The

American Traditionin Literature

TENTH EDITION

VOLUME 1

PerkinsEastern Michigan University

Barbara PerkinsUniversiP^'J>1Toledo

SUB Gfittingen 7215 865 804

2003 A 5647

MeGrawHill

Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, Wl NewiforkSan Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogota Caracas Kuala Lumpur

Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New DelhiSantiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto

ContentsList of Illustrations xxPreface xxi

Exploration and the Colonies 1The Original Inhabitants 3Virginia and the South 4New England 4Timeline: Exploration and the Colonies ,6 '

Exploration 10GIOVANNI DA VERRAZZANO (1485P-1528) 10

Verrazzano's Voyage: 1524 10

ALVAR NUNEZ CABEZA DE VACA (c. 1490-c. 1557) 17

The Narrative of Cabeza de Vaca 17Chapter 12: The Indians Bring Us Food 17Chapter 14: The Departure of Four Christians 19Chapter 16: The Christians Leave the Island of Malhado 20Chapter 17: The Coming of Indians with Andres Dorantes, Castillo,

and Estevanico 21Chapter 19: Our Separation by the Indians 22Chapter 20: Of Our Escape 23Chapter 21: Our Cure of Some of the Afflicted 23Chapter 22: The Coming of Other Sick to Us the Next Day 24

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAEN (c. 1567-1635) 26

Voyages of Samuel de Champlain: The Voyages of 1604-1607 27Chapter 8: Continuation of the Discoveries along the Coast of the

Almouchiquois, and What We Observed in Detail 27

The Colonies 32JOHN SMITH (1580-1631) 32

THE GENERAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA, NEW ENGLAND,

AND THE SUMMER ISLES 3 3

The Third Book. The Proceedings and Accidents of the English Colonyin Virginia 33Chapter II: What Happened till the First Supply 33

vi Contents

The Fourth Book. The Proceedings of the English after the Alterationof the Government of Virginia 39John Smith's Relation to Queen Anne of Pocahontas (1616) 39

The Sixth Book. The General History of New England 41The Description of New England 41

WILLIAM BRADFORD (1590-1657) 46

Of Plymouth Plantation, Book I 47Chapter IX: Of Their Voyage, and How They Passed the Sea; and of Their

Safe Arrival at Cape Cod 47Chapter X: Showing How They Sought out a Place of Habitation;

and What Befell Them Thereabout 50Of Plymouth Plantation, Book II 55

[The Mayflower Compact (1620)] 55[Compact with the Indians (1621)] 56[First Thanksgiving (1621)] 57[Narragansett Challenge (1622)] 57[Thomas Morton of Merrymount (1628)] 58

THOMAS MORTON (c. 1579-1647) 62

NEW ENGLISH CANAAN 6 3

The First Book: Containing the Original of the Natives, Their Manners,and Customs 63Chapter IV: Of Their Houses and Habitations 63Chapter XV: Of Their Admirable Perfection in the Use of the Senses 64

The Third Book: Containing a Description of the PeopleThat Are Planted There 65Chapter XIV: Of the Revels of New Canaan 65Chapter XV: Of a Great Monster Supposed to Be at Ma-re Mount 66

JOHN WINTHROP (1588-1649) 69

A Model of Christian Charity 70

ROGER WILLIAMS (1603P-1683) 77

The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for Cause of Conscience 79Preface 79Chapter XCIII 80

The Bloody Tenet Yet More Bloody 81Letter to the Town of Providence 84

ANNE BRADSTREET (1612P-1672) 84

The Prologue 87The Four Ages of Man 88

Childhood 88The Flesh and the Spirit 90

Contents vii

Contemplations 93The Author to Her Book 99 /Before the Birth of One of Her Children 100To My Dear and Loving Husband 101 • 1

A Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment 101Another [Letter to Her Husband, Absent upon Public Employment] 102In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased

August, 1665 Being a Year and a Half Old 103Upon the Burning of Our House, July 10th, 1666 103Meditations, Divine and Moral 104 •

