An Analysis of Regional Disparities in the Philippines

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AdWritatemVol. 12, No. 1 (October 2012)COMMUNICATING THE GOSPEL IN A DIGITALWORLD: CHALLENGES FOR NEST EVANGELIZATIONFMNZ.JOSEF EILERS, SVD

THE ROLE OF DIALOGUE IN ST: THOMAS'S THOUGHTs G. ROSARTO,lR.HEIDEGGER'S PHENOMENOLOGY: ON D/S '/ffAND THE ESSENCE OFTRUTHMARC OLIVER D. PASCORE.IMAGING A FILIPINA: SEEING A GENDERDICHOTOMY IN COLONIAL TEXTBOOKSDURING THE AMERICAN OCCUPATIONOF THE PHILIPPINES, 1898.1908 MARLON S, DELUPrcTHE NEI$T SOCIETY MOITMENT A RETRACINGOF FILIPINO ROOTS

EMI/IANUEL U. LIMANG HAI-IMUYAK NG ARAL AT ROMANTISISMOSA MGA PILING TELESERYE AT 35 PISONGNOBELANG PAG.IBIG SA ISTRIKTONGI'AGBABANTAYNG ESTADO

COP,AZON LALU.SANTO,S

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[n Analysis oI Re$ionalllisRaritics in the PhilinninesMario V. Perillal PhD,LaidaJ. Abatquez2 MM, and

Joseph De la Pasion3 MS (Cand.)

he Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,107islbnds.vith a coastline totaling 36,289 km hugging 69 of 79I provinces ot 822 of 1,502 municipalities flVorld Bank' 2005)'The Philippines is abundant in natural wealth unequaled bv manl'

countries. It has been tagged "The Pead of the orient sea". This is thePhilippines' most romantic name that dates back to 1751 rvhen aJesuithirtoriun FatherJuanJ. Delgado cailed Manila an empotium of rvealth'..center of the center of Marine shore Fish Biodiversity" is anothertag fot the Philippines popuiarized by Dt' Itent Eduard Carpenternrid Vi.ro, G. Springet in 2009. The Philippines is recognized as oneof the countries located in t]}e coral Triangle wherein rnarine speciesabound. There is no doubt that the Philippines is one of the mostdiverse, exceptional and unique country in all seas' Its geographicalconfiguration situated at the heart of Asia, having large to medium tosmall*size islands with bountiful natural fesoufces, makes it politicallyspecial and economically distinct. us Retired Rear Admjral Bradleya. riru. (1921) onc. -.ntioned that the Philippine islands are v'orthdefending.%;of Agribusiness Management, uP Los Baios

2 University Researchet, UP Los Bafros3 Graduate Student


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M.V. PERILI.A / LJ. ABARQUEZ / J. DE I.A PASION AN ANALYSIS OF R.EGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINESof ptoduction and commodities will eventually coffect regionalimbalances in supply and demand which in turn promotes marketequilibdum through stable prices. Infrastructures like seapofts, airports,roads and bridges play an essential role in increasing the mobiJity offactors of production. It said thatg}o/o of commodities are transfertedtfuough watef from poft to port. As of the most fecent poft inventofy,the Philippines has 2,035 pofts, of which 7,6t2'dte public and 423 arcprivate 6tsscn, 2000). Even though that number is quite impressive,ti[ th.t. is a need for improvement of these ports in order to servelocal and international markets^Bridges play a vital role in integtating and reducing the gapbetween ,.gioff. Since the Philippines is archipelagic by nature andseparated by various types of bodies of watet it is necessafy to constf uctbrldg.s that connect separate islands. The Eastern Visayas region hasthe most number of bridges followed by Region vI - \Testern visayasregion, Region III - Central Luzon and Region IV-A CALABAR:ZON$able 3).Roads are crucial for the tfansfef of goods and setvices toinland terdtodes. Roads boost transhipment and allow goods andservices to reach various, markets. As of the latest road inventory,NCR posted the highest city road density followed by CAR, RegionI - Ilocos and Region vI - \ilestern visayas. As for the provincial roaddensiry Northern Mindanao region posted the highest provincial roaddensity followed by Region VII - Central Visayas, Region I - IlocosandRegion XI - Davao (fable a).Inadequate social infrastructure is also a ctitical issue forregional dispatities particularly in the health and educational sector'As of 2002, Philippine health workers wotking in government canbe described as anaemic. The National capital Region exhibitedrhe most number of health workers with spill over effect to RegionIV.A_cat-n.gnRzoNandRegionIV-B-MIMAROPA'lqhjietheAutonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao has least number of healthwotkets (Iable 5)Moteover,NationalCapitalRegion0JCR)receivedthebestbed to population ratio and number of doctors' While Region IV-A- CALABARZON and Region IV-B - MiMAROPA have the highestnumber of bed capacity and bot-ika sabatangay outlets (Iables 6 andT).

