Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
COMPOSTINGCOMPOSTING
RESEARCH NEEDSRESEARCH NEEDS
FlorianFlorian AmlingerAmlinger, , f.f.amlingeramlinger@@kabsikabsi.at.at
ININ
With inputs fromWith inputs from::I. Körner (DE), P. Lechner (AT), M. Steiner (AT), I. Körner (DE), P. Lechner (AT), M. Steiner (AT), H. H. Insam Insam (AT), St. Siebert (DE), B. (AT), St. Siebert (DE), B. KehresKehres (DE), (DE), H. H. Lystad Lystad (NO), W. (NO), W. Devliegher Devliegher (BE), K. Schleiß (BE), K. Schleiß (CH), J. Barth (DE)(CH), J. Barth (DE)
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
How much organic carbon is stored in European soils ?How much organic carbon is stored in European soils ?
% Area Coverage of Topsoils
75 %Mediterr.
1 - 2 % Corg< 1 % Corg
48 %34 %
Total14 %
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Biodegradable waste Biodegradable waste in EU15in EU15
1.6 billion tonnes are produced in the EU each year
animal waste61%
crop residues25%
industrial waste7%
sludge bio & green waste
7%
Ca. 100 Mio t Bio/Green Waste in EU25
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Existing EU FrameworkExisting EU Framework
Waste-Framework Directive 75/442 EC
... waste is disposed of without endangering human health and without harming the environmentAnnex IIB:
R3: Recycling/reclamation of organic substances which are not used as solvents (including composting and other biological transformation processes)R10: Land treatment resulting in benefit to agriculture or ecological improvement
Landfill Directive 1999/31/ECDiversion targets for biodegradable waste from landfills
25% until 2006 50% until 2009 65% until 2016
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Thematic Strategy Thematic Strategy on on Prevention Prevention and and Recycling of Recycling of WasteWaste
MORE COMPOST and energy recovered from waste …
As waste moves away from landfill … move into …the conversion of waste into energy and into compost…Main motivation: decrease of greenhouse gas emissions [40 to over 100 Mt CO2 equ. per year]
2 Mt CO2 equ. = composting of Municipal organic waste EU25
No best option for the management of biowaste is proposed
Strategies for the management for this waste should bedetermined by the Member States using life-cycle thinking.Guidelines on applying life cycle thinking to the management of biowaste
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Thematic Strategy Thematic Strategy on on the Prevention the Prevention and Recycling of and Recycling of WasteWaste
Compost quality criteria will be adopted under the proposed end-of-waste provision for the Waste Framework Directive
2008 – subject to the entry into force of the revised Waste Framework Directive
Commission will propose that biological treatment of waste be brought under the scope of the IPPC Directive when it is revised in 2006.
The review process of the Strategy will in particular address the progress in management of biowaste and assess the need for additional measures.
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Treatment Treatment Options for Organic WasteOptions for Organic WasteOrganic Fraction
in Residual WasteOrganic Waste – Seperately Collected
& Waste Water Treatment
householdspublic greens
industry agricultureforestry.
liquid dry/solid
kitchengardenpark
urban & industrial sludges
BIOGAS COMPOST
MBT INC
Waste compost
MB stabi-lised
Landfilldisposal
Landfillreclamation
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Achievment of Diversion Targets forAchievment of Diversion Targets forBiodegradable WasteBiodegradable Waste
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
German
yAustr
iaDen
markFlan
ders
Netherl
ands
LuxembourgSwed
enFran
ce Italy
Finland UK
Irelan
dPortu
galSpainGree
ce
2006/10
2009/13
2016/20
25%
50%
65%
Countries with full scale separate collection and composting strategies
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Mixed Mixed Waste Composting Waste Composting ??????
The quality of the source materials determines the quality of the final
product !
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Quality Improvement Quality Improvement ofof Compost asCompost as a a Result Result of of Source Source Separation Separation -- a a Clear PictureClear Picture
Cd [mg kg-1 dm]
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
Cr [mg kg-1 dm]
0
50
100
150
200
250
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
Cu [mg kg-1 dm]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
Pb [mg kg-1 dm]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
Hg [mg kg-1 dm]
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
Ni [mg kg-1 dm]
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
BWC SludgeCompost
MSW/MBT-C
biow
aste
MSW
slud
ge
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Research Topics Research Topics -- CompostingComposting
(I) (I) Process Related Process Related TopicsTopics
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Life Cycle of Treatment OptionsLife Cycle of Treatment OptionsReserach for elaborating a Guidance on life cycle thinking which option for the treatment of biodegradable waste ?
