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8/3/2019 Amita Tiwari Computer Ppt
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ZEROETH GENERATION
Man used his fingers, ropes, beads,
bones, pebbles and other objects for
counting.
Abacus, Pascaline, Difference &
Anylitical engines
Electricity was not yet invented
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The first generation of computers, characterized byvacuum tubes, started in 1951 with the creation of -
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) atabulating machine which won the contest for the
fastest machine which could count the US 1890 census.
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VACUUM TUBES electronic tubes about the size of light bulbs.
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DISADVANTAGES:
yThey generate more heat
causing many problems intemperature regulation andclimate control.
yTubes were subject to frequentburn-out.
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SECOND GENERATION,
1959 1964: The Transistor
The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors, whichcharacterized the second generation of computers.
TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component whichshrunk the size of the first generation computers.Occupied only 1/100th of the space occupied by avacuum tube
More reliable, had greater computational speed, requiredno warm-up time and consumed far less electricity.
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THIRD GENERATION,1965 1970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1965 with theinvention of smaller electronic circuits calledintegrated circuits (ICS)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are square siliconchips containing circuitry that can perform thefunctions of hundreds of transistors.
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ADVANTAGES:
yRELIABILITY Unlike vacuum tubes,silicon will not break down easily. It isvery seldom that you will have toreplace it.
yLOW COST Silicon chips arerelatively cheap because of their small
size and availability in the market. Italso consumes less electricity.
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` Marked by the use of microprocessor
` MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip that
contains the CPU part of the computer where all
processing takes place.4004 chip was the first microprocessor introduced
by Intel Corporation.
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Games Playing: programming computers toplay games such as chess and checkers
Expert Systems: programming computers tomake decisions in real-life situations (forexample, some expert systems help doctorsdiagnose diseases based on symptoms)
Robotics: programming computers to see andhear and react to other sensory stimuli
Neural Networks: Systems that simulate intelligence byattempting to reproduce the types of physical connectionsthat occur in animal brainsToday, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, whichare proving successful in an umber of disciplines such as voice
recognition and natural-language processing.
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TODAYS COMPUTER
is classified as fourth generationcomputers.
faster, more powerful, tremendous datastorage and processing capacity
new brands and models would come outthe market almost every other month.
many clones or imitations of the IBM
have become even more powerful and alot cheaper.
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computers became more affordable
computers can now be found in homes, schools,
offices etc. there has been a tremendous improvement in
software technology
different software applications to choose from:word processing, spreadsheets, databasemanagement, games and entertainment.
computer subjects are now being offered not justto college students but even to high school and
elementary. computers are now used as an aid in teaching
math, science etc.
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