Puritanism 109MICHAEL WIGGLESWORTH (1631-1705) 112The Day of Doom 113

MARY ROWLANDSON (1636P-1711?) 125

A Narrative of the Captivity and Restorationof Mrs. Mary Rowlandson 126

SAMUEL SEWALL (1652-1730) 150

The Diary of Samuel Sewall 151[Customs, Courts, and Courtships] 151

EDWARD TAYLOR (1642 P-l 729) 161The Preface 163Meditation 1, First Series 164Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children 164The Experience 165Huswifery 166Meditation 8, First Series 167The Glory of and Grace in the Church Set Out 168Upon a Spider Catching a Fly 169The Reflexion 170The Joy of Church Fellowship Rightly Attended 171Meditation 42, First Series 172A Fig for Thee Oh! Death 173

[TWO MEDITATIONS ON "THE SONG OF SOLOMON," CANTICLE Vl] 1 7 4

Meditation 142, Second Series 174Meditation 146, Second Series 176

COTTON MATHER (1663-1728) 176.The Wonders of the Invisible World 178

Enchantments Encountered 178The Trial of Bridget Bishop 180

viii Contents

A-Third Curiosity 184Magnalia Christi Americana 184 '

The Life of John Winthrop 184The Life of His Excellency Sir William Phips 192

Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good 199Much Occasion for Doing Good 199The Excellence of Weil-Doing 200The Reward of Well-Doing 201Opportunities to Do Good 203On Internal Piety and Self-Examination 204

SARAH KEMBLE KNIGHT (1666-1727) 207

The Journal of Madam Knight 208[New England Frontier] 208[Connecticut] 212[New York City] 214

The South and the Middle Colonies 215EBENEZERCOOK(1667?-1733?) 218

The Sotweed Factor 218

WILLIAM BYRD (1674-1744) 232

The History of the Dividing Line 234[The Marooner] 234[Lubberland] 234[Indian Neighbors] 235

A Progress to the Mines 237[Reading a Play in the Backwoods] 237

JOHN WOOLMAN (1720-1772) 239The Journal of John Woolman 241

1720-1742 [Early Years] 241. 1749-1756 [On Merchandise] 247

1757 [Evidence of Divine Truth] 249[Slavery] 2491755-1758 [Taxes and Wars] 250

ST. JEAN DECREVECCEUR (1735-1813) 253Letters from an American Farmer 255

What Is an American? 255Description of Charles-Town; Thoughts on Slavery; On Physical Evil;

A Melancholy Scene 263Sketches of Eighteenth Century America 270

Manners of the Americans 270

Contents ix

WILLIAM BARTRAM (1739-1823) 276

Travels Through North and South Carolina, Georgia, Eastand West Florida 277[Alligators] 277[The Amazing Crystal Fountain] 281[Indian Corn, Green Meadows, and Strawberry Fields] 282

Reason and Revolution 285The Enlightenment and the Spirit of Rationalism 285 ,From Neoclassical to Romantic Literature 286

JONATHAN EDWARDS (1703-1758) 290

Sarah Pierrepont 291A Divine and Supernatural Light 292Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 298Personal Narrative 309

BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1706-1790) 318The Autobiography 321Poor Richard's Almanack 351

Preface to Poor Richard, 1733 351The Way to Wealth: Preface to Poor Richard, 1758 352

An Edict by the King of Prussia 358The Sale of the Hessians 361The Ephemera 363To Madame Helvetius 364Information to Those Who Would Remove to.America 365Letter to William Franklin [We Are Men, All Subject to Errors] 367Letter to Ezra Stiles [Here Is My Creed] 369Speech in the [Constitutional] Convention at the Conclusion

of Its Deliberations 370

THOMAS PAINE (1737-1809) 371

Common Sense 374Thoughts on the Present State of American Affairs 374

The American Crisis '383 'The Age of Reason 388

[Profession of Faith] 389[Of Myth and Miracle] 390[Christian Revelation and Nature] 392[First Cause: God of Reason] 393[Recapitulation] 395

x Contents

JOHN ADAMS (1735-1826) andABIGAIL SMITH ADAMS (1744-1818), 395Letters 397

THOMAS JEFFERSON (1743-1826) 412The Declaration of Independence 414First Inaugural Address 416Notes on the State of Virginia 419

[A Southerner on Slavery] 419Letter to Dr. Benjamin Rush [The Christian Deist] 421Letter to John Adams [The True Aristocracy] 423

