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Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational Friedrich Nietzsche ( ) Glorifies the irrational Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces “God is dead” Blame on Christianity Concept of the superman Henri Bergson Reality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly Georges Sorel General strike
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An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism,
1894 - 1914
Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences
Science offers certaintyThought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality
Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906)RadiationAtoms
Max Planck (1858-1947)Energy radiated discontinuously
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)Theory of relativityFour dimensional space-time continuumEnergy of the atom
Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)Glorifies the irrational
• Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces
“God is dead”• Blame on Christianity
Concept of the superman
Henri BergsonReality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly
Georges SorelGeneral strike
Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900The unconsciousId, ego, and superegoRepression
The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism
Social DarwinismSocieties are organisms that evolve
Radical ApplicationsNationalism
• Friedrich von Bernhardi
Racism• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)• The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890
The Attack on ChristianityPolitical movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches
Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointmentsAnticlericalismErnst Renan
• Life of Jesus
Catholic ChurchPope Pius IX Syllabus of ErrorsCondemned Modernism in 1907Leo XIII
• De Rerum Novarum,
Culture of Modernity: LiteratureÉmile Zola (1840-1902)
NaturalismMust analyze life
SymbolistsObjective knowledge of the world was impossibleArt should function for its own sake
Modernism in the ArtsImpressionism
Camille Pissarro (1830-1903Berthe Morisot (1841-1895)
Post-ImpressionismLight and color with structure and formSubjective RealismVincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Impact of photography on artCubism: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944)
Expressionism in musicEdvard GriegClaude DebussyIgor Stravinsky (1882-1971)Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929)
Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties
The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of WomenAmalie Sieveking (1794-1859)Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)Clara Barton (1821-1912)Growing demands of suffragists
• Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928)• Women’s Social and Political Union• Publicity
Peace movements• Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914)
The New WomanMaria Montessori (1870-1952)
• New teaching materials • Began the system of Montessori schools
Jews within the European Nation-State
Anti-SemitismActions against JewsMany emigrateTheodor Herzl (1860-1904)
The Jewish State, 1896Zionism
Palestine©
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The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain
Working class demandsCaused Liberals to move away from ideals
Trade UnionsAdvocate “collective ownership” and other controls
Fabian SocialistsNeither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are MarxistBritain’s Labour PartyDavid Lloyd George (1863-1945)
Abandons laissez-faireBacks social reform measuresNational Insurance Act, 1911Beginnings of the welfare state
Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France
ItalyGiovanni Giolitti
FranceDreyfus affairThird RepublicAntirepublican
Growing Tensions in GermanyWilliam II (1888-1918)
Military and industrial powerConflict of tradition and modernizationStrong nationalists
Austria-HungaryUniversal male suffrage in 1907Social DemocratsEmperor Francis JosephCount Istva`n Tisza
Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia
By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steelDevelopment of working classDevelopment of socialist parties
Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905General strike, October 1905
Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, DumaCurtailment of power of the Duma, 1907
The Rise of the United StatesShift to an industrial nation, 1860-19149 percent own 71 percent of wealthAmerican Federation of Labor
Included only 8.4 percent of industrial laborProgressive Era
ReformPure Food and Drug Act
Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921Income tax and Federal Reserve System
Growth of CanadaDominion of Canada
Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871
William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister
Canada, 1871©
2003
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The New ImperialismCauses of the New Imperialism
• Competition among European nations• Social Darwinism and racism• Religious humanitarianism, “White man’s burden”• Economics
The Creation of EmpiresScramble for Africa
• Cape Colony Afrikaners
• Great Trek, 1835 Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River, (Transvaal)
• Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) Diamond and gold companies Takes the Transvaal Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government
• Boer War, 1899-1902• Union of South Africa, 1910
Other Instances of ImperialismPortuguese
MozambiqueAngola
FrenchAlgeria, 1830West Africa and Tunis
British in EgyptLeopold II, 1865-1909
International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876CongoFrench reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River
GermanySouth West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa
Africa in 1914©
2003
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Imperialism in AsiaJames Cook to Australia, 1768-1771British East India CompanyEmpress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876Russian expansion
SiberiaReach Pacific coast, 1637Press south into the crumbling Ottoman EmpirePersia and AfghanistanKorea and Manchuria
British acquisition of Hong Kong Japan
Matthew Perry opens Japan, 1853-1854Southeast Asia
British & French controlPacific Islands
US and the Spanish-American War
Responses to ImperialismAfrica
New class of educated African leadersResentment of foreignersMiddle-class AfricansIntellectual hatred of colonial rule
• Political parties and movements
ChinaBoxer Rebellion, 1900-1901, Society of Harmonious FistsSun Yat-sen (1866-1925)Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China
Asia, 1914©
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Japan and IndiaJapan
SamuraiMeiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912
• Meiji Era (Enlightened Government)• Westernization of military and industry
IndiaBritish control results in peace and honest governmentExtreme povertyIndian National Congress, 1883
International Rivalry and the Coming of War
New AlliancesTriple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, ItalyReinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890
New Directions and New CrisesEmperor William II and a “place in the sun”Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, RussiaTriple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908Serbian protest, Russian support of SerbiaFirst Balkan War, 1912
Balkan League defeats the OttomansSecond Balkan War, 1913
Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated BulgariaSerbia’s ambitionsLondon Conference
The Balkans in 1878
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