Regional disparities caused bygeogrhph icat space/distance. -sfle can say that spatiar disparityis the perpetrator of all disparitiesin-connection to grovth and development. Economists rike-Myrdal(1957)., Hinchman (1958), Boudeville (1966), and Friedmann (.t973)introduced the concept of growth pole theory in "spatial p.rspeitive,,.Geographical space, or distance between economic and politicalcenters and their peripheries, is a contributing factor and so,nehowa precondition for emergence of disparities. Friedman (1973) arguedthat economic progress never manifests simultaneously .rr.ry_h.r. ,,the same time; and once it does, it is concentrated and starts at a focalpoint that has the sttongest rink. The philippines with its morphoiogicalfragmentation set the stage for regional disiarities. At presen^t, th.r. are17 administrative regions in the philippines, from previo.rrly 11 ,irr.e"1972 wben President Ferdinand Marcos by presidential Decree No. f'

introduced and orgarized the Integrated Reorganizati.n plan. sincethen regions in the philippines had:undergone 13 clustering changesftom'1972 to 2005. It is said to be difEculr to auocate, *irug. "rrdaneuvef fesoufces if you are confronted with goal to integrai local'economies as one entire economy (Iable 1).Regional disparities caused by inadequate infrastructure

Social scientists have long argued that infrastructures areprerequisite for economic growth. infristructure has been defined as"basic public infrastructure, which forms the foundation for society an.leconomics" (Snieska&Simkunaite). In addition, infrastructur. .orrrirt,of capital goods thar are not-d.irectly consumed by househoid and firm(Prud'homme,2004). There are two distinct types of infrastructure:economic infrastructure and social infrastructure wherein the formeris a type of infrastructure that pfomotes economic activity and thelatter promotes public welfare. Asceuer (1993) argues ,fr", p,rUfl.infrastructure improves and supports quality of life g"Ut. Z;.- Richardson (197.3Lin his regional growth theory, emphasizesthe importance of mobility of faciors of productioo g"rrj, hbor,technology) and commodities in narrowing the d"lsparities among.regions. According to Richardson, increase in mobiliry of the factors

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I -.V. pERrLr,{ / LJ. ABARQUEZ y' J. DE LA PASTONIn terms of school infrastructure, Region IV_A has the mostnumber of elementary and secondary schools for public and pdvatesector. whjle the cordillera Administrative Region andcaragan gi"r,has the least number of elementaty and secondary schools For publicand private schools. Furthermore, the National capital Region has the

most number of Highet'Education rnstitutions. while the cordilleraAdministrative Region and Caraga Region has the least number ofHigher Education Institution (Iables 8 and 9).Regional disparities causedby armed conflicts/insurgencies

The incidences of armecl conflicts in the rural areas have adirect and indirect economic cost that eventually result in regionaldisparities particularly in Mindanao inflicted by the Moro IslamicLiberation Front (NIILF), Moro National Liberation Front (a{NLF).and large part of visayas and Luzon inflicted by the National people,sArmy (l\PA). Rural/local areas confronted with armed. conflicts,have unstable economic and political environment. This instability ismanifest'ed thtough poverty incidence. As of the povety incidence .statistics frorn by the NSCB, Bicol Regio n, Caraga iegio' andAutonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao reflected a.high povertyincidence. while the National capital Region with spill .rrr., .ff..t toRegion IV--{ CALABARZON reflected a low poverty incidence forthe past eight years (Table 10).Regional disparities causedby poor access to credit facilities

Poor access ,o .r.dit fu.ilities like banks and quasi-banks crearean atrnosphere of regional disparities in term of citizens not able tocreate and putsue their,desire business. Banks are concentrated mostlyin the National capital Region and gegion IV-A 'CALABARZON.while Autonomous Regions in Muslim in Mindanao posted the leastnumber of banks particulady Rural and cooperative Banks (rable 11and 12).