OLAUDAH EQUIANO (1745?-l797?) 427

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano 429Chapter 2 [Horrors of a Slave Ship] 429Chapter 3 [Travels from Virginia to England] 433Chapter 7 [He Purchases His Freedom] 435

PHILLIS WHEATLEY (1753P-1784) 437

To the University of Cambridge, in New-England 438On Being Brought from Africa to America 439On the Death of the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield 439An Hymn to the Evening 440To S. M. a Young African Painter, on Seeing His Works 441To His Excellency General Washington 442

THE FEDERALIST (1787-1788) 443

The Federalist No. 1 [Alexander Hamilton] 444The Federalist No. 10 [James Madison] 446

PHILIP FRENEAU (1752-1832) 451

To Sir Toby 453To the Memory of the Brave Americans 454On Mr. Paine's Rights of Man 455

- The Wild Honey Suckle 456The Indian Burying Ground 457On a Honey Bee 458To a Caty-Did 459On the Universality and Other Attributes of the God of Nature 461

JOEL BARLOW (1754-1812) 461The Hasty-Pudding 463Advice to a Raven in Russia 471

ROYALL TYLER (1757-1826) 473

The Contrast 474

Contents xi

CHARLES BROCKDEN BROWN (1771-1810) 511

Edgar Huntly 512 '

The Romantic Temper and the House Divided 525Regional Influences 525Nature and the Land 527The Original Native Americans 528Timeline: The Romantic Temper and the House Divided 531

Nature and Society 533THE NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE 533

TALES

Manabozho 535The Chief's Daughters 546Coyote and Bear 548A Tale of the Sky World 549

ORATORY

Speech of Logan 551Speech of Red Jacket 551Speech of Tecumseh 553Speech of Speckled Snake ,555 •, .Speech of Red Cloud 556

POETRY

Twelfth Song of the Thunder 558Formula to Destroy Life 558The Corn Grows Up 558At the Time of the White Dawn 558Snake the Cause 559Three Songs of Owl Woman 559The Weaver's Lamentation 560

WASHINGTON IRVING (1783-1859) 560

A History of New York, by Diedrich Knickerbocker 563Book III: In Which Is Recorded the Golden Reign

of Wouter Van Twiller 563

THE SKETCH BOOK

The Author's Account of Himself 570Rip Van Winkle 572The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 583

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER (1789-1851) 603

The Pioneers, or The Sources of the Susquehanna 605

xii Contents

The American Democrat 762An Aristocrat and a Democrat 762

Preface to The Leather-Stocking Tales 764

CATHERINE MARIA SEDGWICK (1789-1867) 766Hope Leslie: or Early Times in the Massachusetts 768

WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT (1794-1878) 817

Thanatopsis 819The Yellow Violet 821Inscription for the Entrance to a Wood 822To a Waterfowl 823Oh Fairest of the Rural Maids 823A Forest Hymn 824The Two Graves 826To Cole, the Painter, Departing for Europe 828To the Fringed Gentian 829The Prairies 829Robert of Lincoln 832The Poet 834The Death of Lincoln 835The Flood of Years 836

CAROLINE STANSBURY KIRKLAND (1801-1864) 839A New Home—Who'll Follow? 840

FRANCIS PARKMAN (1823-1893) 850 .

The Oregon Trail 852Chapter XXIV: The Chase 852

Colloquial Humor 857AUGUSTUS BALDWIN LONGSTREET (1790-1870) 857

The Horse-Swap 857

T. B. THORPE (1815-1878) 862

The Big Bear of Arkansas 863

GEORGE WASHINGTON HARRIS (1814-1869) 871

Sut Lovingood's Daddy, Acting Horse 872

Transcendentalism 877RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882) 879Nature 881

Contents xiii

The American Scholar 909The Divinity School Address 921 ,Self-Reliance 933Compensation 949The Over-Soul 961The Poet 972Concord Hymn 986Each and All 987 .The Rhodora 988The Problem 988Uriel 990The Snow-Storm 992Hamatreya 992The Apology 994Give All to Love 994Ode (Inscribed to W. H. Channing) 996Fable 998Brahma 999Days 999Terminus 1000Journals and Letters 1001

