R

This year, the Ontario Area Chamber of Com-merce will host the fourteenth annual America’s Global Village Festival. Festivities begin at 10 am with a cultured parade through the park and a flag ceremony.The Festival celebrates the authentic cultural vil-lages - African, Basque, German, Hawaiian, Japa-nese, Mexican, Pioneer, Scottish, Irish and Native American. Each village features food, arts and crafts, cultural demonstrations and free youth activites. The main stage will highlight cultural entertainment throughout the day.

Upon entering the park, visitors will be given a souvenir passport. With a visit to each village, the passport will be stamped. When children have a full passport, they will receive a free prize. Adults who turn in a complete survey will have a chance to win one of two $50 gas cards.

Presented by:

FREE KIDS ACTIVITIES ALL DAY!

Bald Mountain Knuckle Draggers will host the Highland Gamesat Ontario Middle School Field. Registration at 8am, games start at 9am. The games are open to novice athletes.

AMERICA’SGLOBALVILLAGEFESTIVAL

Saturday, June 7th at Lions Park in Ontario from 10 am - 4 pm

2013 Ovation Award Winner for Best Cultural Festival by the

Oregon Festivals & Events Association

Of the many thousands of pioneers who traveled along the famous Oregon Trail in the 1830s and 1840s, perhaps no one person stands out more as an intrepid ad-venturer and outstanding contributor to the movement westward across the United States than Moses “Black” Harris, a trail guide of African descent.

In the early days, the Oregon Trail ran some 2000 miles along rivers and natural landmarks from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Even over the years as the well-worn paths of the Trail became easier to follow, there was still the need for guides, as it was only too easy to get lost along the pathways through the wilderness. The wagon trail guides also knew where to find wild foods and wa-ter, and often could converse with Native Americans.

By most accounts, Moses Harris was one of the foremost of the early western ex-plorers and wag-on train guides, a true free spirit who deserves more recognition for the part he played in the settling of the West. Like so many elements of Moses Harris’s life, his birth is in dispute, though he is thought to have been born around 1800 in Union County, South Car-

olina (though some historians say Ken-tucky).

In the era preceding the pioneers, Harris made his living as a trapper, hunting fur in the Rocky Mountains in the late 1820s and early 1830s, and he is thought to have first ventured west as a freed slave in 1823. Like most trail guides, he spoke several Native American dialects and is said to have been fluent in the Snake Indian lan-guage among others.

The African Village started as one of the original 10 (ten) of America’s Global Vil-lage and Festival in 1999. Most African Americans of this valley came here for job opportunities and ultimately stayed be-cause of the excellent quality of life.

In this area, and the surrounding Treasure Valley, you will find African Americans who fully participate in all aspects of the community. All enjoy sharing food and culture with the Treasure Valley.

African Village

German immigrants first settled in the United States in the seventeenth century. Germany contributed over 6.9 million immigrants to the United States in the pe-riod between 1820 and 1970, accounting for fifteen percent of total immigration during this time. This has made German Americans one of the most significant ethnic groups in American society.

Most German immigrants who came to the United States in the nineteenth cen-tury were from southwestern Germany. They came chiefly for economic reasons. For many German immigrants cultural and religious conflict were additional factors that made migration to a distant land a viable alternative. After 1870 significant numbers emigrated from the Volga River region of Russia, the de-scendants of migrants from southwestern Germany who were lured to Russia in the eighteenth century by the coloniza-tion program of Catherine II. In the early 1870s Russia instituted policies of forced assimilation and mandatory military ser-vice specifically aimed at the Volga Ger-mans. Poor economic conditions and a shrinking land base were additional fac-tors that prompted many Volga Germans, or German Russians, to immigrate to the United States.