Separate collection of organic household waste+ composting + land application+ anaerobic digestion + land application+ anaerobic digestion + composting + land application+ anaerobic digestion + drying + combustion (Energy recovery only)
Mixed waste collection only+ splitting + MBT + disposal of stabilised org. fractionMBT (anaerobic + aerobic) + land application (? restricted areas ?)
Residual / high calorific value fraction + / - incineration and slag/ash disposalRDF/ solid recovered fuel / co-incineration/ EfW plants
Criteria:* Energy balance * Climate change/CO2 Equ. Balance/
* C squestration in compost and soil * Costs * Meeting Landfill diversion targets * Meeting precautionary soil requirements
* Nutrient cycle and savings
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions were about 11% of all greenhouse gas emissions of the EU in 1990 1)
The absorption potential of agricultural soils could contribute with-8% between 2008 and 2012 from a 1990 base. The 6th Conference Of the Parties (COP 6, Bonn 2001) considered agricultural soils suitable as sinks for the storage of carbon.tentative list of main measures (WG agriculture ECCP):
Mitigation potential of Nitrous Oxide emissions from agricultural soilsSequestration potential of agricultural soilsMitigation potential of Carbon Dioxide by providing renewable raw materials for the energy/industrial sectorMitigation potential of Methane emissions from enteric fermentation andMitigation potential of Methane and Nitrous Oxide emissions frommanure
TheThe potentialpotential contributioncontribution ofof compostcompost andand soilssoils to to tackle climate change tackle climate change (1)(1)
1) Final reports of the WG Agriculture, European Climate Change Programme, 2001)
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
TheThe potentialpotential contributioncontribution ofof compostcompost andandsoilssoils toto tackle climate changetackle climate change (2)(2)
Questions to be answered in order to achieve a broader view and a balanced / unbiased in compost application systems
Climate change ... how to estimateCarbon sequestration in compost and soil
o The focus ought to shifts from whether something simply does or does not act asa ‘net sequester of carbon’, to how much carbon is emitted (and how much kept in the soil) over time under different practices and scenarios.
Water savings in irrigation systemsReplacemet of synthetic fertilisersReplacement of peat (C-sink – habitat protection)Energy savings due to improved workability of soilsSavings of pesticides in compost amended cropping systemsReduced N2O emissions from compostamended compared to other fertilisation systems (slurry, digestate, mineral N ...)
Secondary prevention effects ... how to estimatemid term change in consumption / waste prevention and recycling behaviour due to an increase in environmental awareness when participating in biowaste recycling campaigns
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting -- Process Optimisation Process Optimisation (1)(1)
Material – saving process conditionsObjective Save as much as possible Carbon and Nitrogen in humus formation and thus minimise losses during decompositionby optimising:
Feedstock composition (availability of C- and N-sources, pore space)Process parameters (aeration, humidity, temperature regime)Defining optimum duration/termination of process
We need a better understanding of the process of HUMIFICATION ...
Process requirements to increase humic substance synthesisNew parameters and methods to identify humus quality and process parameters which induce humus build-up
E.g. Thermogravimetry * [Near] Infrared Spectrometry * ...
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting -- Process Optimisation Process Optimisation (2)(2)
Impact of basic composting systems on Process & Compost QUALITY
With / Without forced aerationIn-vessel systems / semi-permeable membranes / with and without turningQuick / Intensive (6-weeks) composting system („daily turning = bacterial“) against extensive rotting systems („3 turnings = fungal“)Vermi-CompostingBiodynamic Preparations / Effective Microorganisms and similar inoculants used in commercialised and broadly used systems
Criteria:* Humification and humus quality * C- / N- conservation and binding
* Energy balance * Greenhouse gas emissions * CO2 Equ. Balance * Microbial community succession and efficiency * Odour emissions
* Hygienisation indicators in different composting stages* P-availability
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting -- Process Optimisation Process Optimisation (3)(3)Development and evaluation of methods describing „Stability“ or „Biodegradability“ as
„Actual biodegradability“ before und during composting process
Setting process parameters (aeration / watering / temperature regime)„Stable enough to be extracted from In-Vessel to open windrow area as a matter of odour controll ?“Assessing the potential of emitting VOCs
Potential biodegradability... how to estimateFurther behaviour of Compost-Organic Matter and Nitrogen release / fixation in the environment of
o intermediate storage o Final use (agriculture, landscaping, potting soil, blends)o Disposal of MBT-Material landfill sites]
These are items to be addressed and supported in pre-normative research of Project HORIZONTAL[e.g. respiration methods, infrared spectometry, thermogravimetry etc.]
