American Red CrossFirst Aid/CPR/AED

For Schools & the Community

Lay Responder(non-professional)

Deciding to Act• Consent to give first aid

• Actual consent-• Implied consent-

- definition -if its an adult- child with and without parent-mentally competent/non-mentally competent

Good Samaritan Law Article1. How many states have enacted this

law?2. Why was it DEVELOPED?3. What does the law protect you

from?4. What doesn’t the law protect you

from?5. List the 5 things you must do so the

law will protect you?

Do No Further Harm Article1. List the 3 reasons you would have

to move an injured victim?2. What should you AVOID when you

are moving an injured victim?3. What is the proper technique

called to move an unconscious or severely injured victim.

Universal Precautions p. 711

• Universal Precautions-• 1. • 2.• 3.• Follow any situation with possible

contact with blood and other bodily fluids.

Emergency Action Principles ( 3C’s)

• Check– Scene

• Safe?• Clues• # of victims• Bystanders to help

– Victim• Injuries• Life threatening conditions

– Unconscious– Trouble breathing– Chest pain or pressure– No pulse– Bleeding severely

• Call– 911 or local emergency # for

ambulance & get an AED if available– Give

• Exact location• Telephone #• What happened• # and condition of victims• What help is being given• DON’T HANG UP TILL DISPATCHER DOES!

• Care for victim– Life threatening injuries 1st ( ABCS)

– Less severe– Help victim stay calm, relaxed

Checking Conscious Adult1. State your name,

certifications,obtain consent and ask what happened.

2. Check for life threatening injuries, from head to toe. (A,B,C,S)

3. Do not ask the victim to move and do not move the victim.

4. Look for a medical alert tag and ask questions.

5. Call 911 or have someone call if serious.

Position Terms:

• Supine - On their back

• Prone- Face down

• Recovery- On the side( roll as one unit, no twisting.

Checking Unconscious Adult See text pg 7231. Check the scene2. Tap & Shout“Are you alright?”3. “Go call 911.” & get AED4. Check for Signs of Life (A, B, C’ S)

– Open airway Head Tilt Chin Lift (tilt head back, lift chin) listen for breathing no more than 10sec.•If suspect back, neck or head injury Do not Tilt Neck

– Breathing: recovery position

Choking Terms P.725• Partial Airway Obstruction- when a

victim can partially move air to and from the lungs, cough, & speak.

• Complete Airway Obstruction- When a victim can no longer speak, cough, breath.– Universal distress Signal-

Conscious Choking Adult ( Breathing Emergencies)• 1. GET CONSENT• 2. Call 911 & get an AED• 3. Give 5 Back Blows• 4. Give 5 Abdominal thrusts• 5. Alternate until choking stops or they become

unconscious.– Stand behind victim– Find belly button– Make fist with other hand– Place thumb side of fist against middle of victims abdomen

(just above belly button) – Grab fist with other hand– Quick upward thrusts– CONTINUE UNTIL- object is up, victim can breath, coughs on

own, or victim becomes unconscious* Chest Thrusts- obese, pregnant females

If you are alone & Choking1. Give yourself abdominal Thrusts2. Use the back of a tall chair to

perform the thrusts for you.3. Call 911 from a land line

phone( they will trace call)

Unconscious Choking - Find hand placement ( heal middle of

sternum)5. 30 chest compressions( at least 2in deep)6. 2 Rescue Breaths 7. If breaths don’t go in, RE-TILT & TRY AGAIN8. 30 chest compressions9. LOOK FOR OBJECT10. 2 more breaths11. Continue with cycles

How to Give A Rescue Breath

• 1. Head Tilt Chin Lift (open airway) and pinch nose.

• 2. Give a slow breath with a complete seal (each breath should last 1 sec.)

• 3. Watch the chest rise

• Gastric Distention- when you ventilate( breath) too hard and the air skips the lungs and goes into the stomach.