Most German immigrants settled in New York and in the mid western states of Wisconsin, Ohio, and Missouri; others ventured south into Texas. The Volga Germans took up farms in Nebraska and Kansas, but unfavorable climate and farming conditions caused them to look west for better farming oppor-tunities. They became some of the earliest Ger-man American settlers in the Pacific Northwest. Their numbers increased substantially starting in the early 1880s when they and other German Russians, mainly from the Black Sea region, were lured to the Pacif-ic Northwest by the ag-gressive recruitment of the railroad companies. Companies such as the Northern Pacific need-ed unskilled labor and wanted to sell their lands and develop the region. They hired agents in the

East, Midwest, and in Europe, and pro-moted the region extensively in newspa-pers, distributed thousands of circulars extolling the economic potential of the Pacific Northwest, and offered discount-ed fares and employment to lure immi-grants to the area. In the 1880s agents of Henry Villard’s Northern Pacific Rail-road recruited many Germans in Europe.

Historically, German Americans have been an influential group in American society and in the Columbia River Ba-sin. This influence is especially evident in economic life. Germans who arrived in the United States prior to 1870 mi-grated in family groups and had capital to buy land. The Volga and Black Sea Germans who came after 1880 were cash poor but were experienced farmers and industrious, hard-working people, which helped them succeed in agricultural pro-duction. Other Germans were represent-ed in a wide variety of occupations in the Columbia River Basin. They were car-penters, bakers, saloon keepers, brewers, merchants and professionals. Prominent German Americans who distinguished themselves as entrepreneurs included Henry Villard, who built a transportation empire constructing railroads and selling land in eastern Washington; John Lemp, a banker, brewer, and mayor of Boise; and Henry Theile, who built a highly successful catering and restaurant busi-ness in Portland.

German Village

A wave of Basque immigration to the western United States began with the dis-covery of gold in California in the middle of the nineteenth century. The traditional Basque custom of primogeniture, which allows only one sibling to inherit the family farmstead, maintained agricultural units intact, but left many individuals with the challenge of finding new ways to make a living. The attraction of California gold was irresistible for many young Basques. Once they arrived, how-ever, they were often dis-appointed with what they found. Although few had experience with sheep in their native land, and sheep raising is radically different in the American west, these men found there was a demand for labor in the sheep indus-try. Slowly these sheep outfits made their way north into Nevada, and from there into eastern

Oregon and western Idaho in the 1890s. Chain immigration was most common among Basques in which an immigrant found employment here for relatives and friends from his home area in the Basque Country. It is because of this chain immi-gration that we find most Basques from this area are of Bizkaian ancestry. While relatively few Basques are employed in the sheep industry today, that is what brought them to this area in most cases.

Basque Village

In 1778, Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands which he named the Sandwich Islands after his benefac-tor the Earl of Sandwich. He found these islands inhabited by native Hawaiians who Anglo-Americans later referred to as Owyhees. These people have been called Sandwich Islanders, Owyhees, Kanakas, Hawaiians. Translation for Kanaka is: man, human being.

After the discovery of these islands cap-tains of other ships found them to be good ports for supplies on their trips in the Pa-cific. They also found Hawaiians had har-dy physiques and maritime skills. They were taken with their abilities to swim and dive and in their handling of small water craft in treacherous waters. This is why many Hawaiians became regularly employed on both merchant and whaling ships. The first recorded hiring of Ha-waiians for the Pacific Northwest coast was made by the Northwest Company in 1811; 12 as deckhands and 12 in the fur trade brigade.

As fur trappers, Hawaiians made many trips to Fort Spokane, and as far as the Grand Tetons, which is probably how the Owyhee and other Hawai-ian names were used for some popular geographic locations such as lakes, rivers, mountain ranges and areas. The Hudson Bay Company explored the Frazier River in Can-ada and built forts along the Northwest coast and they relied on Hawaiian employees at each of those sites.

Hawaiians also made an impact on the Northwest coast Indian populations. They were encouraged by their employers to marry Indian women, hoping this would make them renew

their contracts and keep them employed. By law they could not marry white wom-en in Washington or Oregon. Some of these Hawaiians and their descendants became leaders of various tribes. It was estimated by a French Priest that there were 500 Hawaiians living on the NW coast in 1842.

