Upload
justina-chambers
View
216
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Amino Acids
Building Blocks of Proteins and The end-products of Protein digestion.
Structural features of all amino acids All are - amino acids All are zwitterions at physiological pH each has an
- amino group - carboxyl group– An - hydrogen (H)– An R - group
The R - group is variable between the 20 amino acids
Glycine the simplest amino acid Not required in the diet Important in various biosynthetic paths Abundant in collagen
Nonpolar aliphatic amino acids Glycine - R group H Alanine - R group -CH3
Leucine R group is -CH2- CH(2 CH3)
Isoleucine R group -CH (CH3)- CH2-CH3
Proline - R group is unusual ; the only imino acid
Aliphatic Nonpolar amino acids
Aromatic Amino Acids
Largely non-polar; exception tyr is polar All absorb strongly in UV spectrum
(280nm) Phenylalanine - phenyl ring Tyrosine - phenyl ring with -OH Tryptophan -indole ring
Aromatic Amino acids
Sulfur containing amino acids
Cysteine - R group is -CH2-SH ; reduced
– Highly reactive capable of reacting to become oxidized
– Two cysteines joined by sulfhydrl bridge is cystine; oxidized
Methionine- R- group -CH2-CH2-S-CH
– Sulfur in a thioether linkage
Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
Polar Charged amino acids
Rich in electronegative atoms O & N Arginine +1 net charge; guanidino Lysine +1 net charge Histidine + 1 net charge; imidazole ring Aspartate - 1 net charge Glutamate - 1 net charge Arg, Lys and His are basic amino acids Asp and Glu are acidic amino acids
Polar Charged Amino Acids
Polar Uncharged amino acids
rich in electronegative atoms O & N Serine - CH2-OH
Threonine - CH(OH)-CH3
Asparagine -amide Glutamine- amide
Polar Uncharged Amino Acids
Classification of Amino Acids
Essential OR Non-essential Acidic Basic Aromatic Sulfur containing
Things you should already know!
Which amino acids are hydrophobic. Which amino acids are hydrophilic. What aliphatic means. What aromatic means. You should be able to :
– Recognize the structure of amino acids– Know the basic chemistry of each– Know the particulars of any interactions
Acid Base Properties of amino acids All have two acid-base groups on a carbon
– - amino– - carboxyl
In addition those amino acids with ionizable side chains have an additional acid base group
Amino acids can have a significant buffering effect on solutions
Titration of Amino Acids
Just as a weak acid like acetic acid can be titrated with base (NaOH), an amino acid can be titrated
Ionizable groups carry protons @ low pH (high [H+]) that dissociate as pH increases
Titration of amino acids 2
For amino acids with no ionizable side chain groups there are only 2 pka’s
– 1 The first pka corresponds to the carboxyl group (pka 2.0); releases a proton and becomes - charged
– 2 The second pka corresponds to the a amino group (pKa 9.0); it takes on a proton & becomes + charged
Titration of amino acids 3
For amino acids with ionizable side chains there are additional pKa’s observed– The carboxyl & amino groups same
pKa’s 2 and 9 respectively
– The third pKa varies with each aa bearing an ionizable side chain (See Fig 7.15 p73)
Titration Curves Ex glycine
Fig 7.16 p 75 pK1 is for the carboxyl group (just
above 2.0) the pI is next around pH 6 pK2 is for the a amino group (almost pH
10.0) See also fig 7.17 p 75 Histidine
pK values and pI
pK is that point on the pH scale where a particular acid and its conjugate base are at a concentration of 50:50 concentration of each.
Phosphoric acid example; has 3 pK’s pI is the isoelectric point; used to describe
the point on the pH scale where an amino acid or a protein is electrically neutral.
Henderson-Hasselbach equation pH = pK + log [base]/[acid] This equation is useful in the discussion
of weak acid and their conjugate base in buffering.
Buffers are acid base combinations which tend to keep the pH within a pK value. They work best in a range of +1 or -1 pH unit.
Physiologically important Buffers Carbonic acid / bicarbonate (most
important buffer in extracellular fluids) Phosphate buffer (important buffer in
cells and plays a role in the kidneys in achieving acid base balance)
Hemoglobin (buffer in RBC’s) Plasma proteins such as albumin Ammonia buffer system of kidneys
Histidine as a Buffer
The only amino acid with an ionizable side chain that does have buffering capacity at physiological pH
The imidazole ring ionization pK 2 is approximately 6.5
This is indeed close enough to the physiologically pH 7.4 to have some buffering capacity.
Essential amino acids
Adults and children– Isoleucine, leucine , valine– Methionine– Lysine– Threonine– Phenylalanine– Tryptophan
Essential in addition
Growing children also require– Arginine– Histidine
Premature Infants (all of above plus)– Cysteine– Tyrosine
Amino Acids not found in proteins Beta alanine Ornithine - urea cycle Citrulline - urea cycle Gama carboxyglutamate - Vit K