF KNOWLEDGE: RESEARCH, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGICAL PRODUCTION
GENERATION OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CREATES ALTERNATIVES FOR A RATIONAL AND RESPONSIBLE USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ARTISTIC RESEARCH, CREATION, PRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATION
TRAIN TEACHERS AND SPECIALIZED EDUCATORS WITH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF EXCELLENCE TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECUADOREAN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Ingenierías, TICs, Mecatrónica Ciencias de la vida Ciencias sociales Ciencias básicas Otras
EXCELLENCE
EXCELLENCE IN THE ADMISSION TO HIGHER EDUCATION IS REWARDED
(Percentage HPG who study abroad according to knowledge areas)
43% of studentswithin the HighPerformance Group(HPG) who passed thespecial preparationstudy abroad
Life sciences
29
Engineering, TICs
45
Social Sciences
18
Basic Sciences
5
Other
3
Fuente: SENESCYT, SNNA 2012-2013
RELEVANCE
RELEVANT ACADEMIC OFFERING AT THE TECHNICIAN AND TECHNOLOGIST LEVELS,
PREVIOUSLY NONEXISTENT, HAS BEEN CREATED
Technologist in automotive mechanics
Technologist in software development
Technologist in textile
Technologist in logistics and distribution
Technologist in chemistry
Technologist in underground mining
Technician in citizen safety and secutiry
Technologist in plastics
RELEVANCE
THE IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL FORMATION WOULD TRANSFORM
THE PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM INCREASING ITS PRODUCTIVITY
Institutes • 40 new institutes to 2017
Budget • Multiannual investment of over USD 308 million
AcademicOffer
• Dual formation for:• Change the productive matrix
• Strategic sectors
• Prioritized areas
New quotas• 100.000 to 2017
• Increase current enrollment participationfrom 12% to 25% up to 2019
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20 INTTER20 INTES
TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTES
RESEARCH
PROMETEO PROJECT, TO STRENGTHEN RESEARCH AND TEACHING CAPACITIES IN ECUADOR, AS WELL AS THE TRANSFER OF
KNOWLEDGE IN SPECIALIZED TOPICS
830 profiles have
been approved until
July 2014
Currently in Ecuador there are Prometeos from 40 countries working to generate
knowledge as a public good
They are working in 24 universities, 9 public research institutes and 25 public entities