When Lewis and lark wintered at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805-1806 (Astoria today), they narrowly missed meeting the Boston ship LYDIA, and found the local Chinook Indians al-ready possessed a wide variety of Western trade goods.

Life was not easy. The Hawaiians, along with other pioneers to the Northwest Coast and to the Continent, adapted to their life and built their communities.

Today, Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders come to the Pacific West Coast to go to school, attend universities, work, or join other family members who have lived in this area for many years. They mar-ry, raise their families and many maintain much of their Hawaiian culture.

Hawaiian Village

The Japanese Village has been a part of America’s Global Village since the start in 1999. We are honored to share our Jap-anese culture with the Trea-sure Valley who so graciously helped to give the Japanese a start in the community. There were a few Japanese residing in the area before World War II. The big attraction to the Treasure Valley came around May 1942 about the time when the Japanese Americans came from Washington to California were sent to detention camps. The Treasure Valley farmers, who lost most of their workers to the war, issued an appeal for farm laborers to come to the area. Japanese-Americans in the detention camps were given an opportunity to come to the Ontario area and work on farms. After the war, many Japanese-Americans settled

in the Treasure Valley where they felt ac-cepted and started building a niche in the community.

Japanese Village

876 SW 4th Ave., Ontario, Oregon · 541-889-8012 · www.ontariochamber.com

Thank You to the following sponsors for their generous support:

America’s Global Village Festivalis Presented by

Ontario Chamber of Commerce andOntario Visitor & Convention Bureau.

US Bank · Tidbits · Argus Observer · KWEI 1450am / Kool Oldies 99.5fm ∙ AlbertsonsCT Derm ∙ Family Eye Center ∙ Farmers Supply Co-op · Malheur Federal Credit UnionAFS-USA Intercultural Programs ∙ Four Rivers Cultural Center · Oregon Trail HobbiesSaint Alphonsus Medical Center ∙ Big Sky · Intermountain Community Bank · JACL

The Gold & Silver Store ∙ Jiffy Lube ∙ Mackey’s · Walmart · Blackaby InsuranceTates Tents & Events ∙ Ontario Sanitary ∙ Pepsi ∙ Treasure Valley Community CollegeOntario Paint Ball Challenge · TQ Properties · Edge Performance Sports · Red Apple

Ontario School District ∙ Bob & Janet Komoto ∙ Jim & Joanna Davidson

There is a vast amount of Native Amer-icans throughout this nation we call the United States of America. There is a variety of cultures and nationalities in this great land. I am James Dionne Chippewa and Cree from Belcourt, North Dakota known as the Tuttle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians my family traveled throughout this part of the nation finally making our home in Oregon in the early 80’s and have been here ever since. We have traveled throughout Pow Wow country and have meet a lot of different Na-tive Nations including those who live in this areas know as Paiute’s, Sho-shone, Nez Pearce, Umatilla, Cayuse and Walla Walla, and others who I respectfully make mention who live in this area. A Pow Wow is a gathering where we dance, share, meet old friends and make new ones. The dances you see today are a part of that gath-ering that takes place. These danc-es are Traditional,

Grass, Fancy Shawl, and Jingle Dress Dance, just to mention a few. I have been honored to carry on a vital part of our culture and who we are as na-tive Americans to different parts of this nation even to share this at America’s Global Village with our surrounding communities, churches and events which brings me to sharing what is called Seven Eagles Ministries which was founded in 2001 to bridge the gap between Christians and Native Ameri-can and to share the Love of Christ to all who will come to know him. Thank all who have called upon us to be a part of this great festival and to share with you today these dances.