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting -- Process Optimisation Process Optimisation (4)(4)
Consequences of anaerobic pre-treatmentEffect of AD pretreatment (e.g. temperature, retention time) on aerobic degradability to optimise the combined anaerobic-aerobic treatmentThe problem of additional CH4 and N2O evolution after extraction from the fermenterHumification maturation process and nitrogen conservation / bindingVOC and odour emissions in post anaerobic storageConditionning of starting mixture
DewateringBulking agentsC/N-ratio etc.
Reduction of pathogens and hygienic status in mesophilic anaerobic fermentation systemsPlant desease suppression effects of final product
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Sludge Composting or combinedSludge Composting or combined ADADDecay and Transformation of Organic Pollutants during Composting and Anaerobic Processes
Impact of mixing agents and process parameters to be investigated
Preceeding waste water treatment (liming/anaerobic/aerobic...)Temperature, moisture, pHBulking agents and additives (C-availability of C-sources eg rice huscs/sawdust etc.)Mechanical agitation and aeration / Duration and phasing of the entire process
Compounds of interestAdsorbable organic halogenated compounds (AOX)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
Nonylphenol and nonylphenol-ethoxylates (NP, NPEO),
Linear alkyl benzene sulphonates (LAS)
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Dibutyl phthalate (DBP)
Polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE; flame retardants)
Endocrine disrupters ...... and more ?
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting –– Hygienic Hygienic / / Health AspectsHealth Aspects
Effect of different composting techniques on the behaviour / reduction of
Plant, human and animal pathogens
Newly ammended Annex VI of ABP Regulation (EC) n° 1774/2001
Guidance on the alternative process validation systems to be set up and assessed by Member States
Evaluation of new indicator organisms for the process control[Enterococci faecali; E. coli; limit value = 1000 CFU / g]
Evaluation of new screening methods for quick detection of plant, animal and human pathogens e.g. Oligonucleotide Microarray
Investigation on process parameters influencing positively the plant disease suppressing (anti-phytopathogenic) effect of composts.
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
CompostingComposting –– Biodegradable PlasticsBiodegradable Plastics
Behaviour and impact of Biodegradable PlasticsDegradation and composting behaviour under a wide range of different composting systemsTechnology impacts (mechanical sorting, identification of synthetic and Bio-Plastics)Final product quality and potential accumulation of synthetic fractions on soil functionsKEY QUESTION: How can we increase the proportion of pure natural sources (starch, polylactate etc.) in Bio-Plastics products from 50 % to > 90 % ?
How can we facilitate the step-wise substitution of oil derived by Bio-Plastics ?
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Detection of microbial communities with specific Detection of microbial communities with specific tasks for the decomposition and maturation process tasks for the decomposition and maturation process e.g. throughe.g. through OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAY OLIGONUCLEOTIDE MICROARRAY
Improved process development and definition of process conditions source materials and conditioning, water and air management,
temperature regime etc.
.... based on a better knowledge and identification of the main microbial players and communities.... in order to optimise specific qualitative process goals
e.g.:1. Maximum transformation of the organic matter (C) and organic nitrogen
(N) into highly polymerised humic substances2. Minimising nitrogen losses (as NH3 or N2O)3. Adapting process conditions for drying of materials (supporting
drought-resistant organisms)
Quick detection of plant, animal and human pathogens
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Development of standardised methods to introduce the entire biowaste management cycle and treatment process effectively into new regions
To avoid failures; to speed up the introduction process; to be economic, to be situation adaptedIn urban and rural areasFor EU-countries with developing potential, for newly-industrialized and developing countries worldwide
Summarise the knowledgeForming information networksElaboration of guidelinesListing of most common problemsDemonstration and training activitiesDevelopment of cheap and easy methods for quality controlCreation of scenario modelling tools
Tools Tools for the Systematic Introductionfor the Systematic Introduction ofof BiowasteBiowasteManagement and Management and Composting into PracticeComposting into Practice
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
StrenghtGood knowledge about pros and cons of existing composting systems adapted to manifold structural, climatic and material conditions
WeaknessInsufficient dissemination of this experience to „virgin areas“Quality assessment with respect to organic matter and humuscharacterisation (process and product evaluation)Better demonstration and more integrative models of long term life cycle aspects and social implications and secondary effects of biowastemangement/composting options
OpportunitiesDevelopment of new methods and parameters to indicate process and product quality (humus, pathogens, decomposition efficiency)Regional markets for compost through better information on the recyling process
ThreatsEnergy from waste and biomass boom ... makes us forget about the overall benefits we gain from recycling of clean biomasses into compost
soil improver with the highest HUMUS reproduction index
In In conclusion conclusion ...a ...a short short SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Research Topics Research Topics -- CompostingComposting
(II) (II) Product Related Product Related TopicsTopics
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
C and N pool evaluationShort, mid and long term C and N (im)mobilisation dynamics in soil induced by compost fertilisation systemsTo what carbon pool of the soil contributes fresh and mature compost application?How much of compost C could be accounted for mid term C sequestration as a basis for CO2 equivalent credits of compost utilisationUnder what conditions can we expect a higher or lower N-mineralistionin compost amended soils
Methods for solving the above questionsAll methods available to analyse the potential biodegradability,mineralisation or immobilisation potential are rough approximations and still not reflecting the reality in a satisfactory way An in depth evaluation of existing and innovative methods to estimate C/N dynamics would be of major importance (eg: (Near) Infrared spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetry, resprrometrc methods, fractonised analysis, incubation methods, hot water soluable C and N fraction, etc.)
