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1 Weeds gone wild: Hawkweeds bring rough beauty to Pocono roadsides June 20, 2010 Once the forest's canopy closes in late May, the season of woodland wildflowers is mostly over until next April. The small amount of sunlight that filters down through the dense canopy of leaves is insufficient for the needs of the herbaceous plants on the forest floor, 80 to 100 feet below. A few exceptions include the beautiful, pinkandwhite wood sorrel and the evergreen partridgeberry, but from now until autumn, the places to see wildflowers are the sunny meadows, roadsides and neglected yards. One of the groups that dominates this early summer season is the composite family, which includes some of our most abundant and familiar flowers — dandelion, daisy, sunflowers, thistles, goldenrods, asters. These are the plants that have "flowers" that are really condensed masses (composites) of smaller, fused flowers. What appear to be the petals of a dandelion or daisy, for example, are actually individual "ray flowers" with all the typical parts of a flower in miniature, and all arranged in a circular cluster to resemble a single flower. Pull the "petal" from a dandelion and see these parts attached to the inner end.

Among all these composite flowers that begin to dominate ... › cms › lib6... · One of the groups that dominates this early summer season is the composite family, which includes

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Weeds gone wild: Hawkweeds bring rough beauty to Pocono roadsidesJune 20, 2010 

Once the forest's canopy closes in late May, the season of woodland wildflowers is mostly over until next April. The small amount of sunlight that filters down through the dense canopy of leaves is insufficient for the needs of the herbaceous plants on the forest floor, 80 to 100 feet below.

A few exceptions include the beautiful, pink­and­white wood sorrel and the evergreen partridgeberry, but from now until autumn, the places to see wildflowers are the sunny meadows, roadsides and neglected yards.

One of the groups that dominates this early summer season is the composite family, which includes some of our most abundant and familiar flowers — dandelion, daisy, sunflowers, thistles, goldenrods, asters. These are the plants that have "flowers" that are really condensed masses (composites) of smaller, fused flowers. What appear to be the petals of a dandelion or daisy, for example, are actually individual "ray flowers" with all the typical parts of a flower in miniature, and all arranged in a circular cluster to resemble a single flower. Pull the "petal" from a dandelion and see these parts attached to the inner end.

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Among all these composite flowers that begin to dominate the sunny areas of the Poconos, the hawkweeds stand out for their diversity and color. As many as 10 species of Hieracium can be identified over the next few weeks.

The ones that are most likely to sprout up from neglected areas of lawns and roadsides are all alien, European species that, like dandelion and daisy, have now become naturalized and established in the New World. They all have a cluster of leaves at the bottoms of the plants but none along the stems. All except one — the beautiful orange hawkweed, or Devil's paintbrush — have yellow flowers. Perhaps the most common on lawns is mouse­eared hawkweed, a short plant with hairy, oblong ("mouse ears") leaves that form low mats on the ground, with runners growing out to sprout additional plants.

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Orange hawkweed, also called Devil's paintbrush, is the only one of 

10 Hieracium plants that is not yellow. 

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Much taller is the field hawkweed, or "king devil," with tall, very hairy stems that are crowned by four or more yellow flowers. The similar pale hawkweed and smooth hawkweed lack king devil's hairs, and the former grows prostrate runners from its base.

Two other alien hawkweeds differ from the above five by possessing leaves along their stems instead of just basally. One — the common hawkweed — has serrated or "toothed" leaves (like dandelion), while the other — hairy hawkweed — has leaves with smooth, untoothed ("entire") margins.

There are also four species of native hawkweeds in our area. Two of these — Canada hawkweed and rough hawkweed — closely resemble the common and hairy hawkweeds, respectively. A field guide to wildflowers such as Newcomb's or Peterson's is an easy way to distinguish these and all the others mentioned in this article.

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The other two native hawkweeds are fairly unique and are woodland rather than roadside plants. Panicled hawkweed differs from its relatives in its highly branching, forking form.

The other, rattlesnake hawkweed, is one of our more strikingly beautiful plants because of its leaves rather than its small yellow flowers. They are restricted to the base of the plant, where they form a flat, circular rosette of dark green with prominent reddish veins. Of all the species of Hieracium, this one certainly doesn't deserve the word "weed" in its common name.

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Smooth hawkweed has a tall stem crowned by a cluster of yellow flowers.

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Mouse­ear hawkweed is perhaps most common on lawns a short plant with hairy, oblong ("mouse ears") leaves 

that form low mats on the ground, with runners growing out to sprout 

additional plants. 

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Orange hawkweed, likely to sprout up along roadsides and on neglected lawns, was a European species that 

quickly made North America its new home.