Native American Village

Filipino VillageAs of 2010 Census, there are 3.4 million Filipino American, includ-ing multiracial Americans who are part Filipino in the United States.The first Filipino in the United States was documented in the 16th century. Mass migration did not begin until the early 20th century. There are four significant waves of Filipino migration that the United States recognizes.The first was connected to the pe-riod when the Philippines was part of New Spain and later the Spanish East Indies Filipinos, via the Manila galleons, would migrate to North America, some finding their way to the United States. This would end around 1906 with the end of the Spanish East Indies due to the Span-ish and Philippine American Wars.The second wave of immigration was during the American colonial period when Filipinos were U.S. Nationals, and were unrestricted from immigrating to the US by laws that restricted other Asians. Filipi-nos of this wave came for different reasons, but the majority were labor-ers. This wave of immigration was distinct from other Asian Americans due to American influences and edu-cation in the Philippines. This wave of immigration ended due to the Philippine Independece Act in 1934, which restricted immigration to 50 persons a year.

Later, Filipinos were allowed to enlist in the U.S. Navy. It con-tinued allowing Filipino sailors to serve in the Navy that began in 1901. By 1976 there were about 17,000 Filipinos serving in the United States Navy, they created a distinct Navy-related Filipino American immigrant community.The third wave of immigration fol-lowed the events of World War II. Filipinos who had served in World War II had been given the option of becoming U.S. Citizens, and many took the opportunity, Filipi-na War brides were allowed to im-migrate to the United States due to War Brides Act and Fiancee Act, with approximately 16,000 Filipi-nas entering the United States in the years following World War II Brides Act.The fourth and present wave of immigration began in 1965 with passing of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 into law. It provided an unlimited number of visas for family reunification. Navy based immigration stopped with the expiration of the military bases agreement in 1992, yet it continued in a more limited fash-ion. Many Filipino of this new wave of migration have migrated here mostly as professionals and based on petitions for qualifying family members.

The Scots influence in America and the Treasure Valley is felt far beyond their number and from the very beginning of European exploration. Their adventurous spirit, work ethic and intellect of the Scottish Enlightenment left an imprint that influenced the very foundation and fabric of the United States of America. Our education, eco-nomics, and Constitution come from the Scots model. Names like Andrew Carnagie, John Paul Jones and Davidson of Harley-Davidson are all Scots.

The first settlers in early 1600s in New England and Virginia included Scots; however, the first large influx came as the result of the civil war in Britain between the Crown and Oliver Cromwell. Many Scots sided with the Crown. Cromwellian forces won. Many Scots were exiled directly to America in 1650, with the most coming to Bos-ton, Virginia and the Carolinas. Many were sent to Ulster (Northern Ireland).

The Ulster Scots or Scots Irish were Scots Pres-byterian in culture but Irish in geography. These Scots Irish eventually migrated as a group to America to settle on the frontier of Pennsylva-nia, Kentucky, Virginia, and the Carolinas. This group spawned American heroes such as Presi-dent Andrew Jackson, Kit Carson, Daniel Boone and Sam Houston.

The Highland Scots were different in culture and DNA than the rest of the Scots. They spoke Gaelic and were Catholic. They live in the rugged mountains of Scotland. In 1715 and again in 1745 Highland Scots rebellions against the British crown ended in final defeat for the Highlanders and the Highland way of life. The King of En-gland executed many and exiled large numbers to America. Most of these found their way to the American frontier.

The greatest influence the Scots have had in America and the world has nothing to do with the warrior culture but everything to do with the Scottish Enlightenment of 1750-1810.

Thomas Jefferson’s wording of The Declaration of Independence is considered influenced by the

Declaration of Arbroath, the 1320 A.D. document declaring Scots independence from the English. Thomas Jefferson was heavily influenced by his William and Mary College teacher William Small from Aberdeen, Scotland. The phrase “we hold these truths to be self-evident” and “the pursuit of happiness,” come directly from the Scottish school. Of the 56 signers of the Constitution, 21 were of Scots descent or directly from Scotland.

During the American Revolution many Scots and all Scots Irish took up arms against the King.