MARGARET FULLER (1810-1850) 1008Woman in the Nineteenth Century 1009

HENRY DAVID THOREAU (1817-1862) 1020

A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 1023[Nature, Poetry, and the Poet] 1023

Walden 1025Economy 1025Where I Lived, and What I Lived for 1065Reading 1075Sounds 1080Solitude 1089 • • . •Visitors 1094The Bean-Field 1101The Village 1108The Ponds 1111 ..Baker Farm 1124Higher Laws 1128Brute Neighbors 1134House-Warming 1141Former Inhabitants; and Winter Visitors 1150Winter Animals 1157

xiv Contents

The Pond in Winter 1163Spring 1170Conclusion 1180

Civil Disobedience 1188Life without Principle 1202Journals 1215

Romanticism 1225

EDGAR ALLAN POE (1809-1849) 1228

Romance 1230Song from Al Aaraaf 1231Sonnet—To Science 1233Lenore 1234The Sleeper 1234Israfel 1236To Helen 1238The City in the Sea 1238The Coliseum 1240To One in Paradise 1241Sonnet—Silence 1241Dream-Land 1242The Raven 1243Ulalume 1246The Bells 1249Annabel Lee 1251Ligeia 1252The Fall of the House of Usher 1262The Masque of the Red Death 1275The Purloined Letter 1279The Cask of Amontillado 1291The Philosophy of Composition 1296

NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE (1804-1864) 1303My Kinsman, Major Molineux 1306Young Goodman Brown 1318Wakefield 1327The Minister's Black Veil 1332The Maypole of Merry Mount 1340The Birthmark 1347Rappaccini's Daughter 1358Ethan Brand 1376Preface to The House of the Seven Gables 1386

Contents xv

THE SCARLET LETTER 1 3 8 8

Preface to Second Edition 1388 ,The Custom-House 1389The Scarlet Letter 1413

HERMAN MELVILLE (1819-1891) 1524

Hawthorne and His Mosses 1526Bartleby the Scrivener 1533Benito Cereno 1558

BATTLE-PIECES AND ASPECTS OF THE WAR 1 6 1 0

The Portent 1610Misgivings 1611The March into Virginia 1611A Utilitarian View of the Monitor's Fight 1612Shiloh 1613Malvern Hill 1613The House-Top 1614The College Colonel 1615An Uninscribed Monument 1616

JOHN MARR AND OTHER SAILORS 1 6 1 6

The Good Craft "Snow-Bird" 1616Old Counsel 1617The Tuft of Kelp 1617

TIMOLEON 1618After the Pleasure Party 1618The Maldive Shark 1622Monody 1622Lone Founts 1622Art 1623Greek Architecture 1623

Billy Budd, Sailor 1623

The Humanitarian Sensibilityand the Inevitable Conflict 1675

Democracy and Social Reform 1675Inevitable Conflict 1677Timeline: The Humanitarian Sensibility and the Inevitable Conflict 1680

HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (1807-1882) 1681

A Psalm of Life 1683The Arsenal at Springfield 1684

xvi Contents

Seaweed 1686The Song of Hiawatha 1687 ,

III. Hiawatha's Childhood 1687IV. Hiawatha and Mudjekeewis 1692V. Hiawatha's Fasting 1698VII. Hiawatha's Sailing 1704VIII. Hiawatha's Fishing 1707XXI. The White Man's Foot 1712

The Jewish Cemetery at Newport 1714My Lost Youth 1715Divina Commedia 1718 'Chaucer 1720Milton 1721Nature 1721The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls 1721The Cross of Snow 1722

JOHN GREENLEAF WHITTIER (1807-1892) 1722

Massachusetts to Virginia 1725Ichabod 1727First-Day Thoughts 1729Skipper Ireson's Ride 1729Telling the Bees 1732Laus Deo 1733Snow-Bound 1735Abraham Davenport 1753

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES (1809-1894) 1755

Old Ironsides 1757The Last Leaf 1758My Aunt 1759The Chambered Nautilus 1760

ABRAHAM LINCOLN (1809-1865) 1761

"Farewell Address at Springfield 1763First Inaugural Address 1764Reply to Horace Greeley 1770Letter to General Joseph Hooker 1771Letter to General U. S. Grant 1771Address at the Dedication of the Gettysburg National Cemetery 1772Second Inaugural Address 1773