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAJ- DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

GonclusionThe widening regional disparities in the Philippines are

becoming a never ending battle for survival. Due to the gap betweenregions, the people living in these regions are experiencing a burdencaused not by their choice but by indecisive government decisions,unsound pdorities and poor government resource alloiation andmanagement. The causes of regional disparities in the Philippinesare the visible and perennial culpdts neglected by few and suffered bymany. Regional disparities cari be solved in many ways; however, dueto lack of source of ftinds and resoutces to cofrect these dispatitiesmake the Philippine still a developing country. A uni$'ing and honestconcerted effort from the govetnment, ptivate sector and citizens canresolve this long standing froblem. The change sho.id emanate fromthe govetnment then to the private sector. The govetnment should bethe paragon of honesty, integdry and dignity in all its responsibilitiesand undertakings. The government must be able to remove the stigmathat they arg corrupt and self-serving politicians. In order to bring thischange; it should start from the Fil,ipino citizens by electing statesmenwith high regard for values, fot knowledge and for the well-being of itspeople.

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AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES. Table 1. Seventeen (17) Administrative Regions, . of the Bepublic of the phitippines

M,V. PERILU. / I,J. ABARQUEZ / J. DE LA PASIONTable 2. Types of lnfrastructure

llilr,rr#lnrnl#-fifi ifiiiffiiilfi..i ;irtlB"f,ffi, iRegion I (llocos Region) llocosNorte, llocos Sur, La Union and panqasinanRegion ll (Cagayan Vailey) Batanes, lsabela, Cagayan and Nueva ViscayaRegion lll (Central Luzon) furora, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Olongapo,Bataan, Nueva Ecija, Angeles City and ZambalesRegion lV-A (CALABARZON) Batangas, Laguna, Lucena City, Cavite, euezonand Rizal 'Region lV-B (MtMAROPA) Marindue, Oriental Mindoro, puerto princesa City,Occidental Mindoro, Palawan and RomblonRegion V (Bicol Region) Albay, CamarinesNorte, Camarines Sur,Catanduanes, Masbate and SorsogonRegion Vl (Western Visayas) Aklan, Antique, Capiz, Guimaras, lloilo, lloilo Citv(Capital), Negros Occidental and Bacolod City(Cqpital)Region Vll (Central Visayas) Bohol, Cebu, Cebu City (Capital), Negios Orrierttat,Lapu-lapu City (Opon), Mandaue City and SiquijorRegion Vlll (Eastern Visayas) Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Tacloban City,Northern Samar, Southern Leyte, Samar (WesternSamar)Region lX (ZamboangaPeninsula) Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur,Zamboanga City, ZamboangaSibugay and City oflsabelaRegion lX (ZamboangaPeninsula) Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte, Ca$ayande Oro City (Capital), Misamis Occidental,MisamisOrinetal and lligan CityRegion Xl (Davao Region) Davao del Norte, Davao City, Compostella Valley,Davao del Sur and Davao Oriental 'Region Xll (SOCCSKARGEN) North Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato,General Santos City (Dadiangas), Sultan Kudaratand Cotabato CityRegion Xlll (Caraga) Agusan del Norte, Butuan City (Capital), Agusandel Sur, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del SuiandDinagat lslandAutonomous Region inMuslim Mindanao (ARMM) Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu andTawi-tawiCordillera AdministrativeRegion (CAR) Abra, Apayad Benguet, Baguio City, lfugao,Kalinga and Mountain provinceNaiional Capital Region(NCR) Manila, Mandaluyong, Marikina, pasig, San Juan,Quezon City, Muntinlupa, paranaque, Caloocan,Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Las pinas, Makati,Pasay and Pateros

Source: National Statistical Coordination Bord

i;iiiill,i{'s-oeiailtafi6si#1riitti, irili rSeaports Airports RoadsHighways ElectricitY SanitationRailroads Dams BridgesTelecommunication Water SuPPIY

Hospitals Libraries SchoolsMuseums Health CentersUniversities ,... Conection Houses

Courts, Playgrounds and Parks

Table 3" Summary of Existing National Bridges (length and number)By Type, as of January 31,2011(in linear meterl;.Go1gisig,|l r;:rriqqbJ'ii'rtl irii.,Fillay i rrii ltfi"'Uejii