Unconscious Choking Adult• Stop cycles if

– Object removed– Chest rises with rescue breaths

• Check for signs of circulation • If none continue with compressions and breaths

– Victim starts breathing on own– EMS arrives & takes over– Someone else takes over– If you are too exhausted to continueAfter 5 Cycles Re-check for SIGNS OF LIFE

If you DO NOT know they are choking

After the first set of rescue breathes for an ADULT & the breaths DO NOT go in

-YOU REPOSITION & TRY THE BREATHS AGAIN!

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)• See text pg 734

• No Signs of Life, No AED, Unconscious

• Adult- 12 years or older– Place yourself midway between

the head & chest (kneeling)

CPR• 1. Give 30 Chest Compressions

– At least 2 inches deep– Takes about 18 sec (rate of approx 100 per min)

• 2. Give 2 rescue breaths – Lasts about 1 sec each

– Continue sets of 30 compressions & 2 breaths for 2mins or 5 cycles then re-check for signs of life.

• Once CPR is started continue until– See signs of life– Scene is unsafe– AED available– Too exhausted– Someone takes over

Cardiac Chain of Survival• 4 links

1. Early recognition and access to emergency system- call 911

2. Early CPR- keeps blood and oxygen flow to organs, prevents brain damage and death3. Early Defibrillation- Automated External Defibrillator (AED)- Electronic shock to heart4. Early Advanced Life support- Paramedics

Hearts Electrical SystemThe hearts electrical system sends out

signals to pump blood, but if the heart is damaged by a disease or injury the electrical system can be disrupted.

- Fibrillation- most common abnormal heart rhythm that causes sudden cardiac arrest occurs when ventricles quiver.

Hearts electrical system continued..• Ventricle Fibrillation or V-Fib-

electrical impulses fire at random• Ventricular tachycardia (V-Tach)-

electrical system tells ventricles to contract too quickly

Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

• Child (1-8 or less than 55lbs) pediatric pads• Do not use in water• Cell phone at least 6ft. away• Can use with a pace maker• Remove clothing on chest & wipe chest• Remove nitroglycerin pads• AED will talk you through procedures**FOR EVRY MINUTE THE AED IS NOT IN USE

IT DECREASES THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL BY 10%

AED Steps1. TURN ON AED

AND JUST SIT AND LISTEN TO DIRECTIONS……1. Remove clothing from chest/wipe chest dry2. Place Electrode pads on person’s chest3. Plug in connecter 3. Analyzing rhythm, stand clear4. Shock advised5. Push shock 6. Start 5 cycles of CPR7. Re-analyzing rhythm stand clear

Recognizing a heart attack p.739• Heart Attack- death of cardiac muscle to

the heart due to a blockage• Signs ( most people ignore or deny)

– Chest discomfort or pain (may spread to other body areas)

– Sweating– Nausea– Shortness of breath– General ill feeling

• Deaths are reduced by recognizing early symptoms of heart attack

Cardiac Arrest• Cardiac Arrest- when the heart stops following a

heart attack/blockage

Sudden Cardiac Arrest- is when the heart stops beating suddenly & unexpectedly, when this happens bloods stop flowing to all vital organs

• Respiratory Arrest- when breathing stops

Each year there are approx. 300,000 cardiac arrests outside of the hospital. 2000 of those

occur under the age of 25 & lead to premature death.

Clinical & Biological DeathThe best chance of survival is

within the first 4 mins.• Clinical Death- after breathing &

circulation have stopped you have 4-6 minutes of stored oxygen before your cells begin to die.

• Biological Death- after 10 minutes, brain activity stops.