The basic philosophy of our education system originated in Scotland and was championed by Benjamin Rush, one of the signers of the Consti-tution and founder of what became the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania. His friend and recruit from University of Edinburgh, was John Witherspoon, signer of the Constitution and president of Prince-ton who forged that school into a training ground for America’s leadership elite.

Our economic model is based on the writings of Adam Smith a Scots intellectual and is the basis for Capitalism and America‘s economic might. Much of the American West was built with mon-ey from Dundee Scotland.

President Jefferson sent forth Lewis and Clark both with Scots ancestry to explore and blaze the way to the Pacific not just for exploration of the Louisiana Purchase but to establish claim to the West.

In 1812 a Scot named Robert Stuart started from the West end of Lewis and Clarks route and ba-sically traveled the Oregon trail from the Pacific thru the Treasure Valley to St. Louis and on to Washington where he gave maps and details to President James Madison. He published those details in the book The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, Robert Stuarts Narratives of his Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria 1812-1813.

The Scot, Donald Mackenzie led John Jacob Astor through the Treasure Valley in 1814 came back through in 1816 to the Pacific and by 1818 was trapping the beaver rich area around present day Boise. He held the very first rendezvous there

in 1819, six years before the great annual Rocky Mountain rendezvous.

In 1819 a group of Hawaiians with a trapping party led by Thomas McKay were killed by a band of Bannocks on a river that Mckay named, along with the mountains from which it flowed, in their honor. The Owyhee.

The 1820s to 1830s Scots trappers like the great Kit Carson trapped the in Treasure Valley.

Alexander Ross was a Hudson Bay man that led trapping expeditions and is credited with being the first European to find the Sawtooth Region, Stanley Basin, and Sun Valley.

By the 1860s most of the Scots in the region were involved in mining. The original Boise Basin gold discovery was found and reported by a Scot Capt. Elijah Davidson Pierce.

The 1870s saw the Scots family Campbell move into the New Meadows area to establish the Circle C Ranch in 1877 that became the largest ranch in Idaho and stayed in the family until it sold in 1972. Albert Campbell founded the OX ranch that was nearly as big as the Circle C.

By the 1880s many Scots in the Treasure Valley and surrounding region were in the livestock business building large herds of cattle or sheep. This was just a contin-uation of the Scots cul-ture. The term Drover came from the High-land Scots term for cow herder.

Locally Andy Little came to Caldwell in 1894 with two dogs and two dollars in his pocket. He walked the twenty miles to the Aikman ranch between Caldwell and Emmett. On his way he proved the Scots reputation

for money and business. Somewhere on Willow creek he helped a man herd a band of sheep across the creek using his herd dogs. The man was so impressed with the dogs he offered to buy them. Andy sold only one. When he got to the Aikman Ranch that evening his first in the Treasure Valley he had already doubled his money. With in a few short years he would own or graze most of the area West of Squaw Butte and the Treasure Val-ley. He would go on to own the largest number of sheep in America and possibly the world. He and his family had a huge economic impact on the Treasure Valley and Idaho. The Little family and extended family continue to impact the eco-nomics and politics. The current Lt. Governor of Idaho is Brad Little a descendent of Andy.

The Owyhee country became home to the “King of the Scots” in the Owyhees, Finlay Mackenzie. His descendents ranch there today.

This brief history doesn’t do justice to the total impact of the Scots on America or the Treasure Valley. To learn more read How the Scots invent-ed the Modern World by Arthur Herman, Tam Blake & Co. by Jim Hewitson, Scots in the North American West 1790-1917 by Ferenc Morton Szasz, or Andy Little, Idaho Sheep King by Lou-ise Shadduck.

Scottish Village

Although Mexican immigrant and Mexican American communities in Oregon date back to the 1800’s, they remained relatively small and isolated. It was not until the advent of the Bra-cero Program, a bilateral agreement between Mexico and the United States to import Mexican laborers to alleviate a work shortage during World War II, that large-scale immigration to Oregon began.