Region Number Length Number Lenglh Numb6r Length Nunber Length Number LongthCAR -CordilleraAdministrativeRegion

6,1 14 57 5,180 57 1j62 0 0 307 12,456

NCR - NalionalCapital Regim

328 31,522 0 1,'122 0 0 0 0 339 32,644

Region I ' llocos 431 22.502 17 7,974 17 334 0 0 523 30,810Region ll -CagayanValley

39'l '19.4'13 18 18 279 5 55 M6 2s,004Region lll - ContraiLuzon

625 2A.274 1 4,138 21 67 673 32,500

Region IVA-CALABARZON

574 16,050 35 1,001 35 544 24 639 17,619

Region IVB -MIMAROPA

454 86 '1,814 86 2,733 20 250 616 21,521

Region V - Bicol 537 I 7,010 38 1,966 3B 524 1 18 626 19,522Region Vl -WestemVisayas

586 24.021 66 4,189 1,839 2 725 30.12u

Rgim Vll - CentralVisayas

479 18,857 29 2,321 29 485 5B 543 21,721

Region Vlll -Easlem Visayas

765 27.',115 38 5,751 38 688 35 344 906 33.898

Region lX,ZamboangaPeninsbla

235 9,713 6 2,035 4 51 1 20 284 11,81 9

Region X - NorthemMindanao

307 11.990 13 2,819 13 299 2 30 376 1 5.1 38

Region Xl - Davao 228 10.616 18 't,444 18 675 0 0 270 12.735Region Xll -SOCCSKSARGEN 240 s.472 20 1,200 20

499 0 0 293 t1,171

Region Xlll "Caaga 303 12.105 46 2,931 46 777 50606 458 16,419

ARMM- Aulonomsregion in MustinMihdanao

NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Tohl 6,656 281.498 486 51,142 486 10,864 126 1,552 8,024 345,056

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M,V. PERILI..A. / LJ. ABARQUEZ / J. DE I.A PASION AhI ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table 5. Number of Local Government Health PractitionerbY Region, PhiliPPines, 2002able 4. Summary of provincial and City Roads lnventoryFebruary 2011

Source: Department of public Works and Highway

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CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 0.0s4 2.571Region l- llocos 0.143 0.922.Region ll - Cagayan Valley 0.063 0.177Region lll - Central Luzon 0.119 0.421Region IVA- CALABARZON 0.100 0.315Region IVB - MIMAROPA 0.094 0.099Region V - Bicol 0.093 0.349Region Vl - Western Visayas 0j02 0.860Region Vll - Central Visayas 0.156 0.468

0.568egion VIll : Eastern Visayas 0.069Region lX - Zamboanga peninsula 0.093 0.117Region X - Northern Mindanao 0.1 64 0.204Region Xl - Davao 0.128 0.656Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN 0.108 0.502Region Xlll - Caraga 0.078 0:295ARMM - Autonomous Region in MuslimMindanao 0.093 0.104NGR - National Capital Re$ion 5.326

i,irriiiliii+:1,ftliF,i.,1:ifl]lirll1;ri#ii]iill i'Hri,i,.l.litllll1::,tIi:i ,t,i;iiiitltttrNCR - National CaPital Region 658 540 745 1,165CAR - Cordillera AdministrativeRegion

85 33 59 579Region l- llocos 158 96 203 1,033Region ll - CagaYan ValleY 175 58 267 801Region lll - Central Luzon 297 161 382 1,573Region IVA- CALABAMON.&.Region IVB - MIMAROPA 350 256 648 2,282Region V - Bicoi 190 85 338 1,026Region Vl - Western Visayas 226 112 433 1,791Region Vll - Central VisaYas 229 115 379 1,473Region Vlll - Eastern VisaYas 153 109 233 887Region lX - ZamboangaPeninsula

90 55 196 675Region X - Northern Mindanao 99 71 189 803Region Xl - Davao 79 71 161 791Region Xll -SOCCSKSARGEN 84 32 158 671Region Xlll - Caraga 79 54 130 613ARMM - Autonomous Regionin Muslim Mindanao 69 23 99" 371Philippines 3,021 1,871 4,720 16,534

Source: National Demogtaphic and Health Survey, NSC)

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\*Eg"ARQUEZ / J. DE LA pASroNirri

AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAI DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Tabh 0' Number and Bed Gapacity of Government Hospitals' by Region, philippines, 2004