Injuries • Check

– Scene– Victim

• Life threatening• Head to toe

• Call 911• Care

– Give care until help arrives

Injuries• Types

– Wounds/ Burns (Soft Tissue)– Muscle, Bone, & Joint

Muscles, Bones, & Joints pg. 716• Muscles

– Strain: tearing or stretching of muscles or tendons• Tendons- strong fibers that attach muscle to

bone• Bones

– Fracture: a break, chip, or crack in a bone• Types:

– Open (compound)– Closed (simple)

• Deformity, snap, and pain may be present

Muscles, Bones, & Joints Pg. 717• Joints

– Sprain: tearing of ligaments at a joint• Wrist, knee, ankle, & finger• Ligaments- strong, tough, soft tissue bands that attach

bone to bone

– Dislocation: the movement of a bone out of its position in the joint. Usually caused by a violent force tearing the ligaments that hold the bone in place.

• Finger– Apply ice, immobilize and go to doctor– **** Do not try to pull it out

Muscles, Bones, & Joints

• Signs of severe injury:– Can not move or use body part– A snap or a pop is heard– Bone is visible– Significant bruising, swelling, or

deformity

Care for Muscle, Bone & Joint Injuries PG. 717

• R- Rest• I- Immobilization • C- Cold

Apply ice for up to 72 hours• 20 min on 20 min off

• E- Elevate

** Keep part immobile, if have to move victim, 1st splint injury. Do not elevate a severe injury unless it has been splinted

Immobilizing Muscle, Bone & Joint Injuries PG. 716

• Splint: • Types

• Anatomical- Splinting an uninjured body part to an injured body part.

• Ex’s-• Soft- • Ex’s-• Rigid-• Ex’s-

Guidelines to Splinting• Only if victim must be moved• Only if you can do without causing

more pain• Splint in position you found it• Splint above and below site of injury• Check for proper circulation before

and after splinting (feeling, warmth, & color)

Steps to Splinting

1.Support injured area2.Check circulation3.Place splint4.Tie splint in place5.Recheck circulation

Care for Wounds (External Bleeding)

Pg. 740• Minor Wounds

– Cleaned & covered– Open Wounds

• Control bleeding• Prevent infection

– Clean & cover– Closed Wounds

• Apply cold• Major Wounds

– Call “911” and control bleeding

Wounds 740• Bruise• Incision• Laceration• Abrasion• Avulsion

* If you cut off a finger you would put it in_______ and take it with you.

• PunctureInfection-

Bleeding• Use Latex Gloves

• Arterial- bright red (oxygenated)• Venous- darker blood

** Approximately 2 pint per 25 pounds

Clues to Internal Bleeding• Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas

of the body• Cool, moist, pale or bluish skin• Vomiting or coughing up blood• Excessive thirst• Confused, faint, drowsy, or unconscious

** Serious Internal Bleeding- Call “911” immediately

Control Bleeding Pg. 7421. Cover with a dressing and press

firmly using Direct Pressure2. Elevate Injury

3. If bleeding doesn’t stop– Add additional dressings over top

Shock (see text pg 733)• Circulatory system fails to deliver

blood to all parts of the body• Life threatening condition

• Types– Insulin– Traumatic (sudden injury)– Anaphylactic (sting, medication,

seafood etc.)

Shock• Signals of Traumatic Shock

– Restlessness or irritability– Altered consciousness– Pale, cool, moist skin– Looks disoriented– Rapid breathing– Rapid pulse– Dilated pupils

Caring for Shock

• Lie down and rest• Control external bleeding• Maintain normal body temp• Elevate legs if injuries allow• Make sure advanced help is on the

way

Seizure P. 712• Seizure

– Do not hold or restrain victim– Do not place anything in their mouth

( unless trained)– Remove objects that may cause injury– Cushion head/place something under

head– PUT IN RECOVERY POSITION? WHY?

Sudden Illness Pg. 712• Stroke• Diabetic Emergency

– Help victim remain calm & get medication

• Poisoning/ Allergic Reactions– Call 911 & Poison Control #

Caring for Sudden Illnesses• Care for life threatening conditions• Have victim rest in comfortable position• Keep from getting chilled or over heated• No food or water• Reassure victim• Send someone to meet EMS• Ask about medical conditions & medications• Monitor, try to minimize risk of shock• Watch for changes in consciousness or

breathing