Product Product and and application realated issues application realated issues to to be be addressed addressed in in further research further research (1)(1)
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Further research questionsPotential hygienic problems resulting from the use of “fresh compost” in agriculture (compost that has undergone the thermal hygienisation/sanitisation phase but is not fully stabilised due to a shortened maturation phase)
Impacts of the one-time use of higher amounts of composts (100 to 400 t/ha) in land reclamation of degraded sites (old mining areas , landfill surface restoration etc.) important parameters are leaching processes, N-mineralisation, N2O emission, heavy metal availability.
The above mentioned questions should be evaluated in comparison with digestate
Systematic research on the biological (microbiological) interactions and other conditions on the suppressive effects on plant diseases due to compost fertilisation.
European data pool of the existing detailed application recommendations for the various application ranges of compost products, compost blends under different soil, climate and land management conditions. Only in very few Member States systematic research is done in cooperation with the organisations in the users sectors (e.g. landscaping). The knowledge of this information is an ultimate precondition for a beneficial use of compost without negative effects to soils.
Product Product and and application realated issues application realated issues to to be be addressed addressed in in further research further research (2)(2)
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Network of existing long-term plot trials to investigate key questions in a comparative and ressource efficient way
A research network should be establushed in order to exchange samples and methods in investigating the various effects of t compost applications systems under different site conditions (climate, soil, cropping systems). This network should include all experimental plot trials already existing in Europe and should integrate new ones in order to cover essential site specific (climatic/soil) parameters.
The key questions to be addressed would beMid and long term behaviour of inorganic and organic pollutants: Due to the usually low quantity of pollutants and limited amount of material applied to land (following GAP) accumulation rates are generally low. If source materials as well as the gained exogenous organic materials (including manure) are of well defined quality (limit values) it would be fairly enough to monitor changes on pilot scalewhere pure modelling would still leave considerable uncertainties. In this way (as mentioned below) basic data taking into account the most important management and site conditions can be considered.
Product Product and and application realated issues application realated issues to to be be addressed addressed in in further research further research (3)(3)
COM
POST
ING
COM
POST
ING
Compost Compost -- Consulting & DevelopmentConsulting & DevelopmentDipl.Ing. Florian AmlingerDipl.Ing. Florian Amlinger
European Compost Network / ECN
Network of existing long-term plot trials to investigate key questions in a comparative and ressource efficient way (continued)
Collecting these data may be useful also for scientific purposes, to improve conceptual models of substance flows in agricultural systems. A number of farming systems maybe monitored through EU and such a monitoring system may help to improve GAP (good agricultural practice) There exists research based evidence that the input of humified organic matter (compost) increases the sorption or fixation capacity for heavy metals in soil. So monitoring of heavy metal availability/solubility/mobilisation within pilot schemes with plots fertilised with compost, and - in comparison – with digestate would be animportant tool for further evaluation of potential impacts due to the input of contaminants by fertilisation systems.
Also persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their breakdown/solubility behaviour which may be found in those EOMs could be considered to be monitored in this way. But currently this may rather be a matter of researchthan of regular monitoring system.
Product Product and and application realated issues application realated issues to to be be addressed addressed in in further research further research (4)(4)
It would be important to evaluate the compost effects on the soil system against standard fertilisation systems such as slurry, digestate, mineral
fertilisation.