Table 7. Number of Rural Health Units and BarangayHealth Stations by Region, Philippinesr$iiliiil$,]*r..=- rrff#ffil#f'$t'tfffi ,,1:li'i

lrfi:iilti:6ur :E"e'clp"*ed;$24 9,965 1:80736 1,670 1:9',l637. 2,100 1:2,10934 1,720 1'.1,V5445 3,385 1:2,45293 6,295 1:2,20650 2,250 1:2,26053 2,750 1:2,46645 2,910 1:2,05453 2,195 1:1,85129 1,975 1:1,74924 1,150 1:1,26432 1,615 1:3,575#ffi 21 1,195 1:2,176u 1,255 1:1,910W*.u,Gil 24 870 1:2,836634 1 43,330 1:1,860

-*ffilffi BC1inggy 1Heagi, l,$tationp nop13s1qBlrln::aYNCR - National Capital Region 407 17 28CAR - Cordillera Administrative Regi6n 88 559 130Region I - llocos 105 9'11 258Region ll - Cagayan Valley 93 827 215Region lll - Central Luzon 176 1,786 874Region IVA - CALABARZON &Region IVB - MIMAROPA 168 2,545

376Region V - Bicol 67 1,026 173Region Vl - Western Visayas 69 '1,536 60Region Vll - Central Visayas 121 1,717 eoRegion Vlll - Eastern Visayas 147 800 BBRegion lX - Zamboanga Peninsula 100 650 121Region X - Northern Mindanao 67 795 195Region Xl - Davao 64 655 30Region XII - SOCCSKSARGEN 51 654 75Region Xlil - Caraga 79 506 60ARMM - Autonomous Region inMuslim Mindanao 77 359 0Philippines, 1,879 't5,343 2722

Source: National Statistics Officesqtistics il;

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M.V. PERILLA / LJ, ABARQUEZ / J. DE I-A PASION

Table 8. Distribution of Elementary and Secondary Schoolsby Region and Sector (As of August 2010)

Source Deprtrnent of EducationTI2I

AN ANAIYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Table 9. Distribution of Higher Education Institutionsby Region and Sector (As of August 2010)

NCR - National CapitalRegion 514 225 1,642 2,381GAR - CordilleraAdministrative Region 1,497 257 226 1,980Region l- llocos 2,380 471 520 3,371Region ll - CagayanValley 2,174 354 333 2,861"Region lll - Central Luzon 2,936 527 1,313 4,776Region lV-A-CALABARZON 2,V06 600 2,211 5,517Region lV-B - MIMAROPA 1,805 u1 238 2,384Region V - Bicol 3,129 601 463 4,193Region Vl - WesternVisayas 3,390 611 609 4,610Region Vll - CentraiVisayas 2,918 684 592 4.194Region Vlll - EasternVisayas 3,620 418 234 4,272Region lX - ZamboangaPeninsula 2,068 353 165 2,586Region X - NorthernMindanao na Na 431 431Region Xl - Davao 1,625 293 410 2,328Region Xll-.SOCCSKSARGEN 1,644 366 347 2,357Region Xlll - Caraga 1,611 359 188 2,158ARMM - AutonomousRegion in MuslimMindanao

2,091 270 55 2,416

Total 36,108 6,730 9,977 52,815

ffif,tfrli$iffi###lli1ft,iNCR - National CaPital Region 34 278 312CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 19 33 52Region I - llocos 30 78 108Region ll - Cagayan ValleY 22 47 69Region lll - Ceniral Luzon 59 168 227Region IVA-CALABARZON 74 202 276Region IVB - MIMAROPA 45 41 86Region V - Bicol 45 100 145Region Vl - Western VisaYas 72 80 152Region Vll - Central'VisaYas 35 126 161Region Vlll - Eastern VisaYas 42 58 100Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula 49 52 101Region X - Northern Mindanao 19 64 B3Region Xl - Davao 17 7B o(Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN 16 75 91Region Xlll - Caraga 14 43 57ARMM - Autonomous Region inMuslim Mindanao 15 50 65Philippines 607 1,573 2,180

Source: Commission on Highet Education


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-M.V. PERILLA / ABARQUEZ ,/ J. DE LA PASTON

Table 10. Poverty lncidence l\mong Families (percent)