Oregon along with Idaho and Wash-ington received in excess of 200,000 braceros to the agriculture fields of the region. In 1946, the bracero program in the Pacific Northwest ended. But the immigration of Mexicans did not. Still seeing a need for workers, farm-ers began recruiting Tejano (Texans of Mexican Descent) to work in the fields. Large companies like the Amalgamat-ed Sugar Company sent contractors to south Texas and recruit workers to thin and harvest sugar beets. Soon after others following suit including Nisei farmers. In addition to the Tejanos, the children and families of braceros followed in their footsteps migrating to Oregon in search of work. Oregon typically provided better working con-

ditions and wages than farms in Cali-fornia and Texas.

For the next 30 years Tejanos followed a migrant stream from their homes in south Texas to various agricultur-al communities in Oregon. During this time many migrants decided to establish roots in the state and began working year round in packing sheds and food processing facilities. Others began to open restaurants, stores, at-tend college, and began establishing a strong ethnic Mexican community in Oregon.

By the 1980’s economic conditions in Mexico grew worse and many Mexi-cans sought economic refuge in the United States. Once again Oregon of-ten proved more hospitable than oth-er locations in the United States and attracted immigrants from the interi-or states of Mexico. The passage of NAFTA has exacerbated these con-ditions and migration to the United States has increased over time.

Today the Mexican community in-cludes Tejanos and other Mexican Americans, northern Mexicans and in-digenous Mexicans.

Mexican VillageNot long after the fledgling United States bought the Louisiana Country from France did all eyes turn to the Oregon Country. While the Louisiana Purchase gave the United States land all the way to the Rocky Mountains, most Americans felt that the Oregon Country was theirs too. Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Country and pushed on all the way to the Pacif-ic. Their accounts of the rich fertile land and the abundance of game inspired ex-plorers. The Mountain man was already into the Rockies before Lewis and Clark’s return. Britain, Spain, Russia and the United States all had claims to Oregon because of explorations by their sea captains. Soon, fur trading compa-nies had trappers and traders in the riv-ers and streams; the British Northwest Company and the Hudson’s Bay Com-pany, the French Fur Company, John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company, and Nathaniel Wyeth’s American Fur Company all fighting for beaver pelts.

The 1830’ s saw the country devastat-ed by depression, people were looking west again, dreaming of the free land in Oregon. Manifest destiny became the national rallying cry, the belief that all of the land, from coast to coast was ours. The Missionaries went first, Ja-son Lee, Father De Smet, the Spauld-ings and the Whitmans, to name a few went west to tame the wild savages with the word of God. Mountain men such as Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, Joe Meek and others built trading posts, or became guides. Joe Meek led one of the first wagon trains to the Oregon Country. Soon, others followed; tens of thousands of people made the trek west to the land of milk and honey. The migration to Oregon became the larg-est, unforced, migration in the history of the world. Technically, the Oregon Country consisted of what is now Ore-

gon, Washington, Idaho, the southwest corner of Wyoming, and the northwest corner of Montana, but to the settlers, Oregon meant the Willamette Valley. It did not take long before American settlers outnumbered all others in the Willamette Valley. On May 2, 1843, a meeting was held at Champoeg and Joe Meek called for a vote for Oregon to become a US territory. The vote was 52-50 in favor, and on February 14, 1859, Oregon became the 33rd state in the Union.

The Oregon Trail crossed the Snake River, for the last time, at Fort Boise, a Hudson’s Bay post, managed by Fran-cois Payette. After crossing the Snake, the trail headed northwestwardly to-wards the hot springs on the Malheur River. From there the trail headed north along Willow Creek, past Tub Moun-tain and back to the Snake River at Farewell Bend. You can visit Oregon Trail sites in our area, Fort Boise, Star-vation Camp, Keeney Pass, and the Van Ornum Massacre site are some of the more easily accessible.

Pioneer Village