FANNY FERN (1811-1872) 1774

Aunt Hetty on Matrimony 1775Male Criticism on Ladies' Books 1776The "Coming" Woman 1777

Contents xvii

A Chapter for Parents 1778The Working-Girls of New York 1779,

HARRIET BEECHERSTOWE (1811-1896) 1780Uncle Tom's Cabin; or Life among the Lowly 1782

Chapter VII: The Mother's Struggle 1782Chapter XIX: Miss Ophelia's Experiences and Opinions, Continued 1790Chapter XL: The Martyr 1794Chapter XLI: The Young Master 1797

Oldtown Folks 1800Miss Asphyxia 1800

HARRIET JACOBS (1813-1897) 1807

Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl 1809VI: The Jealous Mistress 1809XVII: The Flight 1813XVIII: Months of Peril 1815XIX: The Children Sold 1819

FREDERICK DOUGLASS (1817P-1895) 1821

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass 1822Chapter I [Birth] 1822Chapter VII [Learning to Read and Write] 1824Chapter X [Mr. Covey] 1827

JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL (1819-1891) 1834

A Fable for Critics 1837 .The Biglow Papers, First Series 1849

No. I: A Letter 1849The Biglow Papers, Second Series 1855

Introduction: The Courtin' 1855Ode Recited at the Harvard Commemoration 1858

ALICE CARY (1820-1871) 1868The Wildermings 1869

ROSE TERRY COOKE (1827-1897) 1874

How Celia Changed Her Mind 1874

REBECCA HARDING DAVIS (1831-1910) 1887

Life in the Iron-Mills 1888

Pioneer of a New Poetry 1913WALT WHITMAN (1819-1892) 1913

Preface to the 1855 Edition of Leaves of Grass 1916Song of Myself 1930

xviii Contents

CHILDREN OF ADAM

Out of the Rolling Ocean the Crowd 1969Once I Pass'd through a Populous City 1969Facing West from California's Shores 1969As Adam Early in the Morning 1970

CALAMUS

For You O Democracy 1970I Saw in Louisiana a Live-Oak Growing 1970I Hear It Was Charged against Me 1971

Crossing Brooklyn Ferry 1971

SEA-DRIFT

Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking 1975As I Ebb'd with the Ocean of Life 1980To the Man-of-War-Bird 1982

BY THE ROADSIDE

Gods 1982When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 1983The Dalliance of the Eagles 1983

DRUM-TAPS

Beat! Beat! Drums! 1984 .Cavalry Crossing a Ford 1984Vigil Strange I Kept on the Field One Night 1985A March in the Ranks Hard-Prest, and the Road Unknown 1985A Sight in Camp in the Daybreak Gray and Dim 1986The Wound-Dresser 1987Look Down Fair Moon 1988Reconciliation 1988

MEMORIES OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN

When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 1989

AUTUMN RIVULETS

There Was a Child Went Forth 1995This Compost 1996To a Common Prostitute 1997

Passage to India 1998The Sleepers 2004

WHISPERS OF HEAVENLY DEATH

Darest Thou Now O Soul 2010Whispers of Heavenly Death 2011Chanting the Square Deific 2011A Noiseless Patient Spider 2013

Contents xix

FROM NOON TO STARRY NIGHT

To a Locomotive in Winter 2013 ,By Broad Potomac's Shore 2014

SONGS OF PARTING

Joy, Shipmate, Joy! 2014So Long! 2014

SECOND ANNEX: GOOD-BYE MY FANCY

Good-bye My Fancy! ' 2016.Specimen Days 2017

After First Fredericksburg 2017Patent-Office Hospital 2017The White House by Moonlight 2018The Wounded from Chancellorsville 2018Unnamed Remains the Bravest Soldier 2019Abraham Lincoln 2019Virginia 2020Summer of 1864 2020The Inauguration 2021Death of President Lincoln 2021No Good Portrait of Lincoln 2022Three Years Summ'd Up 2022The Million Dead, Too, Summ'd Up 2023Entering a Long Farm-Lane 2024To the Spring and Brook 2024

Historical-Literary Timeline 2025Bibliography 2031Acknowledgments 2045Index 2047