AN ANAIYSIS OF REGIONAI- DISPARITIES IN THE PHILIPPINESa

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Table 11. Philippine Banking System 'Nirmber of Banks"ffi#i ffiiii ,:iffiitr,i li, :,,1i?p,ffi ,:,itifl$Philippines 20.00 21lA 20.90NCR - National Capital Region 2.10 3.40 2.60CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region 16.10 18.60 17.10Region I - llocos 17.80 20.40 17.8ARegion ll - Cagayan VBltey 15.20 15.50 14.50Region lll - Central Luzon 9.40 12.00 12.00Region IVA- CALABARZON 9.20 9.40 10.30Region lVB. MIMAROPA 29.80 34.30 27.60Region V - Bicol 38.00 36.10 36.00Region Vl - Western Visayas 23.50 22.10 23.80Region Vll - Central Visayas 32.10 33.50 30.20Region Vlll,- Eastern Visayas 30.20 3'1.'10 33.20Region lX - Zamboanga peninsula 40.50 34.20 36,60Region X - Northern Mindanao 32.40 32.70 32.80Region Xl - Davao 25.40 26.20 25.60Region Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN 27.20 27.10 28.10Region Xlll - Caraga 37.60 36.90 39.80ARMM - Autonornous Regionin Muslim Mindanao 25.0O 36.50 38.1 0

Source: National Statistical Coordination Boatd

hijltiifiiliffi ,t Hei'Offi6 $fi ,Flf,fiOverall Total 8,965 730 8,235NCR - National CaPital Region 2,874 B9 2,785GAR - Cordillera Administrative Region .{43 19 124Region l- llocos 396 50 346Region ll - CagaYan ValleY 270 35 235Region lll - Central Luzon 929 96 833Region IVA- CALABARZON 1,334 135 1 ,199Region IVB - MIMAROPA 185 25 160Region V - Bicol 281 34 247Region Vl - Western VisaYas 524 68' 456Region Vll - Central VisaYas 582 47 535Region Vlll - Eastern VisaYas 170 zo 144Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula 178 16 162Region X - Northern Mindanao 325 39 286Region Xl - Davao 335 't5 320Resion Xll - SOCCSKSARGEN 190 15 175Region Xlll - Caraga 195 19 176ARMM - Autonomous Regionin Muslim Mindanao 19 2 17

Soutce: BangkoSenffal ng PiliPinas


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tAN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL [email protected]. PERILLA / LJ. ABARQUEZ / J, DE IJ, PASION

Table 12. P.hilippine Banking System- Rural and Cooperatives Banks

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of Monetary EconomicsQ3),177-2O0. 'e:BankingStatistics.(2011).RetdevedMarch02'2012'ftomhttp://www'bsp'gov'ph/banking/bsPsuP-Pbs'asP -Boudwile,J.li. 1f'*|. l."Utt"ts of Regional Economic Planning'Edinburgh UnivetsityPress, EdinbutghCurp"rr*r,f.n. gttlttgt', V'C' (2005)' The center of the center of madne shore fishbiodiversity: the Philippine Isiands' Environmental Biology of Fishes' Vol' 72' No' 4'

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tni*"g;""r' (2005)' Reuieved ftom hitP://web'worldbank'org200g official Poverty statistics. (2009). Retrieved March a22o12,from http://www'nscb'gov'ph / povettY / 2009/tables'asP

2010 DP\UH Atlas. (2010). Retriwed March 02,2012,from http://www'dpwh'gov'ph/infrastructure/ infra- stat/index'htm

fltift'iiiiiii4lifi,ti if, .Overall Total 2,758 622 2,136NCR - National Capital Region 100 21 79CAR - Cordillera Administtative Region 74 19 55Region I - llocos 187 49 138Region ll - Cagayan Valley 162 34 128Region lll - Central Luzon 375 86 289Region IVA- CALABAMON 568 123 445Region lvB - MTMAROPA 114 23 91Region V - Bicol 141 33 108Region Vl - Western Visayas 207 63 144Region Vll - Central Visayas 162 41 121Region Vlll - Eastern Visayas 69 26 43Region lX - Zamboanga Peninsula 77 15 62Region X - Northern Mindanao 164 39 125Region Xl - Davao 138 15 123Region xil - soccsKsARcEN 71 14 57Region Xlll - Caraga 147 19 128ARMM - Autonomous Regionid Muslim Mindanao 1 2 2

Soutce Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

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An Analysis of Regional Disparities in the Philippines